CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Orson Welles - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"54b96d34-e5f7-45a1-942f-672b8a5c60a9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Orson_Welles","wgTitle":"Orson Welles","wgCurRevisionId":1259059319,"wgRevisionId":1259059319,"wgArticleId":22196,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from September 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from April 2022","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024", "Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing video clips","Academy of Magical Arts Special Fellowship winners","Orson Welles","1915 births","1985 deaths","20th-century American male actors","20th-century American male writers","20th-century American screenwriters","20th-century atheists","Academy Honorary Award recipients","Actors from Kenosha, Wisconsin","AFI Life Achievement Award recipients","American anti-racism activists","American atheists","American expatriates in Spain","American film editors","American magicians","American male film actors","American male radio actors","American male screenwriters","American male Shakespearean actors","American male stage actors","American male voice actors", "American radio directors","American radio personalities","American radio producers","American radio writers","American theatre directors","American theatre managers and producers","Audiobook narrators","Ballet librettists","Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners","Broadway theatre directors","Broadway theatre producers","California Democrats","Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners","Directors of Palme d'Or winners","Federal Theatre Project people","Film directors from Illinois","Film directors from Los Angeles","Film directors from Wisconsin","Film producers from California","Film producers from Illinois","Film producers from Wisconsin","Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients","Grammy Award winners","Hollywood blacklist","Hugo Award–winning writers","Illinois Democrats","Knights of the Legion of Honour","Male actors from Chicago","Male actors from Los Angeles","Male actors from New York City","Male actors from Wisconsin", "Members of the Académie des beaux-arts","People from Highland Park, Illinois","People from Woodstock, Illinois","Progressivism in the United States","RKO Pictures contract players","School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni","Screenwriters from California","Screenwriters from Illinois","Screenwriters from New York (state)","Screenwriters from Wisconsin","Universal Pictures contract players","Wisconsin Democrats","Writers from Los Angeles","Writers from New York City","Shakespearean directors"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Orson_Welles","wgRelevantArticleId":22196,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q24829","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg/1200px-Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg/800px-Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg/640px-Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Orson Welles - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Orson_Welles rootpage-Orson_Welles skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Orson+Welles" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Orson+Welles" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Orson+Welles" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Orson+Welles" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_(1915–1931)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_(1915–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life (1915–1931) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_(1915–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career_(1931–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_(1931–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early career (1931–1935) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_(1931–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_(1936–1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_(1936–1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Theatre (1936–1938) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theatre_(1936–1938)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theatre (1936–1938) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theatre_(1936–1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Theatre_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Theatre_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Federal Theatre Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Theatre_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury_Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury_Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mercury Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury_Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_(1936–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_(1936–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Radio (1936–1940) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radio_(1936–1940)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Radio (1936–1940) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Radio_(1936–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 The Mercury Theatre on the Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollywood_(1939–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollywood_(1939–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Hollywood (1939–1948) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hollywood_(1939–1948)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hollywood (1939–1948) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hollywood_(1939–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citizen_Kane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizen_Kane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Citizen Kane </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizen_Kane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Magnificent_Ambersons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Magnificent_Ambersons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 The Magnificent Ambersons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Magnificent_Ambersons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_into_Fear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_into_Fear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Journey into Fear </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_into_Fear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 War work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goodwill_ambassador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodwill_ambassador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Goodwill ambassador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodwill_ambassador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-It's_All_True" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#It's_All_True"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 It's All True </div> </a> <ul id="toc-It's_All_True-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_(1942–1943)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_(1942–1943)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Radio (1942–1943) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_(1942–1943)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mercury_Wonder_Show" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mercury_Wonder_Show"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 The Mercury Wonder Show </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mercury_Wonder_Show-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_(1944–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_(1944–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Radio (1944–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_(1944–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Stranger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Stranger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 The Stranger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Stranger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Around the World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_(1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_(1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Radio (1946) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_(1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lady_from_Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lady_from_Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 The Lady from Shanghai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lady_from_Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macbeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macbeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Macbeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macbeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_(1948–1956)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_(1948–1956)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Europe (1948–1956) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe_(1948–1956)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Europe (1948–1956) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Europe_(1948–1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Othello" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Othello"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Othello </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Othello-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mr._Arkadin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mr._Arkadin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Mr. Arkadin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mr._Arkadin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Television projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Hollywood_(1956–1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Hollywood_(1956–1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Return to Hollywood (1956–1959) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Hollywood_(1956–1959)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to Hollywood (1956–1959) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Hollywood_(1956–1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Touch_of_Evil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touch_of_Evil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Touch of Evil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touch_of_Evil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Europe_(1959–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Europe_(1959–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Return to Europe (1959–1970) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Europe_(1959–1970)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to Europe (1959–1970) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Europe_(1959–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 The Trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chimes_at_Midnight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimes_at_Midnight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Chimes at Midnight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimes_at_Midnight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career_(1970–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career_(1970–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Later career (1970–1985) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career_(1970–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationships_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Relationships and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Religious beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Politics and activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Death and tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Legacy and reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Accolades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Discography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Cultural references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Documentaries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Documentaries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Archival sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Orson Welles</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="أورسن ويلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أورسن ويلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Uells" title="Orson Uells – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orson Uells" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="اورسن ولز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورسن ولز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8" title="অরসন ওয়েলস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অরসন ওয়েলস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Орсан Уэлс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Орсан Уэлс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Орсан Ўэлз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Орсан Ўэлз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ऑर्सन वेल्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑर्सन वेल्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Орсън Уелс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орсън Уелс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%82" title="Όρσον Γουέλς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρσον Γουέλς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="اورسن ولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورسن ولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A8_%EC%9B%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="오슨 웰스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오슨 웰스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD" title="Օրսոն Ուելս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրսոն Ուելս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ऑर्सन वेल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑर्सन वेल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="אורסון ולס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורסון ולס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ორსონ უელსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორსონ უელსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Орсон Уэллс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орсон Уэллс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsons_Velss" title="Orsons Velss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orsons Velss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓർസൺ വെൽസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓർസൺ വെൽസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="اورسن ويلز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اورسن ويلز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="オーソン・ウェルズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーソン・ウェルズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਓਰਸਨ ਵੇਲਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਰਸਨ ਵੇਲਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81,_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уэллс, Орсон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уэллс, Орсон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5%D8%B2" title="ئۆرسێن وێڵز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرسێن وێڵز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Орсон Велс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орсон Велс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ออร์สัน เวลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออร์สัน เวลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Орсон Уелс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Орсон Уелс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Орсон Веллс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орсон Веллс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="اورسن ویلز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اورسن ویلز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="奥森·威尔斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥森·威尔斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%81%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="奧遜威爾斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧遜威爾斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Orson Welles" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="奧森·威爾斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧森·威爾斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24829#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Orson_Welles" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Orson_Welles" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Orson_Welles" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&oldid=1259059319" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Orson_Welles&id=1259059319&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrson_Welles">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrson_Welles">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Orson_Welles&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Orson_Welles" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24829" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American filmmaker (1915–1985)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Orson Welles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg/220px-Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg/330px-Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg/440px-Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="3552" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1937 portrait</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Orson Welles</div> (1915-05-06)May 6, 1915 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 10, 1985(1985-10-10) (aged 70) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a>, Andalusia, Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Director</li> <li>actor</li> <li>writer</li> <li>producer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1931–1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_for_Fake" title="F for Fake">F for Fake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Virginia Nicolson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1934; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1940)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1947)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paola_Mori" title="Paola Mori">Paola Mori</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partners</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a> (1940–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oja_Kodar" title="Oja Kodar">Oja Kodar</a> (from 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Welles" title="Beatrice Welles">Beatrice</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Orson_Welles_signature.svg/150px-Orson_Welles_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Orson_Welles_signature.svg/225px-Orson_Welles_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Orson_Welles_signature.svg/300px-Orson_Welles_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="143" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American director, actor, writer, and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_obit-3">[3]</a> At age 21, Welles was directing high-profile stage productions for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a> in New York City—starting with a celebrated <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">1936 adaptation of Macbeth</a> with an African-American cast, and ending with the controversial labor opera <a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a> in 1937. He and <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a> then founded the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Theatre" title="Mercury Theatre">Mercury Theatre</a>, an independent <a href="/wiki/Repertory_theatre" title="Repertory theatre">repertory theatre</a> company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941, including a modern, politically charged <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(Mercury_Theatre)" title="Caesar (Mercury Theatre)">Caesar</a> (1937). In 1938, his radio anthology series <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air" title="The Mercury Theatre on the Air">The Mercury Theatre on the Air</a> gave Welles the platform to find international fame as the director and narrator of <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">a radio adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a>, which caused some listeners to believe that a Martian invasion was in fact occurring. The event rocketed 23-year-old Welles to notoriety.<a href="#cite_note-McFarland-4">[4]</a> His first film was <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941), which he <a href="/wiki/Screenplay_for_Citizen_Kane" title="Screenplay for Citizen Kane">co-wrote</a>, produced, directed, and starred in as the title character, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</a>. It has been consistently ranked as one of the <a href="/wiki/Greatest_films_ever_made" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest films ever made">greatest films ever made</a>. He directed twelve other features, the most acclaimed of which include <a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> (1942), <a href="/wiki/The_Stranger_(1946_film)" title="The Stranger (1946 film)">The Stranger</a> (1946), <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a> (1947), <a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a> (1958), <a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a> (1962), <a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a> (1966), and <a href="/wiki/F_for_Fake" title="F for Fake">F for Fake</a> (1973).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Welles also had roles in other directors' films, notably Rochester in <a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre_(1943_film)" title="Jane Eyre (1943 film)">Jane Eyre</a> (1943), Harry Lime in <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a> (1949), and Cardinal Wolsey in <a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(1966_film)" title="A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)">A Man for All Seasons</a> (1966). His distinctive directorial style featured layered and <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">nonlinear narrative</a> forms, dramatic lighting, unusual camera angles, sound techniques borrowed from radio, <a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">deep focus</a> shots and <a href="/wiki/Long_take" title="Long take">long takes</a>. He has been praised as "the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">auteur</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Rosenbaum-7">[7]</a>: 6  Welles was an outsider to the <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">studio system</a> and struggled for <a href="/wiki/Creative_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative control">creative control</a> on his projects early on with the <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">major film studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> and later in life with a variety of independent financiers across Europe, where he spent most of his career. Many of his films were either heavily edited or remained unreleased. Welles received an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> among other numerous honors such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Palme_D%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Palme D'Or">Palme D'Or</a> in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a> in 1970, the <a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a> in 1975, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute_Fellowship" title="British Film Institute Fellowship">British Film Institute Fellowship</a> in 1983. In 2002, he was voted the greatest film director of all time in two <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> polls among directors and critics.<a href="#cite_note-BFI_Directors-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI_Critics-9">[9]</a> In 2018, he was included in the list of the 50 greatest Hollywood actors of all time by <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Micheál Mac Liammóir</a>, who worked with the 16-year-old Welles on the <a href="/wiki/Gate_Theatre" title="Gate Theatre">stage in Dublin</a> and later played <a href="/wiki/Iago" title="Iago">Iago</a> in his film <a href="/wiki/Othello_(1951_film)" title="Othello (1951 film)">Othello</a>, wrote that "Orson's courage, like everything else about him, imagination, egotism, generosity, ruthlessness, forbearance, impatience, sensitivity, grossness and vision is magnificently out of proportion."<a href="#cite_note-My_Orson-11">[11]</a>: xxxvii  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1915–1931)">Early life (1915–1931)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1915–1931)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson-Welles-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Orson-Welles-1918.jpg/140px-Orson-Welles-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Orson-Welles-1918.jpg/210px-Orson-Welles-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Orson-Welles-1918.jpg/280px-Orson-Welles-1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Orson Welles at age three (1918)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_Birthplace_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Orson_Welles_Birthplace_2013.jpg/220px-Orson_Welles_Birthplace_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Orson_Welles_Birthplace_2013.jpg/330px-Orson_Welles_Birthplace_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Orson_Welles_Birthplace_2013.jpg/440px-Orson_Welles_Birthplace_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="2724" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Welles's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha, Wisconsin</a> (2013)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-and-Beatrice-Ives-Welles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Welles-and-Beatrice-Ives-Welles.jpg/220px-Welles-and-Beatrice-Ives-Welles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Welles-and-Beatrice-Ives-Welles.jpg/330px-Welles-and-Beatrice-Ives-Welles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Welles-and-Beatrice-Ives-Welles.jpg/440px-Welles-and-Beatrice-Ives-Welles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="2200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Welles with his mother, Beatrice Ives Welles</div></div></div></div></div> George Orson Welles was born May 6, 1915, in <a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha, Wisconsin</a>, a son of Richard Head Welles<a href="#cite_note-Higham-12">[12]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-Ancestry_Parents-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> and Beatrice Ives Welles (née Beatrice Lucy Ives).<a href="#cite_note-Ancestry_Parents-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGilligan-15">[14]</a>: 9 <a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> He was named after one of his great-grandfathers, influential Kenosha attorney <a href="/wiki/Orson_S._Head" title="Orson S. Head">Orson S. Head</a>, and his brother George Head.<a href="#cite_note-Higham-12">[12]</a>: 37 <a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a> Despite his family's affluence, Welles encountered hardship in childhood when his parents separated and moved to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 1919. His father, who made a fortune as the inventor of a popular bicycle lamp,<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> became an alcoholic and stopped working. Welles's mother was a concert pianist who had studied with the Lithuanian-born pianist-composer <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky" title="Leopold Godowsky">Leopold Godowsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> She played during lectures by Dudley Crafts Watson at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> to support her son and herself. As a boy, Welles received <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> lessons arranged by his mother. The older Welles boy, "Dickie", was institutionalized at an early age because he had learning difficulties. Beatrice died of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> in a Chicago hospital on May 10, 1924, just after Welles's ninth birthday.<a href="#cite_note-Heyer-22">[19]</a>: 3–5 <a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 326  The Gordon String Quartet, a predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_String_Quartet" title="Berkshire String Quartet">Berkshire String Quartet</a>, which had made its first appearance at her home in 1921, played at Beatrice's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> After his mother's death, Welles ceased pursuing a musical career. It was decided that he would spend the summer with the Watson family at a private art colony established by <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Avery_Coonley" title="Lydia Avery Coonley">Lydia Avery Coonley Ward</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming,_New_York" title="Wyoming, New York">Wyoming</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger Lakes Region">Finger Lakes Region</a> of New York.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 8  There, he played and became friends with the children of the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan</a>, including the 12-year-old <a href="/wiki/Prince_Aly_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Aly Khan">Prince Aly Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[d]</a> Then, in what Welles later described as "a hectic period" in his life, he lived in a Chicago apartment with both his father and Maurice Bernstein, a Chicago physician who had been a close friend of both his parents. Welles briefly attended public school<a href="#cite_note-Tarbox-28">[24]</a>: 133  before his alcoholic father left business altogether and took him along on his travels to Jamaica and the Far East. When they returned, they settled in a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Detour,_Illinois" title="Grand Detour, Illinois">Grand Detour, Illinois</a>, that was owned by his father. When the hotel burned down, Welles and his father took to the road again.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 9  "During the three years that Orson lived with his father, some observers wondered who took care of whom," wrote biographer Frank Brady.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 9  "In some ways, he was never really a young boy, you know," said Roger Hill, who became Welles's teacher and lifelong friend.<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 24  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson-Welles-1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Orson-Welles-1926.jpg/140px-Orson-Welles-1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Orson-Welles-1926.jpg/210px-Orson-Welles-1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Orson-Welles-1926.jpg/280px-Orson-Welles-1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Welles in 1926: "Cartoonist, Actor, Poet and only 10"</figcaption></figure> Welles briefly attended public school in Madison, Wisconsin, enrolled in the fourth grade.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 9  On September 15, 1926, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Todd_Seminary_for_Boys" title="Todd Seminary for Boys">Todd Seminary for Boys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tarbox-28">[24]</a>: 3  an expensive independent school in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Illinois" title="Woodstock, Illinois">Woodstock, Illinois</a>, that his older brother, Richard Ives Welles, had attended ten years before until he was expelled for misbehavior.<a href="#cite_note-Higham-12">[12]</a>: 48  At Todd School, Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, a teacher who was later Todd's headmaster. Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged theatrical experiments and productions there.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Todd-Schoolmates-1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Welles-Todd-Schoolmates-1931.jpg/220px-Welles-Todd-Schoolmates-1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Welles-Todd-Schoolmates-1931.jpg/330px-Welles-Todd-Schoolmates-1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Welles-Todd-Schoolmates-1931.jpg/440px-Welles-Todd-Schoolmates-1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Welles (fourth from left) with classmates at the <a href="/wiki/Todd_Seminary_for_Boys" title="Todd Seminary for Boys">Todd School for Boys</a> (1931)<a href="#cite_note-woodstockpubliclibraryarchives.omeka/486-31">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> "Todd provided Welles with many valuable experiences," wrote critic Richard France. "He was able to explore and experiment in an atmosphere of acceptance and encouragement. In addition to a theatre, the school's own radio station was at his disposal."<a href="#cite_note-France-32">[28]</a>: 27  Welles's first radio experience was on the Todd station, where he performed an adaptation of Sherlock Holmes that was written by him.<a href="#cite_note-Heyer-22">[19]</a>: 7  On December 28, 1930, when Welles was 15, his father died of heart and kidney failure at the age of 58, alone in a hotel in Chicago. Shortly before this, Welles had told his father that he refused to see him until he stopped drinking. Welles suffered lifelong guilt and despair that he was unable to express. "That was the last I ever saw of him," Welles told biographer Barbara Leaming 53 years later. "I've never, never ... I don't want to forgive myself."<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 32–33, 463  His father's will left it to Welles to name his guardian. When Roger Hill declined, he chose Dr. Maurice Bernstein,<a href="#cite_note-Feder-33">[29]</a>: 71–72  a physician and friend of the family.<a href="#cite_note-newyorker/ageless-soul-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-umich.edu/never-before-seen-35">[31]</a> Following graduation from Todd in May 1931,<a href="#cite_note-Tarbox-28">[24]</a>: 3  Welles was awarded a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, while his mentor Roger Hill advocated he attend <a href="/wiki/Cornell_College" title="Cornell College">Cornell College</a> in Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Instead, Welles chose travel. He studied for a few weeks at the Art Institute of Chicago<a href="#cite_note-Time_and_Chance-37">[33]</a>: 117  with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Anisfeld" title="Boris Anisfeld">Boris Anisfeld</a>, who encouraged him to pursue painting.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 18  Welles occasionally returned to Woodstock, the place he eventually named when he was asked in a 1960 interview, "Where is home?" Welles replied, "I suppose it's Woodstock, Illinois, if it's anywhere. I went to school there for four years. If I try to think of a home, it's that."<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_(1931–1935)">Early career (1931–1935)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career (1931–1935)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Ireland-1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Welles-Ireland-1931.jpg/220px-Welles-Ireland-1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Welles-Ireland-1931.jpg/330px-Welles-Ireland-1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Welles-Ireland-1931.jpg/440px-Welles-Ireland-1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>After graduating, 16-year-old Welles embarked on a painting and sketching tour of Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a>, traveling by donkey cart (1931).</figcaption></figure> After his father's death, Welles traveled to Europe using a small portion of his inheritance. Welles said that while on a walking and painting trip through Ireland, he strode into the <a href="/wiki/Gate_Theatre" title="Gate Theatre">Gate Theatre</a> in Dublin and claimed he was a Broadway star. The manager of the Gate, <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Edwards" title="Hilton Edwards">Hilton Edwards</a>, later said he had not believed him but was impressed by his brashness and an impassioned audition he gave.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a>: 134  Welles made his stage debut at the Gate Theatre on October 13, 1931, appearing in <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Dukes" title="Ashley Dukes">Ashley Dukes</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Jud_S%C3%BC%C3%9F_(Feuchtwanger_novel)" title="Jud Süß (Feuchtwanger novel)">Jud Süß</a> as Duke Karl Alexander of Württemberg. He performed small supporting roles in subsequent Gate productions, and he produced and designed productions of his own in Dublin. In March 1932, Welles performed in <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>'s The Circle at Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre">Abbey Theatre</a> and traveled to London to find additional work in the theatre. Unable to obtain a work permit, he returned to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 327–330  Welles found his fame ephemeral and turned to a writing project at Todd School that became immensely successful, first entitled Everybody's Shakespeare,<a href="#cite_note-10.1080/17450910600983828-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-oldfloridabookshop/11971-41">[37]</a> for the first three volumes,<a href="#cite_note-lib.uiowa/-42">[38]</a> and subsequently, The Mercury Shakespeare. In Spring 1933, Welles traveled via the <a href="/wiki/American_Export-Isbrandtsen_Lines#Ships" title="American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines">SS Exermont</a>, a tramp steamer, writing the introduction for the books, while onboard ship. After landing at Morocco, he stayed as the guest of <a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Thami El Glaoui</a>, in the Atlas mountains surrounding <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> while working on thousands of illustrations for the Everybody's Shakespeare series of educational books, a series that remained in print for decades.