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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ownership and governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Operations centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SWIFTNet_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SWIFTNet_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>SWIFTNet network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SWIFTNet_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supervision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Supervision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supervision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Chair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Executive_Officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Executive_Officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Chief Executive Officer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Executive_Officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inefficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inefficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Inefficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inefficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._government_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>U.S. government surveillance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SWIFT_and_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SWIFT_and_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>SWIFT and sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SWIFT_and_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Russia and Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SWIFT</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8A%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%B5" title="ስዊፍት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስዊፍት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83" title="جمعية الاتصالات المالية العالمية بين البنوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية الاتصالات المالية العالمية بين البنوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmumd%C3%BCnya_Banklararas%C4%B1_Maliyy%C9%99_Telekommunikasiya_C%C9%99miyy%C9%99ti" title="Ümumdünya Banklararası Maliyyə Telekommunikasiya Cəmiyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ümumdünya Banklararası Maliyyə Telekommunikasiya Cəmiyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA" title="سوئیفت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوئیفت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F" title="সুইফট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুইফট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="स्विफ्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्विफ्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="SWIFT (система) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SWIFT (система)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κοινότητα για την Παγκόσμια Διατραπεζική Οικονομική Επικοινωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινότητα για την Παγκόσμια Διατραπεζική Οικονομική Επικοινωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA" title="سوئیفت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوئیفت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_um_Theileachumars%C3%A1id_Airgeadais_Idirbhainc_Dhomhanda" title="Cumann um Theileachumarsáid Airgeadais Idirbhainc Dhomhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumann um Theileachumarsáid Airgeadais Idirbhainc Dhomhanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(SWIFT)" title="Համաշխարհային միջբանկային ֆինանսական հեռահաղորդակցության կազմակերպություն (SWIFT) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաշխարհային միջբանկային ֆինանսական հեռահաղորդակցության կազմակերպություն (SWIFT)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="सोसायटी फॉर वर्ल्डवाइड इंटरबैंक फाइनेंशियल टेलीकम्युनिकेशन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोसायटी फॉर वर्ल्डवाइड इंटरबैंक फाइनेंशियल टेलीकम्युनिकेशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האגודה העולמית לתקשורת פיננסית בין-בנקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האגודה העולמית לתקשורת פיננסית בין-בנקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vispasaules_starpbanku_finan%C5%A1u_telekomunik%C4%81cijas_biedr%C4%ABba" title="Vispasaules starpbanku finanšu telekomunikācijas biedrība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vispasaules starpbanku finanšu telekomunikācijas biedrība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A4%D0%A2" title="СВИФТ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="СВИФТ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E9%96%93%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A" title="国際銀行間通信協会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際銀行間通信協会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEenje_za_svetovno_medban%C4%8Dno_finan%C4%8Dno_telekomunikacijo" title="Združenje za svetovno medbančno finančno telekomunikacijo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združenje za svetovno medbančno finančno telekomunikacijo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift" title="Swift – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Swift" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஸ்விஃப்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்விஃப்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="สวิฟต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวิฟต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankalararas%C4%B1_Finansal_Telekom%C3%BCnikasyon_Derne%C4%9Fi" title="Bankalararası Finansal Telekomünikasyon Derneği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bankalararası Finansal Telekomünikasyon Derneği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SWIFT" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E7%90%83%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="环球银行金融电信协会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="环球银行金融电信协会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E7%90%83%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="环球银行金融电信协会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="环球银行金融电信协会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SWIFT&params=50_44_04_N_4_28_43_E_type:landmark_region:BE-WBR_source:kolossus-frwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°44′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°28′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.73444°N 4.47861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.73444; 4.47861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Financial telecommunication network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Swift_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Swift (disambiguation)">Swift (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">S.W.I.F.T. SC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SWIFT_2023_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SWIFT_2023_logo.svg/220px-SWIFT_2023_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SWIFT_2023_logo.svg/330px-SWIFT_2023_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SWIFT_2023_logo.svg/440px-SWIFT_2023_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative society">Cooperative society</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Telecommunications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">3 May 1973<span class="noprint">; 51 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1973-05-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/La_Hulpe" title="La Hulpe">La Hulpe</a>, Belgium<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SWIFT&params=50_44_04_N_4_28_43_E_type:landmark_region:BE-WBR_source:kolossus-frwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°44′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°28′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.73444°N 4.47861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.73444; 4.47861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Javier Perez-Tasso (CEO)</li><li>Graeme Munro (Board Chair)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_message_types" title="SWIFT message types">Financial telecommunication</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">1,024,000,000 Euro (2023) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257597?uselang=en#P2139" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">>3,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swift.com/">www<wbr />.swift<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257597#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_Noun_project_39956.