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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9)" title="المطر والبخار والسرعة (لوحة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المطر والبخار والسرعة (لوحة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluja,_vapor_i_velocitat._El_gran_ferrocarril_de_l%27Oest" title="Pluja, vapor i velocitat. El gran ferrocarril de l'Oest – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pluja, vapor i velocitat. El gran ferrocarril de l'Oest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_%E2%80%93_The_Great_Western_Railway" title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluvia,_vapor_y_velocidad._El_gran_ferrocarril_del_Oeste" title="Lluvia, vapor y velocidad. El gran ferrocarril del Oeste – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lluvia, vapor y velocidad. El gran ferrocarril del Oeste" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euria,_lurruna_eta_abiada" title="Euria, lurruna eta abiada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euria, lurruna eta abiada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluie,_Vapeur_et_Vitesse" title="Pluie, Vapeur et Vitesse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pluie, Vapeur et Vitesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvia,_vapor_e_velocidade" title="Chuvia, vapor e velocidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chuvia, vapor e velocidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84,_%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0,_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0_%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84_%E2%80%93_%EB%8C%80%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80_%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84" title="비, 증기, 그리고 속도 – 대서부 철도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비, 증기, 그리고 속도 – 대서부 철도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D6%80%D6%87,_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անձրև, գոլորշի և արագություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձրև, գոլորշի և արագություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a,_para_i_brzina" title="Kiša, para i brzina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiša, para i brzina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioggia,_vapore_e_velocit%C3%A0" title="Pioggia, vapore e velocità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pioggia, vapore e velocità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%9D,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA:_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="גשם, קיטור ומהירות: מסילת הרכבת המערבית הגדולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גשם, קיטור ומהירות: מסילת הרכבת המערבית הגדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD,_%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жауын, бу және жылдамдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жауын, бу және жылдамдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietus,_tvaiks_un_%C4%81trums" title="Lietus, tvaiks un ātrums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietus, tvaiks un ātrums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_-_The_Great_Western_Railway" title="Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E3%80%81%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E3%80%81%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="雨、蒸気、速度――グレート・ウェスタン鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雨、蒸気、速度――グレート・ウェスタン鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deszcz,_para,_szybko%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Deszcz, para, szybkość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deszcz, para, szybkość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuva,_Vapor_e_Velocidade" title="Chuva, Vapor e Velocidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chuva, Vapor e Velocidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C,_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Дождь, пар и скорость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дождь, пар и скорость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0,_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Киша, пара и брзина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Киша, пара и брзина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a,_para,_brzina" title="Kiša, para, brzina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiša, para, brzina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn,_%C3%A5nga_och_fart_%E2%80%93_Great_Western_Railway" title="Regn, ånga och fart – Great Western Railway – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regn, ånga och fart – Great Western Railway" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%89,_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Дощ, пара та швидкість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дощ, пара та швидкість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2339059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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M. W. Turner</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic">Rain, Steam and Speed –<br />The Great Western Railway</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner_-_Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg/270px-Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg/405px-Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg/540px-Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5661" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">1844</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oil_on_canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil on canvas">oil on canvas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">91 cm × 121.8 cm (36 in × 48.0 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> by the 19th-century British painter <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painting was first exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1844, though it may have been painted earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London. The painting gives an impression of great speed in a static painting, an attribute that distinguished Turner from other artists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work combines the power of nature and technology to create an emotional tension associated with the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The painting was painted close to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, which brought a massive shift from an agrarian economy to one dominated by machine manufacturing in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway was among the most potent symbols of industrialization, since this new way of transportation heavily affected industrial and social life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner seemed to be a generation ahead of other artists, as he was among the few painters at the time to consider industrial advancement as a commendable subject of art.