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katharine-Cornell-Tour-Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Katharine-Cornell-Tour-Map.jpg/220px-Katharine-Cornell-Tour-Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Katharine-Cornell-Tour-Map.jpg/330px-Katharine-Cornell-Tour-Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Katharine-Cornell-Tour-Map.jpg/440px-Katharine-Cornell-Tour-Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell" title="Katharine Cornell">Katharine Cornell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell#1933–1934_transcontinental_repertory_tour" title="Katharine Cornell">1933–1934 transcontinental repertory tour</a>, Welles's professional debut on the American stage</figcaption></figure> In 1933, Hortense and Roger Hill invited Welles to a party in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where Welles met <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a>. Wilder arranged for Welles to meet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Woollcott" title="Alexander Woollcott">Alexander Woollcott</a> in New York in order that he be introduced to <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell" title="Katharine Cornell">Katharine Cornell</a>, who was assembling a <a href="/wiki/Repertory_theatre" title="Repertory theatre">theatre company</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell#1933–1934_transcontinental_repertory_tour" title="Katharine Cornell">seven-month transcontinental repertory tour</a>. Cornell's husband, director <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_McClintic" title="Guthrie McClintic">Guthrie McClintic</a>, immediately put Welles under contract and cast him in three plays.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 46–49  <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Barretts_of_Wimpole_Street" title="The Barretts of Wimpole Street">The Barretts of Wimpole Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candida_(play)" title="Candida (play)">Candida</a> began touring in repertory in November 1933, with the first of more than 200 performances taking place in Buffalo, New York.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 330–331  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/220px-seek%3D293-The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="167" data-durationhint="479" data-mwtitle="The_Hearts_of_Age.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Hearts_of_Age.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="950" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1424" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1424" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="190" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm/The_Hearts_of_Age.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Welles's earliest film, <a href="/wiki/The_Hearts_of_Age" title="The Hearts of Age">The Hearts of Age</a> (1934)</figcaption></figure> In 1934, Welles got his first job on radio—with <a href="/wiki/The_American_School_of_the_Air" title="The American School of the Air">The American School of the Air</a>—through actor-director <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stewart_(actor)" title="Paul Stewart (actor)">Paul Stewart</a>, who introduced him to director Knowles Entrikin.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 331  That summer, Welles staged a drama festival with the Todd School at the Opera House in Woodstock, Illinois, inviting <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Micheál Mac Liammóir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Edwards" title="Hilton Edwards">Hilton Edwards</a> from Dublin's Gate Theatre to appear along with New York stage luminaries in productions including <a href="/wiki/Trilby_(play)" title="Trilby (play)">Trilby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Drunkard" title="The Drunkard">The Drunkard</a> and Tsar Paul. At the old firehouse in Woodstock, he also shot his first film, an eight-minute short titled <a href="/wiki/The_Hearts_of_Age" title="The Hearts of Age">The Hearts of Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 330–331  On November 14, 1934, Welles married Chicago socialite and actress Virginia Nicolson<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 332  (often misspelled "Nicholson")<a href="#cite_note-Bright_Lights-44">[40]</a> in a civil ceremony in New York. To appease the Nicolsons, who were furious at the couple's elopement, a formal ceremony took place December 23, 1934, at the New Jersey mansion of the bride's godmother. Welles wore a <a href="/wiki/Morning_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning coat">cutaway</a> borrowed from his friend <a href="/wiki/George_Macready" title="George Macready">George Macready</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feder-33">[29]</a>: 182  A revised production of Katharine Cornell's <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a> opened December 20, 1934, at the <a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld_Theatre" title="Al Hirschfeld Theatre">Martin Beck Theatre</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 331–332 <a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> The Broadway production brought the 19-year-old Welles to the notice of <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a>, a theatrical producer who was casting the lead role in the debut production of one of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a>'s verse plays, <a href="/wiki/Panic_(1935_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic (1935 play)">Panic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Houseman_RT-46">[42]</a>: 144–158  On March 22, 1935, Welles made his debut on the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> series <a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time_(radio_program)" title="The March of Time (radio program)">The March of Time</a>, performing a scene from Panic for a news report on the stage production.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 70–71  By 1935, Welles was supplementing his earnings in the theatre as a radio actor in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, working with many actors who later formed the core of his <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Theatre" title="Mercury Theatre">Mercury Theatre</a> on programs including America's Hour, <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_America" title="Cavalcade of America">Cavalcade of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Workshop" title="Columbia Workshop">Columbia Workshop</a> and The March of Time.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 331–332  "Within a year of his debut Welles could claim membership in that elite band of radio actors who commanded salaries second only to the highest paid movie stars," wrote critic <a href="/wiki/Richard_France_(writer)" title="Richard France (writer)">Richard France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France-32">[28]</a>: 172  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre_(1936–1938)">Theatre (1936–1938)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theatre (1936–1938)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_theatre_credits" title="Orson Welles theatre credits">Orson Welles theatre credits</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Theatre_Project">Federal Theatre Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federal Theatre Project">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Voodoo-Macbeth-Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macbeth (1936)"><img alt="Macbeth (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Voodoo-Macbeth-Poster.jpg/153px-Voodoo-Macbeth-Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Voodoo-Macbeth-Poster.jpg/229px-Voodoo-Macbeth-Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Voodoo-Macbeth-Poster.jpg/305px-Voodoo-Macbeth-Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1332" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Macbeth</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Eats_Hat_by_Edwin_Denby_after_Eug%C3%A8ne_Labiche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horse Eats Hat (1936)"><img alt="Horse Eats Hat (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Horse_Eats_Hat_by_Edwin_Denby_after_Eug%C3%A8ne_Labiche.jpg/159px-Horse_Eats_Hat_by_Edwin_Denby_after_Eug%C3%A8ne_Labiche.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Horse_Eats_Hat_by_Edwin_Denby_after_Eug%C3%A8ne_Labiche.jpg/239px-Horse_Eats_Hat_by_Edwin_Denby_after_Eug%C3%A8ne_Labiche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Horse_Eats_Hat_by_Edwin_Denby_after_Eug%C3%A8ne_Labiche.jpg/319px-Horse_Eats_Hat_by_Edwin_Denby_after_Eug%C3%A8ne_Labiche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="3816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Horse_Eats_Hat" title="Horse Eats Hat">Horse Eats Hat</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Faustus-FTP-Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faustus (1937)"><img alt="Faustus (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Faustus-FTP-Poster.jpg/153px-Faustus-FTP-Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Faustus-FTP-Poster.jpg/230px-Faustus-FTP-Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Faustus-FTP-Poster.jpg/306px-Faustus-FTP-Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="1136" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">Faustus</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cradle_Will_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cradle Will Rock (1937)"><img alt="The Cradle Will Rock (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Cradle_Will_Rock.jpg/156px-The_Cradle_Will_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Cradle_Will_Rock.jpg/234px-The_Cradle_Will_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Cradle_Will_Rock.jpg/312px-The_Cradle_Will_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a> (1937)</div> </li> </ul> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a> (1935–1939) was a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> program to fund theatre and other live artistic performances and entertainment programs in the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. It was created as a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_Appropriation_Act_of_1935" title="Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935">relief measure</a> to employ artists, writers, directors and theatre workers. Under national director <a href="/wiki/Hallie_Flanagan" title="Hallie Flanagan">Hallie Flanagan</a> it was shaped into a truly national theatre that created relevant art, encouraged experimentation and innovation, and made it possible for millions of Americans to see live theatre for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Arena-47">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbeth-39-Carter-Murderers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Macbeth-39-Carter-Murderers.jpg/170px-Macbeth-39-Carter-Murderers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Macbeth-39-Carter-Murderers.jpg/255px-Macbeth-39-Carter-Murderers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Macbeth-39-Carter-Murderers.jpg/340px-Macbeth-39-Carter-Murderers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>Macbeth (<a href="/wiki/Jack_Carter_(actor)" title="Jack Carter (actor)">Jack Carter</a>, left) with the Murderers in <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Macbeth</a> (1936)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project#African-American_theatre" title="Federal Theatre Project">Negro Theatre Unit</a> in New York, invited Welles to join the Federal Theatre Project in 1935. Far from unemployed—"I was so employed I forgot how to sleep"—Welles put a large share of his $1,500-a-week radio earnings into his stage productions, bypassing administrative red tape and mounting the projects more quickly and professionally. "<a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> once said that I was the only operator in history who ever illegally siphoned money into a Washington project," Welles said.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 11–13  The Federal Theatre Project was the ideal environment in which Welles could develop his art. Its purpose was employment, so he was able to hire any number of artists, craftsmen and technicians, and he filled the stage with performers.<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 3  The company for the first production, an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Macbeth with an entirely African-American cast, numbered 150.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> The production became known as the <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Voodoo Macbeth</a> because Welles changed the setting to a mythical island suggesting the Haitian court of King <a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Henri Christophe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A_to_Z-50">[46]</a>: 179–180  with <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian vodou</a> fulfilling the role of Scottish <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kliman-51">[47]</a>: 86  The play opened April 14, 1936, at the <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Theatre_(Harlem)" title="Lafayette Theatre (Harlem)">Lafayette Theatre</a> in Harlem and was received rapturously. At 20, Welles was hailed as a prodigy.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The production then made a 4,000-mile national tour<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 333 <a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> that included two weeks at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Centennial_Exposition" title="Texas Centennial Exposition">Texas Centennial Exposition</a> in Dallas.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse-Eats-Hat-42-Houseman-Welles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Horse-Eats-Hat-42-Houseman-Welles.jpg/170px-Horse-Eats-Hat-42-Houseman-Welles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Horse-Eats-Hat-42-Houseman-Welles.jpg/255px-Horse-Eats-Hat-42-Houseman-Welles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Horse-Eats-Hat-42-Houseman-Welles.jpg/340px-Horse-Eats-Hat-42-Houseman-Welles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6485" data-file-height="7969" /></a><figcaption>From left, Houseman, Edwin Denby and Welles at a rehearsal of <a href="/wiki/Horse_Eats_Hat" title="Horse Eats Hat">Horse Eats Hat</a> (1936)</figcaption></figure> Next mounted was the farce <a href="/wiki/Horse_Eats_Hat" title="Horse Eats Hat">Horse Eats Hat</a>, an adaptation by Welles and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(poet)" title="Edwin Denby (poet)">Edwin Denby</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Italian_Straw_Hat_(play)" title="The Italian Straw Hat (play)">The Italian Straw Hat</a>, an 1851 five-act <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Marin_Labiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Marin Labiche">Eugène Marin Labiche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc-Michel" title="Marc-Michel">Marc-Michel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 114  The play was presented September 26 – December 5, 1936, at <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Elliott_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxine Elliott Theatre">Maxine Elliott's Theatre</a>, New York,<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 334  and featured <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a> in his first starring role.<a href="#cite_note-Vanity-55">[51]</a>: 34  It was followed by an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">Dr. Faustus</a> that used light as a prime unifying scenic element in a nearly black stage, presented January 8 – May 9, 1937, at Maxine Elliott's Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 335  Outside the scope of the Federal Theatre Project,<a href="#cite_note-France-32">[28]</a>: 100  American composer <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> chose Welles to direct <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Hurricane" title="The Second Hurricane">The Second Hurricane</a> (1937), an operetta with a libretto by Edwin Denby. Presented at the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_Settlement" title="Henry Street Settlement">Henry Street Settlement</a> Music School in New York for the benefit of high school students, the production opened April 21, 1937, and ran its scheduled three performances.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 337  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cradle_Will_Rock_Rehearsal_370-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cradle_Will_Rock_Rehearsal_370-9.jpg/220px-Cradle_Will_Rock_Rehearsal_370-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cradle_Will_Rock_Rehearsal_370-9.jpg/330px-Cradle_Will_Rock_Rehearsal_370-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cradle_Will_Rock_Rehearsal_370-9.jpg/440px-Cradle_Will_Rock_Rehearsal_370-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8130" data-file-height="5940" /></a><figcaption>Choreographer Clarence Yates rehearses a musical sequence with Olive Stanton for the <a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock#Federal_Theatre_Project" title="The Cradle Will Rock">Federal Theatre Project production</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a> (1937)</figcaption></figure> In 1937, Welles rehearsed <a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a>'s political opera, <a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> It was originally scheduled to open June 16, 1937, in its first public preview. Because of cutbacks in the WPA projects, the show's premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Elliott_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxine Elliott Theatre">Maxine Elliott Theatre</a> was canceled. The theater was locked and guarded to prevent any government-purchased materials from being used for a commercial production of the work. In a last-minute move, Welles announced to waiting ticket-holders that the show was being transferred to <a href="/wiki/New_Century_Theatre" title="New Century Theatre">the Venice</a>, 20 blocks away. Some cast, and some crew and audience, walked the distance on foot. The union musicians refused to perform in a commercial theater for lower non-union government wages. The actors' union stated that the production belonged to the Federal Theatre Project and could not be performed outside that context without permission. Lacking the participation of the union members, The Cradle Will Rock began with Blitzstein introducing the show and playing the piano accompaniment on stage with some cast members performing from the audience. This impromptu performance was well received by its audience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury_Theatre">Mercury Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mercury Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Theatre" title="Mercury Theatre">Mercury Theatre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-American-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Welles-American-1938.jpg/170px-Welles-American-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Welles-American-1938.jpg/255px-Welles-American-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Welles-American-1938.jpg/340px-Welles-American-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>At age 22 Welles was Broadway's youngest impresario – producing, directing and starring in an adaptation of Julius Caesar that broke all performance records for the play (1938).</figcaption></figure> Breaking with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a> in 1937, Welles and Houseman founded their own repertory company, which they called the Mercury Theatre. The name was inspired by the title of the iconoclastic magazine <a href="/wiki/The_American_Mercury" title="The American Mercury">The American Mercury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 119–120  Welles was executive producer, and the original company included such actors as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Coulouris" title="George Coulouris">George Coulouris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald" title="Geraldine Fitzgerald">Geraldine Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Francis" title="Arlene Francis">Arlene Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gabel" title="Martin Gabel">Martin Gabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hoyt" title="John Hoyt">John Hoyt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lloyd" title="Norman Lloyd">Norman Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Schnabel" title="Stefan Schnabel">Stefan Schnabel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Sherman" title="Hiram Sherman">Hiram Sherman</a>. "I think he was the greatest directorial talent we've ever had in the [American] theater", Lloyd said of Welles in a 2014 interview. "When you saw a Welles production, you saw the text had been affected, the staging was remarkable, the sets were unusual, music, sound, lighting, a totality of everything. We had not had such a man in our theater. He was the first and remains the greatest."<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_2014-57">[53]</a> The Mercury Theatre opened November 11, 1937, with <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(Mercury_Theatre)" title="Caesar (Mercury Theatre)">Caesar</a>, Welles's modern-dress adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a>—streamlined into an <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> tour de force that Joseph Cotten later described as "so vigorous, so contemporary that it set Broadway on its ear."<a href="#cite_note-Vanity-55">[51]</a>: 108  The set was completely open with no curtain, and the brick stage wall was painted dark red. Scene changes were achieved by lighting alone.<a href="#cite_note-OW_on_Shakespeare-58">[54]</a>: 165  On the stage was a series of risers; squares were cut into one at intervals and lights, designed by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rosenthal" title="Jean Rosenthal">Jean Rosenthal</a>, were set beneath it, pointing straight up to evoke the "<a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of light">cathedral of light</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rallies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> "He staged it like a political melodrama that happened the night before," said Lloyd.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_2014-57">[53]</a> Beginning January 1, 1938, Caesar was performed in repertory with <a href="/wiki/The_Shoemaker%27s_Holiday" title="The Shoemaker's Holiday">The Shoemaker's Holiday</a>; both productions moved to the larger <a href="/wiki/Nederlander_Theatre" title="Nederlander Theatre">National Theatre</a>. They were followed by <a href="/wiki/Heartbreak_House" title="Heartbreak House">Heartbreak House</a> (April 29, 1938) and <a href="/wiki/Danton%27s_Death" title="Danton's Death">Danton's Death</a> (November 5, 1938).<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 344  As well as being presented in a pared-down oratorio version at the Mercury Theatre on Sunday nights in December 1937, The Cradle Will Rock was at the <a href="/wiki/48th_Street_Theatre" title="48th Street Theatre">Windsor Theatre</a> for 13 weeks (January 4 – April 2, 1938).<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 340  Such was the success of the Mercury Theatre that Welles appeared on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, in full makeup as Captain Shotover in Heartbreak House, in the issue dated May 9, 1938—three days after his 23rd birthday.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_(1936–1940)">Radio (1936–1940)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radio (1936–1940)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_radio_credits" title="Orson Welles radio credits">Orson Welles radio credits</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WellesShadow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WellesShadow.jpg/170px-WellesShadow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WellesShadow.jpg/255px-WellesShadow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WellesShadow.jpg/340px-WellesShadow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2390" /></a><figcaption>Welles was the voice of <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a> on the Mutual radio network (1937–1938).</figcaption></figure> Simultaneously with his work in the theatre, Welles worked extensively in radio as an actor, writer, director and producer, often without credit.<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 77  Between 1935 and 1937 he was earning as much as $2,000 a week, shuttling between radio studios at such a pace that he would arrive barely in time for a quick scan of his lines before he was on the air. While he was directing the Voodoo Macbeth Welles was dashing between Harlem and <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">midtown Manhattan</a> three times a day to meet his radio commitments.<a href="#cite_note-France-32">[28]</a>: 172  In addition to continuing as a repertory player on <a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time_(radio_program)" title="The March of Time (radio program)">The March of Time</a>, in the fall of 1936 Welles adapted and performed <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> in an early two-part episode of <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Workshop" title="Columbia Workshop">Columbia Workshop</a>. His performance as the announcer in the series' April 1937 presentation of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a>'s verse drama <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_City" title="The Fall of the City">The Fall of the City</a> was an important development in his radio career<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 78  and made the 21-year-old Welles an overnight star.<a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Broadcasting-61">[57]</a>: 46  In July 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual Network">Mutual Network</a> gave Welles a seven-week series to adapt <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(radio_series)" title="Les Misérables (radio series)">Les Misérables</a>. It was his first job as a writer-director for radio,<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 338  the debut of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Theatre" title="Mercury Theatre">Mercury Theatre</a>, and one of Welles's earliest and finest achievements.<a href="#cite_note-Callow_Hello-62">[58]</a>: 160  He invented the use of narration in radio.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 88  "By making himself the center of the storytelling process, Welles fostered the impression of self-adulation that was to haunt his career to his dying day", wrote critic <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Andrew Sarris</a>. "For the most part, however, Welles was singularly generous to the other members of his cast and inspired loyalty from them above and beyond the call of professionalism."<a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Broadcasting-61">[57]</a>: 8  That September, Mutual chose Welles to play Lamont Cranston, also known as <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a>. He performed the role through mid-September 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 83 <a href="#cite_note-Goldin_Shadow-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air">The Mercury Theatre on the Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Mercury Theatre on the Air">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air" title="The Mercury Theatre on the Air">The Mercury Theatre on the Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg/220px-Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg/330px-Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg/440px-Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3831" data-file-height="2911" /></a><figcaption>Welles at the press conference after "The War of the Worlds" broadcast (October 31, 1938)</figcaption></figure> After the theatrical successes of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Theatre" title="Mercury Theatre">Mercury Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> invited Orson Welles to create a summer show for 13 weeks. The series began July 11, 1938 with the formula that Welles would play the lead in each show. .<a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Broadcasting-61">[57]</a> The weekly hour-long show presented radio plays based on classic literary works, with original music composed and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a>. The Mercury Theatre's <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds</a> by <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> October 30, 1938, brought Welles instant fame. The combination of the news bulletin form of the performance with the between-breaks dial-spinning habits of listeners was later reported to have created widespread confusion among listeners who failed to hear the introduction, although the extent of this confusion has come into question.<a href="#cite_note-McFarland-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Panic was reportedly spread among listeners who believed the fictional news reports of a Martian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> The myth of the result created by the combination was reported as fact around the world and disparagingly mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in a public speech.<a href="#cite_note-hand-68">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson-Welles-CBS-Radio-Studio-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Orson-Welles-CBS-Radio-Studio-1938.jpg/170px-Orson-Welles-CBS-Radio-Studio-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Orson-Welles-CBS-Radio-Studio-1938.jpg/255px-Orson-Welles-CBS-Radio-Studio-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Orson-Welles-CBS-Radio-Studio-1938.jpg/340px-Orson-Welles-CBS-Radio-Studio-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption>The Mercury Theatre on the Air became The Campbell Playhouse in December 1938.</figcaption></figure> Welles's growing fame drew <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> offers, lures that the independent-minded Welles resisted at first. The Mercury Theatre on the Air, which had been a sustaining show (without sponsorship), was picked up by <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Soup_Company" title="Campbell Soup Company">Campbell Soup</a> and renamed <a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">The Campbell Playhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> The Mercury Theatre on the Air made its last broadcast on December 4, 1938, and The Campbell Playhouse began five days later. Welles began commuting from California to New York for the two Sunday broadcasts of The Campbell Playhouse after signing a film contract with <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a> in August 1939. In November 1939, production of the show moved from New York to Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 353  After 20 shows, Campbell began to exercise more creative control and had complete control over story selection. As his contract with Campbell came to an end, Welles chose not to sign on for another season. After the broadcast of March 31, 1940, Welles and Campbell parted amicably.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 221–226  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hollywood_(1939–1948)">Hollywood (1939–1948)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hollywood (1939–1948)">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizen_Kane_poster,_1941_(Style_B,_unrestored).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Citizen Kane (1941)"><img alt="Citizen Kane (1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Citizen_Kane_poster%2C_1941_%28Style_B%2C_unrestored%29.jpg/160px-Citizen_Kane_poster%2C_1941_%28Style_B%2C_unrestored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Citizen_Kane_poster%2C_1941_%28Style_B%2C_unrestored%29.jpg/239px-Citizen_Kane_poster%2C_1941_%28Style_B%2C_unrestored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Citizen_Kane_poster%2C_1941_%28Style_B%2C_unrestored%29.jpg/319px-Citizen_Kane_poster%2C_1941_%28Style_B%2C_unrestored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="3181" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(1942_film_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)"><img alt="The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_%281942_film_poster%29.jpg/159px-The_Magnificent_Ambersons_%281942_film_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_%281942_film_poster%29.jpg/239px-The_Magnificent_Ambersons_%281942_film_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_%281942_film_poster%29.jpg/319px-The_Magnificent_Ambersons_%281942_film_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="2937" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> (1942)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Journey_into_Fear_(1942_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Journey into Fear (1943)"><img alt="Journey into Fear (1943)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Journey_into_Fear_%281942_poster%29.jpg/160px-Journey_into_Fear_%281942_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Journey_into_Fear_%281942_poster%29.jpg/239px-Journey_into_Fear_%281942_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Journey_into_Fear_%281942_poster%29.jpg/319px-Journey_into_Fear_%281942_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2934" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Fear_(1943_film)" title="Journey into Fear (1943 film)">Journey into Fear</a> (1943)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Stranger_(1946_film_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stranger (1946)"><img alt="The Stranger (1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Stranger_%281946_film_poster%29.jpg/160px-The_Stranger_%281946_film_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Stranger_%281946_film_poster%29.jpg/240px-The_Stranger_%281946_film_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Stranger_%281946_film_poster%29.jpg/320px-The_Stranger_%281946_film_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="2915" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Stranger_(1946_film)" title="The Stranger (1946 film)">The Stranger</a> (1946)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lady_from_Shanghai_(1947_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lady from Shanghai (1947)"><img alt="The Lady from Shanghai (1947)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Lady_from_Shanghai_%281947_poster%29.jpg/159px-The_Lady_from_Shanghai_%281947_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Lady_from_Shanghai_%281947_poster%29.jpg/239px-The_Lady_from_Shanghai_%281947_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Lady_from_Shanghai_%281947_poster%29.jpg/319px-The_Lady_from_Shanghai_%281947_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="2931" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a> (1947)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbeth_(1948_film_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macbeth (1948)"><img alt="Macbeth (1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Macbeth_%281948_film_poster%29.jpg/157px-Macbeth_%281948_film_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Macbeth_%281948_film_poster%29.jpg/236px-Macbeth_%281948_film_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Macbeth_%281948_film_poster%29.jpg/315px-Macbeth_%281948_film_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="2936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">Macbeth</a> (1948)</div> </li> </ul> <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Radio Pictures">RKO Radio Pictures</a> president <a href="/wiki/George_Schaefer_(film_producer)" title="George Schaefer (film producer)">George Schaefer</a> eventually offered Welles what generally is considered the greatest contract offered to a filmmaker, much less to one who was untried. Engaging him to write, produce, direct and perform in two motion pictures, the contract subordinated the studio's financial interests to Welles's creative control, and broke all precedent by granting Welles the right of final cut.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 1–2  After signing a summary agreement with RKO on July 22, Welles signed a full-length 63-page contract August 21, 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 353  The agreement was bitterly resented by the Hollywood studios and persistently mocked in the trade press.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizen_Kane">Citizen Kane</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citizen Kane">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizen-Kane-Welles-Podium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Citizen-Kane-Welles-Podium.jpg/170px-Citizen-Kane-Welles-Podium.