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/120px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/180px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/240px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="56" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of banks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advising_bank" title="Advising bank">Advising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banq_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banq (term)">Banq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_bracket" title="Bulge bracket">Bulge bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_bank" title="Community development bank">Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_bank" title="Custodian bank">Custodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_bank" title="Depository bank">Depository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_finance_institution" title="Development finance institution">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_bank" title="Direct bank">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency" title="Export credit agency">Export credit agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_loan_company" title="Industrial loan company">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_Bracket#Middle_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulge Bracket">Middle market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_center_bank" title="Money center bank">Money center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobank" title="Neobank">Neobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_banking" title="Participation banking">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payments_bank" title="Payments bank">Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Postal savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_bank" title="Universal bank">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesale_banking" title="Wholesale banking">Wholesale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_holding_company" title="Bank holding company">Bank holding company</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banks" title="Lists of banks">Lists of banks</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_account" title="Bank account">Accounts</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bank_card" title="Bank card">Cards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Accounts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market_account" title="Money market account">Money-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_deposit" title="Time deposit">Time deposit (Bond)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Transaction_account" title="Transaction account">Transaction (checking / current)</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Cards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATM_card" title="ATM card">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">Debit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card#Prepaid_cards" title="Credit card">Prepaid</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Funds transfer</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card" title="Payment card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Electronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bill_payment" title="Electronic bill payment">Bill payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_gross_settlement" title="Real-time gross settlement">RTGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_settlement" title="Net settlement">NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_clearing_house" title="Automated clearing house">ACH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_payment" title="Instant payment">Instant payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giro_(banking)" title="Giro (banking)">Giro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SWIFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correspondent_account" title="Correspondent account">Correspondent account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLS_Group#Operations" title="CLS Group">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Border_Interbank_Payment_System" title="Cross-Border Interbank Payment System">CIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPFS" title="SPFS">SPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Asset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_allocation" title="Asset allocation">allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_and_liability_management" title="Asset and liability management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_debt" title="Bad debt">Bad debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Bank regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Bank secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_appreciation" title="Capital appreciation">Asset growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_asset" title="Capital asset">Capital asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">Economic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_value" title="Enterprise value">Enterprise value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_engineering" title="Financial engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_forecast" title="Financial forecast">forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_plan" title="Financial plan">plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_planner" title="Financial planner">planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">Fractional-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-reserve_banking" title="Full-reserve banking">Full-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">Fundamental analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_investing" title="Growth investing">Growth investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_advisory" title="Investment advisory">Investment advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">Investment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">Mathematical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">Private banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_finance" title="Statistical finance">Statistical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_financial_management" title="Strategic financial management">Strategic financial management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_test_(financial)" title="Stress test (financial)">Stress test (financial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">Structured finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_product" title="Structured product">Structured product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_asset" title="Toxic asset">Toxic asset</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_pricing" title="Asset pricing">Asset pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bond (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_structure" title="Capital structure">Capital structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_capital" title="Cost of capital">Cost of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_traded_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange traded fund">Exchange traded fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">History of banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_(alphabetical)" title="List of banks (alphabetical)">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Security (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">Shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">Sustainable development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_risk" title="Systematic risk">Systematic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_connected_to_fail" title="Too