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting suggests that modern technology is a reality racing towards us.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> (GWR) was one of a number of private British railway companies created to develop the new means of transport. The location of the painting is widely accepted as <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge" title="Maidenhead Railway Bridge">Maidenhead Railway Bridge</a>, across the River Thames between Taplow and Maidenhead; a place that Turner had been exploring for over thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view is looking east towards London. The bridge was designed by <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> and completed in 1838. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat.png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Boat.png.png/220px-Boat.png.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Boat.png.png/330px-Boat.png.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Boat.png.png/440px-Boat.png.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a boat floating on the river in the lower-left corner of the painting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turner's painting illustrates an oncoming train in the countryside during a summer rainstorm. The train in the center is dark and rain-shrouded, surrounded by a golden natural landscape on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the train and bridge, the solid elements of the painting, are barely hinted at, disappearing into the hazy and unreal atmosphere. The mist rising from the water, the rain that veils the sky, and the steam from the locomotive are blurred and mixed, unifying the painting's colors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the lower-left corner of the painting, we can see a little person on a boat, making evident that the bridge is constructed on top of a river. In the bottom right of the painting, a <a href="/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">hare</a> runs along the track. Three white puffs of steam released by the engine into the air indicate that the train is in motion. The first, and nearest to the engine is the most distinct puff, while the other two gradually disappear in the horizon. This detail expresses the idea of speed, as the puffs are progressively left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interior of the train, Turner depicted a crowd of waving figures that served as a reminder that the railway was a festive and popular entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_technique">Artistic technique</h3></div> <p>Turner frequently created an atmospheric tonality in his artistic creations by spreading the paint in short, broad brushstrokes from a filthy palette onto the canvas and gradually drawing forms out of his color ground.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the center of the painting and the upper right, Turner used thick impasto with a palette knife.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate the rain, he dabbed dirty putty on to the canvas with a trowel, whereas the sunshine scintillates out of thick, smeary chunks of chrome yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Turner used cool tones of crimson lake to illustrate the shadows and, even though the fire in the steam-engine appears to be red, it is most likely painted with cobalt and pea-green.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structurally, the picture has a balanced arrangement of forms with its firm geometrical elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_interpretation">Style and interpretation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sublime">Sublime</h3></div> <p>This celebrated picture demonstrates Turner's commitment to classical landscape, as well as his passion for experimentation and interest in the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting is interpreted as a celebration of travel and new technological power, with the railways representing the convergence of technology and natural forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These elements create an emotional tension associated with the overwhelming power of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>. The thrilling essence of speed was an innovative factor of life, with the power to alter our emotions of nature, while the steam of the locomotive provided a groundbreaking atmospheric scenery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner was not painting a factual view of the Great Western Railway, but rather an allegory of the powers of nature and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hound_and_Hare_in_Apollo_and_Daphne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hound_and_Hare_in_Apollo_and_Daphne.png/220px-Hound_and_Hare_in_Apollo_and_Daphne.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hound_and_Hare_in_Apollo_and_Daphne.png/330px-Hound_and_Hare_in_Apollo_and_Daphne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Hound_and_Hare_in_Apollo_and_Daphne.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Hound and Hare in <i>Apollo and Daphne</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hare">Hare</h3></div><p> A <a href="/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">hare</a> runs along the track in the bottom right of the painting, possibly symbolizing speed itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some think this is a reference to the limits of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe the animal is running in fear of the new machinery and Turner meant to hint at the danger of man's new technology destroying the sublime elements of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner considered both hound and hare as the most characteristic emblems of speed, in which the hare does everything in its power to stay safe from the predator who chases it at double the speed. In fact, he had used these symbols in previous works. In the 1810s, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/21968/battle-abbey-spot-where-harold-fell-illustration-views-sussex-1816-1820-part-i-pl-2-rawlinson-no-129"><i>Battle Abbey; the Spot Where Harold Fell</i></a>, and later in 1837, in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-story-of-apollo-and-daphne-n00520"><i>Apollo and Daphne</i></a>, he portrayed this detail of a hare being chased. No hare was likely to outpace any locomotive of this period and in Rain, Steam, and Speed, we experience an exhilarating feeling as the poor hare will surely be crushed in an instant.