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Citizen-Kane-Welles-Podium.jpg/255px-Citizen-Kane-Welles-Podium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Citizen-Kane-Welles-Podium.jpg/340px-Citizen-Kane-Welles-Podium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Welles in <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</figcaption></figure> RKO rejected Welles's first two movie proposals,<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 3–15  but agreed on the third offer—<a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a>. Welles co-wrote, produced and directed the film, and he performed the lead role.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-71">[67]</a> Welles conceived the project with screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz" title="Herman J. Mankiewicz">Herman J. Mankiewicz</a>, who was writing radio plays for <a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">The Campbell Playhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 16  Mankiewicz based the original outline of the film script on the life of <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, whom he knew and came to hate after being exiled from Hearst's circle.<a href="#cite_note-Meryman-72">[68]</a>: 231  After agreeing on the storyline and character, Welles supplied Mankiewicz with 300 pages of notes and put him under contract to write the first-draft screenplay under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a>. Welles wrote his own draft,<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 54  then drastically condensed and rearranged both versions and added scenes of his own. The industry accused Welles of underplaying Mankiewicz's contribution to the script, but Welles countered the attacks by saying, "At the end, naturally, I was the one making the picture, after all—who had to make the decisions. I used what I wanted of Mank's and, rightly or wrongly, kept what I liked of my own."<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 54  Welles's project attracted some of Hollywood's best technicians, including cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Toland" title="Gregg Toland">Gregg Toland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-71">[67]</a> For the cast, Welles primarily used actors from his Mercury Theatre. Filming Citizen Kane took ten weeks.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-71">[67]</a> Welles called Toland "the greatest gift any director—young or old—could ever, ever have. And he never tried to impress on us that he was performing miracles. He just went ahead and performed them. I was calling on him to do things only a beginner could be ignorant enough to think anybody could ever do, and there he was, doing them."<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> The film was scored by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a>, who had worked with Welles in radio. Welles said he worked with Hermann on the score "very intimately."<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Hearst's newspapers barred all reference to Citizen Kane and exerted enormous pressure on the Hollywood film community to force RKO to shelve the film.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 111  RKO chief <a href="/wiki/George_Schaefer_(film_producer)" title="George Schaefer (film producer)">George Schaefer</a> received a cash offer from <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> and other major studio executives if he would destroy the negative and existing prints of the film.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 112  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada-Lee-Native-Son-1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canada-Lee-Native-Son-1941.jpg/170px-Canada-Lee-Native-Son-1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canada-Lee-Native-Son-1941.jpg/255px-Canada-Lee-Native-Son-1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canada-Lee-Native-Son-1941.jpg/340px-Canada-Lee-Native-Son-1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7100" data-file-height="8590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canada_Lee" title="Canada Lee">Canada Lee</a> as Bigger Thomas in <a href="/wiki/Native_Son_(play)" title="Native Son (play)">Native Son</a> (1941), co-produced and directed by Welles</figcaption></figure> While waiting for Citizen Kane to be released, Welles produced and directed the original Broadway production of <a href="/wiki/Native_Son_(play)" title="Native Son (play)">Native Son</a>, a drama written by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Green_(playwright)" title="Paul Green (playwright)">Paul Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a> based on Wright's <a href="/wiki/Native_Son" title="Native Son">novel</a>. Starring <a href="/wiki/Canada_Lee" title="Canada Lee">Canada Lee</a>, the show ran March 24 – June 28, 1941, at the <a href="/wiki/St._James_Theatre" title="St. James Theatre">St. James Theatre</a>. The Mercury Production was the last time Welles and Houseman worked together.<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 12  Citizen Kane was given a limited release and the film received overwhelming critical praise. It was voted the best picture of 1941 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Review" title="National Board of Review">National Board of Review</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle" title="New York Film Critics Circle">New York Film Critics Circle</a>. The film garnered nine Academy Award nominations but won only for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Writing_(Original_Screenplay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay)">Best Original Screenplay</a>, shared by Mankiewicz and Welles. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> reported that block voting by screen extras deprived Citizen Kane of Oscars for Best Picture and Best Actor (Welles), and similar prejudices were likely to have been responsible for the film receiving no technical awards.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 117  The delay in the film's release and uneven distribution contributed to mediocre results at the box office. After it ran its course theatrically, Citizen Kane was retired to the vault in 1942. In postwar France, however, the film's reputation grew after it was seen there for the first time in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 117–118  In the United States, it began to be re-evaluated after it appeared on television in 1956. That year it was also re-released theatrically,<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">[66]</a>: 119  and film critic <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Andrew Sarris</a> described it as "the great American film" and "the work that influenced the cinema more profoundly than any American film since <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Sarris-75">[71]</a> Citizen Kane <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Citizen_Kane" title="Legacy of Citizen Kane">is now widely hailed</a> as one of the greatest films ever made.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> From 1962 to 2012, it topped the decennial <a href="/wiki/Sight_and_Sound" title="Sight and Sound">Sight and Sound</a> poll of the Greatest Films of All Time.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Magnificent_Ambersons">The Magnificent Ambersons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Magnificent Ambersons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons (film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Magnificent-Ambersons-Pub-A16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Welles-Magnificent-Ambersons-Pub-A16.jpg/170px-Welles-Magnificent-Ambersons-Pub-A16.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Welles-Magnificent-Ambersons-Pub-A16.jpg/255px-Welles-Magnificent-Ambersons-Pub-A16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Welles-Magnificent-Ambersons-Pub-A16.jpg/340px-Welles-Magnificent-Ambersons-Pub-A16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>Welles at work on <a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> (1942)</figcaption></figure> "The fate of <a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> is one of film history's great tragedies," wrote film historian Robert L. Carringer.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_Ambersons-78">[74]</a>: 1  It was Welles's second film for RKO, adapted by Welles from <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons" title="The Magnificent Ambersons">1918 novel</a> about the declining fortunes of a wealthy Midwestern family and the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_automobile_on_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the automobile on societies">social changes brought by the automobile age</a>. Toland was unavailable, so <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cortez" title="Stanley Cortez">Stanley Cortez</a> was named cinematographer. The meticulous Cortez worked slowly and the film lagged behind schedule and over budget. In contract renegotiations with RKO over a film he was obliged to direct, Welles had conceded his right to control the final cut.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Magnificent-Ambersons-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The-Magnificent-Ambersons-6.jpg/220px-The-Magnificent-Ambersons-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The-Magnificent-Ambersons-6.jpg/330px-The-Magnificent-Ambersons-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The-Magnificent-Ambersons-6.jpg/440px-The-Magnificent-Ambersons-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Promotional photograph of Joseph Cotten and Agnes Moorehead in the excised concluding scene of The Magnificent Ambersons</figcaption></figure> The Magnificent Ambersons was in production October 28, 1941, to January 22, 1942,<a href="#cite_note-AFI_Ambersons-80">[76]</a> with a cast including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Costello" title="Dolores Costello">Dolores Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Baxter" title="Anne Baxter">Anne Baxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Holt" title="Tim Holt">Tim Holt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead" title="Agnes Moorehead">Agnes Moorehead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins_(actor)" title="Ray Collins (actor)">Ray Collins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AFI_Ambersons-80">[76]</a> RKO chief George Schaefer understood that presenting a downbeat period film without marquee stars was a risk for the studio, but he was reassured by a special screening of the film-in-progress that Welles arranged for him on November 28. Schaefer was an expert in film distribution, and attended to the marketing strategy personally.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_Ambersons-78">[74]</a>: 1  Required to start filming the "Carnaval" segment of <a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It’s All True</a> in early February 1942, Welles rushed to edit The Magnificent Ambersons and finish his acting scenes in Journey into Fear. He ended his lucrative <a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Show_(radio_series)" title="The Orson Welles Show (radio series)">CBS radio show</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-81">[77]</a>: 189  February 2, flew to Washington, D.C., for a briefing, and then lashed together a rough cut of Ambersons in Miami with editor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 369–370  A finished 131-minute version of the movie, edited per Welles's detailed instructions, was previewed March 17, 1942, in Pomona. Schaefer was present, and he was rattled by the audience response: 75 percent of the preview cards were negative. The film was received more favorably by a preview audience in the more upscale Pasadena on March 19, with only 25 percent of the preview cards negative. But the experience led Schaefer to authorize the studio to make whatever changes necessary to make The Magnificent Ambersons a commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_Ambersons-78">[74]</a>: 1–2  Wise, whom Welles had left in charge of postproduction, removed nearly 50 minutes of footage from Welles's cut, and several scenes — including the ending — were rewritten and reshot. <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_cut_over_the_director%27s_opposition" title="List of films cut over the director's opposition">Over Welles's opposition</a>, The Magnificent Ambersons was cut to run 88 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Carringer_Ambersons-78">[74]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-AFI_Ambersons-80">[76]</a> Like the film itself, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a>'s score was heavily edited by RKO. When more than half of his score was removed from the soundtrack and replaced by music by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Webb" title="Roy Webb">Roy Webb</a>, Herrmann bitterly severed his ties with the film and promised legal action if his name was not removed from the credits.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Even in its released form, The Magnificent Ambersons is considered one of the best films of all time.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> The film was nominated for four <a href="/wiki/15th_Academy_Awards" title="15th Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a>, and it was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> in 1991. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_into_Fear">Journey into Fear</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Journey into Fear">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Fear_(1943_film)" title="Journey into Fear (1943 film)">Journey into Fear (1943 film)</a></div> At RKO's request, Welles worked on an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ambler" title="Eric Ambler">Eric Ambler</a>'s spy thriller <a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Fear_(1943_film)" title="Journey into Fear (1943 film)">Journey into Fear</a>, co-written with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>. In addition to acting in the film, Welles was the producer. Direction was credited to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_(director)" title="Norman Foster (director)">Norman Foster</a>. Welles later said that they were in such a rush that the director of each scene was determined by whoever was closest to the camera.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 165  Journey into Fear was in production January 6 – March 12, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_work">War work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: War work">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goodwill_ambassador">Goodwill ambassador</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Goodwill ambassador">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Reisman-Rio-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Welles-Reisman-Rio-1942.jpg/170px-Welles-Reisman-Rio-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Welles-Reisman-Rio-1942.jpg/255px-Welles-Reisman-Rio-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Welles-Reisman-Rio-1942.jpg/340px-Welles-Reisman-Rio-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Welles, accompanied by RKO vice-president Phil Reisman, arrives in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> as a goodwill ambassador to Latin America (February 1942)</figcaption></figure> In late November 1941, Welles was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Ambassador" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodwill Ambassador">goodwill ambassador</a> to Latin America by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">U.S. Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a> and a principal stockholder in RKO Radio Pictures.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 244  The mission of the OCIAA was <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">cultural diplomacy</a>, promoting <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">hemispheric solidarity</a> and countering the growing <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II#Axis_activity" title="Latin America during World War II">influence of the Axis powers in Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 10–11  <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Whitney" title="John Hay Whitney">John Hay Whitney</a>, head of the agency's Motion Picture Division, was asked by the Brazilian government to produce a documentary of the annual <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a> celebration taking place in early February 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 40–41  In a telegram on December 20, 1941, Whitney wrote Welles, "Personally believe you would make great contribution to hemisphere solidarity with this project."<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 65  The OCIAA sponsored cultural tours to Latin America and appointed goodwill ambassadors including <a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Ballet" title="American Ballet">American Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>. Welles was thoroughly briefed in Washington, D.C., immediately before his departure for Brazil, and film scholar Catherine L. Benamou, a specialist in Latin American affairs, finds it "not unlikely" that he was among the goodwill ambassadors who were asked to gather intelligence for the U.S. government in addition to their cultural duties. She concludes that Welles's acceptance of Whitney's request was "a logical and patently patriotic choice".<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 245–247  In addition to working on his ill-fated film <a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True</a>, Welles was responsible for radio programs, lectures, interviews and informal talks as part of his OCIAA-sponsored cultural mission, which was regarded as a success.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-81">[77]</a>: 192  He spoke on topics ranging from <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> to visual art at gatherings of Brazil's elite, and his two intercontinental radio broadcasts in April 1942 were particularly intended to tell U.S. audiences that <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">President Vargas</a> was a partner with the Allies. Welles's ambassadorial mission was extended to permit his travel to other nations including Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 247–249, 328  Welles worked for more than half a year with no compensation.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 41, 328 <a href="#cite_note-Wilson-81">[77]</a>: 189  Welles's own expectations for the film were modest. "It's All True was not going to make any cinematic history, nor was it intended to," he later said. "It was intended to be a perfectly honorable execution of my job as a goodwill ambassador, bringing entertainment to the Northern Hemisphere that showed them something about the Southern one."<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 253  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="It's_All_True">It's All True</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: It's All True">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True (film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles_It%27s_All_True.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Welles_It%27s_All_True.jpg/220px-Welles_It%27s_All_True.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Welles_It%27s_All_True.jpg/330px-Welles_It%27s_All_True.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Welles_It%27s_All_True.jpg/440px-Welles_It%27s_All_True.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Welles on location in <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, Brazil, while filming the "Jangadeiros" section of the unfinished film <a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:It%27s-All-True-Crew-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/It%27s-All-True-Crew-1942.jpg/220px-It%27s-All-True-Crew-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/It%27s-All-True-Crew-1942.jpg/330px-It%27s-All-True-Crew-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/It%27s-All-True-Crew-1942.jpg/440px-It%27s-All-True-Crew-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4630" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Some of Welles's It's All True film crew at the top of <a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mountain" title="Sugarloaf Mountain">Sugarloaf Mountain</a>, Rio de Janeiro, in early 1942</figcaption></figure> In July 1941, Welles conceived <a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">omnibus</a> film mixing documentary and <a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">docufiction</a><a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 221 <a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 27  in a project that emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">dignity of labor</a> and celebrated the cultural and ethnic diversity of North America. It was to have been his third film for RKO, following <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941) and <a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> (1942).<a href="#cite_note-South_American_Cinema-87">[83]</a>: 109  <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> was put under contract to score a segment with the working title, "The Story of Jazz", drawn from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>'s 1936 autobiography, Swing That Music.<a href="#cite_note-Teachout_Duke-88">[84]</a>: 232–233  Armstrong was cast to play himself in the brief dramatization of the history of jazz performance, from its roots to its place in American culture in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-South_American_Cinema-87">[83]</a>: 109  "The Story of Jazz" was to go into production in December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 119–120  Mercury Productions purchased the stories for two other segments—"My Friend Bonito" and "The Captain's Chair"—from documentary filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Robert J. Flaherty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 33, 326  Adapted by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_(director)" title="Norman Foster (director)">Norman Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fante" title="John Fante">John Fante</a>, "My Friend Bonito" was the only segment of the original It's All True to go into production.<a href="#cite_note-South_American_Cinema-87">[83]</a>: 109  Filming took place in Mexico September–December 1941, with Norman Foster directing under Welles's supervision.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 311  In December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a> asked Welles to make a film in Brazil that would showcase the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a> in Rio de Janeiro.<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 65  With filming of "My Friend Bonito" about two-thirds complete, Welles decided he could shift the geography of It's All True and incorporate Flaherty's story into an omnibus film about Latin America—supporting the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> administration's <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a>, which Welles strongly advocated.<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 41, 246  In this revised concept, "The Story of Jazz" was replaced by the story of <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a>, a musical form with a comparable history and one that came to fascinate Welles. He also decided to do a ripped-from-the-headlines episode about the epic voyage of four poor Brazilian fishermen, the <a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">jangadeiros</a>, who had become national heroes. Welles later said this was the most valuable story.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 158–159 <a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 15  Required to film the Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro in early February 1942, Welles rushed to edit The Magnificent Ambersons and finish his acting scenes in Journey into Fear. He ended his lucrative <a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Show_(radio_series)" title="The Orson Welles Show (radio series)">CBS radio show</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-81">[77]</a>: 189  February 2, flew to Washington, D.C., for a briefing, and then lashed together a rough cut of Ambersons in Miami with editor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 369–370  Welles recorded the film's narration the night before he left for South America: "I went to the projection room at about four in the morning, did the whole thing, and then got on the plane and off to Rio—and the end of civilization as we know it."<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 115  Welles left for Brazil on February 4 and began filming in Rio on February 8, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 369–370  At the time it did not seem that Welles's other film projects would be disrupted, but as film historian Catherine L. Benamou wrote, "the ambassadorial appointment would be the first in a series of turning points leading—in 'zigs' and 'zags,' rather than in a straight line—to Welles's loss of complete directorial control over both The Magnificent Ambersons and It's All True, the cancellation of his contract at RKO Radio Studio, the expulsion of his company Mercury Productions from the RKO lot, and, ultimately, the total suspension of It's All True."<a href="#cite_note-Benamou-85">[81]</a>: 46  In 1942 RKO Pictures underwent major changes under new management. <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, the primary backer of the Brazil project, left its board of directors, and Welles's principal sponsor at RKO, studio president George Schaefer, resigned. RKO took control of Ambersons and edited the film into what the studio considered a commercial format. Welles's attempts to protect his version ultimately failed.<a href="#cite_note-AFI_Ambersons-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> In South America, Welles requested resources to finish It's All True. Given a limited amount of black-and-white film stock and a silent camera, he was able to finish shooting the episode about the <a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">jangadeiros</a>, but RKO refused to support further production on the film. "So I was fired from RKO," Welles later recalled. "And they made a great publicity point of the fact that I had gone to South America without a script and thrown all this money away. I never recovered from that attack."<a href="#cite_note-Estrin-90">[86]</a>: 188  Later in 1942, when RKO Pictures began promoting its new corporate motto, "Showmanship In Place of Genius: A New Deal at RKO",<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> Welles understood it as a reference to him.<a href="#cite_note-Estrin-90">[86]</a>: 188  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_(1942–1943)">Radio (1942–1943)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Radio (1942–1943)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Sandburg-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Welles-Sandburg-1942.jpg/220px-Welles-Sandburg-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Welles-Sandburg-1942.jpg/330px-Welles-Sandburg-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Welles-Sandburg-1942.jpg/440px-Welles-Sandburg-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Welles performs a card trick for <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> before the War Bond drive broadcast I Pledge America (August 1942).</figcaption></figure> Welles returned to the United States August 22, 1942, after more than six months in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 372  A week after his return<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> he produced and emceed the first two hours of a seven-hour coast-to-coast <a href="/wiki/Series_E_bond" title="Series E bond">War Bond</a> drive broadcast titled I Pledge America. Airing August 29, 1942, on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">Blue Network</a>, the program was presented in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> (which wired bond subscriptions free of charge) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Women%27s_Voluntary_Services" title="American Women's Voluntary Services">American Women's Voluntary Services</a>. Featuring 21 dance bands and a score of stage and screen and radio stars, the broadcast raised more than $10 million—more than $146 million today<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a>—for the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> On October 12, 1942, <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_America" title="Cavalcade of America">Cavalcade of America</a> presented Welles's radio play, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, an entertaining and factual look at the legend of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. "It belongs to a period when hemispheric unity was a crucial matter and many programs were being devoted to the common heritage of the Americas," wrote broadcasting historian <a href="/wiki/Erik_Barnouw" title="Erik Barnouw">Erik Barnouw</a>. "Many such programs were being translated into Spanish and Portuguese and broadcast to Latin America, to counteract many years of successful Axis propaganda to that area. The Axis, trying to stir Latin America against Anglo-America, had constantly emphasized the differences between the two. It became the job of American radio to emphasize their common experience and essential unity."<a href="#cite_note-Barnouw-101">[97]</a>: 3  Admiral of the Ocean Sea, also known as Columbus Day, begins with the words, "Hello Americans"—the title Welles would choose for his own series five weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 373  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling-Unlimited-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ceiling-Unlimited-1942.jpg/170px-Ceiling-Unlimited-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ceiling-Unlimited-1942.jpg/255px-Ceiling-Unlimited-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ceiling-Unlimited-1942.jpg/340px-Ceiling-Unlimited-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>Welles and Col. Arthur I. Ennis, head of the public relations branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a>, discuss plans for the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> series <a href="/wiki/Ceiling_Unlimited" title="Ceiling Unlimited">Ceiling Unlimited</a> (October 1942).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hello_Americans" title="Hello Americans">Hello Americans</a>, a CBS Radio series broadcast November 15, 1942 – January 31, 1943, was produced, directed and hosted by Welles under the auspices of the Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs. The 30-minute weekly program promoted inter-American understanding and friendship, drawing upon the research amassed for the ill-fated film, It's All True.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> The series was produced concurrently with Welles's other CBS series, <a href="/wiki/Ceiling_Unlimited" title="Ceiling Unlimited">Ceiling Unlimited</a> (November 9, 1942 – February 1, 1943), sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vega_Aircraft_Corporation" title="Vega Aircraft Corporation">Vega</a> Corporation. The program was conceived to glorify the aviation industry and dramatize its role in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Welles's shows were regarded as significant contributions to the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Broadcasting-61">[57]</a>: 64  Throughout the war Welles worked on patriotic radio programs including <a href="/wiki/Command_Performance_(radio_series)" title="Command Performance (radio series)">Command Performance</a>, G.I. Journal, <a href="/wiki/Mail_Call_(radio_program)" title="Mail Call (radio program)">Mail Call</a>, Nazi Eyes on Canada, Stage Door Canteen and Treasury Star Parade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Mercury_Wonder_Show">The Mercury Wonder Show</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Mercury Wonder Show">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Wonder_Show" title="The Mercury Wonder Show">The Mercury Wonder Show</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-Wonder-Show-Welles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mercury-Wonder-Show-Welles.jpg/170px-Mercury-Wonder-Show-Welles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mercury-Wonder-Show-Welles.jpg/255px-Mercury-Wonder-Show-Welles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mercury-Wonder-Show-Welles.jpg/340px-Mercury-Wonder-Show-Welles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="4058" /></a><figcaption>"Hello, suckers!" Orson the Magnificent welcomes the audience to <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Wonder_Show" title="The Mercury Wonder Show">The Mercury Wonder Show</a> (August 1943).</figcaption></figure> In early 1943, the two concurrent radio series (<a href="/wiki/Ceiling_Unlimited" title="Ceiling Unlimited">Ceiling Unlimited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hello_Americans" title="Hello Americans">Hello Americans</a>) that Orson Welles created for <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS</a> to support the war effort had ended. Filming also had wrapped on the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre_(1943_film)" title="Jane Eyre (1943 film)">film adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a> and that fee, in addition to the income from his regular guest-star roles in radio, made it possible for Welles to fulfill a lifelong dream. He approached the War Assistance League of Southern California and proposed a show that evolved into a big-top spectacle, part <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> and part <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic show</a>. He offered his services as magician and director,<a href="#cite_note-Magic-103">[99]</a>: 40  and invested some $40,000 of his own money in an extravaganza he co-produced with his friend <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Wonder_Show" title="The Mercury Wonder Show">The Mercury Wonder Show for Service Men</a>. Members of the U.S. armed forces were admitted free of charge, while the general public had to pay.<a href="#cite_note-Genii-104">[100]</a>: 26  The show entertained more than 1,000 service members each night, and proceeds went to the War Assistance League, a charity for military service personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Billboard-105">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Draft-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Welles-Draft-1943.jpg/170px-Welles-Draft-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Welles-Draft-1943.jpg/255px-Welles-Draft-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Welles-Draft-1943.jpg/340px-Welles-Draft-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5526" /></a><figcaption>Welles leaves his Army physical after being judged unfit for military service (May 6, 1943).</figcaption></figure> The development of the show coincided with the resolution of Welles's oft-changing <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">draft status</a> in May 1943, when he was finally declared 4-F—unfit for military service—for a variety of medical reasons. "I felt guilty about the war," Welles told biographer <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Leaming" title="Barbara Leaming">Barbara Leaming</a>. "I was guilt-ridden about my civilian status."<a href="#cite_note-Leaming_Hayworth-106">[102]</a>: 86  He had been publicly hounded about his patriotism since <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a>, when the Hearst press began persistent inquiries about why Welles had not been drafted.<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 66–67 <a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Hayworth-Cotten-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Welles-Hayworth-Cotten-1943.jpg/170px-Welles-Hayworth-Cotten-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Welles-Hayworth-Cotten-1943.jpg/255px-Welles-Hayworth-Cotten-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Welles-Hayworth-Cotten-1943.jpg/340px-Welles-Hayworth-Cotten-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a> took a lunch-hour break from the set of <a href="/wiki/Cover_Girl_(film)" title="Cover Girl (film)">Cover Girl</a> to marry Welles, with best man <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a> (September 7, 1943).<a href="#cite_note-Leaming_Hayworth-106">[102]</a>: 91 </figcaption></figure> The Mercury Wonder Show ran August 3 – September 9, 1943, in an 80-by-120-foot tent<a href="#cite_note-Billboard-105">[101]</a> located at 900 <a href="/wiki/Cahuenga_Boulevard" title="Cahuenga Boulevard">Cahuenga Boulevard</a>, in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 377 <a href="#cite_note-Genii-104">[100]</a>: 26  At intermission on September 7, 1943, <a href="/wiki/KMPC#KMPC-710" title="KMPC">KMPC</a> radio interviewed audience and cast members of The Mercury Wonder Show—including Welles and <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>, who were married earlier that day. Welles remarked that The Mercury Wonder Show had been performed for approximately 48,000 members of the U.S. armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 378 <a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 129  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_(1944–1945)">Radio (1944–1945)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Radio (1944–1945)">edit</a>]</div> The idea of doing a radio variety show occurred to Welles after his success as substitute host of four consecutive episodes (March 14 – April 4, 1943) of <a href="/wiki/The_Jack_Benny_Program" title="The Jack Benny Program">The Jack Benny Program</a>, radio's most popular show, when <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Benny</a> contracted pneumonia on a performance tour of military bases.