connected to fail">Too connected to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_stock" title="Watered stock">Watered stock</a></li></ul> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ol></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking" title="Category:Banking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banking">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Banking">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banking" title="Template:Banking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banking" title="Template talk:Banking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication</b> (<b>Swift</b>), legally <b>S.W.I.F.T. SC</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> established in 1973 in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Société Coopérative</i>) and owned by the banks and other member firms that use its service. SWIFT provides the main messaging network through which international payments are initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also sells software and services to financial institutions, mostly for use on its proprietary "SWIFTNet", and assigns <a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">ISO 9362</a> Business Identifier Codes (BICs), popularly known as "Swift codes". </p><p>As of 2018, around half of all high-value cross-border payments worldwide used the Swift network,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2015, Swift linked more than 11,000 financial institutions in over 200 countries and territories, who were exchanging an average of over 32 million messages per day (compared to an average of 2.4 million daily messages in 1995).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swift is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/La_Hulpe" title="La Hulpe">La Hulpe</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. It hosts an annual conference, called <a href="/wiki/Sibos_(conference)" title="Sibos (conference)">Sibos</a>, specifically aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before SWIFT's establishment, international financial transactions were communicated over <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a>, a public system involving manual writing and reading of messages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SWIFT was set up out of fear of what might happen if a single private and fully American entity controlled global financial flows – which before was <a href="/wiki/First_National_City_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First National City Bank">First National City Bank</a> (FNCB) of New York – later Citibank. In response to FNCB's protocol, FNCB's competitors in the US and Europe pushed an alternative "messaging system that could replace the public providers and speed up the payment process".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SWIFT was founded in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 3 May 1973. Individuals who played a key role in its creation included bankers Jan Kraa (at <a href="/wiki/AMRO_Bank" title="AMRO Bank">AMRO Bank</a>) and François Dentz (at the <a href="/wiki/Banque_de_l%27Union_Parisienne" title="Banque de l'Union Parisienne">Banque de l'Union Parisienne</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reuterski%C3%B6ld" title="Carl Reuterskiöld">Carl Reuterskiöld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessel_Kok" title="Bessel Kok">Bessel Kok</a>, who became respectively its first two chairmen and chief executives.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14-16">: 14-16 </span></sup> It was initially supported by 239 banks in 15 countries. It soon started to establish common standards for financial transactions and a shared data processing system and worldwide communications network designed by <a href="/wiki/Logica" title="Logica">Logica</a> and developed by the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundamental operating procedures and rules for <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> were established in 1975, and the first message was ceremonially sent by <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Prince Albert of Belgium</a> on 9 May 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>SWIFT's first non-European operations centre was inaugurated by Governor <a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">John N. Dalton</a> of Virginia in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-swiftobituary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swiftobituary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989 SWIFT completed a monumental new head office building in <a href="/wiki/La_Hulpe" title="La Hulpe">La Hulpe</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bofill_Taller_de_Arquitectura" title="Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura">Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership_and_governance">Ownership and governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ownership and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SWIFT's shareholding structure is adjusted every three years in proportion to volumes of activity incurred by the members, ensuring that the most active members get the most voice irrespective of geography; additional rules are aimed at ensuring some geographical diversity within the board of directors. The 25 directors are elected by the shareholders, on three-year terms with the renewal of one-third of the board every year; all directors are member representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30-31">: 30-31 </span></sup> </p><p>As of May 2024, the members directly represented on the board of directors were <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> (chair), <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> (deputy chair), <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_BPCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe BPCE">BPCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clearstream" title="Clearstream">Clearstream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Bank of Australia">Commonwealth Bank of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroclear" title="Euroclear">Euroclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/FirstRand" title="FirstRand">FirstRand</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo" title="Intesa Sanpaolo">Intesa Sanpaolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/KBC_Group" title="KBC Group">KBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">MUFG</a>, <a href="/wiki/NatWest" title="NatWest">NatWest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordea" title="Nordea">Nordea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banco_Santander" title="Banco Santander">Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEB_Group" title="SEB Group">SEB</a>, <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> (2 representatives following the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>), as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Banks_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Banks in Singapore (page does not exist)">Association of Banks in Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SWIFT_2021_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SWIFT_2021_logo.svg/220px-SWIFT_2021_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SWIFT_2021_logo.svg/330px-SWIFT_2021_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SWIFT_2021_logo.svg/440px-SWIFT_2021_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>SWIFT logo before 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Swift acts as a carrier of the "messages containing the payment instructions between financial institutions involved in a transaction".<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the organisation does not manage accounts on behalf of individuals or financial institutions, and it does not hold funds from third parties.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1-2">: 1-2 </span></sup> It also does not perform <a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">clearing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(finance)" title="Settlement (finance)">settlement</a> functions.