CINXE.COM
The Steppe Frontier Research Papers - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>The Steppe Frontier Research Papers - Academia.edu</title> <!-- _ _ _ | | (_) | | __ _ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __| |_ _ / _` |/ __/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \ '_ ` _ \| |/ _` | / _ \/ _` | | | | | (_| | (_| (_| | (_| | __/ | | | | | | (_| || __/ (_| | |_| | \__,_|\___\__,_|\__,_|\___|_| |_| |_|_|\__,_(_)___|\__,_|\__,_| We're hiring! See https://www.academia.edu/hiring --> <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="nC2G9v7eq28Em+hKdZj4Ro7Jnzz4AyfElssQvFTS9Xfs6bdi0FoBfsok7UTGlhAxw+iJrDXrXFsTqCUgjs7PJQ==" /> <link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View The Steppe Frontier Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '39314d9bcf4522f48eeb027cf31da0a13496d2ce'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15250,"monthly_visitors":"119 million","monthly_visitor_count":119262695,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":119,"user_count":278555389,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733920126000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733920126000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-0fb6fc03c471832908791ad7ddba619b6165b3ccf7ae0f65cf933f34b0b660a7.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-d5854328bc91ab2b28af9c6857c9f49cfdbb149be89e12296a993fabf6dcef2e.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-700c857c6fb770c5546959fb228388932166f478d0a341d5e1b83fefe9642caf.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier" /> </head> <!--[if gte IE 9 ]> <body class='ie ie9 c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE) ]><!--> <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Event listeners for analytics --> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more <span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less <span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">The Steppe Frontier</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">49 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>The Steppe Frontier</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/The_Steppe_Frontier">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36723862" data-work_id="36723862" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36723862/Review_of_Donald_Ostrowski_Muscovy_and_the_Mongols_Cross_Cultural_Influences_on_the_Steppe_Frontier_">Review of Donald Ostrowski, "Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36723862" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact <a href="mailto:support@jstor.org" rel="nofollow">support@jstor.org</a>.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36723862" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a4bddf5c17da42142a958dc317467d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56665377,"asset_id":36723862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56665377/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6058616" href="https://umich.academia.edu/ValerieKivelson">Valerie Kivelson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6058616" type="text/json">{"id":6058616,"first_name":"Valerie","last_name":"Kivelson","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"ValerieKivelson","display_name":"Valerie Kivelson","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/ValerieKivelson?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6058616/31893872/29074297/s65_valerie.kivelson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36723862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36723862"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36723862, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36723862", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36723862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36723862; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36723862"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36723862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36723862"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36723862; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36723862]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36723862").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36723862").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36723862"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26847" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols">Mongols</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26847" type="text/json">{"id":26847,"name":"Mongols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63967" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/early_modern_Russia_Muscovy_">early modern Russia (Muscovy)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="63967" type="text/json">{"id":63967,"name":"early modern Russia (Muscovy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/early_modern_Russia_Muscovy_?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2544008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier">The Steppe Frontier</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2544008" type="text/json">{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36723862]'), work: {"id":36723862,"title":"Review of Donald Ostrowski, \"Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier\"","created_at":"2018-05-27T08:29:29.256-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36723862/Review_of_Donald_Ostrowski_Muscovy_and_the_Mongols_Cross_Cultural_Influences_on_the_Steppe_Frontier_?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_36723862","summary":"JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56665377,"asset_id":36723862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6058616,"first_name":"Valerie","last_name":"Kivelson","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"ValerieKivelson","display_name":"Valerie Kivelson","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/ValerieKivelson?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6058616/31893872/29074297/s65_valerie.kivelson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26847,"name":"Mongols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongols?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":63967,"name":"early modern Russia (Muscovy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/early_modern_Russia_Muscovy_?