CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134aed07d6d898e',cH: 'd00IHKCJjN1qV27r_Uul9wIxvCBJTGecnog2erJVfhU-1739783831-1.2.1.1-1s1w7ABjy8Pt_.ABrCDz5IERwmymea_F57zs9hMHRNwtbnUyEKNdEAPG4VxEZ7vQ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=charge%20transport&__cf_chl_tk=JauJTlKhgzD9zLUQXSL2lEN947joFdHqEmUUy8QpGbQ-1739783831-1.0.1.1-Jxsoqa0NL.KH_E9H_hKs9j064rX9HU4bQyLL6ZgQ.C0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783831',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=charge%20transport&__cf_chl_f_tk=JauJTlKhgzD9zLUQXSL2lEN947joFdHqEmUUy8QpGbQ-1739783831-1.0.1.1-Jxsoqa0NL.KH_E9H_hKs9j064rX9HU4bQyLL6ZgQ.C0",md: "YNcTmiSqsHE2Fa_W50.TsjSVaqieYA3Ac2MkWG6MUIw-1739783831-1.2.1.1-mXmUmyamaAgQ8UtfH0pxY9GHwUclu5Jp9xN0qgKXR4Nop0U9449RxgMbY1q7m6fAPO3E0S.jMe5O1pIyqIgypwBLefIWmdGPrNOzRiwO0bGD9dXuD6JaZ_8StFQqiMJwtt0dvdpb3QR29OPhrGHLux3f9CFlqzh7wIZ.SM9EbzOk6OSI4UzLZ0p9d3TqEGuioZAEiNJuEl9FLtgWmtA6Mt4JDnI.M71k63xdXUdS3.vIrogtj9bQuBxtpSVNZx6lhWdRVlOykaPmku3ofXJFoaWAlPJfTxsJ685CVk48Pb_NWnlLX2tN7l_dSibTErqm6.N1X.rQ28WWHZ4AHPUhclLspzp23hN3YTFRRMCmqnCN_GXUIncX3blgivMbdE.XlfS.rFTmxwTl1.U4yvt.VS7RLauXzOHIjsbrVw16_JP9qPT0q9EICYEjwajw8YTwTfsdxn2_xVgQK8_MktGrKGUfwTPBJqJGWbVr91.GE2LGHStbzaR446cFf5Ov.ZjX._K6EPx3DEQ0G0TyOKQZ3Y0tRXCqZ3HSVY79UtJPIYJ1Iz68jG_uvqpbL1rf1CLTO9fSgEfZKJs4CKbm8jvm0xkMsNIfmEjxvW6XS8tZsceHmN1PtGdRgQinbfvFu5ik3CW2ofYq7C46E.81KAzsXea_nTXTPuUboEyxQc04YwJcm7HxY00NNWWfDqnYklUdvr1C7.eeAlqhmg.sgIG0SusiT23BehyxnCmL4CV95WEyZKkSzL.mfBrzNlJraMqwx7SAbNEy9z3Z4d7smOwovBZpPmCpZfGUp0iQZJ8QFv_r8ocfxh5lPCgeqIET1dylwqeRV_MWABjoUvCEF3xsrdrPz1.fZg6Qrv2yAobwdFaXckvkD8Hvesb_MAVuN9rU6d5IwAIWtWKvg4jkwnGPL3V8Bwfjk6ylHnkJs5RHJkbKkiLNG1kMZ4i7Z7MRVLTNQDTG9rq9CGnvv4nyiML2gDGvQNVUH0MO8BefNz6Ggz_MBBrnTjbsy6_FGFuMHbCFQQI9ZaMTWhKMPDFtBb7NvvaIsdUXV.17GsYTuOAyUbVe.ulx8Iq2UcKLCxiU9tpwwY09ByRJoVP6_NtaOzvBkD4gqwtBNn5zNzi3wE95_p3mlGEDSovfloGvzXlR1pvu1moMErWOWvgPOdquOg14QmTwAOV03ydT5Qtl66ZJye.gLRT9ldWjKqfSQXM8wTUtVy9Jrf2G_ABe9jghXNXHZ6JTZWxhcLqSzfFt21gT7Be0XbUsUgDav2KuypuXjugnF87wwmljGqPMN1B0EgSheQbEW3Wg_gDkP.NQFqDN.o1LsQSbeRkCBo3tWsA1sTMRky9F5Uq9VXf6JsPQ1sEMky.FMmkv1nYvwMXPJAU64z6umomFKX6THalI_8eZtPprTA36r7bZ08UJTrj.e63G0WAt0fzRlSc.AORZlN.Qg_MxGNjegnqfx65dww0k28F0ezU.7.O08Hf0nQi_1a2O347pudoLafD1YHiJEouzttoDvRWZJ_YmJe.0QqwJYyCocTxpgWYd_VTeznD13sMcHp5WUTzYrmM87nSjI43sc0fIo5OL8j4ATBqp5e7aCWkMingUr9AAB_jIj5rkejPb_z8lAOtQU90xvZaHmH0Cm0X4skqJwtTOh9XxpwuZriL4G_CEOWx_6WHAj.aPS1YZ0qsXZBIEq2JEFCnDtjEHeXEm2hZJgn2zcOFnTszx7NrY7MUSM7_xGe_5HS88rm5tkjfFcMxGPkotibbcYshoMLDrpOkfepMcDQvg8zS8SCUfbNEui3Id5VZ3zz32qU63DBmALOvXrejJi77YZqouj9kixFeWzD4zwcJzGDH0kKKWbDtfL5fD4uCra5IFRNuo_x8LYIb0qz3mZSzlS4qCrUGG1z.Hu22cgr9V9NNyQ5rC7VnER4OwrIYnKfMLd3qTEi1IrFsyLNE6zSgQVsxFWMA",mdrd: "ySussmtUTxFWzzJ3BSvoosIylB4Yv7owATelyWpqWIU-1739783831-1.2.1.1-55JkgKMdiP_JAwnmyw8qTF8ZgWkocjdmx._hKhTkzj5SlTfx0kRQGTgHdMvSxiW4NWEQCUekCRujUxmi5YyzbI.tLKhAwL1ElcpSnt.fMwbbF0NW7hd.t9cTe0hihYZZ6ynDJSKutu6sklJYp.CVikjjb0.senyImCFXAmMYXmWqtmdS3boRFBVKThfdZYQ0HuV35RciUGeL87s6Ger5hdo4Ppq6yosd0wy9duXw7nBTdELd9dOE9r6n9bBaPXf1HABo6sIPZcgvGrJ.XHOi6C5_DDQePxLGHlkvRjZOTGdMapADCKJoWu7jozPJA9wsx22tu9Mm4hYiV58aosUQ_.0r5Bf5hK47dkwZSqAQT1Z5e3Gl_myMfTSym8IsC8RQAG85F40lR73qr8V2ylyxI7Nr0IVtZGmUqQkwT7NcHV01BYTWU3Vt3cKeIMUv.rAP3isEL0YIWUMcDlaY6rLuPF9LNrIm3.Kql7ixSTxIcAJdAi56JJL2vnRcaBmLbc4n3J4M0zZBVdo1WmMb_xapUQqkP55ByJ_hsAOd639cd8fDH6ZTossrbsbLVA9l9TXplU7r87.QYM1m6ioYNGGUyhk7ykdzGVZMWmmMc.WX2.xzfJHRqSQ2BoQj_VC2WvLqz9QtnNZE7PPd3.SFfB4D2dY9p5lUGiR0ikePTPkL5qra9fYx3TN3az5iThA3aENcvg2FJka3LTa9T_tXSMYySDIUstDzvvBHLzgsV3TVxTCJunZ.eUVCqRrIoi0eofMXorzOhc_stXB7Xy8L9UZY64YNPYLH4hTlfAppK_bwrcVgLrVpmcxm6diCi6e1SPeJ1sBLBr9RGLzm42w0savdNp2cqutLxQ8jVxVGSPSgRduQD_152l3WblkAu8DZBrFDYnxLnB9JEUylHfPGVd.U4BsvmOCfJP1NXIw7Ki7klDUNoR1RI9KSry.tINS0hngZvYjFL.tOfwgSbshvBbzAckl8yCjF2yojfOhehwHE0Wi2glMxqEheP.89GvYku3vuX0CFkAr_73321yFe5650edrsWfqJ0CagZlSTaQPRce88mO9QNMKlyspjkZ0XIFuUJRIugeJbEg_RU7cOmWG3UYc9_G58YkmQnc9ErKSDRN9Ha24TXBjfLDRE0wzU3F52FBJGD6Sdx9LzhlGtnzMgkjW.7mH8.RRP0xpgkGvLTTf_5emCqMQ_JGsKX3QuJI9V2rNhpQLNqkJ5KIRhr8.Z6Akus5A1FqoghD0NmGMBxGEZHp1ZxLqgCm13_KICPQ5k55bZvoiTlV4J8Dxywg5ApNGACAeOwSmumIF26VgyQgpk.ruBLV3juO3j12x_szxJaxjx9xtJLR0QmGKpNUslNTS.u5sEwwDuZS_r8GSLnrPtmlu8FHFUISPkNEM8qB9txoqnDQjC4jKeeAcdSvMMPHfCxxA96pyZSHfXVNaMCW04O4fZ1prQ1g42ve9UeyFEofZpgB4dVdkyOqyRhlss575SwN4BIzW9jvWd2zWQ2sB0b__QkFoHIFcUY6Ukho1AR6qOG7yANvxaACVNVcazziuekp0mDFzfQKw0Jg71YwdH0wb1ADeaUgfi7bntw7B0hjSdABRtfiz5r6hsCiiJw0ycNqgAJR4eZ8_YemjTjrtg6V8NPFdi0BtSERNJ_es8p1AzWHm502A85CDJwqfgGNGgaDqyKvekKNGPSSwG8lzIjG7MtIBkChDFiaxIP1Pz4PhsXgoo.7RN0p_vGUAHGvGOrZ3N.XWcKkyuGrTzbMLFm4x9xmK1WICf6bgF2c_wrBhardrWM3rKSX_wKnF0tLqWGO.qoAqMl_kr5LgjGdakSlAEl.QrlnBoET0Ao_pEJrokBs1LEe1rGAym6JahybD1s_cgBCrl2qMxyTMnbO2oB8ceNIltHCIxpsSddh6PV3k0siORQ7u.fuF5xgm7gkvA68or9TQVKvhntE0ipzJ_y4YL8.qLt2oaCszPEf60"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134aed07d6d898e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=charge%20transport&__cf_chl_rt_tk=JauJTlKhgzD9zLUQXSL2lEN947joFdHqEmUUy8QpGbQ-1739783831-1.0.1.1-Jxsoqa0NL.KH_E9H_hKs9j064rX9HU4bQyLL6ZgQ.C0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>