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1-2, 35">: 1-2, 35 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After payment has been initiated, it must be settled through a <a href="/wiki/Payment_system" title="Payment system">payment system</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/T2_(RTGS)" class="mw-redirect" title="T2 (RTGS)">T2</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: 36 </span></sup> In the context of cross-border transactions, this step often takes place through <a href="/wiki/Correspondent_account" title="Correspondent account">correspondent banking accounts</a> that financial institutions have with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>SWIFT means several things in the financial world: </p> <ol><li>a <a href="/wiki/Secure_transmission" title="Secure transmission">secure network</a> for transmitting messages between financial institutions;</li> <li>a set of syntax standards for financial messages (for transmission over SWIFTNet or any other network)</li> <li>a set of connection software and services allowing financial institutions to transmit messages over SWIFT network.</li></ol> <p>Under 3 above, SWIFT provides <a href="/wiki/Turnkey" title="Turnkey">turn-key</a> solutions for members, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">linkage clients</a> to facilitate connectivity to the SWIFT network and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">CBTs or "computer-based terminals"</a> which members use to manage the delivery and receipt of their messages. Some of the more well-known interfaces and CBTs provided to their members are: </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet Link (SNL) software which is installed on the SWIFT customer's site and opens a connection to SWIFTNet. Other applications can only communicate with SWIFTNet through the SNL.</li> <li>Alliance Gateway (SAG) software with interfaces (e.g., RAHA = Remote Access Host Adapter), allowing other software products to use the SNL to connect to SWIFTNet</li> <li>Alliance WebStation (SAB) desktop interface for SWIFT Alliance Gateway with several usage options: <ol><li>administrative access to the SAG</li> <li>direct connection SWIFTNet by the SAG, to administrate SWIFT Certificates</li> <li>so-called Browse connection to SWIFTNet (also by SAG) to use additional services, for example, the Eurosystem's T2</li></ol></li> <li>Alliance Access (SAA) and Alliance Messaging Hub (AMH) are the main messaging software applications by SWIFT, which allow message creation for <a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">FIN messages</a>, routing and monitoring for FIN and <a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">MX messages</a>. The main interfaces are FTA (files transfer automated, not FTP) and MQSA, a <a href="/wiki/WebSphere_MQ" class="mw-redirect" title="WebSphere MQ">WebSphere MQ</a> interface.</li> <li>The Alliance Workstation (SAW) is the desktop software for administration, monitoring and FIN message creation. Since Alliance Access is not yet capable of creating MX messages, Alliance Messenger (SAM) has to be used for this purpose.</li> <li>Alliance Web Platform (SWP) as new thin-client desktop interface provided as an alternative to the existing Alliance WebStation, Alliance Workstation (soon)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and Alliance Messenger.</li> <li>Alliance Integrator is built on <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Java_Caps" title="Java Caps">Java Caps</a> which enables customer's back-office applications to connect to Alliance Access or Alliance Entry.</li> <li>Alliance Lite2 is a secure and reliable, cloud-based way to connect to the SWIFT network which is a light version of Alliance Access specifically targeting customers with low volume of traffic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four key areas that SWIFT services fall under in the financial marketplace: <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a> & <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a>, trade services, and payments & cash management. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <p><b>Securities</b> </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet FIX (obsolete)</li> <li>SWIFTNet Data Distribution</li> <li>SWIFTNet Funds</li> <li>SWIFTNet Accord for Securities (<i>end of life October 2017</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-swift.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <p><b>Treasury and derivatives</b> </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet Accord for Treasury (<i>end of life October 2017</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-swift.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SWIFTNet Affirmations</li> <li>SWIFTNet CLS Third Party Service</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <p><b>Cash management</b> </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet Bulk Payments</li> <li>SWIFTNet Cash Reporting</li> <li>SWIFTNet Exceptions and Investigations</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <p><b>Trade services</b> </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet <a href="/wiki/Trade_Services_Utility" title="Trade Services Utility">Trade Services Utility</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Swift Ref, the global payment reference data utility, is SWIFT's unique reference data service. Swift Ref sources data directly from data originators, including central banks, code issuers and banks making it easy for issuers and originators to maintain data regularly and thoroughly. SWIFTRef constantly validates and cross-checks data across the different data sets.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_centres">Operations centres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operations centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SWIFT secure messaging network is run from three <a href="/wiki/Data_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Data centre">data centres</a>, located in the United States, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. These centres share information in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">near real-time</a>. In case of a failure in one of the data centres, another is able to handle the traffic of the complete network. SWIFT uses <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cables</a> to transmit its data.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after opening its third data centre in Switzerland in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SWIFT introduced a new distributed architecture with two messaging zones, European and Trans-Atlantic, so data from European SWIFT members no longer mirrored the U.S. data centre.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European zone messages are stored in the Netherlands and in part of the Swiss operating centre; Trans-Atlantic zone messages are stored in the United States and in another part of the Swiss operating centre that is segregated from the European zone messages. Countries outside of Europe were by default allocated to the Trans-Atlantic zone but could choose to have their messages stored in the European zone. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Data centres </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>SN </th> <th>SWIFT data centres </th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoeterwoude" title="Zoeterwoude">Zoeterwoude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>OPC (Operating Centre) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>OPC (Operating Centre) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>OPC (Operating Centre) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td>Command and control </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SWIFTNet_network">SWIFTNet network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: SWIFTNet network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SWIFT moved to its current IP network infrastructure, known as SWIFTNet, from 2001 to 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing a total replacement of the previous <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> infrastructure. The process involved the development of new protocols that facilitate efficient messaging, using existing and new message standards. The adopted technology chosen to develop the protocols was <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, which now provides a wrapper around all messages legacy or contemporary. The communication protocols can be broken down into: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><b>InterAct</b> </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet InterAct Realtime</li> <li>SWIFTNet InterAct Store and Forward</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><b>FileAct</b> </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet FileAct Realtime</li> <li>SWIFTNet FileAct Store and Forward</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><b>Browse</b> </p> <ul><li>SWIFTNet Browse</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>SWIFT provides a centralized store-and-forward mechanism, with some transaction management. For bank A to send a message to bank B with a copy or authorization involving institution C, it formats the message according to standards and securely sends it to SWIFT. SWIFT guarantees its secure and reliable delivery to B after the appropriate action by C. SWIFT guarantees are based primarily on high redundancy of hardware, software, and people. </p><p>During 2007 and 2008, the entire SWIFT network migrated its infrastructure to a new protocol called SWIFTNet Phase 2. The main difference between Phase 2 and the former arrangement is that Phase 2 requires banks connecting to the network to use a <a href="/wiki/Relationship_Management_Application" title="Relationship Management Application">Relationship Management Application</a> (RMA) instead of the former <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_key_exchange" title="Bilateral key exchange">bilateral key exchange</a> (BKE) system. According to SWIFT's public information database on the subject, RMA software should eventually prove more secure and easier to keep up-to-date; however, converting to the RMA system meant that thousands of banks around the world had to update their international payment systems to comply with the new standards. RMA completely replaced BKE on 1 January 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SWIFT has become the industry standard for <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> in financial messages. Messages formatted to SWIFT standards can be read and processed by many well-known financial processing systems, whether or not the message travelled over the SWIFT network. SWIFT cooperates with international organizations to define standards for message format and content. SWIFT is also a <i><a href="/wiki/Registration_authority" title="Registration authority">registration authority</a></i> (RA) for the following <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">ISO 9362</a>: 1994 Banking – Banking telecommunication messages – Bank identifier codes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10383" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10383">ISO 10383</a>: 2003 Securities and related financial instruments – Codes for exchanges and market identification (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13616" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 13616">ISO 13616</a>: 2003 <a href="/wiki/IBAN" class="mw-redirect" title="IBAN">IBAN</a> Registry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">ISO 15022</a>: 1999 Securities – Scheme for messages (Data Field Dictionary) (replaces ISO 7775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">ISO 20022</a>-1: 2004 and ISO 20022-2:2007 Financial services – Universal Financial Industry message scheme</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> 3615 <i>urn:swift:</i> was defined as <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Names</a> (URNs) for SWIFT FIN.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supervision">Supervision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Supervision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SWIFT is not a <a href="/wiki/Payment_system" title="Payment system">payment system</a> and thus neither regulated nor supervised as such, but is nevertheless deemed to be systemically important and thus under the "oversight" of public authorities. In 1998, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Ten_(IMF)" title="Group of Ten (IMF)">Group of Ten</a> central banks (those of <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a> for the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>) started acting as joint overseers, with the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a> (NBB) in a lead role. The oversight focuses primarily on systemic risk, confidentiality, infrastructure security, and business continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> It is formalized in bilateral documents between the NBB and SWIFT on the one hand, and between the NBB and each of the other G10 central banks on the other hand.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> has recommended that "the National Bank of Belgium should consider enhancing oversight with additional regulatory and supervisory powers."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, this framework was complemented by a "SWIFT Oversight Forum" including additional central banks. As of 2024, in addition to the G10 central banks, the SWIFT Oversight Forum included the national central banks of <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a>. According to SWIFT, the Oversight Forum "provides a forum for the G-10 central banks to share information on Swift oversight activities with a wider group of central banks."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purported alternatives to the SWIFT system include:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Border_Interbank_Payment_System" title="Cross-Border Interbank Payment System">CIPS</a>: sponsored by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">RMB</a>-related deals. 1467 financial institutions in 111 countries and regions have connected to the system. The actual business covers more than 4,200 banking institutions in 182 countries and regions around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_Financial_Messaging_System" title="Structured Financial Messaging System">SFMS</a>: sponsored by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPFS" title="SPFS">SPFS</a>: developed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <ul><li>Former. <a href="/wiki/Instrument_in_Support_of_Trade_Exchanges" title="Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges">INSTEX</a>: sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, limited to non-USD transactions for trade with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, largely unused and ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquidated in March 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chair">Chair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johannes Kraa (<a href="/wiki/AMRO_Bank" title="AMRO Bank">AMRO Bank</a>, Dutch), 1973–1974</li> <li>François Dentz (<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_du_Nord" title="Crédit du Nord">Crédit du Nord</a>, French), 1974–1976</li> <li>Helmer Hasselblad (Swedish), 1976–1984</li> <li>W. Robert Moore (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank">Chemical Bank</a>, American), 1984–1989</li> <li>Richard Fröhlich (Austrian), 1989–1992</li> <li>Eric C. Chilton (<a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>, British), 1992–1996</li> <li>Jean-Marie Weydert (<a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a>, French), 1996–2000</li> <li>Jaap Kamp (<a href="/wiki/ABN_AMRO" title="ABN AMRO">ABN AMRO</a>, Dutch), 2000–2006</li> <li>Yawar Shah (<a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan</a> then <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citi</a>, American), 2006-2022<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup></li> <li>Mark Buitenhek (<a href="/wiki/ING_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="ING Bank">ING</a>, Dutch), acting 2022–2023</li> <li>Graeme Munro (<a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan</a>, British), since 2023<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Executive_Officer">Chief Executive Officer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chief Executive Officer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reuterski%C3%B6ld" title="Carl Reuterskiöld">Carl Reuterskiöld</a>, 1973–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessel_Kok" title="Bessel Kok">Bessel Kok</a>, 1983–1991</li> <li>Jacques Cerveau (interim CEO), 1991</li> <li>Leonard (Lennie) Schrank, 1992–2007</li> <li>Lazaro Campos, 2007–2012</li> <li>Gottfried Leibbrandt, 2012-2019<sup id="cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup></li> <li>Javier Pérez-Tasso, since 2019<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inefficiency">Inefficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inefficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swift has been criticised for inefficiency. In 2018, the London-based <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> noted that transfers frequently "pass through multiple banks before reaching their final destination, making them time-consuming, costly and lacking transparency on how much money will arrive at the other end".