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39359064 coauthored" data-work_id="39359064" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39359064/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%90_%D0%A5_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%9D_%D0%A0%D0%A2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_2018_804_%D1%81_48_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%BB">Казачество в тюркском и славянском мирах: колл. монография / отв. ред. В. В. Грибовский, В. В. Трепавлов; Институт археологии им. А. Х. Халикова АН РТ. – Казань, 2018. – 804 с., 48 с. ил.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cossacks in the Turkic and Slavic worlds The collective monograph is the first experience of a comprehensive description and study of the Turkic Cossacks, the Cossack Turks in the service of the Russian state, the communities of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39359064" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cossacks in the Turkic and Slavic worlds<br /><br />The collective monograph is the first experience of a comprehensive description and study of the Turkic Cossacks, the Cossack Turks in the service of the Russian state, the communities of Ukrainian and Russian Cossacks in their relations and relations with their Turkic neighbors.<br />The early Cossack communities are defined as male bonds (Männerbünde), taking into account the concepts of Heinrich Schurtz, Hutton Webster, Franz Boas, Robert Lowie, Bronisław Malinowski, Marshall Sahlins, Lionel Tiger. Grouping on the principle of a male union, unlike the family community, assumed the admission of strangers as an institutionalized principle, most fully manifested in hospitality, fraternity, sworn brotherhood. This was achieved by blocking ties with family space and hereditary hierarchies characteristic of it, derived from the relations of property, inheritance, status in the state. The openness of the Cossacks as male communities to the reception of strangers was manifested in the intensive borrowing of someone else’s vocabulary and the objects and relationships denoted by it – rank positions, rituals and procedures, elements of everyday life, clothing as a marking sign, and many others. For all Cossack communities there was a characteristic active usage of alien languages and extinct dialects within their conversation as secret language, strikingly distinguishing Cossacks from those communities from which they came from. The huge layer of Turkic vocabulary found in Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks, primarily to indicate their rank positions (kosh, ataman, esaul is the basis of the organization of the Cossack government), as well as the whole way of life, is a direct indication of the reception of Cossacks by Slavic people from the Turkic inhabitants of the steppes as an integral, “ready” complex, “ripe” by the beginning of the XVI century, when the first Slavic Cossack groups appeared.<br /><br />Коллективная монография представляет собой первый опыт комплексного описания и изучения тюркского казачества, тюрков-казаков на службе Российского государства, сообществ украинских и российских казаков в их связях и отношениях с тюркскими соседями, представителей тюркских народов в составе казачьих войск Российской империи, тюркских групп со статусом казачьего войска. Исследование охватывает обширное пространство Евразии – степную зону Украины, Северный Кавказ, Поволжье, Южный Урал, Западную Сибирь и территорию Казахстана.<br />В написании монографии приняли участие исследователи из России, Украины и Казахстана.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39359064" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8eec25197a847f479cc0a06f5687f71c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59501060,"asset_id":39359064,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59501060/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2895441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9">Владислав Грибовський</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2895441" type="text/json">{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-39359064">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-39359064"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://fsu-znu.academia.edu/VladimirMilchev">Vladimir Milchev / Володимир Мільчев</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nas.academia.edu/TetianaKuzyk">Тетяна Кузик</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sfedu.academia.edu/SenDmitry">Sen' Dmitry</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-39359064'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-39359064').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39359064 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39359064"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39359064, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39359064", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39359064 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39359064; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39359064"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39359064 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39359064"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39359064; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39359064]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39359064").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39359064").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39359064"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2544008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier">The Steppe Frontier</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2544008" type="text/json">{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39359064]'), work: {"id":39359064,"title":"Казачество в тюркском и славянском мирах: колл. монография / отв. ред. В. В. Грибовский, В. В. Трепавлов; Институт археологии им. А. Х. Халикова АН РТ. – Казань, 2018. – 804 с., 48 с. ил.","created_at":"2019-06-03T13:14:00.981-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39359064/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%90_%D0%A5_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%9D_%D0%A0%D0%A2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_2018_804_%D1%81_48_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%BB?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_39359064","summary":"Cossacks in the Turkic and Slavic worlds\n\nThe collective monograph is the first experience of a comprehensive description and study of the Turkic Cossacks, the Cossack Turks in the service of the Russian state, the communities of Ukrainian and Russian Cossacks in their relations and relations with their Turkic neighbors.