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 368 <a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> A half-hour variety show broadcast January 26 – July 19, 1944, on the Columbia Pacific Network, <a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Almanac" title="The Orson Welles Almanac">The Orson Welles Almanac</a> presented sketch comedy, magic, mindreading, music and readings from classic works. Many of the shows originated on U.S. military camps, where Welles and his repertory company and guests entertained the troops with a reduced version of The Mercury Wonder Show.<a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Broadcasting-61">[57]</a>: 64 <a href="#cite_note-Almanac_Part_1-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Almanac_Part_2-111">[107]</a> The performances of the <a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Almanac#All_Star_Jazz_Group" title="The Orson Welles Almanac">all-star jazz group</a> Welles brought together for the show were so popular that the band became a regular feature and was an important force in reviving interest in <a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">traditional New Orleans jazz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bigard-112">[108]</a>: 85  Welles was placed on the U.S. Treasury payroll on May 15, 1944, as an expert consultant for the duration of the war, with a retainer of $1 a year.<a href="#cite_note-Oakland_Trib-113">[109]</a> On the recommendation of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau</a> asked Welles to lead the Fifth War Loan Drive, which opened June 12 with a one-hour radio show on all four networks, broadcast from Texarkana, Texas. Including a statement by the President,<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> the program defined the causes of the war and encouraged Americans to buy $16 billion in <a href="/wiki/Series_E_bond" title="Series E bond">bonds</a> to finance the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> and the most violent phase of World War II. Welles produced additional war loan drive broadcasts on June 14 from the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl" title="Hollywood Bowl">Hollywood Bowl</a>, and June 16 from <a href="/wiki/Soldier_Field" title="Soldier Field">Soldier Field</a>, Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 371–373  Americans purchased $20.6 billion in War Bonds during the Fifth War Loan Drive, which ended on July 8, 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Duke-115">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independent-Voters-Committee-of-the-Arts-and-Sciences-for-Roosevelt-poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Independent-Voters-Committee-of-the-Arts-and-Sciences-for-Roosevelt-poster.jpg/170px-Independent-Voters-Committee-of-the-Arts-and-Sciences-for-Roosevelt-poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Independent-Voters-Committee-of-the-Arts-and-Sciences-for-Roosevelt-poster.jpg/255px-Independent-Voters-Committee-of-the-Arts-and-Sciences-for-Roosevelt-poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Independent-Voters-Committee-of-the-Arts-and-Sciences-for-Roosevelt-poster.jpg/340px-Independent-Voters-Committee-of-the-Arts-and-Sciences-for-Roosevelt-poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>Welles introduced Vice President <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> rally advocating a fourth term for President Franklin D. Roosevelt (September 21, 1944).<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 385 </figcaption></figure> Welles campaigned ardently for Roosevelt in 1944. A longtime supporter and campaign speaker for FDR, he occasionally sent the president ideas and phrases that were sometimes incorporated into what Welles characterized as "less important speeches".<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 372, 374  One of these ideas was the joke in what came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Fala_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Fala speech">Fala speech</a>, Roosevelt's nationally broadcast September 23 address to the International <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> Union which opened the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1944">1944 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 292–293 <a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Welles campaigned for the Roosevelt–Truman ticket almost full-time in the fall of 1944, traveling to nearly every state<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 373–374  to the detriment of his own health<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 293–294  and at his own expense.<a href="#cite_note-Higham-12">[12]</a>: 219  In addition to his radio addresses he filled in for Roosevelt, opposite Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, at The New York Herald Tribune Forum broadcast October 18 on the Blue Network.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 386 <a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 292  Welles accompanied FDR to his last campaign rally, speaking at an event November 4 at Boston's <a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a> before 40,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 294 <a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> and took part in a historic election-eve campaign broadcast November 6 on all four radio networks.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 387 <a href="#cite_note-Dunning-118">[114]</a>: 166–167  On November 21, 1944, Welles began his association with <a href="/wiki/This_Is_My_Best" title="This Is My Best">This Is My Best</a>, a CBS radio series he would briefly produce, direct, write and host (March 13 – April 24, 1945).<a href="#cite_note-Goldin_Best-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-TIMB_Internet_Archive-120">[116]</a> He wrote a political column called Orson Welles' Almanac (later titled Orson Welles Today) for <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">The New York Post</a> January–November 1945, and advocated the continuation of FDR's New Deal policies and his international vision, particularly the establishment of the United Nations and the cause of world peace.<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 84  On April 12, 1945, the day Franklin D. Roosevelt died, the Blue-ABC network marshalled its entire executive staff and national leaders to pay homage to the late president. "Among the outstanding programs which attracted wide attention was a special tribute delivered by Orson Welles", reported <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> Welles spoke at 10:10 p.m Eastern War Time, from Hollywood, and stressed the importance of continuing FDR's work: "He has no need for homage and we who loved him have no time for tears ... Our fighting sons and brothers cannot pause tonight to mark the death of him whose name will be given to the age we live in."<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> Welles presented another special broadcast on the death of Roosevelt the following evening: "We must move on beyond mere death to that free world which was the hope and labor of his life."<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 390 <a href="#cite_note-Callow_Hello-62">[58]</a>: 242  He dedicated the April 17 episode of <a href="/wiki/This_Is_My_Best" title="This Is My Best">This Is My Best</a> to Roosevelt and the future of America on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 390 <a href="#cite_note-Goldin_Best-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-TIMB_Internet_Archive-120">[116]</a> Welles was an advisor and correspondent for the Blue-ABC radio network's coverage of the San Francisco conference that formed the UN, taking place April 24 – June 23, 1945. He presented a half-hour dramatic program written by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hecht" title="Ben Hecht">Ben Hecht</a> on the opening day of the conference, and on Sunday afternoons (April 29 – June 10) he led a weekly discussion from the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Center,_San_Francisco" title="Civic Center, San Francisco">San Francisco Civic Auditorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blue-ABC_Ad-124">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Stranger">The Stranger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Stranger">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Stranger_(1946_film)" title="The Stranger (1946 film)">The Stranger (1946 film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson-Welles-1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Orson-Welles-1945.jpg/170px-Orson-Welles-1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Orson-Welles-1945.jpg/255px-Orson-Welles-1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Orson-Welles-1945.jpg/340px-Orson-Welles-1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>Director and star Orson Welles at work on <a href="/wiki/The_Stranger_(1946_film)" title="The Stranger (1946 film)">The Stranger</a> (October 1945)</figcaption></figure> In the fall of 1945 Welles began work on <a href="/wiki/The_Stranger_(1946_film)" title="The Stranger (1946 film)">The Stranger</a> (1946), a <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> drama about a war crimes investigator who tracks a high-ranking Nazi fugitive to an idyllic <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> town. <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Young" title="Loretta Young">Loretta Young</a> and Welles star.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> Producer <a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> initially planned to hire director <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>, who had rewritten the screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Veiller" title="Anthony Veiller">Anthony Veiller</a>. When Huston entered the military, Welles was given the chance to direct and prove himself able to make a film on schedule and under budget<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 19 —something he was so eager to do that he accepted a disadvantageous contract. One of its concessions was that he would defer to the studio in any creative dispute.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 379 <a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 309–310  The Stranger was Welles's first job as a film director in four years.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 391  He was told that if the film was successful he could sign a four-picture deal with International Pictures, making films of his own choosing.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 379  Welles was given some degree of creative control,<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 19  and he endeavored to personalize the film and develop a nightmarish tone.<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood_Commentary-126">[122]</a>: 2:30  He worked on the general rewrite of the script and wrote scenes at the beginning of the picture that were shot but subsequently cut by the producers.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 186  He filmed in long takes that largely thwarted the control given to editor Ernest J. Nims under the terms of the contract.<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood_Commentary-126">[122]</a>: 15:45  The Stranger was the first commercial film to use documentary footage from the Nazi concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 189 <a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> Welles had seen the footage in early May 1945<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood_Commentary-126">[122]</a>: 102:03  in San Francisco,<a href="#cite_note-Barker-128">[124]</a>: 56  as a correspondent and discussion moderator at the UN Conference on International Organization.<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 304  He wrote of the Holocaust footage in his syndicated New York Post column May 7, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Barker-128">[124]</a>: 56–57  Completed a day ahead of schedule and under budget,<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 379–380  The Stranger was the only film made by Welles to have been a bona fide box office success upon its release. Its cost was $1.034 million; 15 months after its release it had grossed $3.216 million.<a href="#cite_note-Rosebud-129">[125]</a> Within weeks of the completion of the film, International Pictures backed out of its promised four-picture deal with Welles. No reason was given, but the impression was left that The Stranger would not make money.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 381  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Around_the_World">Around the World</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Around the World">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_(musical)" title="Around the World (musical)">Around the World (musical)</a></div> In the summer of 1946, Welles moved to New York to direct the Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_(musical)" title="Around the World (musical)">Around the World</a>, a stage adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days" title="Around the World in Eighty Days">Around the World in Eighty Days</a> with a book by Welles and music by <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a>. Producer <a href="/wiki/Mike_Todd" title="Mike Todd">Mike Todd</a>, who would later produce the successful <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_80_Days_(1956_film)" title="Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)">1956 film adaptation</a>, pulled out from the lavish and expensive production, leaving Welles to support the finances. When Welles ran out of money he convinced <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> president <a href="/wiki/Harry_Cohn" title="Harry Cohn">Harry Cohn</a> to send enough money to continue the show, and in exchange Welles promised to write, produce, direct and star in a film for Cohn for no further fee. The stage show soon failed due to poor box-office, with Welles unable to claim the losses on his taxes.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Inspired by magician and cinema pioneer <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>, the show required 55 stagehands and used films to bridge scenes. Welles said it was his favorite of his stage productions. Regarding its extravagance, critic Robert Garland said it had "everything but the kitchen sink." The next night, Welles brought out a kitchen sink.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_(1946)">Radio (1946)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Radio (1946)">edit</a>]</div> In 1946, Welles began two new radio series—<a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Summer_Theatre_of_the_Air" title="The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air">The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air</a> for CBS, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_Commentaries" title="Orson Welles Commentaries">Orson Welles Commentaries</a> for ABC. While Mercury Summer Theatre featured half-hour adaptations of some classic Mercury radio shows from the 1930s, the first episode was a condensation of his Around the World stage play, and is the only record of Cole Porter's music for the project. Several original Mercury actors returned for the series, as well as Bernard Herrmann. Welles invested his earnings into his failing stage play. Commentaries was a political vehicle for him, continuing the themes from his New York Post column. Again, Welles lacked a clear focus, until the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> brought to his attention the case of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Woodard" title="Isaac Woodard">Isaac Woodard</a>. Welles brought significant attention to Woodard's cause.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> The last broadcast of Orson Welles Commentaries on October 6, 1946, marked the end of Welles's own radio shows.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 401  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lady_from_Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Lady from Shanghai">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welles-Wilson-Hayworth-Lady-from-Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Welles-Wilson-Hayworth-Lady-from-Shanghai.jpg/170px-Welles-Wilson-Hayworth-Lady-from-Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Welles-Wilson-Hayworth-Lady-from-Shanghai.jpg/255px-Welles-Wilson-Hayworth-Lady-from-Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Welles-Wilson-Hayworth-Lady-from-Shanghai.jpg/340px-Welles-Wilson-Hayworth-Lady-from-Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Welles, associate producer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(director)" title="Richard Wilson (director)">Richard Wilson</a> and Rita Hayworth confer on the set of <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a> (1947)</figcaption></figure> The film that Welles was obliged to make in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Harry_Cohn" title="Harry Cohn">Harry Cohn</a>'s help in financing the stage production <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_(musical)" title="Around the World (musical)">Around the World</a> was <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a>, filmed in 1947 for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>. Welles intended it to be a modest thriller, but the budget skyrocketed after Cohn suggested that Welles's then-estranged wife <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a> star. Cohn disliked Welles's <a href="/wiki/Rough_cut" title="Rough cut">rough cut</a>, particularly the confusing plot and lack of close-ups, and was not in sympathy with Welles's <a href="/wiki/Brechtian" class="mw-redirect" title="Brechtian">Brechtian</a> use of irony and <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a>, especially in a farcical courtroom scene. Cohn ordered extensive editing and re-shoots. After heavy editing by the studio, approximately one hour of Welles's first cut was removed, including much of a climactic confrontation scene in an amusement park funhouse. While expressing displeasure at the cuts, Welles was particularly appalled with the musical score. The film was considered a disaster in America at the time of release, though the closing shootout in a hall of mirrors (the use of mirrors being a recurrent motif of Welles's, starting with Kane) has since become a touchstone of <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>. Not long after release, Welles and Hayworth finalized their divorce.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although The Lady from Shanghai was acclaimed in Europe, it was not embraced until decades later in the U.S., where it is now often regarded as a classic of film noir.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macbeth">Macbeth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Macbeth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">Macbeth (1948 film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_as_Macbeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orson_Welles_as_Macbeth.jpg/220px-Orson_Welles_as_Macbeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orson_Welles_as_Macbeth.jpg/330px-Orson_Welles_as_Macbeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orson_Welles_as_Macbeth.jpg/440px-Orson_Welles_as_Macbeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Welles and <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Nolan" title="Jeanette Nolan">Jeanette Nolan</a> in Macbeth</figcaption></figure> Prior to 1948, Welles convinced <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a> to let him direct a <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">low-budget version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a>, featuring highly stylized sets and costumes, and a cast of actors lip-syncing to a pre-recorded soundtrack, one of many innovative cost-cutting techniques Welles deployed in an attempt to make an epic film from <a href="/wiki/B-movie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movie">B-movie</a> resources. The script, adapted by Welles, is a violent reworking of Shakespeare's original, freely cutting and pasting lines into new contexts via a <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> technique and recasting Macbeth as a clash of pagan and proto-Christian ideologies. Some voodoo trappings of the famous <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Welles/Houseman Negro Theatre stage adaptation</a> are visible, especially in the film's characterization of the <a href="/wiki/Weird_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Weird Sisters">Weird Sisters</a>, who create an effigy of Macbeth as a charm to enchant him. Of all Welles's post-Kane Hollywood productions, Macbeth is stylistically closest to Kane in its long takes and deep focus photography.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Republic initially trumpeted the film as an important work but decided it did not care for the Scottish accents and held up general release for almost a year after early negative press reaction, including <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>'s comment that Welles's film "doth foully slaughter Shakespeare."<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Welles left for Europe, while co-producer and lifelong supporter <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Wilson (producer)">Richard Wilson</a> reworked the soundtrack. Welles returned and cut 20 minutes from the film at Republic's request and recorded narration to cover some gaps. The film was decried as a disaster. Macbeth had influential fans in Europe, especially the French poet and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, who hailed the film's "crude, irreverent power" and careful shot design, and described the characters as haunting "the corridors of some dreamlike subway, an abandoned coal mine, and ruined cellars oozing with water."<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe_(1948–1956)">Europe (1948–1956)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Europe (1948–1956)">edit</a>]</div> In Italy he starred as <a href="/wiki/Cagliostro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cagliostro">Cagliostro</a> in the 1949 film <a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_(1949_film)" title="Black Magic (1949 film)">Black Magic</a>. His co-star, <a href="/wiki/Akim_Tamiroff" title="Akim Tamiroff">Akim Tamiroff</a>, impressed Welles so much that Tamiroff would appear in four of Welles's productions during the 1950s and 1960s. The following year, Welles starred as Harry Lime in <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>, his friend and co-star from <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a>, with a script by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a> and a memorable score by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Karas" title="Anton Karas">Anton Karas</a>. In it, Welles makes what <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> called "the most famous entrance in the movies, and one of the most famous speeches." Greene credited the speech to Welles.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> A few years later, British radio producer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Alan_Towers" title="Harry Alan Towers">Harry Alan Towers</a> would resurrect Lime in the radio series <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Harry_Lime" title="The Adventures of Harry Lime">The Adventures of Harry Lime</a>. Welles appeared as <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a> in the 1949 Italian film <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Foxes_(film)" title="Prince of Foxes (film)">Prince of Foxes</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power" title="Tyrone Power">Tyrone Power</a> and Mercury Theatre alumnus <a href="/wiki/Everett_Sloane" title="Everett Sloane">Everett Sloane</a>, and as the Mongol warrior Bayan in the 1950 film version of the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Rose" title="The Black Rose">The Black Rose</a> (again with Tyrone Power). <a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Othello">Othello</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Othello">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Othello_(1951_film)" title="Othello (1951 film)">Othello (1951 film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Othello-Welles-Cloutier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Othello-Welles-Cloutier.jpg/170px-Othello-Welles-Cloutier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Othello-Welles-Cloutier.jpg/255px-Othello-Welles-Cloutier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Othello-Welles-Cloutier.jpg/340px-Othello-Welles-Cloutier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="2724" /></a><figcaption>Welles and <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Cloutier" title="Suzanne Cloutier">Suzanne Cloutier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Othello_(1951_film)" title="Othello (1951 film)">Othello</a> (1951)</figcaption></figure> During this time, Welles was channeling his money from acting jobs into a self-financed film version of Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a>. From 1949 to 1951, Welles worked on <a href="/wiki/Othello_(1951_film)" title="Othello (1951 film)">Othello</a>, filming on location in Italy and Morocco. The film featured Welles's friends <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Micheál Mac Liammóir</a> as <a href="/wiki/Iago" title="Iago">Iago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Edwards" title="Hilton Edwards">Hilton Edwards</a> as <a href="/wiki/Desdemona_(Othello)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desdemona (Othello)">Desdemona</a>'s father <a href="/wiki/Brabantio" title="Brabantio">Brabantio</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Cloutier" title="Suzanne Cloutier">Suzanne Cloutier</a> starred as Desdemona and <a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(TV_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (TV series)">Campbell Playhouse</a> alumnus <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coote" title="Robert Coote">Robert Coote</a> appeared as Iago's associate Roderigo. Filming was suspended several times as Welles ran out of funds and left for acting jobs, accounted in detail in MacLiammóir's memoir Put Money in Thy Purse. The American release prints had a technically flawed soundtrack, suffering from a dropout of sound at every quiet moment. Welles's daughter, Beatrice Welles-Smith, restored Othello in 1992 for a wide re-release. The restoration included reconstructing <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Francesco_Lavagnino" title="Angelo Francesco Lavagnino">Angelo Francesco Lavagnino</a>'s original musical score, which was originally inaudible, and adding ambient stereo sound effects, which were not in the original film. The restoration went on to a successful theatrical run in America. <a href="/wiki/David_Thomson_(film_critic)" title="David Thomson (film critic)">David Thomson</a> writes of Welles's Othello, "the poetry hangs in the air, like sea mist or incense." <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lane" title="Anthony Lane">Anthony Lane</a> writes that "Some of the action was shot in Venice, and I occasionally wonder what crept into the camera casing; the movie looks blackened and silvery, like an aged mirror, or as if the emulsion of the print were already poised to decay. You can't tell what is or isn't Shakespeare, where his influence begins and ends."<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The movie premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, where it won the Grand Prix (precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'or</a>).<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> In 1952, Welles continued finding work in England after the success of the Harry Lime radio show. Harry Alan Towers offered Welles another series, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Museum_(radio_series)" title="The Black Museum (radio series)">The Black Museum</a>, which ran for 52 weeks with Welles as host and narrator. Director Herbert Wilcox offered Welles the part of the victim in <a href="/wiki/Trent%27s_Last_Case_(1952_film)" title="Trent's Last Case (1952 film)">Trent's Last Case</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Clerihew_Bentley" title="Edmund Clerihew Bentley">Edmund Clerihew Bentley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trent%27s_Last_Case_(novel)" title="Trent's Last Case (novel)">novel</a>. In 1953, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> hired Welles to read an hour of selections from <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Myself" title="Song of Myself">Song of Myself</a>. Towers hired Welles again, to play <a href="/wiki/Professor_Moriarty" title="Professor Moriarty">Professor Moriarty</a> in the radio series <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes_(radio_series)" title="The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (radio series)">The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes</a> starring <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a>. Welles briefly returned to America to make his first appearance on television, starring in the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_(US_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnibus (US TV series)">Omnibus</a> presentation of <a href="/wiki/King_Lear_(1953_TV_drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Lear (1953 TV drama)">King Lear</a>, broadcast live on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> October 18, 1953. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a>, the production costarred <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Parry" title="Natasha Parry">Natasha Parry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Straight" title="Beatrice Straight">Beatrice Straight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Moss" title="Arnold Moss">Arnold Moss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> In 1954, director George More O'Ferrall offered Welles the title role in the 'Lord Mountdrago' segment of <a href="/wiki/Three_Cases_of_Murder" title="Three Cases of Murder">Three Cases of Murder</a>, co-starring <a href="/wiki/Alan_Badel" title="Alan Badel">Alan Badel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilcox" title="Herbert Wilcox">Herbert Wilcox</a> cast Welles as the antagonist in <a href="/wiki/Trouble_in_the_Glen" title="Trouble in the Glen">Trouble in the Glen</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood" title="Margaret Lockwood">Margaret Lockwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Tucker" title="Forrest Tucker">Forrest Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_McLaglen" title="Victor McLaglen">Victor McLaglen</a>. Old friend <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> cast him as Father Mapple in his <a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick_(1956_film)" title="Moby Dick (1956 film)">1956 film adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mr._Arkadin">Mr. Arkadin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mr. Arkadin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mr._Arkadin" title="Mr. Arkadin">Mr. Arkadin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Orson_Welles.jpg/170px-Orson_Welles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Orson_Welles.jpg/255px-Orson_Welles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Orson_Welles.jpg/340px-Orson_Welles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>Welles in Madrid during filming of Mr. Arkadin in 1954</figcaption></figure> Welles's next turn as director was the film <a href="/wiki/Mr._Arkadin" title="Mr. Arkadin">Mr. Arkadin</a> (1955), which was produced by his political mentor from the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dolivet" title="Louis Dolivet">Louis Dolivet</a>. It was filmed in France, Germany, Spain and Italy on a very limited budget. Based loosely on several episodes of the Harry Lime radio show, it stars Welles as a billionaire who hires a man to delve into the secrets of his past. The film stars <a href="/wiki/Robert_Arden" title="Robert Arden">Robert Arden</a>, who had worked on the Harry Lime series; Welles's third wife, <a href="/wiki/Paola_Mori" title="Paola Mori">Paola Mori</a>, whose voice was dubbed by actress <a href="/wiki/Billie_Whitelaw" title="Billie Whitelaw">Billie Whitelaw</a>; and guest stars <a href="/wiki/Akim_Tamiroff" title="Akim Tamiroff">Akim Tamiroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Redgrave" title="Michael Redgrave">Michael Redgrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mischa_Auer" title="Mischa Auer">Mischa Auer</a>. Frustrated by his slow progress in the editing room, producer Dolivet removed Welles from the project and finished the film without him. Eventually, five different versions of the film would be released, two in Spanish and three in English. The version that Dolivet completed was retitled Confidential Report. In 2005 Stefan Droessler of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Film_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Film Museum">Munich Film Museum</a> oversaw a reconstruction of the surviving film elements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_projects">Television projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Television projects">edit</a>]</div> In 1955, Welles also directed two television series for the BBC. The first was <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27_Sketch_Book" title="Orson Welles' Sketch Book">Orson Welles' Sketch Book</a>, a series of six 15-minute shows featuring Welles drawing in a sketchbook to illustrate his reminiscences including such topics as the filming of It's All True and the Isaac Woodard case. The second was <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_with_Orson_Welles" title="Around the World with Orson Welles">Around the World with Orson Welles</a>, a series of six travelogues set in different locations around Europe (such as <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a> between France and Spain, and England). Welles served as host and interviewer, his commentary including documentary facts and his own personal observations (a technique he would continue to explore in later works). During Episode 3 of Sketchbook, Welles makes a deliberate attack on the abuse of police powers around the world. The episode starts with him telling the story of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Woodard" title="Isaac Woodard">Isaac Woodard</a>, an African-American veteran of the South Pacific during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> being falsely accused by a bus driver of being drunk and disorderly, who then has a policeman remove the man from the bus. Woodard is not arrested right away, but rather he is beaten into unconsciousness nearly to the point of death and when he finally regains consciousness he is permanently blinded. By the time doctors from the US Army located him three weeks later, there was nothing that could be done. Welles assures the audience that he personally saw to it that justice was served to this policeman although he doesn't mention what type of justice was delivered. Welles then goes on to give other examples of police being given more power and authority than is necessary. The title of this episode is "The Police". In 1956, Welles completed <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Gina" title="Portrait of Gina">Portrait of Gina</a>. He left the only copy of it in his room at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Ritz_Paris" title="Hôtel Ritz Paris">Hôtel Ritz</a> in Paris. The film cans would remain in a lost-and-found locker at the hotel for several decades, where they were discovered in 1986, after Welles's death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Hollywood_(1956–1959)">Return to Hollywood (1956–1959)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Return to Hollywood (1956–1959)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucille_Ball_Orson_Welles_I_Love_Lucy_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lucille_Ball_Orson_Welles_I_Love_Lucy_1956.jpg/170px-Lucille_Ball_Orson_Welles_I_Love_Lucy_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lucille_Ball_Orson_Welles_I_Love_Lucy_1956.jpg/255px-Lucille_Ball_Orson_Welles_I_Love_Lucy_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lucille_Ball_Orson_Welles_I_Love_Lucy_1956.jpg/340px-Lucille_Ball_Orson_Welles_I_Love_Lucy_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Welles the magician with Lucille Ball in <a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a> (October 15, 1956)</figcaption></figure> In 1956, Welles returned to Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> He began filming a projected pilot for <a href="/wiki/Desilu" title="Desilu">Desilu</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Desi_Arnaz" title="Desi Arnaz">Desi Arnaz</a>, who had recently purchased the former RKO studios. The film was <a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_of_Youth_(film)" title="The Fountain of Youth (film)">The Fountain of Youth</a>, based on a story by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(fiction_writer)" title="John Collier (fiction writer)">John Collier</a>. Originally deemed not viable as a pilot, the film was not aired until 1958—and won the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a> for excellence. Welles guest starred on television shows including <a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> On radio, he was narrator of Tomorrow (October 17, 1956), a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a> drama produced and syndicated by ABC and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration" title="Federal Civil Defense Administration">Federal Civil Defense Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Welles's next feature film role was in <a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Shadow_(American_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man in the Shadow (American film)">Man in the Shadow</a> for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> in 1957, starring <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chandler_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Chandler (actor)">Jeff Chandler</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touch_of_Evil">Touch of Evil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Touch of Evil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touch-of-Evil-1851-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Touch-of-Evil-1851-26.jpg/220px-Touch-of-Evil-1851-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Touch-of-Evil-1851-26.jpg/330px-Touch-of-Evil-1851-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Touch-of-Evil-1851-26.jpg/440px-Touch-of-Evil-1851-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4298" /></a><figcaption>Welles, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Millan" title="Victor Millan">Victor Millan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Calleia" title="Joseph Calleia">Joseph Calleia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a> (1958)</figcaption></figure> Welles stayed on at Universal to co-star with <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Whit_Masterson" title="Whit Masterson">Whit Masterson</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Evil" title="Badge of Evil">Badge of Evil</a>. Originally hired as an actor, Welles was promoted to director by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> at the insistence of Heston.