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swift has since introduced an improved service called "Global Payments Innovation" (GPI), claiming it was adopted by 165 banks and was completing half its payments within 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new standard which included Swift Go was supposed to be utilised in receiving and transferring low-value international payments. One of the significant changes was the transaction amount, which would not differ from start to end. However, as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, uptake was mixed. For instance, Alisherov Eraj, Alif Bank Treasury Department Swift Transfers & Banking Relationship Expert in the Republic of Tajikistan, describes that the leading cause for the late Swift Go adoption in Tajikistan was the <a href="/wiki/Core_Banking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Core Banking System">Core Banking System</a> itself. To connect to Swift Go, he adds, banking system interfaces needed to be upgraded and integrated with their software to be fully compatible; this hindered many banks from adopting the technology earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._government_surveillance">U.S. government surveillance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U.S. government surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A series of articles published on 23 June 2006 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> revealed a program, named the <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Finance_Tracking_Program" title="Terrorist Finance Tracking Program">Terrorist Finance Tracking Program</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury Department">US Treasury Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States governmental</a> agencies initiated after the <a href="/wiki/11_September_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September attacks">11 September attacks</a> to gain access to the SWIFT transaction database.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the publication of these articles, SWIFT quickly came under pressure for compromising the <a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">data privacy</a> of its customers by allowing governments to gain access to sensitive personal information. In September 2006, the Belgian government declared that these SWIFT dealings with American governmental authorities were a breach of Belgian and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">privacy laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, and to satisfy members' concerns about privacy, SWIFT began a process of improving its architecture by implementing a distributed architecture with a two-zone model for storing messages <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Operations_centres">§ Operations centres</a>)</span>. </p><p>Concurrently, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> negotiated an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> to permit the transfer of intra-EU SWIFT transaction information to the United States under certain circumstances. Because of concerns about its potential contents, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> adopted a position statement in September 2009, demanding to see the full text of the agreement and asking that it be fully compliant with EU privacy legislation, with oversight mechanisms emplaced to ensure that all data requests were handled appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interim agreement was signed without European Parliamentary approval by the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> on 30 November 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the day before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon Treaty</a>—which would have prohibited such an agreement from being signed under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Codecision_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Codecision procedure">codecision procedure</a>—formally came into effect. While the interim agreement was scheduled to come into effect on 1 January 2010, the text of the agreement was classified as "EU Restricted" until translations could be provided in all EU languages and published on 25 January 2010. </p><p>On 11 February 2010, the European Parliament decided to reject the interim agreement between the EU and the US by 378 to 196 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One week earlier, the parliament's civil liberties committee had already rejected the deal, citing legal reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2011, it was reported that two mechanisms of data protection had failed: <a href="/wiki/EUROPOL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUROPOL">EUROPOL</a> released a report complaining that requests for information from the US had been too vague (making it impossible to make judgments on validity)<sup id="cite_ref-2011spiegel_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011spiegel-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the guaranteed right for European citizens to know whether their information had been accessed by US authorities had not been put into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-2011spiegel_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011spiegel-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> reported in September 2013 that the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) widely monitors banking transactions via SWIFT, as well as credit card transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-speigel_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speigel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSA intercepted and retained data from the SWIFT network used by thousands of banks to securely send transaction information. SWIFT was named as a "target", according to documents leaked by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>. The documents revealed that the NSA spied on SWIFT using a variety of methods, including reading "SWIFT printer traffic from numerous banks".<sup id="cite_ref-speigel_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speigel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2017, a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Brokers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Brokers">Shadow Brokers</a> released files allegedly from the NSA which indicate that the agency monitored financial transactions made through SWIFT.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SWIFT_and_sanctions">SWIFT and sanctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: SWIFT and sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2012, the advocacy group <a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a> (UANI) implemented a campaign calling on SWIFT to end all relations with Iran's banking system, including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank of Iran</a>. UANI asserted that Iran's membership in SWIFT violated US and EU financial sanctions against Iran as well as SWIFT's own corporate rules.