\nThe early Cossack communities are defined as male bonds (Männerbünde), taking into account the concepts of Heinrich Schurtz, Hutton Webster, Franz Boas, Robert Lowie, Bronisław Malinowski, Marshall Sahlins, Lionel Tiger. Grouping on the principle of a male union, unlike the family community, assumed the admission of strangers as an institutionalized principle, most fully manifested in hospitality, fraternity, sworn brotherhood. This was achieved by blocking ties with family space and hereditary hierarchies characteristic of it, derived from the relations of property, inheritance, status in the state. The openness of the Cossacks as male communities to the reception of strangers was manifested in the intensive borrowing of someone else’s vocabulary and the objects and relationships denoted by it – rank positions, rituals and procedures, elements of everyday life, clothing as a marking sign, and many others. For all Cossack communities there was a characteristic active usage of alien languages and extinct dialects within their conversation as secret language, strikingly distinguishing Cossacks from those communities from which they came from. The huge layer of Turkic vocabulary found in Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks, primarily to indicate their rank positions (kosh, ataman, esaul is the basis of the organization of the Cossack government), as well as the whole way of life, is a direct indication of the reception of Cossacks by Slavic people from the Turkic inhabitants of the steppes as an integral, “ready” complex, “ripe” by the beginning of the XVI century, when the first Slavic Cossack groups appeared.\n\nКоллективная монография представляет собой первый опыт комплексного описания и изучения тюркского казачества, тюрков-казаков на службе Российского государства, сообществ украинских и российских казаков в их связях и отношениях с тюркскими соседями, представителей тюркских народов в составе казачьих войск Российской империи, тюркских групп со статусом казачьего войска. Исследование охватывает обширное пространство Евразии – степную зону Украины, Северный Кавказ, Поволжье, Южный Урал, Западную Сибирь и территорию Казахстана.\nВ написании монографии приняли участие исследователи из России, Украины и Казахстана.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59501060,"asset_id":39359064,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"},{"id":18504388,"first_name":"Vladimir Milchev /","last_name":"Володимир Мільчев","domain_name":"fsu-znu","page_name":"VladimirMilchev","display_name":"Vladimir Milchev / Володимир Мільчев","profile_url":"https://fsu-znu.academia.edu/VladimirMilchev?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18504388/5147269/34251632/s65_vladimir_milchev_._.jpg"},{"id":24059555,"first_name":"Тетяна","last_name":"Кузик","domain_name":"nas","page_name":"TetianaKuzyk","display_name":"Тетяна Кузик","profile_url":"https://nas.academia.edu/TetianaKuzyk?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24059555/8377659/17945812/s65__._.jpg"},{"id":5119032,"first_name":"Sen'","last_name":"Dmitry","domain_name":"sfedu","page_name":"SenDmitry","display_name":"Sen' Dmitry","profile_url":"https://sfedu.academia.edu/SenDmitry?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5119032/4513459/5226095/s65_sen_.dmitry.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43366588" data-work_id="43366588" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43366588/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_XIX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0">Город Ногайск в контексте седентаризации приазовских ногайцев первой половины XIX века</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Показаны условия и обстоятельства перехода приазовских ногайцев к оседлости под воздействием российских властей в начале ХІХ века, возникновение города Ногайск (современный Приморск, Запорожская область, Украина) - первоначально как... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43366588" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Показаны условия и обстоятельства перехода приазовских ногайцев к оседлости под воздействием российских властей в начале ХІХ века, возникновение города Ногайск (современный Приморск, Запорожская область, Украина) - первоначально как центра приставства, органа политического контроля и экономического стимулирования ногайцев. Представлены деятельность французского эмигранта графа Якова де Мезона (Мезон Жак де ла Фер), его намерения создать свою "маленькую Одессу" - портовый город Менил-Мезон.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43366588" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e05b8c3911295b749dc7ce10b9069732" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63656962,"asset_id":43366588,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63656962/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2895441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9">Владислав Грибовський</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2895441" type="text/json">{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43366588 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43366588"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43366588, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43366588", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43366588 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43366588; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43366588"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43366588 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43366588"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43366588; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43366588]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43366588").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43366588").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43366588"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads">Eurasian Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6730" type="text/json">{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7725" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies">Urban Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7725" type="text/json">{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadism">Nomadism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28797" type="text/json">{"id":28797,"name":"Nomadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadism?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="598825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Eurasian_Steppe">History of Eurasian Steppe</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="598825" type="text/json">{"id":598825,"name":"History of Eurasian Steppe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Eurasian_Steppe?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43366588]'), work: {"id":43366588,"title":"Город Ногайск в контексте седентаризации приазовских ногайцев первой половины XIX века","created_at":"2020-06-17T07:01:31.226-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43366588/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_XIX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_43366588","summary":"Показаны условия и обстоятельства перехода приазовских ногайцев к оседлости под воздействием российских властей в начале ХІХ века, возникновение города Ногайск (современный Приморск, Запорожская область, Украина) - первоначально как центра приставства, органа политического контроля и экономического стимулирования ногайцев. Представлены деятельность французского эмигранта графа Якова де Мезона (Мезон Жак де ла Фер), его намерения создать свою \"маленькую Одессу\" - портовый город Менил-Мезон.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63656962,"asset_id":43366588,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":28797,"name":"Nomadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadism?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":598825,"name":"History of Eurasian Steppe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Eurasian_Steppe?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":2870605,"name":"Noghais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noghais?f_ri=2544008"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41665203" data-work_id="41665203" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41665203/Moscow_and_Florentine_Union">Moscow and Florentine Union</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41665203" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="136c8c1906d4036b089ee177b4ccc1c1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63274492,"asset_id":41665203,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63274492/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1283735" href="https://nas.academia.edu/ValeriiZema">Valerii Zema</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1283735" type="text/json">{"id":1283735,"first_name":"Valerii","last_name":"Zema","domain_name":"nas","page_name":"ValeriiZema","display_name":"Valerii Zema","profile_url":"https://nas.academia.edu/ValeriiZema?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1283735/2782650/3244154/s65_valerii.zema.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41665203 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41665203"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41665203, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41665203", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41665203 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41665203; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41665203"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41665203 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41665203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41665203; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41665203]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41665203").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41665203").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41665203"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7908" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papacy_Medieval_Church_History_">Papacy (Medieval Church History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7908" type="text/json">{"id":7908,"name":"Papacy (Medieval Church History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papacy_Medieval_Church_History_?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14893" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History">Church History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14893" type="text/json">{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21999" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine_History_">Ukraine (History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21999" type="text/json">{"id":21999,"name":"Ukraine (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine_History_?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30129" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Golden_Horde">History of Golden Horde</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30129" type="text/json">{"id":30129,"name":"History of Golden Horde","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Golden_Horde?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41665203]'), work: {"id":41665203,"title":"Moscow and Florentine Union","created_at":"2020-01-18T02:14:57.164-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41665203/Moscow_and_Florentine_Union?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_41665203","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63274492,"asset_id":41665203,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1283735,"first_name":"Valerii","last_name":"Zema","domain_name":"nas","page_name":"ValeriiZema","display_name":"Valerii Zema","profile_url":"https://nas.academia.edu/ValeriiZema?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1283735/2782650/3244154/s65_valerii.zema.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7908,"name":"Papacy (Medieval Church History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papacy_Medieval_Church_History_?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":21999,"name":"Ukraine (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine_History_?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":30129,"name":"History of Golden Horde","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Golden_Horde?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":36083,"name":"Ruthenian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ruthenian_history?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":73799,"name":"Novgorod the Great","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Novgorod_the_Great?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":105033,"name":"history of Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/history_of_Poland?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":301535,"name":"history of Great Duchy of Lithuania (XIV-XV)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/history_of_Great_Duchy_of_Lithuania_XIV-XV_?