<a href="#cite_note-Heston-145">[141]</a>: 154  The film reunited many actors and technicians with whom Welles had worked in Hollywood in the 1940s, including cameraman <a href="/wiki/Russell_Metty" title="Russell Metty">Russell Metty</a> (The Stranger), makeup artist Maurice Seiderman (Citizen Kane), and actors <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akim_Tamiroff" title="Akim Tamiroff">Akim Tamiroff</a>. Filming proceeded smoothly, with Welles finishing on schedule and on budget, and the studio bosses praising the daily rushes. Nevertheless, after the end of production, the studio re-edited the film, re-shot scenes, and shot new exposition scenes to clarify the plot.<a href="#cite_note-Heston-145">[141]</a>: 175–176  Welles wrote a 58-page memo outlining suggestions and objections, stating that the film was no longer his version—it was the studio's, but as such, he was still prepared to help with it.<a href="#cite_note-Heston-145">[141]</a>: 175–176 <a href="#cite_note-:0-146">[142]</a> The movie was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">1958 Brussels World's Fair</a>, where it won the grand prize.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> saw the film in Brussels, and it influenced his debut <a href="/wiki/The_400_Blows" title="The 400 Blows">The 400 Blows</a>, one of the seminal films of the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a>. In 1978, a longer preview version of the film was discovered and released. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Murch" title="Walter Murch">Walter Murch</a> reedited the film according to Welles's specifications in his memo. Murch said "I'm just flabbergasted when I read his memos, thinking that he was writing these ideas forty years ago, because, if I was working on a film now and a director came up with ideas like these, I'd be amazed—pleased but amazed—to realize that someone was thinking that hard about sound—which is all too rare".<a href="#cite_note-:1-148">[144]</a> The film was influential in its use of a handheld camera, notably in the scene in the elevator. Murch says that "I'm sure Godard and Truffaut, who were big fans of Touch of Evil, learned from that scene how they could achieve exactly what they wanted—at once both a fresh sense of reality and ingenuity."<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> As Universal reworked Touch of Evil, Welles began filming his <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(unfinished_film)" title="Don Quixote (unfinished film)">adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> in Mexico, starring <a href="/wiki/Mischa_Auer" title="Mischa Auer">Mischa Auer</a> as Quixote and Akim Tamiroff as <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Panza" title="Sancho Panza">Sancho Panza</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Europe_(1959–1970)">Return to Europe (1959–1970)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Return to Europe (1959–1970)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_-_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Orson_Welles_-_1960.jpg/170px-Orson_Welles_-_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Orson_Welles_-_1960.jpg/255px-Orson_Welles_-_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Orson_Welles_-_1960.jpg/340px-Orson_Welles_-_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Welles in <a href="/wiki/Crack_in_the_Mirror" title="Crack in the Mirror">Crack in the Mirror</a> (1960)</figcaption></figure> He continued shooting Don Quixote in Spain and Italy, but replaced Mischa Auer with Francisco Reiguera, and resumed acting jobs. In Italy in 1959, Welles directed his own scenes as <a href="/wiki/King_Saul" class="mw-redirect" title="King Saul">King Saul</a> in Richard Pottier's film David and Goliath. In Hong Kong, he co-starred with <a href="/wiki/Curt_J%C3%BCrgens" class="mw-redirect" title="Curt Jürgens">Curt Jürgens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gilbert" title="Lewis Gilbert">Lewis Gilbert</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Ferry_to_Hong_Kong" title="Ferry to Hong Kong">Ferry to Hong Kong</a>. In 1960, in Paris he co-starred in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleischer" title="Richard Fleischer">Richard Fleischer</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Crack_in_the_Mirror" title="Crack in the Mirror">Crack in the Mirror</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> he starred in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thorpe" title="Richard Thorpe">Richard Thorpe</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Tartars" title="The Tartars">The Tartars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veljko_Bulaji%C4%87" title="Veljko Bulajić">Veljko Bulajić</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva_(film)" title="Battle of Neretva (film)">Battle of Neretva</a>. Throughout the 1960s, filming continued on Quixote on-and-off until the end of the decade, as Welles evolved the concept, tone and ending several times. Although he had a complete version of the film shot and edited at least once, he would continue toying with the editing well into the 1980s; he never completed a version of the film he was fully satisfied with and would junk existing footage and shoot new footage. (In one case, he had a complete cut ready in which Quixote and Sancho Panza end up going to the Moon, but he felt the ending was rendered obsolete by the 1969 Moon landings and burned 10 reels of this version.) As the process went on, Welles gradually voiced all of the characters himself and provided narration. In 1992, the director <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Franco" title="Jesús Franco">Jesús Franco</a> constructed a film out of the portions of Quixote left behind by Welles. Some of the film stock had decayed badly. While the Welles footage was greeted with interest, the post-production by Franco was met with harsh criticism. In 1961, Welles directed In the Land of Don Quixote, a series of eight half-hour episodes for the Italian television network <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a>. Similar to the Around the World with Orson Welles series, they presented travelogues of Spain and included Welles's wife, Paola, and their daughter, Beatrice. Though Welles was fluent in Italian, the network was not interested in him providing Italian narration because of his accent, and the series sat unreleased until 1964, by which time the network had added Italian narration of its own. Ultimately, versions of the episodes were released with the original musical score Welles had approved, but without the narration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Trial">The Trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Trial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial (1962 film)</a></div> In 1962, Welles directed his adaptation of <a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">the novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> and produced by Michael and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Salkind" title="Alexander Salkind">Alexander Salkind</a>. The cast included <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romy_Schneider" title="Romy Schneider">Romy Schneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paola_Mori" title="Paola Mori">Paola Mori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akim_Tamiroff" title="Akim Tamiroff">Akim Tamiroff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Perkins" title="Anthony Perkins">Anthony Perkins</a> as Josef K. While filming exteriors in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Welles was informed that the Salkinds had run out of money, meaning that there could be no set construction. No stranger to shooting on found locations, Welles soon filmed the interiors in the <a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Orsay" title="Gare d'Orsay">Gare d'Orsay</a>, at that time an abandoned railway station in Paris. Welles thought the location possessed a "<a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> modernism" and a melancholy sense of "waiting", both suitable for Kafka. To remain in the spirit of Kafka, Welles set up the cutting room together with the Film Editor, Frederick Muller (as Fritz Muller), in the old unused, cold, depressing, station master office. The film failed at the box-office. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a> observed that Welles found the film riotously funny. Welles also told a BBC interviewer that it was his best film.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> While filming The Trial Welles met <a href="/wiki/Oja_Kodar" title="Oja Kodar">Oja Kodar</a>, who later became his partner and collaborator for the last 20 years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 428  Welles played a film director in <a href="/wiki/La_Ricotta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Ricotta">La Ricotta</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a>'s segment of the <a href="/wiki/Ro.Go.Pa.G." title="Ro.Go.Pa.G.">Ro.Go.Pa.G.</a> movie, although his renowned voice was dubbed by Italian writer Giorgio Bassani.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 516  He continued taking what work he could find acting, narrating or hosting other people's work, and began filming <a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a>, which was completed in 1965. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chimes_at_Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chimes at Midnight">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson-Welles-Falstaff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Orson-Welles-Falstaff.jpg/220px-Orson-Welles-Falstaff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Orson-Welles-Falstaff.jpg/330px-Orson-Welles-Falstaff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Orson-Welles-Falstaff.jpg/440px-Orson-Welles-Falstaff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Welles as Falstaff in <a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a> (1965)</figcaption></figure> Filmed in Spain, Chimes at Midnight was based on Welles's play, <a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight#Five_Kings_(1939)" title="Chimes at Midnight">Five Kings</a>, in which he drew material from six Shakespeare plays to tell the story of <a href="/wiki/Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Falstaff">Sir John Falstaff</a> (Welles) and his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Prince Hal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keith_Baxter_(actor)" title="Keith Baxter (actor)">Keith Baxter</a>). The cast includes <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rey" title="Fernando Rey">Fernando Rey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rutherford" title="Margaret Rutherford">Margaret Rutherford</a>; the film's narration, spoken by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a>, is taken from the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Raphael Holinshed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">[44]</a>: 249  Welles held the film in high regard: "It's my favorite picture, yes. If I wanted to get into heaven on the basis of one movie, that's the one I would offer up."<a href="#cite_note-Estrin-90">[86]</a>: 203  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lane" title="Anthony Lane">Anthony Lane</a> writes that "what Welles means to conjure up is not just historical continuity—the very best of Sir John—but a sense that the Complete Works of Shakespeare constitute, as it were, one vast poem, from which his devoted and audacious interpreters are free to quote... the picture both honors Shakespeare and spurns the industry, academic and theatrical, that has encrusted him over time."<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> In 1966, Welles directed a film for French television, an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Story" title="The Immortal Story">The Immortal Story</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Karen_Blixen" title="Karen Blixen">Karen Blixen</a>. Released in 1968, it stars Jeanne Moreau, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Coggio" title="Roger Coggio">Roger Coggio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Eshley" title="Norman Eshley">Norman Eshley</a>. The film had a successful run in French theaters. At this time Welles met Oja Kodar again, and gave her a letter he had written to her and had been keeping for four years; they would not be parted again. They immediately began a collaboration both personal and professional. The first of these was an adaptation of Blixen's The Heroine, meant to be a companion piece to The Immortal Story and starring Kodar. Unfortunately, funding disappeared after one day's shooting. After completing this film, he appeared in a brief cameo as <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Thomas Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(1966_film)" title="A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)">A Man for All Seasons</a>—a role for which he won considerable acclaim.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Sergei_Bondarchuk_and_Orson_Welles,_Sarajevo,_29._november_1969._Movie_premier_Battle_of_Neretva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Sergei_Bondarchuk_and_Orson_Welles%2C_Sarajevo%2C_29._november_1969._Movie_premier_Battle_of_Neretva.JPG/220px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Sergei_Bondarchuk_and_Orson_Welles%2C_Sarajevo%2C_29._november_1969._Movie_premier_Battle_of_Neretva.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Sergei_Bondarchuk_and_Orson_Welles%2C_Sarajevo%2C_29._november_1969._Movie_premier_Battle_of_Neretva.JPG/330px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Sergei_Bondarchuk_and_Orson_Welles%2C_Sarajevo%2C_29._november_1969._Movie_premier_Battle_of_Neretva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Sergei_Bondarchuk_and_Orson_Welles%2C_Sarajevo%2C_29._november_1969._Movie_premier_Battle_of_Neretva.JPG/440px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Sergei_Bondarchuk_and_Orson_Welles%2C_Sarajevo%2C_29._november_1969._Movie_premier_Battle_of_Neretva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk" title="Sergei Bondarchuk">Sergei Bondarchuk</a> and Welles at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva_(film)" title="Battle of Neretva (film)">Battle of Neretva</a> premiere in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> (November 1969)</figcaption></figure> In 1967, Welles began directing <a href="/wiki/The_Deep_(1970_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deep (1970 film)">The Deep</a>, based on the novel <a href="/wiki/Dead_Calm_(novel)" title="Dead Calm (novel)">Dead Calm</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(U.S._author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Williams (U.S. author)">Charles Williams</a> and filmed off the shore of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The cast included Moreau, Kodar and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Harvey" title="Laurence Harvey">Laurence Harvey</a>. Personally financed by Welles and Kodar, they could not obtain the funds to complete the project, and it was abandoned a few years later after the death of Harvey. The surviving footage was eventually edited and released by the Filmmuseum München. In 1968 Welles began filming a TV special for CBS under the title Orson's Bag, combining travelogue, comedy skits and a condensation of Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a> with Welles as <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a>. In 1969 Welles called again the Film Editor Frederick Muller to work with him re-editing the material and they set up cutting rooms at the Safa Palatino Studios in Rome. Funding for the show sent by CBS to Welles in Switzerland was seized by the IRS. Without funding, the show was not completed. The surviving <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(unfinished_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Merchant of Venice (unfinished film)">film</a> clips portions were eventually released by the Filmmuseum München. In 1969, Welles authorized the use of his name for a cinema in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_Cinema" title="Orson Welles Cinema">Orson Welles Cinema</a> remained in operation until 1986, with Welles making a personal appearance there in 1977. Also in 1969, he played a supporting role in <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Kremlin_Letter" title="The Kremlin Letter">The Kremlin Letter</a>. Drawn by the numerous offers he received to work in television and films, and upset by a tabloid scandal reporting his affair with Kodar, Welles abandoned the editing of Don Quixote and moved back to America in 1970. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career_(1970–1985)">Later career (1970–1985)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Later career (1970–1985)">edit</a>]</div> Welles returned to Hollywood, where he continued to self-finance his film and television projects. While offers to act, narrate and host continued, Welles also found himself in great demand on television talk shows. He made frequent appearances for <a href="/wiki/The_Dick_Cavett_Show" title="The Dick Cavett Show">Dick Cavett</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">Johnny Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dean_Martin_Show" title="The Dean Martin Show">Dean Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show" title="The Merv Griffin Show">Merv Griffin</a>. Welles's primary focus during his final years was <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_the_Wind" title="The Other Side of the Wind">The Other Side of the Wind</a>, a project that was filmed intermittently between 1970 and 1976. Co-written by Welles and Oja Kodar, it is the story of an aging film director (<a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>) looking for funds to complete his final film. The cast includes <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Strasberg" title="Susan Strasberg">Susan Strasberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_(director)" title="Norman Foster (director)">Norman Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_O%27Brien" title="Edmond O'Brien">Edmond O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hopper" title="Dennis Hopper">Dennis Hopper</a>. Financed by Iranian backers, ownership of the film fell into a legal quagmire after the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a> was deposed. The legal disputes kept the film in its unfinished state until early 2017 and it was finally released in November 2018. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Who%27s_Out_There_%281973%29.ogv/220px-seek%3D21-Who%27s_Out_There_%281973%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="167" data-durationhint="1683" data-mwtitle="Who's_Out_There_(1973).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Who%27s_Out_There_(1973).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Who%27s_Out_There_%281973%29.ogv/Who%27s_Out_There_%281973%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="396" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Who%27s_Out_There_%281973%29.ogv/Who%27s_Out_There_%281973%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Who%27s_Out_There_%281973%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="395" data-height="300" /></video><figcaption>Welles often invokes "The War of the Worlds" as host of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Who%27s_Out_There_(1973).ogv" class="extiw" title="c:File:Who's Out There (1973).ogv">Who's Out There?</a> (1973), an <a href="/wiki/CINE" title="CINE">award-winning</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> documentary short film by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew" title="Robert Drew">Robert Drew</a> about the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">life on other planets</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> Welles portrayed <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a> in the 1970 film <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_(1970_film)" title="Waterloo (1970 film)">Waterloo</a>, and narrated the beginning and ending scenes of the historical comedy <a href="/wiki/Start_the_Revolution_Without_Me" title="Start the Revolution Without Me">Start the Revolution Without Me</a> (1970). In 1971, Welles directed a short adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a>, a one-man performance on a bare stage, reminiscent of his 1955 stage production <a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick%E2%80%94Rehearsed" title="Moby Dick—Rehearsed">Moby Dick – Rehearsed</a>. Never completed, it was eventually released by the Filmmuseum München. He also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Wonder_(film)" title="Ten Days' Wonder (film)">Ten Days' Wonder</a>, co-starring with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Perkins" title="Anthony Perkins">Anthony Perkins</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a> (who reciprocated with a <a href="/wiki/Bit_part" title="Bit part">bit part</a> as himself in Other Wind), based on a detective novel by <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a>. That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> gave him an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a> "for superlative artistry and versatility in the creation of motion pictures." Welles pretended to be out of town and sent <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> to claim the award, thanking the Academy on film. In his speech, Huston criticized the Academy for presenting the award while refusing to support Welles's projects. In 1972, Welles acted as on-screen narrator for the film documentary version of <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Toffler" title="Alvin Toffler">Alvin Toffler</a>'s 1970 book <a href="/wiki/Future_Shock" title="Future Shock">Future Shock</a>. Working again for a British producer, Welles played <a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a> in director <a href="/wiki/John_Hough_(director)" title="John Hough (director)">John Hough</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1972_live-action_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure Island (1972 live-action film)">Treasure Island</a> (1972), an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">novel</a>, which had been the second story broadcast by The Mercury Theatre on the Air in 1938. This was the last time he played the lead role in a major film. Welles also contributed to the script, although his writing credit was attributed to the pseudonym 'O. W. Jeeves'. In some versions of the film Welles's original recorded dialog was redubbed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rietty" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rietty">Robert Rietty</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F_for_Fake_(1973_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/F_for_Fake_%281973_poster%29.jpg/170px-F_for_Fake_%281973_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/F_for_Fake_%281973_poster%29.jpg/255px-F_for_Fake_%281973_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/F_for_Fake_%281973_poster%29.jpg/340px-F_for_Fake_%281973_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Welles on the poster for <a href="/wiki/F_for_Fake" title="F for Fake">F for Fake</a> (1974), a <a href="/wiki/Film_essay" class="mw-redirect" title="Film essay">film essay</a> and the last film he completed</figcaption></figure> In 1973, Welles completed <a href="/wiki/F_for_Fake" title="F for Fake">F for Fake</a>, a personal essay film about art forger <a href="/wiki/Elmyr_de_Hory" title="Elmyr de Hory">Elmyr de Hory</a> and the biographer <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Irving" title="Clifford Irving">Clifford Irving</a>. Based on an existing documentary by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Reichenbach" title="François Reichenbach">François Reichenbach</a>, it included new material with Oja Kodar, Joseph Cotten, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stewart_(actor)" title="Paul Stewart (actor)">Paul Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Alland" title="William Alland">William Alland</a>. An excerpt of Welles's 1930s War of the Worlds broadcast was recreated for this film; however, none of the dialogue heard in the film actually matches what was originally broadcast. Welles filmed a five-minute trailer, rejected in the U.S., that featured several shots of a topless Kodar. Welles hosted a British syndicated anthology series, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27_Great_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Orson Welles' Great Mysteries">Orson Welles's Great Mysteries</a>, during the 1973–74 television season. His brief introductions to the 26 half-hour episodes were shot in July 1973 by Gary Graver.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 443  The year 1974 also saw Welles lending his voice to <a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_None_(1974_film)" title="And Then There Were None (1974 film)">And Then There Were None</a> produced by his former associate, Harry Alan Towers and starring an international cast that included <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Reed" title="Oliver Reed">Oliver Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elke_Sommer" title="Elke Sommer">Elke Sommer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lom" title="Herbert Lom">Herbert Lom</a>. In 1975, Welles narrated the documentary <a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny:_Superstar" title="Bugs Bunny: Superstar">Bugs Bunny: Superstar</a>, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> cartoons from the 1940s. Also in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> presented Welles with its third Lifetime Achievement Award (the first two going to <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a>). At the ceremony, Welles screened two scenes from the nearly finished <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_the_Wind" title="The Other Side of the Wind">The Other Side of the Wind</a>. In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television" title="Paramount Television">Paramount Television</a> purchased the rights for the entire <a href="/wiki/Rex_Stout_bibliography#Nero_Wolfe_corpus" title="Rex Stout bibliography">corpus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Wolfe" title="Nero Wolfe">Nero Wolfe</a> stories for Welles.<a href="#cite_note-155">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kleiner-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lochte-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> Welles had once wanted to make a series of Nero Wolfe movies, but author <a href="/wiki/Rex_Stout" title="Rex Stout">Rex Stout</a>—who was leery of Hollywood adaptations during his lifetime after two disappointing 1930s films—turned him down.<a href="#cite_note-Lochte-157">[152]</a> Paramount planned to begin with an <a href="/wiki/Nero_Wolfe_(film)" title="Nero Wolfe (film)">ABC-TV movie</a> and hoped to persuade Welles to continue the role in a miniseries.<a href="#cite_note-Kleiner-156">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Gilroy" title="Frank D. Gilroy">Frank D. Gilroy</a> was signed to write the television script and direct the TV movie on the assurance that Welles would star, but by April 1977 Welles had bowed out.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> In 1980 the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported "the distinct possibility" that Welles would star in a <a href="/wiki/Nero_Wolfe_(1981_TV_series)" title="Nero Wolfe (1981 TV series)">Nero Wolfe TV series</a> for <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> television.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Again, Welles left the project due to creative differences with Paramount. <a href="/wiki/William_Conrad" title="William Conrad">William Conrad</a> was cast in the role.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffe-162">[157]</a>: 87–88  In 1979, Welles completed his documentary <a href="/wiki/Filming_Othello" title="Filming Othello">Filming Othello</a>, featuring Michael MacLiammoir and Hilton Edwards. Made for West German television, it was also released in theaters. That same year, Welles completed his self-produced pilot for <a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Show_(TV_pilot)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orson Welles Show (TV pilot)">The Orson Welles Show</a>, featuring interviews with <a href="/wiki/Burt_Reynolds" title="Burt Reynolds">Burt Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Oz" title="Frank Oz">Frank Oz</a> and guest-starring <a href="/wiki/The_Muppets" title="The Muppets">the Muppets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angie_Dickinson" title="Angie Dickinson">Angie Dickinson</a>. Unable to find network interest, the pilot was never broadcast. Also in 1979, Welles appeared in the biopic <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="The Secret of Nikola Tesla">The Secret of Nikola Tesla</a>, and made a cameo in <a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie" title="The Muppet Movie">The Muppet Movie</a>. Beginning in the late 1970s, Welles participated in a series of famous television commercial advertisements. For two years he was on-camera spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Masson" title="Paul Masson">Paul Masson</a> Vineyards,<a href="#cite_note-164">[f]</a> and sales grew by one third during the time Welles intoned what became a popular catchphrase: "We will sell no wine before its time."<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> Years later, the <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_Paul_Masson_advertisements" title="Orson Welles Paul Masson advertisements">commercials</a> regained notoriety when a bootleg recording of out-takes was distributed, showing an apparently <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">inebriated</a> Welles on the set of one of the commercials.<a href="#cite_note-Outtakes1-166">[160]</a> He was also the voice behind the long-running <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Group" title="Carlsberg Group">Carlsberg</a> "Probably the best lager in the world" campaign,<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> promoted Domecq sherry on British television<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> and provided narration on adverts for <a href="/wiki/Findus" title="Findus">Findus</a>, though the actual adverts have been overshadowed by a famous <a href="/wiki/Blooper_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Blooper reel">blooper reel</a> of voice recordings, known as the <a href="/wiki/Frozen_Peas" title="Frozen Peas">Frozen Peas</a> reel. He also did commercials for the Preview Subscription Television Service seen on stations around the country including WCLQ/Cleveland, KNDL/St. Louis and WSMW/Boston. In 1981, Welles hosted the documentary <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Saw_Tomorrow" title="The Man Who Saw Tomorrow">The Man Who Saw Tomorrow</a>, about <a href="/wiki/Nostradamus" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a>. In 1982, the BBC broadcast The Orson Welles Story in the <a href="/wiki/Arena_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena (UK TV series)">Arena</a> series. Interviewed by Leslie Megahey, Welles examined his past in great detail, and several people from his professional past were interviewed as well. It was reissued in 1990 as With Orson Welles: Stories of a Life in Film. Welles provided narration for a 1982 documentary on American public television,<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> the tracks "Defender" from <a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a>'s 1987 album <a href="/wiki/Fighting_the_World" title="Fighting the World">Fighting the World</a> and "Dark Avenger" on their 1982 album, <a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymns_(Manowar_album)" title="Battle Hymns (Manowar album)">Battle Hymns</a>. He also recorded the concert introduction for the live performances of Manowar that says, "Ladies and gentlemen, from the United States of America, all hail Manowar." Manowar have been using this introduction for all of their concerts since then.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the 1980s, Welles worked on such film projects as <a href="/wiki/The_Dreamers_(unfinished_film)" title="The Dreamers (unfinished film)">The Dreamers</a>, based on two stories by <a href="/wiki/Isak_Dinesen" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak Dinesen">Isak Dinesen</a> and starring Oja Kodar, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27_Magic_Show" title="Orson Welles' Magic Show">Orson Welles' Magic Show</a>, which reused material from his failed TV pilot. Another project he worked on was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filming_the_Trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filming the Trial (page does not exist)">Filming the Trial</a>, the second in a proposed series of documentaries examining his feature films. While much was shot for these projects, none of them was completed. All of them were eventually released by the Filmmuseum München. In the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jaglom" title="Henry Jaglom">Henry Jaglom</a> taped lunch conversations with Welles at Los Angeles's Ma Maison as well as in New York. Recordings of these sessions were edited by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Biskind" title="Peter Biskind">Peter Biskind</a> and published in the 2013 book My Lunches With Orson.<a href="#cite_note-Biskind-170">[164]</a> In 1984, Welles narrated the short-lived television series <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scene_of_the_Crime_(1984_TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scene of the Crime (1984 TV series) (page does not exist)">Scene of the Crime</a>. During the early years of <a href="/wiki/Magnum,_P.I." title="Magnum, P.I.">Magnum, P.I.</a>, Welles was the voice of the unseen character Robin Masters, a famous writer and <a href="/wiki/Playboy_(lifestyle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playboy (lifestyle)">playboy</a>. Welles's death forced this minor character to largely be written out of the series. In an oblique homage to Welles, the Magnum, P.I. producers ambiguously concluded that story arc by having one character accuse another of having hired an actor to portray Robin Masters.