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that Turner, playing on the idea of an animal chase, intentionally chose to depict the type of engine that is called Greyhound.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Firefly%27_Class_Locomotive,_Actaeon,_1841-55.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%27Firefly%27_Class_Locomotive%2C_Actaeon%2C_1841-55.png/220px-%27Firefly%27_Class_Locomotive%2C_Actaeon%2C_1841-55.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%27Firefly%27_Class_Locomotive%2C_Actaeon%2C_1841-55.png/330px-%27Firefly%27_Class_Locomotive%2C_Actaeon%2C_1841-55.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%27Firefly%27_Class_Locomotive%2C_Actaeon%2C_1841-55.png/440px-%27Firefly%27_Class_Locomotive%2C_Actaeon%2C_1841-55.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The engine of the <a href="/wiki/GWR_Firefly_Class" title="GWR Firefly Class">'Firefly' class</a> that he used in his painting, was called <i>Greyhound.</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analogues">Analogues</h3></div> <p>Some people interpret this painting as analogous to that of <a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Temeraire" title="The Fighting Temeraire">The Fighting Téméraire</a>, since there seems to be a transition from the past towards the future as the train speeds towards us.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, both paintings create a contrast between technology and the beautiful, peaceful landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other interpretations say that at the left of the painting, Turner features a second stone bridge that serves as an analogue to the bridge in <i>Apullia and Appullus</i> of 1814, emphasizing that both principal structural elements have been pushed to the edges of the canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trains_in_art" title="Trains in art">Trains in art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Great Western began running trains from 1838.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rain-steam-and-speed-the-great-western-railway.html">Turner's <i>Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerald_E._Finley1999" class="citation cs2">Gerald E. Finley (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxroHjm2QAIC&q=%22Rain,+Steam+and+Speed+-+The+Great+Western+Railway%22&pg=RA5-PA138"><i>Angel in the Sun: Turner's vision of history</i></a>, McGill-Queen's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1747-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1747-2"><bdi>0-7735-1747-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angel+in+the+Sun%3A+Turner%27s+vision+of+history&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7735-1747-2&rft.au=Gerald+E.+Finley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxroHjm2QAIC%26q%3D%2522Rain%2C%2BSteam%2Band%2BSpeed%2B-%2BThe%2BGreat%2BWestern%2BRailway%2522%26pg%3DRA5-PA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain%2C+Steam+and+Speed+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Western+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walther, Ingo F., Suckale, Robert, and Eschenburg, Barbara. <i>Masterpieces of Western Art : a History of Art in 900 Individual Studies</i>. Köln ; London: Taschen, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietz, Frederick C. <i>The Industrial Revolution</i>. New York: H. Holt and Co, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilde, Robert. "The Railways in the Industrial Revolution." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/railways-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gage, John. <i>Turner: Rain, Steam, and Speed</i>. London, 1972. pp. 19–22. Cited in Hugh Honour. <i>Romanticism.</i> New York, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. H. Lienhard, <i>How Invention Begins: And How it Finds Its Final Form</i>. (Oxford University Press, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gage, John. <i>Turner: Rain, Steam, and Speed</i>. London, 1972. pp. 19–22. Cited in Hugh Honour. <i>Romanticism.</i> New York, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilton, Andrew. <i>Turner In His Time.</i> New York: Abrams, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilton, Andrew. <i>Turner In His Time.</i> New York: Abrams, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilton, Andrew. <i>J. M. W. Turner: His Art And Life</i>. New York: Rizzoli, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gage, John, 1938-2012. <i>Turner: Rain, Steam, And Speed.</i> [New York: Viking Press], 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeslay2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Meslay" title="Olivier Meslay">Meslay, Olivier</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcZiHQAACAAJ"><i>J. M. W. Turner: The Man Who Set Painting on Fire</i></a>. '<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">New Horizons</a>' series. Translated by Sharman, Ruth. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500301180" title="Special:BookSources/9780500301180"><bdi>9780500301180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+M.+W.+Turner%3A+The+Man+Who+Set+Painting+on+Fire&rft.place=London&rft.series=%27New+Horizons%27+series&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780500301180&rft.aulast=Meslay&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcZiHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain%2C+Steam+and+Speed+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Western+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilton, Andrew. <i>J. M. W. Turner: His Art And Life</i>. New York: Rizzoli, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilton, Andrew. <i>J. M. W. Turner: His Art And Life</i>. New York: Rizzoli, 1979.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_%E2%80%93_The_Great_Western_Railway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway"><i>Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807092239/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=ng538">National Gallery</a> page on the painting.