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":301794,"name":"History of Muscovy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Muscovy?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":506314,"name":"Crimean Khanate history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimean_Khanate_history?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":648931,"name":"Uniate Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uniate_Church?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":1056634,"name":"Union of Florence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Union_of_Florence?f_ri=2544008"},{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43360194" data-work_id="43360194" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43360194/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83_%D0%A5VI_%D0%A5%D0%86%D0%A5_%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0">Коші кримських чабанів у ХVI – ХІХ ст.: риси подібності до запорозького козацтва</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Викладено аргументи про те, що чабанські групи становили з себе чоловічі спільноти, організовані на засадах виключення всього комплексу сімейно-родинних зв’язків і відносин, спадщини щодо майна та соціальних рангів, зобов’язань стосовно... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43360194" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Викладено аргументи про те, що чабанські групи становили з себе чоловічі спільноти, організовані на засадах виключення всього комплексу сімейно-родинних зв’язків і відносин, спадщини щодо майна та соціальних рангів, зобов’язань стосовно держави та свободи від її приписів. Гуртування в такого типу чоловічих групах було основане на виборних ієрархіях, колективній власності, спільних трапезах, вікових стратифікаціях. Цим спільнотам притаманні сезонне гуртування, поєднання мирних і воєнних промислів, уявлення про власну вищість стосовно сільських мешканців, релікти домонотеїстичних вірувань. У зазначеному простежено риси подібності до запорозького козацтва.<br /><br />The Koshes of Crimean shepherd groups in 16th – 19th centuries: features of similarity with Zaporozhian Cossacks<br /><br />The article presents the arguments that the shepherd groups were the men’s communities, organized on the base of exclusion the entire complex of family-family ties and relationships, the denial the inheritance in property and social ranks, the obligations regarding the State and freedom from its laws. Grouping in this type of community was based on elective hierarchies, collective ownership, common meals, age-class stratifications. These communities are characterized by seasonal groups, a combination of peace and war crafts, perceptions of their own superiority in relation to rural dwellers, relics of domonotheistic beliefs. The aforementioned features of similarity to Zaporozhian Cossacks are traced.<br />Keywords: kosh, shepherds, male communities, age classes, stratifications.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43360194" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aea97867401336fd947cc429eec6b9e2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63649074,"asset_id":43360194,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63649074/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2895441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9">Владислав Грибовський</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2895441" type="text/json">{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43360194 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43360194"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43360194, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43360194", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43360194 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43360194; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43360194"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43360194 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43360194"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43360194; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43360194]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43360194").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43360194").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43360194"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads">Eurasian Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6730" type="text/json">{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208061" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimean_Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208061" type="text/json">{"id":208061,"name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimean_Tatars?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="930270" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaporozhian_Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="930270" type="text/json">{"id":930270,"name":"Zaporozhian Cossacks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaporozhian_Cossacks?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2544008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier">The Steppe Frontier</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2544008" type="text/json">{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43360194]'), work: {"id":43360194,"title":"Коші кримських чабанів у ХVI – ХІХ ст.: риси подібності до запорозького козацтва","created_at":"2020-06-16T14:46:46.783-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43360194/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83_%D0%A5VI_%D0%A5%D0%86%D0%A5_%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_43360194","summary":"Викладено аргументи про те, що чабанські групи становили з себе чоловічі спільноти, організовані на засадах виключення всього комплексу сімейно-родинних зв’язків і відносин, спадщини щодо майна та соціальних рангів, зобов’язань стосовно держави та свободи від її приписів. Гуртування в такого типу чоловічих групах було основане на виборних ієрархіях, колективній власності, спільних трапезах, вікових стратифікаціях. Цим спільнотам притаманні сезонне гуртування, поєднання мирних і воєнних промислів, уявлення про власну вищість стосовно сільських мешканців, релікти домонотеїстичних вірувань. У зазначеному простежено риси подібності до запорозького козацтва.