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> He also, in this penultimate year, released a music single, titled "I Know What It Is to Be Young (But You Don't Know What It Is to Be Old)", which he recorded under Italian label <a href="/wiki/Compagnia_Generale_del_Disco" title="Compagnia Generale del Disco">Compagnia Generale del Disco</a>. The song was performed with the <a href="/wiki/Nick_Perito" title="Nick Perito">Nick Perito</a> Orchestra and the <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles_Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Charles Singers">Ray Charles Singers</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Abbott" title="Jerry Abbott">Jerry Abbott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> The last film roles before Welles's death included voice work in the animated films <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Journey" title="Enchanted Journey">Enchanted Journey</a> (1984) and <a href="/wiki/The_Transformers:_The_Movie" title="The Transformers: The Movie">The Transformers: The Movie</a> (1986), in which he provided the voice for the planet-eating supervillain <a href="/wiki/Unicron" title="Unicron">Unicron</a>. His last film appearance was in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jaglom" title="Henry Jaglom">Henry Jaglom</a>'s 1987 independent film <a href="/wiki/Someone_to_Love_(1987_film)" title="Someone to Love (1987 film)">Someone to Love</a>, released two years after his death but produced before his voice-over in Transformers: The Movie. His last television appearance was on <a href="/wiki/Moonlighting_(TV_series)" title="Moonlighting (TV series)">Moonlighting</a>. He recorded an introduction to an episode entitled "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice", which was partially filmed in black and white. The episode aired five days after his death and was dedicated to his memory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_and_family">Relationships and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Relationships and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson-Virginia-Christopher-Welles-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Orson-Virginia-Christopher-Welles-1938.jpg/170px-Orson-Virginia-Christopher-Welles-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Orson-Virginia-Christopher-Welles-1938.jpg/255px-Orson-Virginia-Christopher-Welles-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Orson-Virginia-Christopher-Welles-1938.jpg/340px-Orson-Virginia-Christopher-Welles-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Welles and Virginia Nicolson Welles with their daughter Christopher Marlowe Welles (1938)</figcaption></figure> Orson Welles and Chicago-born actress and socialite Virginia Nicolson were married on November 14, 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 332  "Regardless of his later comments, the two were very much in love," wrote biographer Patrick McGilligan, "and she was his salvation."<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[g]</a> The couple separated in December 1939<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 226  and were divorced on February 1, 1940.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> A few months later, on May 18, 1940, she married <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a>' nephew <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lederer" title="Charles Lederer">Charles Lederer</a>. After bearing with Welles's romances in New York, Virginia had learned that Welles had fallen in love with Mexican actress <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 227  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_%26_Dolores_del_Rio,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Orson_Welles_%26_Dolores_del_Rio%2C_1941.jpg/170px-Orson_Welles_%26_Dolores_del_Rio%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Orson_Welles_%26_Dolores_del_Rio%2C_1941.jpg/255px-Orson_Welles_%26_Dolores_del_Rio%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Orson_Welles_%26_Dolores_del_Rio%2C_1941.jpg/340px-Orson_Welles_%26_Dolores_del_Rio%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Welles and <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a> (1941)</figcaption></figure> Infatuated with her since adolescence, Welles met del Río at Darryl Zanuck's ranch<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 206  soon after he moved to Hollywood in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 227 <a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 168  Their relationship was kept secret until 1941, when del Río filed for divorce from her second husband. They openly appeared together in New York while Welles was directing the Mercury stage production <a href="/wiki/Native_Son_(play)" title="Native Son (play)">Native Son</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 212  They acted together in the movie <a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Fear_(1943_film)" title="Journey into Fear (1943 film)">Journey into Fear</a> (1943). Their relationship came to an end due, among other things, to Welles's infidelities. Del Río returned to Mexico in 1943, shortly before Welles married <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebecca-Welles-Rita-Hayworth-1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rebecca-Welles-Rita-Hayworth-1946.jpg/170px-Rebecca-Welles-Rita-Hayworth-1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rebecca-Welles-Rita-Hayworth-1946.jpg/255px-Rebecca-Welles-Rita-Hayworth-1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rebecca-Welles-Rita-Hayworth-1946.jpg/340px-Rebecca-Welles-Rita-Hayworth-1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5420" data-file-height="5840" /></a><figcaption>Daughter Rebecca Welles and Rita Hayworth (December 23, 1946)</figcaption></figure> Welles married Hayworth on September 7, 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 278  They were divorced on November 10, 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Leaming_Hayworth-106">[102]</a>: 142  During his last interview, recorded for <a href="/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show" title="The Merv Griffin Show">The Merv Griffin Show</a> on the evening before his death, Welles called Hayworth "one of the dearest and sweetest women that ever lived ... and we were a long time together—I was lucky enough to have been with her longer than any of the other men in her life."<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mori-Welles-1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mori-Welles-1955.jpg/170px-Mori-Welles-1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mori-Welles-1955.jpg/255px-Mori-Welles-1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mori-Welles-1955.jpg/340px-Mori-Welles-1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paola_Mori" title="Paola Mori">Paola Mori</a> and Welles, days before their marriage (May 1955)</figcaption></figure> In 1955, Welles married actress <a href="/wiki/Paola_Mori" title="Paola Mori">Paola Mori</a> (née Countess Paola di Gerfalco), an Italian aristocrat who starred as Raina Arkadin in his 1955 film <a href="/wiki/Mr._Arkadin" title="Mr. Arkadin">Mr. Arkadin</a>. The couple began a passionate affair, and they were married at her parents' insistence.<a href="#cite_note-Feder-33">[29]</a>: 168  They were wed in London on May 8, 1955,<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 417, 419  and never divorced. Croatian-born artist and actress <a href="/wiki/Oja_Kodar" title="Oja Kodar">Oja Kodar</a> became Welles's longtime companion both personally and professionally from 1966 onward. They lived together for some of the last 20 years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Feder-33">[29]</a>: 255–258  Welles had three daughters from his marriages: Christopher Welles Feder (born 1938, with Virginia Nicolson);<a href="#cite_note-179">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 148  Rebecca Welles Manning (1944–2004,<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> with Rita Hayworth); and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Welles" title="Beatrice Welles">Beatrice Welles</a> (born 1955, with Paola Mori).<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 419  Welles has been thought to have had a son, British director <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lindsay-Hogg" title="Michael Lindsay-Hogg">Michael Lindsay-Hogg</a> (born 1940), with Irish actress <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald" title="Geraldine Fitzgerald">Geraldine Fitzgerald</a>, then the wife of <a href="/wiki/Lindsay-Hogg_baronets" title="Lindsay-Hogg baronets">Sir Edward Lindsay-Hogg, 4th baronet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bright_Lights-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alex_Witchell-181">[173]</a> When Lindsay-Hogg was 16, his mother reluctantly divulged pervasive rumors that his father was Welles, and she denied them—but in such detail that he doubted her veracity.<a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luck-183">[175]</a>: 15  Fitzgerald evaded the subject for the rest of her life. Lindsay-Hogg knew Welles, worked with him in the theatre and met him at intervals throughout Welles's life.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_Witchell-181">[173]</a> After learning that Welles's oldest daughter, Chris, his childhood playmate, had long suspected that he was her brother,<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> Lindsay-Hogg initiated a DNA test that proved inconclusive. In his 2011 autobiography, Lindsay-Hogg reported that his questions were resolved by his mother's close friend <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Vanderbilt" title="Gloria Vanderbilt">Gloria Vanderbilt</a>, who wrote that Fitzgerald had told her that Welles was his father.<a href="#cite_note-Luck-183">[175]</a>: 265–267  A 2015 Welles biography by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGilligan_(biographer)" title="Patrick McGilligan (biographer)">Patrick McGilligan</a>, however, reports the impossibility of Welles's paternity: Fitzgerald left the U.S. for Ireland in May 1939, and her son was conceived before her return in late October, whereas Welles did not travel overseas during that period.<a href="#cite_note-McGilligan-15">[14]</a>: 602  After the death of Rebecca Welles Manning, a man named Marc McKerrow was revealed to be her son—and therefore a direct descendant of Orson Welles and Rita Hayworth—after he requested his adoption records unsealed. While McKerrow and Rebecca were never able to meet due to her cancer, they were in touch before her death, and he attended her funeral. McKerrow's reactions to the revelation and his meeting with Oja Kodar are documented in the 2008 film <a href="/wiki/Prodigal_Sons_(film)" title="Prodigal Sons (film)">Prodigal Sons</a>, produced and directed by his sister <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Reed" title="Kimberly Reed">Kimberly Reed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Chronicle_March_2010-185">[177]</a> McKerrow died on June 18, 2010, suddenly in his sleep at the age of 44. His death was attributed to complications from a seizure related to injuries he received in a car accident when he was younger.<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marc_McKerrow_Foundation_Home-187">[179]</a> In the 1940s, Welles had a brief relationship with <a href="/wiki/Maila_Nurmi" title="Maila Nurmi">Maila Nurmi</a>. According to the biography Glamour Ghoul: The Passions and Pain of the Real Vampira, Maila Nurmi, she became pregnant; since Welles was then married to Hayworth, Nurmi gave the child up for adoption.<a href="#cite_note-Nurmi-188">[180]</a> However, the child mentioned in the book was born in 1944. Nurmi revealed in an interview weeks before her death in January 2008 that she met Welles in a New York casting office in the spring of 1946.<a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> Despite an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> promoted by Welles,<a href="#cite_note-191">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[j]</a> he is not related to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s wartime Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a>. The myth dates back to the first newspaper feature ever written about Welles—"Cartoonist, Actor, Poet and only 10"—in the February 19, 1926, issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Capital_Times" title="The Capital Times">The Capital Times</a>. The article falsely states that he was descended from "Gideon Welles, who was a member of President Lincoln's cabinet".<a href="#cite_note-Higham-12">[12]</a>: 47–48 <a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 311  As presented by Charles Higham in a genealogical chart that introduces his 1985 biography of Welles, Orson Welles's father was Richard Head Welles (born Wells), son of Richard Jones Wells, son of Henry Hill Wells (who had an uncle named Gideon Wells), son of <a href="/wiki/William_H._Wells" title="William H. Wells">William Hill Wells</a>, son of Richard Wells (1734–1801).<a href="#cite_note-Higham-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Peter Noble's 1956 biography describes Welles as "a magnificent figure of a man, over six feet tall, handsome, with flashing eyes and a gloriously resonant speaking-voice".<a href="#cite_note-Noble-194">[184]</a>: 19  Welles said that a voice specialist once told him he was born to be a <a href="/wiki/Tenor#Heldentenor" title="Tenor">heldentenor</a>, a heroic tenor, but that when he was young and working at the <a href="/wiki/Gate_Theatre" title="Gate Theatre">Gate Theatre</a> in Dublin, he forced his voice down into a <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tarbox-28">[24]</a>: 144  Even as a baby, Welles was prone to illness, including <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. From infancy he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, sinus headaches, and backache<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 8  that was later found to be caused by congenital anomalies of the spine. Foot and ankle trouble throughout his life was the result of <a href="/wiki/Flat_feet" title="Flat feet">flat feet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Callow_Xanadu-195">[185]</a>: 560  "As he grew older", Brady wrote, "his ill health was exacerbated by the late hours he was allowed to keep [and] an early penchant for alcohol and tobacco".<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 8  In 1928, at age 13, Welles was already more than six feet tall (1.83 meters) and weighed over 180 pounds (82 kg).<a href="#cite_note-Higham-12">[12]</a>: 50  His passport recorded his height as six feet three inches (191 cm), with brown hair and green eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Feder-33">[29]</a>: 229  "Crash diets, [pharmaceutical] drugs, and corsets had slimmed him for his early film roles", wrote biographer Barton Whaley. "Then always back to gargantuan consumption of high-caloric food and booze. By summer 1949, when he was 34, his weight had crept up to a stout 230 pounds (100 kg). In 1953, he ballooned from 250 to 275 pounds (113 to 125 kilograms). After 1960, he remained permanently obese."<a href="#cite_note-Whaley-196">[186]</a>: 329  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs">edit</a>]</div> When Peter Bogdanovich once asked him about his religion, Welles gruffly replied that it was none of his business, then misinformed him that he was raised <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: xxx <a href="#cite_note-Whaley-196">[186]</a>: 12  Although the Welles family was no longer devout, it was fourth-generation <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a> and before that, <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whaley-196">[186]</a>: 12  The funeral of Welles's father, Richard H. Welles, was Episcopalian.<a href="#cite_note-Whaley-196">[186]</a>: 12 <a href="#cite_note-Kirk_Bates_3-197">[187]</a> In April 1982, when interviewer <a href="/wiki/Merv_Griffin" title="Merv Griffin">Merv Griffin</a> asked him about his religious beliefs, Welles replied, "I try to be a Christian. I don't pray really, because I don't want to bore God."<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 576  Near the end of his life, Welles was dining at <a href="/wiki/Ma_Maison" title="Ma Maison">Ma Maison</a>, his favorite restaurant in Los Angeles, when proprietor Patrick Terrail conveyed an invitation from the head of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, who asked Welles to be his guest of honor at divine liturgy at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Los_Angeles" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, Los Angeles">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a>. Welles replied, "Please tell him I really appreciate that offer, but I am an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>."<a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a>: 104–105  "Orson never joked or teased about the religious beliefs of others", wrote biographer Barton Whaley. "He accepted it as a cultural artifact, suitable for the births, deaths, and marriages of strangers and even some friends—but without emotional or intellectual meaning for himself."<a href="#cite_note-Whaley-196">[186]</a>: 12  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_activism">Politics and activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Politics and activism">edit</a>]</div> Welles was politically active from the beginning of his career. He remained aligned with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a> throughout his life,<a href="#cite_note-Callow-199">[189]</a> and always defined his political orientation as "<a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a>". A Democrat, he was an outspoken critic of <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism in the United States</a> and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 46  He was a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and often spoke out on radio in support of progressive politics.<a href="#cite_note-Callow-199">[189]</a> He campaigned heavily for Roosevelt in the 1944 election.<a href="#cite_note-Callow-199">[189]</a> In a 1983 conversation with his friend Roger Hill, Welles recalled: "During a White House dinner, when I was campaigning for Roosevelt, in a toast, with considerable tongue in cheek, he said, 'Orson, you and I are the two greatest actors alive today.' In private that evening, and on several other occasions, he urged me to run for a Senate seat in either California or Wisconsin. He wasn't alone."<a href="#cite_note-Tarbox-28">[24]</a>: 115  In the 1980s, Welles still expressed admiration for Roosevelt but also described his presidency as "a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">semidictatorship</a>".<a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> During a 1970 appearance on <a href="/wiki/The_Dick_Cavett_Show" title="The Dick Cavett Show">The Dick Cavett Show</a>, Welles claimed to have met Hitler while hiking in Austria with a teacher who was a "budding <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a>". He said that Hitler made no impression on him and that he could not remember anything of him from the encounter. He said that he had no personality at all: "He was invisible. There was nothing there until there were 5,000 people yelling sieg heil."<a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> In 1946, Welles took to the airwaves in a series of radio broadcasts demanding justice for a decorated black veteran, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Woodard" title="Isaac Woodard">Isaac Woodard</a>, who had been beaten and blinded by white police officers. Welles devoted his July 28, 1946 program to reading Woodard's affidavit and vowing to bring the officer responsible to justice. He continued his crusade over four subsequent Sunday afternoon broadcasts on ABC Radio. "The <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> felt that these broadcasts did more than anything else to prompt the Justice Department to act on the case," the Museum of Broadcasting stated in its 1988 retrospect Orson Welles on the Air: The Radio Years.<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> For several years, he wrote a newspaper column on political issues and considered running for the U.S. Senate in 1946, representing his home state of Wisconsin—a seat that was ultimately won by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Callow-199">[189]</a> Welles's political activities were reported on pages 155–157 of <a href="/wiki/Red_Channels" title="Red Channels">Red Channels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> publication that, in part, fueled the already flourishing <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood Blacklist">Hollywood Blacklist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a> He was in Europe during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>, thereby adding one more reason for the Hollywood establishment to ostracize him.<a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a> In 1970, Welles narrated (but did not write) a satirical political record on the rise of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> titled <a href="/wiki/The_Begatting_of_the_President" title="The Begatting of the President">The Begatting of the President</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a> In the late 1970s, Welles referred to <a href="/wiki/Josip_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Josip Tito">Josip Tito</a> as "the greatest man in the world today" on Yugoslav television.<a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a> Welles spoke before a crowd of 700,000 at a nuclear disarmament rally in Central Park on June 12, 1982, and attacked the policies of President Ronald Reagan and the Republican party.<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/American:_An_Odyssey_to_1947" title="American: An Odyssey to 1947">American: An Odyssey to 1947</a>, a documentary by <a href="/wiki/Danny_Wu" title="Danny Wu">Danny Wu</a> that looks at Welles's life against the political landscape of the 1930s and 1940s, had its premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Beach_Film_Festival" title="Newport Beach Film Festival">Newport Beach Film Festival</a> in October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_tributes">Death and tributes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Death and tributes">edit</a>]</div> On the evening of October 9, 1985, Welles recorded his final interview on the syndicated TV program <a href="/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show" title="The Merv Griffin Show">The Merv Griffin Show</a>, appearing with biographer Barbara Leaming. "Both Welles and Leaming talked of Welles's life, and the segment was a nostalgic interlude," wrote biographer Frank Brady.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 590–591  Welles returned to his house in Hollywood and worked into the early hours typing stage directions for <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27_Magic_Show" title="Orson Welles' Magic Show">the project</a> he and Gary Graver were planning to shoot at UCLA the following day. Welles died sometime on the morning of October 10, following a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">[20]</a>: 453  He was found by his chauffeur at around 10 a.m.; the first of Welles's friends to arrive was <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stewart_(actor)" title="Paul Stewart (actor)">Paul Stewart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 295–297  Welles was 70 years old when he died. Welles was <a href="/wiki/Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a> by prior agreement with the executor of his estate, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Garrison_(television_producer)" title="Greg Garrison (television producer)">Greg Garrison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 592  whose advice about making lucrative TV appearances in the 1970s made it possible for Welles to pay off a portion of the taxes he owed the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 549–550  A brief private funeral was attended by Paola Mori and Welles's three daughters—the first time they had ever been together. Only a few close friends were invited: Garrison, Graver, Roger Hill<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 298  and Prince Alessandro Tasca di Cuto. Chris Welles Feder later described the funeral as an awful experience.<a href="#cite_note-Feder-33">[29]</a>: 1–9  A public memorial tribute<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 593  took place November 2, 1985, at the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Directors Guild of America</a> Theater in Los Angeles. Host <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a> introduced speakers including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Champlin" title="Charles Champlin">Charles Champlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald" title="Geraldine Fitzgerald">Geraldine Fitzgerald</a>, Greg Garrison, <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hill_(actor)" title="Roger Hill (actor)">Roger Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jaglom" title="Henry Jaglom">Henry Jaglom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Knight_(film_critic)" title="Arthur Knight (film critic)">Arthur Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oja_Kodar" title="Oja Kodar">Oja Kodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Leaming" title="Barbara Leaming">Barbara Leaming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Leigh" title="Janet Leigh">Janet Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lloyd" title="Norman Lloyd">Norman Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_O%27Herlihy" title="Dan O'Herlihy">Dan O'Herlihy</a>, Patrick Terrail and Robert Wise.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-26">[23]</a>: 594 <a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 299–300  "I know what his feelings were regarding his death", Joseph Cotten later wrote. "He did not want a funeral; he wanted to be buried quietly in a little place in Spain. He wanted no memorial services ..." Cotten declined to attend the memorial program; instead, he sent a short message, ending with the last two lines of a <a href="/wiki/Sonnet_30" title="Sonnet 30">Shakespeare sonnet</a> that Welles had sent him on his most recent birthday:<a href="#cite_note-Vanity-55">[51]</a>: 216  <blockquote>But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, All losses are restored and sorrows end.<a href="#cite_note-Vanity-55">[51]</a>: 217 </blockquote> In 1987 the ashes of Welles were taken to <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a>, Spain, and buried in an old well covered by flowers on the rural estate of a longtime friend, <a href="/wiki/Bullfighter" title="Bullfighter">bullfighter</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Ordóñez">Antonio Ordóñez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 298–299 <a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[l]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reception">Legacy and reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Legacy and reception">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/David_Thomson_(film_critic)" title="David Thomson (film critic)">David Thomson</a> credits Welles with "the creation of a visual style that is simultaneously baroque and precise, overwhelmingly emotional, and unerringly founded in reality."<a href="#cite_note-212">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a>, who was directed by Welles in The Other Side of the Wind, wrote: <blockquote>being directed by Welles was like breathing pure oxygen all day long. He was so totally in control that he never had to prove a point out of any kind. I never saw him get angry or impatient, or raise his voice in any way but hilarity... Sometimes Orson was holding the camera himself, but wherever the camera was, he had put it there, and all the lights were placed exactly where he said they were to be put. There wasn't anything seen or heard in any scene that wasn't there because Orson wanted it that way, but he was never dictatorial.<a href="#cite_note-213">[201]</a></blockquote> Welles was a lifelong lover of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, and Bogdanovich writes that Chimes at Midnight, in which Welles plays <a href="/wiki/John_Falstaff" title="John Falstaff">John Falstaff</a>, is "arguably his best film, and his own personal favorite";<a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McBride_(writer)" title="Joseph McBride (writer)">Joseph McBride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Jonathan Rosenbaum</a> have called it Welles's masterpiece, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> wrote "it may be the greatest Shakespearean film ever made."<a href="#cite_note-215">[203]</a> After Welles went to South America to film the documentary <a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True</a>, RKO cut more than forty minutes from Ambersons and added a happier ending, against his wishes. The missing footage from Ambersons has been called a "holy grail" of cinema.<a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a> Welles wrote a 58-page memo to Universal about the editing of Touch of Evil, which they disregarded.<a href="#cite_note-:0-146">[142]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Murch" title="Walter Murch">Walter Murch</a> reedited the film according to Welles's specifications.<a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a> With a development spanning almost 50 years, Welles's final film, <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_the_Wind" title="The Other Side of the Wind">The Other Side of the Wind</a>, was posthumously released in 2018. Known for his <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> voice,<a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a> Welles performed extensively across theatre, radio, and film. He was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magician</a>, noted for presenting <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Wonder_Show" title="The Mercury Wonder Show">troop variety shows</a> in the war years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Accolades">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Orson_Welles" title="List of awards and nominations received by Orson Welles">List of awards and nominations received by Orson Welles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizen-Kane-Welles-Coulouris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Citizen-Kane-Welles-Coulouris.jpg/220px-Citizen-Kane-Welles-Coulouris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Citizen-Kane-Welles-Coulouris.jpg/330px-Citizen-Kane-Welles-Coulouris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Citizen-Kane-Welles-Coulouris.jpg/440px-Citizen-Kane-Welles-Coulouris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5516" data-file-height="4220" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Review" title="National Board of Review">National Board of Review</a> recognized both Welles and <a href="/wiki/George_Coulouris" title="George Coulouris">George Coulouris</a> for their performances in <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941), which was also voted the year's best film.</figcaption></figure> Welles received numerous accolades including an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> as well as nominations for a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA Award">BAFTA Award</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe Award</a>. His honors include the <a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a> in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute_Fellowship" title="British Film Institute Fellowship">British Film Institute Fellowship</a> in 1983, and the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film" title="Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film">Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award</a> in 1984. He was inducted into both the <a href="/wiki/NAB_Broadcasting_Hall_of_Fame" title="NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame">National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame</a> in 1979, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radio Hall of Fame">National Radio Hall of Fame</a> in 1988. Welles was presented with France's <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> in 1982. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_filmography" title="Orson Welles filmography">Orson Welles filmography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27s_unrealized_projects" title="Orson Welles's unrealized projects">Orson Welles's unrealized projects</a></div> Welles is known for his work in film as a director, actor and screenwriter. Welles's reliance on self-production meant that many of his later projects were filmed piecemeal or remained incomplete. He financed these endeavors through his own fundraising activities, often supplementing his income with additional work to fund his films. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Discography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_discography" title="Orson Welles discography">Orson Welles discography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> cast Montreal actor Jean Guérin as Welles in his 1994 film, <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Creatures" title="Heavenly Creatures">Heavenly Creatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_D%27Onofrio" title="Vincent D'Onofrio">Vincent D'Onofrio</a> portrayed Welles in a cameo appearance in <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>'s 1994 film, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood_(film)" title="Ed Wood (film)">Ed Wood</a>, where he briefly appears and encourages <a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward D. Wood">the eponymous filmmaker</a> to fight for making his movies his own way in spite of his producers.<a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a></li> <li>Voice actor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_LaMarche" title="Maurice LaMarche">Maurice LaMarche</a> is known for his Welles impression, heard in Ed Wood (in which he dubbed the dialog of Vincent D'Onofrio); the 1994–95 primetime animated series, <a href="/wiki/The_Critic" title="The Critic">The Critic</a>; a 2006 <a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XVII" title="Treehouse of Horror XVII">episode</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>; and a 2011 <a href="/wiki/Lrrreconcilable_Ndndifferences" title="Lrrreconcilable Ndndifferences">episode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a> for which LaMarche won an <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Voice-Over_Performance" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance">Emmy Award</a>. The voice he created for the character Brain from the animated series <a href="/wiki/Animaniacs" title="Animaniacs">Animaniacs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain" title="Pinky and the Brain">Pinky and the Brain</a> was largely influenced by Welles.<a href="#cite_note-221">[209]</a></li> <li>The 1996 film <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Over_Citizen_Kane" title="The Battle Over Citizen Kane">The Battle Over Citizen Kane</a>, which chronicles the conflict between Welles and Hearst, was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[211]</a></li> <li>Welles is a recurring character in the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Dracula_series" title="Anno Dracula series">Anno Dracula series</a> by author and critic <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a>, appearing in <a href="/wiki/Dracula_Cha_Cha_Cha" title="Dracula Cha Cha Cha">Dracula Cha Cha Cha</a> (1998) and Johnny Alucard (2013).<a href="#cite_note-224">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[213]</a></li> <li>In 1999 Welles appeared on a U.S. postage stamp in a scene from Citizen Kane. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> was petitioned to honor Welles with a stamp in 2015, the 100th anniversary of his birth, but the effort did not succeed.<a href="#cite_note-226">[214]</a></li> <li>The 1999 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> docudrama, <a href="/wiki/RKO_281" title="RKO 281">RKO 281</a>, tells the story of the making of Citizen Kane, starring <a href="/wiki/Liev_Schreiber" title="Liev Schreiber">Liev Schreiber</a> as Orson Welles.</li> <li>Tim Robbins's 1999 film <a href="/wiki/Cradle_Will_Rock" title="Cradle Will Rock">Cradle Will Rock</a> chronicles the process and events surrounding Welles and John Houseman's production of the 1937 musical by Marc Blitzstein. Welles is played by actor <a href="/wiki/Angus_MacFadyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus MacFadyen">Angus MacFadyen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Pendleton" title="Austin Pendleton">Austin Pendleton</a>'s 2000 play, <a href="/wiki/Orson%27s_Shadow" title="Orson's Shadow">Orson's Shadow</a>, concerns the 1960 London production of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(play)" title="Rhinoceros (play)">Rhinoceros</a> directed by Welles and starring <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>. First presented by the <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company" title="Steppenwolf Theatre Company">Steppenwolf Theatre Company</a> in 2000, the play opened off-Broadway in 2005<a href="#cite_note-227">[215]</a> and had its European premiere in London in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-228">[216]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a>'s 2000 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning novel <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a>, the protagonists meet Orson Welles and attend the premiere of Citizen Kane.<a href="#cite_note-229">[217]</a></li> <li>In the film <a href="/wiki/Fade_to_Black_(2006_film)" title="Fade to Black (2006 film)">Fade to Black</a> (2006), a fictional thriller set during Welles's 1948 journey to Rome to star in the movie <a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_(1949_film)" title="Black Magic (1949 film)">Black Magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Huston" title="Danny Huston">Danny Huston</a> stars as Welles.<a href="#cite_note-230">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_and_Orson_Welles" title="Me and Orson Welles">Me and Orson Welles</a> (2009), based on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kaplow" title="Robert Kaplow">Robert Kaplow</a>'s 2003 novel,<a href="#cite_note-231">[219]</a> stars <a href="/wiki/Zac_Efron" title="Zac Efron">Zac Efron</a> as a teenager who convinces Welles (<a href="/wiki/Christian_McKay" title="Christian McKay">Christian McKay</a>) to cast him in his 1937 production of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(Mercury_Theatre)" title="Caesar (Mercury Theatre)">Julius Caesar</a>. McKay received numerous accolades for his performance, including a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA">BAFTA</a> nomination.