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, in February 2012, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">U.S. Senate Banking Committee</a> unanimously approved sanctions against SWIFT aimed at pressuring it to terminate its ties with blacklisted Iranian banks. Expelling Iranian banks from SWIFT would potentially deny Iran access to billions of dollars in revenue using SWIFT but not from using <a href="/wiki/Informal_value_transfer_system" title="Informal value transfer system">IVTS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wallace" title="Mark Wallace">Mark Wallace</a>, president of UANI, praised the Senate Banking Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially SWIFT denied that it was acting illegally,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> said that "it is working with U.S. and European governments to address their concerns that its financial services are being used by Iran to avoid sanctions and conduct illicit business".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Targeted banks would be—amongst others—<a href="/wiki/Saderat_Bank_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Saderat Bank of Iran">Saderat Bank of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Mellat" title="Bank Mellat">Bank Mellat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_Bank_of_Iran" title="Post Bank of Iran">Post Bank of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepah_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepah Bank">Sepah Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March 2012, following an agreement two days earlier between all 27 member states of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> and the council's subsequent ruling, SWIFT disconnected all Iranian banks that had been identified as institutions in breach of current EU sanctions from its international network and warned that even more Iranian financial institutions could be disconnected from the network. </p><p>In February 2016, most Iranian banks reconnected to the network following the lift of sanctions due to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, SWIFT rejected calls from pro-Palestinian activists to revoke <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Israel" title="Banking in Israel">Israeli banks</a>' access to its network owing to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia_and_Belarus">Russia and Belarus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia and Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">SWIFT ban against Russian banks</a></div> <p>Similarly, in August 2014 the UK planned to press the EU to block Russian use of SWIFT as a sanction due to <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">Russian military intervention in Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, SWIFT refused to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SPFS" title="SPFS">SPFS</a>, a Russian alternative to SWIFT, was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a> as a backup measure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the United States developed preliminary possible sanctions against Russia, but excluded banning Russia from SWIFT.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the foreign ministers of the Baltic states Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia called for Russia to be cut off from SWIFT. However, other EU member states were reluctant, both because European lenders held most of the nearly $30 billion in foreign banks' exposure to Russia and because Russia had developed the SPFS alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Union, United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States finally agreed to remove a few Russian banks from the SWIFT messaging system in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; the governments of France, Germany, Italy and Japan individually released statements alongside the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 March 2023, Russia was banned from SWIFT.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> issued the first set of sanctions against Belarus - the first was introduced on 27 February 2022, which banned certain categories of Belarusian items in the EU, including timber, steel, mineral fuels and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Lithuanian prime minister proposed disconnecting Belarus from SWIFT,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which does not recognise Lukashenko as the legitimate <a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President of Belarus</a>, started to plan an extension of the sanctions already issued against Russian entities and top officials to its ally.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank_robbery" title="Bangladesh Bank robbery">Bangladesh Bank robbery</a></div> <p>In 2016 an $81 million theft from the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> central bank via its account at the New York <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank</a> was traced to <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a> penetration of SWIFT's Alliance Access software, according to a <i>New York Times</i> report. It was not the first such attempt, the society acknowledged, and the security of the transfer system was undergoing new examination accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the reports of the theft from the Bangladesh central bank, a second, apparently related, attack was reported to have occurred at a commercial bank in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Second_Attack_Reported_NYT_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Second_Attack_Reported_NYT-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReutersSpecialReport_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersSpecialReport-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both attacks involved <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> written to both issue unauthorized SWIFT messages and to conceal that the messages had been sent. After the malware sent the SWIFT messages that stole the funds, it deleted the database record of the transfers and then took further steps to prevent confirmation messages from revealing the theft. In the Bangladeshi case, the confirmation messages would have appeared on a paper report; the malware altered the paper reports when they were sent to the printer. In the second case, the bank used a PDF report; the malware altered the PDF viewer to hide the transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-Second_Attack_Reported_NYT_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Second_Attack_Reported_NYT-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_del_Austro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco del Austro (page does not exist)">Banco del Austro</a> (BDA) in Ecuador sued <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> after Wells Fargo honoured $12 million in fund transfer requests that had been placed by thieves.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersSpecialReport_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersSpecialReport-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, the thieves sent SWIFT messages that resembled recently cancelled transfer requests from BDA, with slightly altered amounts; the reports do not detail how the thieves gained access to send the SWIFT messages. BDA asserts that Wells Fargo should have detected the suspicious SWIFT messages, which were placed outside of normal BDA working hours and were of an unusual size. Wells Fargo claims that BDA is responsible for the loss, as the thieves gained access to the legitimate SWIFT credentials of a BDA employee and sent fully authenticated SWIFT messages.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersSpecialReport_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersSpecialReport-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of 2016, an anonymous Ukrainian bank and others—even "dozens" that are not being made public—were variously reported to have been "compromised" through the SWIFT network and to have lost money.