\n\nThe Koshes of Crimean shepherd groups in 16th – 19th centuries: features of similarity with Zaporozhian Cossacks\n\nThe article presents the arguments that the shepherd groups were the men’s communities, organized on the base of exclusion the entire complex of family-family ties and relationships, the denial the inheritance in property and social ranks, the obligations regarding the State and freedom from its laws. Grouping in this type of community was based on elective hierarchies, collective ownership, common meals, age-class stratifications. These communities are characterized by seasonal groups, a combination of peace and war crafts, perceptions of their own superiority in relation to rural dwellers, relics of domonotheistic beliefs. The aforementioned features of similarity to Zaporozhian Cossacks are traced.\nKeywords: kosh, shepherds, male communities, age classes, stratifications.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63649074,"asset_id":43360194,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":208061,"name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimean_Tatars?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":930270,"name":"Zaporozhian Cossacks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaporozhian_Cossacks?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":2870605,"name":"Noghais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noghais?f_ri=2544008"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39888131" data-work_id="39888131" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39888131/The_military_system_of_the_Noghayan_Horde_and_the_Black_Sea_Noghais">The military system of the Noghayan Horde and the Black Sea Noghais</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Подано аналіз традиційного стану військової організації Ногайської Орди та її фрагментарне збереження у причорноморських ногайців у ХVII – ХVIII ст. The article reviewed the traditional state of military-political organization of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39888131" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Подано аналіз традиційного стану військової організації Ногайської Орди та її фрагментарне збереження у причорноморських ногайців у ХVII – ХVIII ст.<br /><br />The article reviewed the traditional state of military-political organization of Noghayan Horde and its fragmentary safety by North Black Sea region Noghais in XVII – XVIII cent.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39888131" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d7c99a774b1ac7bad00c1075d0671dc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60073504,"asset_id":39888131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60073504/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2895441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9">Владислав Грибовський</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2895441" type="text/json">{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39888131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39888131"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39888131, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39888131", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39888131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39888131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39888131"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39888131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39888131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39888131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39888131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39888131").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39888131").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39888131"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads">Eurasian Nomads</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6730" type="text/json">{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="930270" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaporozhian_Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="930270" type="text/json">{"id":930270,"name":"Zaporozhian Cossacks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaporozhian_Cossacks?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2544008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier">The Steppe Frontier</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2544008" type="text/json">{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39888131]'), work: {"id":39888131,"title":"The military system of the Noghayan Horde and the Black Sea Noghais","created_at":"2019-07-21T13:24:31.402-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39888131/The_military_system_of_the_Noghayan_Horde_and_the_Black_Sea_Noghais?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_39888131","summary":"Подано аналіз традиційного стану військової організації Ногайської Орди та її фрагментарне збереження у причорноморських ногайців у ХVII – ХVIII ст.\n\nThe article reviewed the traditional state of military-political organization of Noghayan Horde and its fragmentary safety by North Black Sea region Noghais in XVII – XVIII cent.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60073504,"asset_id":39888131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6730,"name":"Eurasian Nomads","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Nomads?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":930270,"name":"Zaporozhian Cossacks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaporozhian_Cossacks?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false},{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29035203" data-work_id="29035203" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29035203/Hrybovskyis_bibliography_october_2016_doc">Hrybovs'kyi's bibliography_october 2016.doc</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The list of bibliography</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29035203" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fd884cc0e850b06596181c53e27338d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49485687,"asset_id":29035203,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49485687/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2895441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9">Владислав Грибовський</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2895441" type="text/json">{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29035203 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29035203"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29035203, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29035203", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29035203 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29035203; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29035203"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29035203 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29035203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29035203; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29035203]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29035203").