<a href="#cite_note-232">[220]</a></li> <li>Welles is the central character in "Ian, George, and George," a novelette by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levinson" title="Paul Levinson">Paul Levinson</a> published in 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Analog Science Fiction and Fact</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-233">[221]</a></li> <li>In 2014 comedic actor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Black" title="Jack Black">Jack Black</a> portrayed Welles in the sketch comedy show <a href="/wiki/Drunk_History" title="Drunk History">Drunk History</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[222]</a></li> <li>A 2014 documentary by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Workman" title="Chuck Workman">Chuck Workman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magician:_The_Astonishing_Life_and_Work_of_Orson_Welles" title="Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles">Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles</a>, was released to critical acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-235">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[224]</a></li> <li>Rapper <a href="/wiki/Logic_(rapper)" title="Logic (rapper)">Logic</a> samples Orson Welles twice on his 2020 album No Pressure, with a portion of the August 11, 1946 "Orson Welles Commentaries" episode featured as the outro to the album, titled "Obediently Yours".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burke_(actor)" title="Tom Burke (actor)">Tom Burke</a> portrayed Welles in <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>'s 2020 film, <a href="/wiki/Mank" title="Mank">Mank</a>, which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz" title="Herman J. Mankiewicz">Herman J. Mankiewicz</a>, the co-writer of <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Richard H. Welles had changed the spelling of his surname by the time of the 1900 Federal Census, when he was living at <a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_J._Gottfredsen_House_2013.jpg" title="File:Frederick J. Gottfredsen House 2013.jpg">Rudolphsheim</a>, the 1888 Kenosha mansion built by his mother Mary Head Wells and her second husband, Frederick Gottfredsen. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Sources vary regarding Beatrice Ives Welles's birth year; her grave marker reads 1881, not 1883.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> For more information see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Orson_Welles#Mother's_Birth_Date" title="Talk:Orson Welles">talk page</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> An alternative story of the source of his first and middle names was told by <a href="/wiki/George_Ade" title="George Ade">George Ade</a>, who met Welles's parents on a <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> cruise toward the end of 1914. Ade was traveling with a friend, Orson Wells (no relation), and the two of them sat at the same table as Mr. and Mrs. Richard Welles. Mrs. Welles was pregnant at the time, and when they said goodbye, she told them that she had enjoyed their company so much that if the child were a boy, she intended to name him after them: George Orson.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Years later, the two men successively married <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth#Orson_Welles" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Pre-production materials for Nero Wolfe (1976) are contained in the Orson Welles – Oja Kodar Papers at the University of Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Paul Masson's spokesman since 1979, Welles parted company with Paul Masson in 1981, and in 1982 he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Virginia Welles is a sympathetically written key character in one of Welles's last important pieces of writing, the unproduced screenplay about the 1937 staging of <a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a> that he completed a year before his death.<a href="#cite_note-McGilligan-15">[14]</a>: 384  </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> "On March 27, 1938," biographer Barbara Leaming wrote, "Orson's close friends received a most peculiar telegram: 'Christopher, she is born.' It was no joke"<a href="#cite_note-Leaming-29">[25]</a>: 148  Her full name was given to be <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> in a January 1940 magazine profile of Welles by <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Fletcher" title="Lucille Fletcher">Lucille Fletcher</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> While bantering with <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a> on a 1944 broadcast of <a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Almanac" title="The Orson Welles Almanac">The Orson Welles Almanac</a> before an audience of U.S. Navy service members, Welles says: "My great-granduncle was Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy in Lincoln's cabinet." (Lucille Ball AFRS broadcast, May 3, 1944, 2:42.)<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Welles repeats the claim in a 1970 appearance on the Dick Cavett Show.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> A photograph of the grave site appears opposite the title page of Orson Welles on Shakespeare: The W.P.A. and Mercury Theatre Playscripts, edited by <a href="/wiki/Richard_France_(writer)" title="Richard France (writer)">Richard France</a>. France notes the inscription on the plaque: "Ronda. Al Maestro de Maestros."<a href="#cite_note-OW_on_Shakespeare-58">[54]</a>: ii  </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> The gravesite is not accessible to the public but can be seen in Kristian Petri's 2005 documentary, Brunnen (The Well),<a href="#cite_note-McBride-86">[82]</a>: 298–299  which is about Welles's time in Spain. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Buffum, Richard (20 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-20-me-14080-story.html">"Magic Loomed Large in World of Orson Welles"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNaremore2015" class="citation journal cs1">Naremore, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24772596">"Orson Welles: Director, Magician and Pedagogue"</a>. New England Review. 36 (2): 70–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fner.2015.0061">10.1353/ner.2015.0061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-1297">1053-1297</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24772596">24772596</a>. <q>'My name is Orson Welles. I am an actor. I am a writer. I am a producer. I am a director. I am a magician. I appear on stage and on the radio. Why are there so many of me and so few of you?'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Review&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles%3A+Director%2C+Magician+and+Pedagogue&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=70-74&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1053-1297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24772596%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fner.2015.0061&rft.aulast=Naremore&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24772596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_obit-3"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_obit_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/11/arts/orson-welles-is-dead-at-70-innovator-of-film-and-stage.html">"Orson Welles is Dead at 70; Innovator of Film and Stage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 11, 1985. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+is+Dead+at+70%3B+Innovator+of+Film+and+Stage&rft.date=1985-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F10%2F11%2Farts%2Forson-welles-is-dead-at-70-innovator-of-film-and-stage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McFarland_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McFarland_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2001" class="citation book cs1">Bartholomew, Robert E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeWm-zM3NEoC&q=Little%20Green%20Men%2C%20Meowing%20Nuns%20and%20Head-Hunting%20Panics%3A&pg=PA219">Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns and Head-Hunting Panics: A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illness and Social Delusion</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0997-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0997-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-0997-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Green+Men%2C+Meowing+Nuns+and+Head-Hunting+Panics%3A+A+Study+of+Mass+Psychogenic+Illness+and+Social+Delusion&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0997-6&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGeWm-zM3NEoC%26q%3DLittle%2520Green%2520Men%252C%2520Meowing%2520Nuns%2520and%2520Head-Hunting%2520Panics%253A%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428194825/http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/1998/06/list-o-mania-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-american-movies/">"List-o-Mania, or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love American Movies"</a>. Jonathan Rosenbaum. June 25, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/1998/06/list-o-mania-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-american-movies/">the original</a> on April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List-o-Mania%2C+or%2C+How+I+Learned+to+Stop+Worrying+and+Love+American+Movies&rft.pub=Jonathan+Rosenbaum&rft.date=1998-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jonathanrosenbaum.net%2F1998%2F06%2Flist-o-mania-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-american-movies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-chimes-at-midnight-1965">"Great Movie: Chimes at Midnight"</a>. Roger Ebert. June 4, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104041851/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-chimes-at-midnight-1965">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Movie%3A+Chimes+at+Midnight&rft.pub=Roger+Ebert&rft.date=2006-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fgreat-movie-chimes-at-midnight-1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenbaum-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenbaum_7-0">^</a> Rosenbaum, Jonathan (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95c3YFDncFYC&q=discovering+orson+welles">Discovering Orson Welles</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-25123-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-25123-7">0-520-25123-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFI_Directors-8"><a href="#cite_ref-BFI_Directors_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013231353/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html">"Sight & Sound |Top Ten Poll 2002 – The Directors' Top Ten Directors"</a>. BFI. September 5, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sight+%26+Sound+%26%23124%3BTop+Ten+Poll+2002+%E2%80%93+The+Directors%27+Top+Ten+Directors&rft.pub=BFI&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.bfi.org.uk%2Fsightandsound%2Ftopten%2Fpoll%2Fdirectors-directors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFI_Critics-9"><a href="#cite_ref-BFI_Critics_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181654/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-directors.html">"Sight & Sound |Top Ten Poll 2002 – The Critics' Top Ten Directors"</a>. BFI. September 5, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-directors.html">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sight+%26+Sound+%26%23124%3BTop+Ten+Poll+2002+%E2%80%93+The+Critics%27+Top+Ten+Directors&rft.pub=BFI&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.bfi.org.uk%2Fsightandsound%2Ftopten%2Fpoll%2Fcritics-directors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/best-actors-hollywoods-golden-age/orson-welles0/">"The 50 greatest actors from Hollywood's Golden Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. June 25, 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109191410/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/best-actors-hollywoods-golden-age/orson-welles0/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+50+greatest+actors+from+Hollywood%27s+Golden+Age&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffilms%2F0%2Fbest-actors-hollywoods-golden-age%2Forson-welles0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-My_Orson-11"><a href="#cite_ref-My_Orson_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesBogdanovichRosenbaum1998" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welles, Orson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Bogdanovich, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Rosenbaum, Jonathan</a> (1998). "My Orson [new introduction by Peter Bogdanovich]". <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. pp. vii–xxxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306808340" title="Special:BookSources/9780306808340"><bdi>9780306808340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=My+Orson+%5Bnew+introduction+by+Peter+Bogdanovich%5D&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=vii-xxxix&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780306808340&rft.aulast=Welles&rft.aufirst=Orson&rft.au=Bogdanovich%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham_12-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" title="Charles Higham (biographer)">Higham, Charles</a>, Orson Welles: The Rise and Fall of an American Genius. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-31280-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-31280-6">0-312-31280-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancestry_Parents-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry_Parents_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry_Parents_13-1">b</a> Ancestry.com, Illinois, Deaths and Stillbirths Index 1916–1947 [database online], Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com Operations 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGilligan-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGilligan_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGilligan_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGilligan_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGilligan2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGilligan_(biographer)" title="Patrick McGilligan (biographer)">McGilligan, Patrick</a> (2015). Young Orson. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-211248-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-211248-4"><bdi>978-0-06-211248-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Orson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-211248-4&rft.aulast=McGilligan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenridgecemetery.blogspot.com/p/photo-gallery.html">"Green Ridge Cemetery Photo Gallery"</a>. Kenosha (Wisconsin) Cemetery Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150405/http://greenridgecemetery.blogspot.com/p/photo-gallery.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Ridge+Cemetery+Photo+Gallery&rft.pub=Kenosha+%28Wisconsin%29+Cemetery+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenridgecemetery.blogspot.com%2Fp%2Fphoto-gallery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1947" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Fred C. (1947). George Ade, Warmhearted Satirist (First ed.). Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Ade%2C+Warmhearted+Satirist&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=The+Bobbs-Merrill+Company&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Fred+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=203979&apid=119503">"Orson Welles Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">Turner Classic Movies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510185307/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=203979">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+Biography&rft.pub=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Fparticipant.jsp%3Fspid%3D203979%26apid%3D119503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beatrice_Ives_Welles_Kenosha_Evening_News_Jan_29_1923.jpg">"Ex-Kenoshan Gains Prestige"</a>. Kenosha Evening News. January 29, 1923. Retrieved February 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kenosha+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Ex-Kenoshan+Gains+Prestige&rft.date=1923-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ABeatrice_Ives_Welles_Kenosha_Evening_News_Jan_29_1923.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyer-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyer_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyer_22-1">b</a> Heyer, Paul, The Medium and the Magician: Orson Welles, the Radio Years 1934–1952. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3797-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3797-8">0-7425-3797-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welles_TIOW-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welles_TIOW_23-46">au</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesBogdanovichRosenbaum1992" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welles, Orson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Bogdanovich, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Rosenbaum, Jonathan</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016616-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016616-8"><bdi>978-0-06-016616-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-06-016616-8&rft.aulast=Welles&rft.aufirst=Orson&rft.au=Bogdanovich%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1924/05/13/page/10/article/chicago-musicians-mourn-passing-of-mrs-welles">"Chicago Musicians Mourn Passing of Mrs. Welles"</a>. Chicago Tribune. May 13, 1924. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015162409/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1924/05/13/page/10/article/chicago-musicians-mourn-passing-of-mrs-welles/">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Chicago+Musicians+Mourn+Passing+of+Mrs.+Welles&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1924-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1924%2F05%2F13%2Fpage%2F10%2Farticle%2Fchicago-musicians-mourn-passing-of-mrs-welles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=2456">"The Gordon Collection of String Music"</a>. University of Rochester Library Bulletin. Winter 1952. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216123204/http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=2456">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Rochester+Library+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Gordon+Collection+of+String+Music&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.rochester.edu%2Findex.cfm%3FPAGE%3D2456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_26-27">ab</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Brady_(writer)" title="Frank Brady (writer)">Brady, Frank</a>, Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-18982-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-18982-8">0-684-18982-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarbox-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarbox_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarbox_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarbox_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarbox_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarbox_28-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarbox2013" class="citation book cs1">Tarbox, Todd (2013). Orson Welles and Roger Hill: A Friendship in Three Acts. Albany, Georgia: BearManor Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-260-2"><bdi>978-1-59393-260-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+and+Roger+Hill%3A+A+Friendship+in+Three+Acts&rft.place=Albany%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=BearManor+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59393-260-2&rft.aulast=Tarbox&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaming-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_29-16">q</a> Leaming, Barbara, Orson Welles, A Biography. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a>, 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-52895-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-52895-1">0-670-52895-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2013" class="citation book cs1">France, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NseAVbjgYOMC&q=orson%20welles%20todd%20school&pg=PP11">Orson Welles on Shakespeare: The W.P.A. and Mercury Theatre Playscripts</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97993-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97993-6"><bdi>978-1-134-97993-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+on+Shakespeare%3A+The+W.P.A.+and+Mercury+Theatre+Playscripts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-97993-6&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNseAVbjgYOMC%26q%3Dorson%2520welles%2520todd%2520school%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodstockpubliclibraryarchives.omeka/486-31"><a href="#cite_ref-woodstockpubliclibraryarchives.omeka/486_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woodstockpubliclibraryarchives.omeka.net/items/show/486">"Todd School Class Photo (Includes Orson Welles)"</a>. Woodstock Public Library Archives. 1930. Retrieved July 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodstock+Public+Library+Archives&rft.atitle=Todd+School+Class+Photo+%28Includes+Orson+Welles%29&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoodstockpubliclibraryarchives.omeka.net%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-France-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-France_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-France_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-France_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-France_32-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_France_(writer)" title="Richard France (writer)">France, Richard</a>, The Theatre of Orson Welles. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University_Press" title="Bucknell University Press">Bucknell University Press</a>, 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8387-1972-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8387-1972-4">0-8387-1972-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feder-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_33-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2009" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Chris Welles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565125995">In My Father's Shadow: A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles</a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56512-599-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56512-599-5"><bdi>978-1-56512-599-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+My+Father%27s+Shadow%3A+A+Daughter+Remembers+Orson+Welles&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Algonquin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-56512-599-5&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Chris+Welles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781565125995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorker/ageless-soul-34"><a href="#cite_ref-newyorker/ageless-soul_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1938" class="citation magazine cs1">Maloney, Russell (October 1, 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1938/10/08/this-ageless-soul">"The Young Orson Welles"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved July 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Young+Orson+Welles&rft.date=1938-10-01&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1938%2F10%2F08%2Fthis-ageless-soul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umich.edu/never-before-seen-35"><a href="#cite_ref-umich.edu/never-before-seen_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.umich.edu/u-m-s-new-orson-welles-acquisition-from-his-daughter-reveals-never-before-seen-work/">"U-M's new Orson Welles acquisition from his daughter reveals never-before-seen work"</a>. University of Michigan News. April 24, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Michigan+News&rft.atitle=U-M%27s+new+Orson+Welles+acquisition+from+his+daughter+reveals+never-before-seen+work&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.umich.edu%2Fu-m-s-new-orson-welles-acquisition-from-his-daughter-reveals-never-before-seen-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cornellcollege.edu/2015/05/when-orson-welles-was-recommended-to-cornell-college/">"When Orson Welles was recommended to Cornell College"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_College" title="Cornell College">Cornell College</a>. May 6, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073501/http://news.cornellcollege.edu/2015/05/when-orson-welles-was-recommended-to-cornell-college/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Orson+Welles+was+recommended+to+Cornell+College&rft.pub=Cornell+College&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cornellcollege.edu%2F2015%2F05%2Fwhen-orson-welles-was-recommended-to-cornell-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_and_Chance-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_and_Chance_37-0">^</a> Hill, Roger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lookatillinois.info/content/one-mans-time-and-chance-memoir-eighty-years-1895-1975-cover">One Man's Time and Chance, a Memoir of Eighty Years 1895 to 1975</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031035/http://lookatillinois.info/content/one-mans-time-and-chance-memoir-eighty-years-1895-1975-cover">Archived</a> September 7, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Privately printed, 1977. Woodstock Public Library collection, digitized by Illinois State Library. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1869482748">Close Up: Orson Welles, part 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. February 25, 1960. Event occurs at 22:58–23:12. Retrieved December 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Close+Up%3A+Orson+Welles%2C+part+1&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1960-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fplayer%2Fplay%2F1869482748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Mac Liammóir, Micheál</a>, All For Hecuba: An Irish Theatrical Biography. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1946, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-1137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-1137-3">978-0-8283-1137-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1080/17450910600983828-40"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1080/17450910600983828_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney2006" class="citation journal cs1">Courtney, Angela (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249018756">"The Boy Genius and the Bard: Orson Welles, Childhood, and Everybody's Shakespeare"</a>. Shakespeare. 2 (2): 194–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17450910600983828">10.1080/17450910600983828</a>. Retrieved July 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare&rft.atitle=The+Boy+Genius+and+the+Bard%3A+Orson+Welles%2C+Childhood%2C+and+Everybody%27s+Shakespeare&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-207&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17450910600983828&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249018756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldfloridabookshop/11971-41"><a href="#cite_ref-oldfloridabookshop/11971_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesHill" class="citation web cs1">Welles, Orson; Hill, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldfloridabookshop.com/product/11971/Everybodys-Shakespeare-Merchant-of-Venice-SIGNED-by-Welles-et-al-Edited-for-Reading-and-Arranged-for-Staging">"Everybody's Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice"</a>. oldfloridabookshop.com. Retrieved July 7, 2024. <q>Published by the press at Todd School, a residential school for boys, attended by Orson Welles in his youth. Black and white illustrations throughout. 28, 64 pp. [92 total] 6 1/4 x 10 3/4 inches First Edition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldfloridabookshop.com&rft.atitle=Everybody%27s+Shakespeare%3A+Merchant+of+Venice&rft.aulast=Welles&rft.aufirst=Orson&rft.au=Hill%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldfloridabookshop.com%2Fproduct%2F11971%2FEverybodys-Shakespeare-Merchant-of-Venice-SIGNED-by-Welles-et-al-Edited-for-Reading-and-Arranged-for-Staging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lib.uiowa/-42"><a href="#cite_ref-lib.uiowa/_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240707094712/https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay/01IOWA_ALMA21304778080002771/01IOWASC">"The Mercury Shakespeare / edited for reading and arranged for staging. Shakespeare, William 1564-1616., Orson Welles 1915-1985, editor.; Roger Hill 1895-1990, editor. New York; London : Harper & Brothers 1939"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay/01IOWA_ALMA21304778080002771/01IOWASC">the original</a> on July 7, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024. <q>[v. 1] The merchant of Venice.--[v. 2] Twelfth night.--[v. 3] Julius Caesar.--<a href="/w/index.php?title=V._4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. 4 (page does not exist)">v. 4</a> Macbeth. Facsimiles on lining-papers. "[Volume 1-3] published [in 1934] under the title of 'Everybody's Shakespeare.'."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Iowa+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+Mercury+Shakespeare+%2F+edited+for+reading+and+arranged+for+staging.+Shakespeare%2C+William+1564-1616.%2C+Orson+Welles+1915-1985%2C+editor.%3B+Roger+Hill+1895-1990%2C+editor.+New+York%3B+London+%3A+Harper+%26+Brothers+1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fprimo-explore%2Ffulldisplay%2F01IOWA_ALMA21304778080002771%2F01IOWASC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/orson-welles-writes-the-introduction-to-everybodys-shakespeare-in-the-north-atlantic/">"Orson Welles writes the Introduction to Everybody's Shakespeare in the North Atlantic"</a>. Wellesnet. September 23, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210018/http://www.wellesnet.com/orson-welles-writes-the-introduction-to-everybodys-shakespeare-in-the-north-atlantic/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellesnet&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+writes+the+Introduction+to+Everybody%27s+Shakespeare+in+the+North+Atlantic&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Forson-welles-writes-the-introduction-to-everybodys-shakespeare-in-the-north-atlantic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bright_Lights-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_Lights_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_Lights_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2009" class="citation news cs1">McBride, Joseph (November 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131110180738/http://brightlightsfilm.com/66/66bookswelles.php%23.Un_FuY0-Ngc">"Book review, In My Father's Shadow: A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bright_Lights_Film_Journal" title="Bright Lights Film Journal">Bright Lights Film Journal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brightlightsfilm.com/66/66bookswelles.php#.Un_FuY0-Ngc">the original</a> on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bright+Lights+Film+Journal&rft.atitle=Book+review%2C+In+My+Father%27s+Shadow%3A+A+Daughter+Remembers+Orson+Welles&rft.date=2009-11-23&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrightlightsfilm.com%2F66%2F66bookswelles.php%23.Un_FuY0-Ngc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=10436">"Romeo and Juliet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427232609/http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=10436">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romeo+and+Juliet&rft.pub=Internet+Broadway+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fproduction.php%3Fid%3D10436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houseman_RT-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Houseman_RT_46-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">Houseman, John</a>, Run-Through: A Memoir. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-21034-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-21034-3">0-671-21034-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arena-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Arena_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Flanagan" title="Hallie Flanagan">Flanagan, Hallie</a> (1965). Arena: The History of the Federal Theatre. New York: Benjamin Blom, reprint edition [1940]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855945294">855945294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arena%3A+The+History+of+the+Federal+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benjamin+Blom%2C+reprint+edition+%5B1940%5D&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855945294&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Hallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bret_Wood-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_48-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bret_Wood" title="Bret Wood">Wood, Bret</a> (1990). Orson Welles: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26538-9"><bdi>978-0-313-26538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles%3A+A+Bio-Bibliography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26538-9&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Bret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1936" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Charles (August 30, 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1936/08/30/page/95/article/macbeth-as-negro-play-comes-to-great-northern-theater">"'Macbeth' as Negro Play Comes to Great Northern Theater"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213065212/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1936/08/30/page/95/article/macbeth-as-negro-play-comes-to-great-northern-theater/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Macbeth%27+as+Negro+Play+Comes+to+Great+Northern+Theater&rft.date=1936-08-30&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1936%2F08%2F30%2Fpage%2F95%2Farticle%2Fmacbeth-as-negro-play-comes-to-great-northern-theater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_to_Z-50"><a href="#cite_ref-A_to_Z_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Anthony D. (2009). The A to Z of African American Theater. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7061-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+African+American+Theater&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7061-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kliman-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Kliman_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliman1992" class="citation book cs1">Kliman, Bernice W. (1992). Macbeth. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2731-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-2731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macbeth&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2731-4&rft.aulast=Kliman&rft.aufirst=Bernice+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow1995" class="citation book cs1">Callow, Simon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orsonwellesvolum00simo/page/145">Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu</a>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orsonwellesvolum00simo/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-86722-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-86722-6"><bdi>978-0-670-86722-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles%3A+The+Road+to+Xanadu&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-670-86722-6&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forsonwellesvolum00simo%2Fpage%2F145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"No title". Syracuse Herald. August 27, 1936. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syracuse+Herald&rft.atitle=No+title&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1936-08-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"All-Negro Cast to Produce Macbeth". The <a href="/wiki/Olney,_Texas" title="Olney, Texas">Olney</a> Enterprise. August 14, 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Olney+Enterprise&rft.atitle=All-Negro+Cast+to+Produce+Macbeth&rft.date=1936-08-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanity-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_55-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotten1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Cotten, Joseph</a> (1987). Vanity Will Get You Somewhere. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_House_(publishers)" title="Mercury House (publishers)">Mercury House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916515-17-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916515-17-1"><bdi>978-0-916515-17-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanity+Will+Get+You+Somewhere&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Mercury+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-916515-17-1&rft.aulast=Cotten&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarone2017" class="citation news cs1">Barone, Joshua (July 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/09/arts/music/the-cradle-will-rock-returns-with-its-brazen-politics-intact.html">"'The Cradle Will Rock' Returns With Its Brazen Politics Intact"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027182209/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/09/arts/music/the-cradle-will-rock-returns-with-its-brazen-politics-intact.