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="J._M._W._Turner" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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M. W. Turner"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._M._W._Turner" title="Template talk:J. M. W. Turner"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._M._W._Turner" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. M. W. Turner"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._M._W._Turner" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_J._M._W._Turner" title="List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner">Paintings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_of_a_Romanesque_Church_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Interior of a Romanesque Church (J. M. W. Turner)">Interior of a Romanesque Church</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Windmill_and_Rainbow_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Landscape with Windmill and Rainbow (J. M. W. Turner)">Landscape with Windmill and Rainbow</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_and_Callisto_(J._M._W._Turner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana and Callisto (J. M. W. Turner)">Diana and Callisto</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1796</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fishermen_at_Sea" title="Fishermen at Sea">Fishermen at Sea</a></i> (1796)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_of_a_Gothic_Church_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Interior of a Gothic Church (J. M. W. Turner)">Interior of a Gothic Church</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1797</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limekiln_at_Coalbrookdale_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Limekiln at Coalbrookdale (J. M. W. Turner)">Limekiln at Coalbrookdale</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1797</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonlight,_a_Study_at_Millbank_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Moonlight, a Study at Millbank (J. M. W. Turner)">Moonlight, a Study at Millbank</a></i> (1797)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_and_the_Sibyl,_Lake_Avernus" title="Aeneas and the Sibyl, Lake Avernus">Aeneas and the Sibyl, Lake Avernus</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buttermere_Lake,_with_Part_of_Cromackwater,_Cumberland,_a_Shower" title="Buttermere Lake, with Part of Cromackwater, Cumberland, a Shower">Buttermere Lake, with Part of Cromackwater, Cumberland, a Shower</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caernarvon_Castle_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Caernarvon Castle (J. M. W. Turner)">Caernarvon Castle</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_amongst_the_Coniston_Fells,_Cumberland" title="Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, Cumberland">Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, Cumberland</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shipping_by_a_Breakwater_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Shipping by a Breakwater (J. M. W. Turner)">Shipping by a Breakwater</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_and_the_Roman_Campagna_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Tivoli and the Roman Campagna (J. M. W. Turner)">Tivoli and the Roman Campagna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_a_Town_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="View of a Town (J. M. W. Turner)">View of a Town</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1798</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolbadarn_Castle_(Turner)" title="Dolbadarn Castle (Turner)">Dolbadarn Castle</a></i> (1798–1799)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Turner)" title="Self-Portrait (Turner)">Self-Portrait</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_in_Wales:_Mountain_Scene_with_Village_and_Castle_-_Evening_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="View in Wales: Mountain Scene with Village and Castle - Evening (J. M. W. Turner)">View in Wales: Mountain Scene with Village and Castle – Evening</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Mountain_Landscape_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Welsh Mountain Landscape (J. M. W. Turner)">Welsh Mountain Landscape</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>–1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beech_Wood_with_Gypsies_round_a_Campfire_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="A Beech Wood with Gypsies round a Campfire (J. M. W. Turner)">A Beech Wood with Gypsies round a Campfire</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beech_Wood_with_Gypsies_Seated_in_the_Distance_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="A Beech Wood with Gypsies Seated in the Distance (J. M. W. Turner)">A Beech Wood with Gypsies Seated in the Distance</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Lake_and_Fallen_Tree_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Landscape with Lake and Fallen Tree (J. M. W. Turner)">Landscape with Lake and Fallen Tree</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calais_Pier" title="Calais Pier">Calais Pier</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_on_Clapham_Common_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="View on Clapham Common (J. M. W. Turner)">View on Clapham Common</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>–1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipwreck_(Turner)" title="The Shipwreck (Turner)">The Shipwreck</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Captured_Danish_Ships_Entering_Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Two Captured Danish Ships Entering Portsmouth Harbour">Two Captured Danish Ships Entering Portsmouth Harbour</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_Richmond_Hill_and_Bridge" title="View of Richmond Hill and Bridge">View of Richmond Hill and Bridge</a></i> (1808)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London_from_Greenwich_Park" title="London from Greenwich Park">London from Greenwich Park</a></i> (1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Plague_of_Egypt" title="The Fifth Plague of Egypt">The Fifth Plague of Egypt</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford_(painting)" title="High Street, Oxford (painting)">High Street, Oxford</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltash_with_the_Water_Ferry" title="Saltash with the Water Ferry">Saltash with the Water