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2022, Swiss newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i> reported about the increased security precautions by the State Police of <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a> at the SWIFT data centre in <a href="/wiki/Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a>. After most of the Russian banks had been excluded from the private payment system, the risk of sabotage was considered higher. Inhabitants of the town described the large complex as a "fortress" or "prison" where frequent security checks of the fenced property are conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_key_exchange" title="Bilateral key exchange">Bilateral key exchange</a> and the new <a href="/wiki/Relationship_Management_Application" title="Relationship Management Application">Relationship Management Application</a> (RMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Border_Interbank_Payment_System" title="Cross-Border Interbank Payment System">Cross-Border Interbank Payment System</a> (CIPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPFS" title="SPFS">SPFS</a>, Russian equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic money">Electronic money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Financial_System_Code" title="Indian Financial System Code">Indian Financial System Code</a> (IFSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">ISO 9362</a>, the SWIFT/BIC code standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">ISO 15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">ISO 20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single Euro Payments Area</a> (SEPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibos_(conference)" title="Sibos (conference)">Sibos</a> conference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPANET" title="TIPANET">TIPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_transfer_system" title="Value transfer system">Value transfer system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbopub.economie.fgov.be/kbopub/toonondernemingps.html?lang=en&ondernemingsnummer=413330856">"CBE Public Search"</a>. <i>kbopub.economie.fgov.be</i>. FPS Economy, SMEs, Self-Employed and Energy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kbopub.economie.fgov.be&rft.atitle=CBE+Public+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbopub.economie.fgov.be%2Fkbopub%2Ftoonondernemingps.html%3Flang%3Den%26ondernemingsnummer%3D413330856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASWIFT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScottZachariadis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottZachariadis_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottZachariadis2014" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Susan V.; Zachariadis, Markos (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9781315849324/society-worldwide-interbank-financial-telecommunication-swift-susan-scott-markos-zachariadis"><i>The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift) : cooperative governance for network innovation, standards, and community</i></a>. 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SWIFT. 16 September 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=EU+extends+Russia+sanctions+to+airspace%2C+media%2C+Belarus&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Feurope-s-east%2Fnews%2Fwest-seeks-to-cripple-russian-banks-currency-in-ukraine-sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASWIFT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnexta_tv2022" class="citation web cs1">@nexta_tv (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nexta_tv/status/1497981026093703180">"Lithuanian Prime Minister proposed to disconnect Belarus from SWIFT"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithuanian+Prime+Minister+proposed+to+disconnect+Belarus+from+SWIFT&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.au=nexta_tv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fnexta_tv%2Fstatus%2F1497981026093703180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASWIFT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-impose-new-sanctions-belarus-this-week-eu-official-2022-02-28/">"EU to impose new sanctions on Belarus this week -EU official"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302205535/https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-impose-new-sanctions-belarus-this-week-eu-official-2022-02-28/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=EU+to+impose+new+sanctions+on+Belarus+this+week+-EU+official&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feu-impose-new-sanctions-belarus-this-week-eu-official-2022-02-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASWIFT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corkery, Michael, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/business/dealbook/hackers-81-million-sneak-attack-on-world-banking.html">"Hackers’ $81 Million Sneak Attack on World Banking"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 30 April 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Second_Attack_Reported_NYT-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Second_Attack_Reported_NYT_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Second_Attack_Reported_NYT_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorkery,_Michael2016" class="citation news cs1">Corkery, Michael (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/business/dealbook/swift-global-bank-network-attack.html">"Once Again, Thieves Enter Swift Financial Network and Steal"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Once+Again%2C+Thieves+Enter+Swift+Financial+Network+and+Steal&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.au=Corkery%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fswift-global-bank-network-attack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASWIFT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersSpecialReport-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersSpecialReport_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersSpecialReport_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersSpecialReport_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerginLayne2016" class="citation news cs1">Bergin, Tom; Layne, Nathan (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-heist-swift-specialreport-idUSKCN0YB0DD">"Special Report: Cyber thieves exploit banks' faith in SWIFT transfer network"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Special+Report%3A+Cyber+thieves+exploit+banks%27+faith+in+SWIFT+transfer+network&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Layne%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-cyber-heist-swift-specialreport-idUSKCN0YB0DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASWIFT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger2016" class="citation web cs1">Metzger, Max (28 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmagazineuk.com/swift-robbers-swoop-on-ukrainian-bank/article/506140/">"SWIFT robbers swoop on Ukrainian bank"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="SC Magazine">SC Magazine</a> UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SWIFT+robbers+swoop+on+Ukrainian+bank&rft.pub=SC+Magazine+UK&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmagazineuk.com%2Fswift-robbers-swoop-on-ukrainian-bank%2Farticle%2F506140%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASWIFT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gyr, Marcel (1 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/das-swift-rechenzentrum-in-der-schweiz-wird-polizeilich-geschuetzt-aus-angst-vor-sabotage-ld.1672402?reduced=true">"Das Swift-Rechenzentrum in der Schweiz wird polizeilich geschützt – wegen der Gefahr von Sabotage"</a> (in German) <i>NZZ.com</i>. Retrieved 2 March 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham (2019). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691183640/of-privacy-and-power">Of Privacy and Power: The Transatlantic Struggle over Freedom and Security</a></i>. Princeton University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWIFT&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swift.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257597#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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