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29035203").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29035203"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2544008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier">The Steppe Frontier</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2544008" type="text/json">{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29035203]'), work: {"id":29035203,"title":"Hrybovs'kyi's bibliography_october 2016.doc","created_at":"2016-10-09T14:48:42.765-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29035203/Hrybovskyis_bibliography_october_2016_doc?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_29035203","summary":"The list of bibliography","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49485687,"asset_id":29035203,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32352560" data-work_id="32352560" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32352560/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%9D_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_2016_8_%D0%A1_108_129">Грибовский В. В. Ногайское казачье войско // Средневековые тюрко-татарские государства. – Казань: Институт истории им. Ш. Марджани АН Республики Татарстан, 2016. – № 8. – С. 108–129.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Noghayan Cossack Troops The article presents for the first time the results of a comprehensive study of the circumstances for granting the status of detached Cossack Troops to Noghais, had settled in the northern coast of the Sea of Azov.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32352560" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Noghayan Cossack Troops<br />The article presents for the first time the results of a comprehensive study of the circumstances for granting the status of detached Cossack Troops to Noghais, had settled in the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It has done in connection with analysis the socio-political processes in this community. It is justified the conclusion that the Cossack Troops is a legal construct for determining autonomy of heterogeneous societies composed of Russian empire.<br />Key words: Noghais, Cossack Troops, northern coast of the Sea of Azov.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32352560" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d463e7b834f3eae0492b308b1433f50b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52560329,"asset_id":32352560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52560329/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMDEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2895441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9">Владислав Грибовський</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2895441" type="text/json">{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32352560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32352560"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32352560, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32352560", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32352560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32352560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32352560"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32352560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32352560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32352560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32352560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32352560").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32352560").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32352560"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2544008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier">The Steppe Frontier</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2544008" type="text/json">{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32352560]'), work: {"id":32352560,"title":"Грибовский В. В. Ногайское казачье войско // Средневековые тюрко-татарские государства. – Казань: Институт истории им. Ш. Марджани АН Республики Татарстан, 2016. – № 8. – С. 108–129.","created_at":"2017-04-09T12:35:43.943-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32352560/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92_%D0%92_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%9D_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_2016_8_%D0%A1_108_129?f_ri=2544008","dom_id":"work_32352560","summary":"Noghayan Cossack Troops\nThe article presents for the first time the results of a comprehensive study of the circumstances for granting the status of detached Cossack Troops to Noghais, had settled in the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It has done in connection with analysis the socio-political processes in this community. It is justified the conclusion that the Cossack Troops is a legal construct for determining autonomy of heterogeneous societies composed of Russian empire.\nKey words: Noghais, Cossack Troops, northern coast of the Sea of Azov.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52560329,"asset_id":32352560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2895441,"first_name":"Владислав","last_name":"Грибовський","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ВладиславГрибовський","display_name":"Владислав Грибовський","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9?f_ri=2544008","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895441/956682/1199606/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2544008,"name":"The Steppe Frontier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier?f_ri=2544008","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "b343c290a52fd2462d896ea03b7b1a19184b2dd0a49cc20657943a970633d201", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="8IUv/LwFCSeQ2UC0Yk2/ICw9LaQ4b9EcL9sBnKrKU0SAQR5okoGjNl5mRbrRQ1dXYRw7NPWHqoOquDQAcNZpFg==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Steppe_Frontier" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="JgORMmTPfBPMT6vKVn43g7LETjsAbCHxNn6AG/45vApWx6CmSkvWAgLwrsTlcN/0/+VYq82EWm6zHbWHJCWGWA==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>