Ferry</a></i> (1811)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Hannibal_and_his_Army_Crossing_the_Alps" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps">Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army <wbr />Crossing the Alps</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frosty_Morning" title="Frosty Morning">Frosty Morning</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage, or, <wbr />The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_Carthaginian_Empire" title="The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire">The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dort_or_Dordrecht:_The_Dort_packet-boat_from_Rotterdam_becalmed" title="Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed">Dort or Dordrecht: <wbr />The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Waterloo_(painting)" title="The Field of Waterloo (painting)">The Field of Waterloo</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/England:_Richmond_Hill,_on_the_Prince_Regent%27s_Birthday" title="England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday">England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rome,_from_the_Vatican" title="Rome, from the Vatican">Rome, from the Vatican</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(painting)" title="The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)"><i>The Battle of Trafalgar</i></a> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne,_the_Arrival_of_a_Packet_Boat_in_the_Evening" title="Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening">Cologne, the Arrival of a Packet Boat in the Evening</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum_(painting)" title="Forum Romanum (painting)">Forum Romanum</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortlake_Terrace:_Early_Summer_Morning" title="Mortlake Terrace: Early Summer Morning">Mortlake Terrace</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Port_Ruysdael" title="Port Ruysdael">Port Ruysdael</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Canal_(painting)" title="Chichester Canal (painting)">Chichester Canal</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Cowes_Castle_(painting)" title="East Cowes Castle (painting)">East Cowes Castle</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulus_(Turner)" title="Regulus (Turner)">Regulus</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Deriding_Polyphemus" title="Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus">Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence" title="Funeral of Sir Thomas Lawrence">Funeral of Sir Thomas Lawrence</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage_-_Italy" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_of_Indolence" title="The Fountain of Indolence">The Fountain of Indolence</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(painting)" title="The Golden Bough (painting)">The Golden Bough</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venice:_The_Dogana_and_San_Giorgio_Maggiore" title="Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore">Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons" title="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons">The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rome,_From_Mount_Aventine" title="Rome, From Mount Aventine">Rome, From Mount Aventine</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venice,_from_the_Porch_of_Madonna_della_Salute" title="Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute">Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1835</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Temeraire" title="The Fighting Temeraire">The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth <wbr />to Be Broken up</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Rome_%E2%80%93_Campo_Vaccino" title="Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino">Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Ship" title="The Slave Ship">Slave Ship <wbr />(Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, <wbr />Typhoon Coming On)</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venice,_the_Bridge_of_Sighs" title="Venice, the Bridge of Sighs">Venice, the Bridge of Sighs</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Steam-Boat_off_a_Harbour%27s_Mouth" title="Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth">Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rigi" title="The Rigi">The Blue Rigi</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rigi" title="The Rigi">The Red Rigi</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_%E2%80%93_Burial_at_Sea" title="Peace – Burial at Sea">Peace – Burial at Sea</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War._The_Exile_and_the_Rock_Limpet" title="War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet">War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Colour_(Goethe%27s_Theory)_%E2%80%93_The_Morning_after_the_Deluge_%E2%80%93_Moses_Writing_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) – The Morning after the Deluge – Moses Writing the Book of Genesis">Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) – <wbr />The Morning after the Deluge – <wbr />Moses Writing the Book of Genesis</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_with_Sea_Monsters" title="Sunrise with Sea Monsters">Sunrise with Sea Monsters</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle,_Sunrise" title="Norham Castle, Sunrise">Norham Castle, Sunrise</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1845</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whalers_(J._M._W._Turner)" title="Whalers (J. M. W. Turner)">Whalers</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1845</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beacon_Light" title="The Beacon Light">The Beacon Light</a></i> (unknown)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Studiorum" title="Liber Studiorum">Liber Studiorum</a></i> (1807–1819)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandycombe_Lodge" title="Sandycombe Lodge">Sandycombe Lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_(play)" title="The Painter (play)">The Painter</a></i> (2011 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Turner" title="Mr. Turner">Mr. Turner</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Price_Turner" title="Thomas Price Turner">Thomas Price Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Contemporary" title="Turner Contemporary">Turner Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:J._M._W._Turner" title="Category:J. 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