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Cradle+Will+Rock%27+Returns+With+Its+Brazen+Politics+Intact&rft.date=2017-07-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F09%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fthe-cradle-will-rock-returns-with-its-brazen-politics-intact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd_2014-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_2014_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_2014_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattanzio2014" class="citation news cs1">Lattanzio, Ryan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eatdrinkfilms.com/2014/07/17/orson-welles-world-and-were-just-living-in-it-a-conversation-with-norman-lloyd/">"Orson Welles' World, and We're Just Living in It: A Conversation with Norman Lloyd"</a>. EatDrinkFilms.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919113159/http://eatdrinkfilms.com/2014/07/17/orson-welles-world-and-were-just-living-in-it-a-conversation-with-norman-lloyd/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EatDrinkFilms.com&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles%27+World%2C+and+We%27re+Just+Living+in+It%3A+A+Conversation+with+Norman+Lloyd&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lattanzio&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Featdrinkfilms.com%2F2014%2F07%2F17%2Forson-welles-world-and-were-just-living-in-it-a-conversation-with-norman-lloyd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OW_on_Shakespeare-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OW_on_Shakespeare_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OW_on_Shakespeare_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_France_(writer)" title="Richard France (writer)">France, Richard</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orsonwellesonsha0000well">Orson Welles on Shakespeare: The W.P.A. and Mercury Theatre Playscripts</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93726-9"><bdi>978-0-415-93726-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+on+Shakespeare%3A+The+W.P.A.+and+Mercury+Theatre+Playscripts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93726-9&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forsonwellesonsha0000well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirsat2019" class="citation web cs1">Shirsat, Dipali (November 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womeninlighting.com/extras/entry/r.a.w-jean-rosenthal">"R.A.W: Jean Rosenthal"</a>. Women in Lighting. Retrieved August 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+in+Lighting&rft.atitle=R.A.W%3A+Jean+Rosenthal&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Shirsat&rft.aufirst=Dipali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomeninlighting.com%2Fextras%2Fentry%2Fr.a.w-jean-rosenthal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19380509,00.html">"Orson Welles, May 9, 1938"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150831010028/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19380509,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles%2C+May+9%2C+1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C19380509%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum_of_Broadcasting-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Broadcasting_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Broadcasting_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Broadcasting_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Broadcasting_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Broadcasting_61-4">e</a> Orson Welles on the Air: The Radio Years. New York: <a href="/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media" title="Paley Center for Media">The Museum of Broadcasting</a>, catalogue for exhibition October 28 – December 3, 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-Callow_Hello-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Callow_Hello_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callow_Hello_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Callow" title="Simon Callow">Callow, Simon</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orsonwellesvolum00simo">Orson Welles: Hello Americans</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87256-5"><bdi>978-0-670-87256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles%3A+Hello+Americans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-87256-5&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forsonwellesvolum00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldin_Shadow-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldin_Shadow_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=The+Shadow">"The Shadow"</a>. RadioGOLDINdex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113001643/http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=The+Shadow">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shadow&rft.pub=RadioGOLDINdex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiogoldindex.com%2Fcgi-local%2Fp2.cgi%3FProgramName%3DThe%2BShadow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettingitwrongte0000camp">Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26209-6"><bdi>978-0-520-26209-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+It+Wrong%3A+Ten+of+the+Greatest+Misreported+Stories+in+American+Journalism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26209-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=W.+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettingitwrongte0000camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/tag/war-of-the-worlds/">"The spoof in Georgia: Evocative of the 'War of the Worlds?"</a>. wordpress.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123043751/http://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/tag/war-of-the-worlds/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+spoof+in+Georgia%3A+Evocative+of+the+%27War+of+the+Worlds%3F&rft.pub=wordpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediamythalert.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fwar-of-the-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2013/10/orson_welles_war_of_the_worlds_panic_myth_the_infamous_radio_broadcast_did.single.html">"The Myth of The War of the Worlds Panic"</a>. Slate. October 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030212245/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2013/10/orson_welles_war_of_the_worlds_panic_myth_the_infamous_radio_broadcast_did.single.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+The+War+of+the+Worlds+Panic&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fhistory%2F2013%2F10%2Forson_welles_war_of_the_worlds_panic_myth_the_infamous_radio_broadcast_did.single.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/war-of-the-worlds-radio-broadcast-1779286">"War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast Causes Panic"</a>. www.thoughtco.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529235731/https://www.thoughtco.com/war-of-the-worlds-radio-broadcast-1779286">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+of+the+Worlds+Radio+Broadcast+Causes+Panic&rft.pub=www.thoughtco.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwar-of-the-worlds-radio-broadcast-1779286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hand-68"><a href="#cite_ref-hand_68-0">^</a> "evidence of the decadence and corrupt condition of democracy" – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand2006" class="citation book cs1">Hand, Richard J. (2006). Terror on the Air!: Horror Radio in America, 1931–1952. Jefferson, North Carolina: Macfarlane & Company. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2367-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2367-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-2367-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+on+the+Air%21%3A+Horror+Radio+in+America%2C+1931%E2%80%931952&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Macfarlane+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2367-5&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnoutloud.com/Catalog/Literature/-/The-Mercury-Theatre-on-the-Air/16905">"Learn Out Loud"</a>. Learn Out Loud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211083357/http://www.learnoutloud.com/Catalog/Literature/-/The-Mercury-Theatre-on-the-Air/16905">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+Out+Loud&rft.pub=Learn+Out+Loud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnoutloud.com%2FCatalog%2FLiterature%2F-%2FThe-Mercury-Theatre-on-the-Air%2F16905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carringer_1985-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_1985_70-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarringer1985" class="citation book cs1">Carringer, Robert L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofcitizenk00carr">The Making of Citizen Kane</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20567-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20567-3"><bdi>978-0-520-20567-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Citizen+Kane&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20567-3&rft.aulast=Carringer&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofcitizenk00carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2001-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2001_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2001_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2001_71-2">c</a> McMahon, Thomas, "Orson Welles", Authors & Artists for Young Adults: Vol. 40. Michigan: Gale Research, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4673-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4673-3">0-7876-4673-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meryman-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Meryman_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeryman1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Meryman" title="Richard Meryman">Meryman, Richard</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mankwitworldlife00mery">Mank: The Wit, World and Life of Herman Mankiewicz</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03356-9"><bdi>978-0-688-03356-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mank%3A+The+Wit%2C+World+and+Life+of+Herman+Mankiewicz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-688-03356-9&rft.aulast=Meryman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmankwitworldlife00mery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1998" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich, Peter (1998). <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (Revised ed.). p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bogdanovich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1998" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich, Peter (1998). <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (Revised ed.). p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bogdanovich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarris-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarris_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarris1956" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Sarris, Andrew</a> (1956). "Citizen Kane: The American Baroque". <a href="/wiki/Film_Culture" title="Film Culture">Film Culture</a>, number 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Citizen+Kane%3A+The+American+Baroque&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Sarris&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301135739/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time">"The 50 Greatest Films of All Time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time">the original</a> on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+50+Greatest+Films+of+All+Time&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Fnews%2F50-greatest-films-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Thomson2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Thomson_(film_critic)" title="David Thomson (film critic)">David Thomson</a> (May 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/greatest-films-all-time/what-makes-citizen-kane-great">"Is Citizen Kane still the greatest film of all time?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sight_and_Sound" title="Sight and Sound">Sight and Sound</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sight+and+Sound&rft.atitle=Is+Citizen+Kane+still+the+greatest+film+of+all+time%3F&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft.au=David+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Fsight-and-sound%2Ffeatures%2Fgreatest-films-all-time%2Fwhat-makes-citizen-kane-great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carringer_Ambersons-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_Ambersons_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_Ambersons_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_Ambersons_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carringer_Ambersons_78-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarringer1993" class="citation book cs1">Carringer, Robert L. (1993). The Magnificent Ambersons: A Reconstruction. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07857-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07857-8"><bdi>0-520-07857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magnificent+Ambersons%3A+A+Reconstruction&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-520-07857-8&rft.aulast=Carringer&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collider.com/orson-welles-the-magnificent-ambersons/">"Orson Welles Running into Trouble on Citizen Kane Follow-Up, The Magnificent Ambersons"</a>. Collider. March 31, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109103952/https://collider.com/orson-welles-the-magnificent-ambersons/">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collider&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+Running+into+Trouble+on+Citizen+Kane+Follow-Up%2C+The+Magnificent+Ambersons&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollider.com%2Forson-welles-the-magnificent-ambersons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFI_Ambersons-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_Ambersons_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_Ambersons_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_Ambersons_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_Ambersons_80-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/27328">"The Magnificent Ambersons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFI+Catalog+of+Feature+Films&rft.atitle=The+Magnificent+Ambersons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.afi.com%2FCatalog%2Fmoviedetails%2F27328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_81-3">d</a> Wilson, Richard, "It's Not Quite All True". <a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a>, Volume 39 Number 4, Autumn 1970. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Husted, Christopher, liner notes for The Magnificent Ambersons: Original 1942 Motion Picture Score, Preamble (PRCD 1783), Fifth Continent Music Corp. 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/collection/100-best-movies/6295231/the-magnificent-ambersons-1942/">"The 100 Best Movies of the Past 10 Decades: The Magnificent Ambersons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. July 26, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+100+Best+Movies+of+the+Past+10+Decades%3A+The+Magnificent+Ambersons&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fcollection%2F100-best-movies%2F6295231%2Fthe-magnificent-ambersons-1942%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=27290">"Journey into Fear"</a>. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102172421/http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=27290">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journey+into+Fear&rft.pub=The+American+Film+Institute+Catalog+of+Motion+Pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Fmembers%2Fcatalog%2FDetailView.aspx%3Fs%3D%26Movie%3D27290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benamou-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benamou_85-11">l</a> Benamou, Catherine L., It's All True: Orson Welles's Pan-American Odyssey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24247-0">978-0-520-24247-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-McBride-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_86-10">k</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McBride_(writer)" title="Joseph McBride (writer)">McBride, Joseph</a>, What Ever Happened to Orson Welles? A Portrait of an Independent Career. Lexington, Kentucky: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2410-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2410-7">0-8131-2410-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_American_Cinema-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-South_American_Cinema_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_American_Cinema_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_American_Cinema_87-2">c</a> Benamou, Catherine, "It's All True". Barnard, Tim, and Peter Rist (eds.), South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography, 1915–1994. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1996; Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70871-6">978-0-292-70871-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teachout_Duke-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Teachout_Duke_88-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Teachout" title="Terry Teachout">Teachout, Terry</a>, Duke: A Life of Duke Ellington. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Gotham Books</a>, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-749-1">978-1-59240-749-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Barnett, Vincent L. "Cutting Koerners: Floyd Odlum, the Atlas Corporation and the Dismissal of Orson Welles from RKO". Film History: An International Journal, Volume 22, Number 2, 2010, pp. 182–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-Estrin-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estrin_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrin_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrin_90-2">c</a> Estrin, Mark W., and Orson Welles. Orson Welles: Interviews. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-209-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57806-209-8">1-57806-209-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1942" class="citation news cs1">Brady, Thomas F. (November 15, 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1942/11/15/archives/off-the-hollywood-wire-orson-welles-attempts-to-appease-his-rko.html">"Off the Hollywood Wire; Orson Welles Attempts to Appease His RKO Bosses"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Off+the+Hollywood+Wire%3B+Orson+Welles+Attempts+to+Appease+His+RKO+Bosses&rft.date=1942-11-15&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1942%2F11%2F15%2Farchives%2Foff-the-hollywood-wire-orson-welles-attempts-to-appease-his-rko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a>, August 29, 1942 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Norris, Chan, "Orson Welles on Latin America". <a href="/wiki/PM_(newspaper)" title="PM (newspaper)">PM</a>, September 13, 1942, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=10%2C000%2C000.00&year1=1942&year2=2014">"Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120657/http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=10%2C000%2C000.00&year1=1942&year2=2014">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics+CPI+Inflation+Calculator&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcpicalc.pl%3Fcost1%3D10%252C000%252C000.00%26year1%3D1942%26year2%3D2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> "Bond Show Nets 10-Million Order". Detroit Free Press (<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>), August 31, 1942 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Tribune" title="Des Moines Tribune">Des Moines Tribune</a>, August 29, 1942 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, August 29, 1942 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "7 Hour Radio Show to Push War Bonds". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, August 29, 1942 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgwEAAAAMBAJ&q=William+Bacher+War+Bonds&pg=PT5">"100 Million in Bonds Already Sold by Radio for Gov't; Blue Net Alone Sold 16 Million"</a>. Billboard. September 12, 1942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=100+Million+in+Bonds+Already+Sold+by+Radio+for+Gov%27t%3B+Blue+Net+Alone+Sold+16+Million&rft.date=1942-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCgwEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DWilliam%2BBacher%2BWar%2BBonds%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> "More on War Bond Selling". Broadcasting, August 31, 1942, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnouw-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnouw_101-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Erik_Barnouw" title="Erik Barnouw">Barnouw, Erik</a> (ed.), Radio Drama in Action: 25 Plays of a Changing World. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar_%26_Rinehart" title="Farrar & Rinehart">Farrar & Rinehart</a>, 1945. Written by Orson Welles in collaboration with Robert Meltzer and <a href="/wiki/Norris_Houghton" title="Norris Houghton">Norris Houghton</a>, the radio play Columbus Day appears on pp. 4–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Hickerson, Jay, The Ultimate History of Network Radio Programming and Guide to All Circulating Shows. Hamden, Connecticut, second edition December 1992, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-Magic-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Magic_103-0">^</a> Charvet, David, "Orson Welles and The Mercury Wonder Show". <a href="/wiki/Magic_(American_magazine)" title="Magic (American magazine)">Magic, An Independent Magazine for Magicians</a>, Volume 2 Number 12, August 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-Genii-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genii_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genii_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheldon2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Wheldon, Wynn Pierce (February 15, 2000). "Orson Welles the Magician". <a href="/wiki/Genii_(magazine)" title="Genii (magazine)">Genii, The Conjurors' Magazine</a>. Vol. 63, no. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genii%2C+The+Conjurors%27+Magazine&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+the+Magician&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000-02-15&rft.aulast=Wheldon&rft.aufirst=Wynn+Pierce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billboard-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Billboard_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Billboard_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1943" class="citation magazine cs1">Abbott, Sam (August 14, 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Mercury+Wonder+Show+tent&pg=PT3">"Welles Dishes Magic, Sawdust at Mercury Bow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Welles+Dishes+Magic%2C+Sawdust+at+Mercury+Bow&rft.date=1943-08-14&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgwEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DMercury%2BWonder%2BShow%2Btent%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaming_Hayworth-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_Hayworth_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_Hayworth_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaming_Hayworth_106-2">c</a> Leaming, Barbara, If This Was Happiness: A Biography of Rita Hayworth. New York: Viking, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81978-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81978-6">0-670-81978-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://framework.latimes.com/2011/09/28/orson-welles-rejected-by-army/">"Orson Welles Rejected by Army (May 6, 1943)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, September 28, 2011. September 28, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170629/http://framework.latimes.com/2011/09/28/orson-welles-rejected-by-army/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+Rejected+by+Army+%28May+6%2C+1943%29&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Times%2C+September+28%2C+2011&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fframework.latimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F28%2Forson-welles-rejected-by-army%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=6392">"70 years ago: Orson Welles's patriotism, military service made headlines"</a>. Wellesnet, May 3, 2013. May 3, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205164505/https://www.wellesnet.com/70-years-ago-orson-welles%e2%80%99-patriotism-military-service-made-headlines/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=70+years+ago%3A+Orson+Welles%27s+patriotism%2C+military+service+made+headlines&rft.pub=Wellesnet%2C+May+3%2C+2013&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2F%3Fp%3D6392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=The%20Jack%20Benny%20Program%20For%20Grape-Nuts%20and%20Grape-Nuts%20Flakes">"The Jack Benny Program for Grape-Nuts and Grape-Nuts Flakes"</a>. RadioGOLDINdex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025194304/http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=The%20Jack%20Benny%20Program%20For%20Grape-Nuts%20and%20Grape-Nuts%20Flakes">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jack+Benny+Program+for+Grape-Nuts+and+Grape-Nuts+Flakes&rft.pub=RadioGOLDINdex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiogoldindex.com%2Fcgi-local%2Fp2.cgi%3FProgramName%3DThe%2520Jack%2520Benny%2520Program%2520For%2520Grape-Nuts%2520and%2520Grape-Nuts%2520Flakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almanac_Part_1-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Almanac_Part_1_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1944OrsonWellesRadioAlmanacpart1">"Orson Welles Almanac – Part 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+Almanac+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1944OrsonWellesRadioAlmanacpart1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almanac_Part_2-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Almanac_Part_2_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1944OrsonWellesRadioAlmanacpart2">"Orson Welles Almanac – Part 2"</a>. Internet Archive. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+Almanac+%E2%80%93+Part+2&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1944OrsonWellesRadioAlmanacpart2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bigard-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Bigard_112-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Barney_Bigard" title="Barney Bigard">Bigard, Barney</a>, and Martyn, Barry (ed.), With Louis and the Duke: The Autobiography of a Jazz Clarinetist. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-520637-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-520637-1">0-19-520637-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakland_Trib-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Oakland_Trib_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Orson Welles in War Loan Drive". Oakland Tribune. Associated Press. May 17, 1944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+in+War+Loan+Drive&rft.date=1944-05-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/061244.html">"Opening Fifth War Loan Drive, June 12, 1944"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202140258/http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/061244.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opening+Fifth+War+Loan+Drive%2C+June+12%2C+1944&rft.pub=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu%2F061244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duke-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Duke_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911083904/http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess/guide/wwii/bonds-loans/">"Brief History of World War Two Advertising Campaigns War Loans and Bonds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Libraries" title="Duke University Libraries">Duke University Libraries</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess/guide/wwii/bonds-loans">the original</a> on September 11, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+World+War+Two+Advertising+Campaigns+War+Loans+and+Bonds&rft.pub=Duke+University+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Fdigitalcollections%2Fadaccess%2Fguide%2Fwwii%2Fbonds-loans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prorhetoric.com/fdr-orson-welles-and-the-fala-speech/">"FDR, Orson Welles, and "the Fala speech""</a>. Pro Rhetoric. September 25, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=FDR%2C+Orson+Welles%2C+and+%22the+Fala+speech%22&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprorhetoric.com%2Ffdr-orson-welles-and-the-fala-speech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/1944/11/05/fenway-park-spectacle-color-leaders-rally-for-fdr/7kMRex8WrLh5pBBcXglf2H/story.html">"Fenway Park is spectacle of color as leaders rally for FDR"</a>. Ainley, Leslie G., <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>, November 5, 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629161922/http://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/1944/11/05/fenway-park-spectacle-color-leaders-rally-for-fdr/7kMRex8WrLh5pBBcXglf2H/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fenway+Park+is+spectacle+of+color+as+leaders+rally+for+FDR&rft.pub=Ainley%2C+Leslie+G.%2C+Boston+Globe%2C+November+5%2C+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fsports%2F1944%2F11%2F05%2Ffenway-park-spectacle-color-leaders-rally-for-fdr%2F7kMRex8WrLh5pBBcXglf2H%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunning-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_118-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dunning_(radio_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dunning (radio historian)">Dunning, John</a>, On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507678-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507678-3">978-0-19-507678-3</a> hardcover; revised edition of Tune In Yesterday (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldin_Best-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldin_Best_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldin_Best_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=This%20Is%20My%20Best">"This Is My Best"</a>. RadioGOLDINdex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403213725/http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=This%20Is%20My%20Best">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Is+My+Best&rft.pub=RadioGOLDINdex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiogoldindex.com%2Fcgi-local%2Fp2.cgi%3FProgramName%3DThis%2520Is%2520My%2520Best&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIMB_Internet_Archive-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIMB_Internet_Archive_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIMB_Internet_Archive_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThisIsMyBest">"This Is My Best"</a>. Internet Archive. Retrieved September 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Is+My+Best&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThisIsMyBest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> "Presidential Coverage Wins High Praise". <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting</a> April 23, 1945, page 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> "Radio Handles Tragic News with Dignity". Broadcasting, April 16, 1945, page 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> "Local Interest Coverage Aim of Independents at Conference". <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting</a>, April 2, 1945, page 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue-ABC_Ad-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Blue-ABC_Ad_124-0">^</a> Display advertisement, "What America's Youngest News Network Is Doing About the Greatest News Story of Our Time". American Broadcasting Company, Inc., The Blue Network. Broadcasting, April 30, 1945, pp. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=24989">"The Stranger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105022/http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=24989">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFI+Catalog+of+Feature+Films&rft.atitle=The+Stranger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Fmembers%2Fcatalog%2FDetailView.aspx%3Fs%3D%26Movie%3D24989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bret_Wood_Commentary-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_Commentary_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_Commentary_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bret_Wood_Commentary_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2013" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Wood, Bret (2013). Audio commentary, The Stranger (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>). New York: <a href="/wiki/Kino_International_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kino International (company)">Kino Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862466296">862466296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audio+commentary%2C+The+Stranger&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kino+Classics&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862466296&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Bret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonCrowder-Taraborrelli2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kristi M.; Crowder-Taraborrelli, Tomás F., eds. (January 4, 2012). Film and Genocide. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28564-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28564-7"><bdi>978-0-299-28564-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+and+Genocide&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.isbn=978-0-299-28564-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Jennifer L. (2012). "Documenting the Holocaust in Orson Welles's The Stranger". In Wilson, Kristi M.; Crowder-Taraborrelli, Tomás F. (eds.). Film and Genocide. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 55–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28564-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28564-7"><bdi>978-0-299-28564-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Documenting+the+Holocaust+in+Orson+Welles%27s+The+Stranger&rft.btitle=Film+and+Genocide&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=55-58&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-299-28564-7&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosebud-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosebud_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, David (1996). Rosebud: The Story of Orson Welles. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41834-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41834-4"><bdi>978-0-679-41834-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosebud%3A+The+Story+of+Orson+Welles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41834-4&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/around-the-world-musical-opened-on-broadway-70-years-ago/">"Around the World Musical Opened on Broadway 70 years ago"</a>. Wellesnet. May 27, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004141900/http://www.wellesnet.com/around-the-world-musical-opened-on-broadway-70-years-ago/">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellesnet&rft.atitle=Around+the+World+Musical+Opened+on+Broadway+70+years+ago&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Faround-the-world-musical-opened-on-broadway-70-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1998" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich, Peter (1998). <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. 395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.pages=395&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bogdanovich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeal2016" class="citation news cs1">Teal, Mike (July 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/orson-welles-sought-justice-for-isaac-woodard-70-years-ago/">"Orson Welles Sought Justice for Issaac Woodard 70 years ago"</a>. Wellesnet | Orson Welles Web Resource. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043226/http://www.wellesnet.com/orson-welles-sought-justice-for-isaac-woodard-70-years-ago/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wellesnet+%26%23124%3B+Orson+Welles+Web+Resource&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+Sought+Justice+for+Issaac+Woodard+70+years+ago&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft.aulast=Teal&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Forson-welles-sought-justice-for-isaac-woodard-70-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehr1985" class="citation web cs1">Kehr, Dave (November 22, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-lady-from-shanghai/Film?oid=2552830">"The Lady From Shanghai"</a>. Chicago Reader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151825/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-lady-from-shanghai/Film?oid=2552830">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=The+Lady+From+Shanghai&rft.date=1985-11-22&rft.aulast=Kehr&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fthe-lady-from-shanghai%2FFilm%3Foid%3D2552830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=729">"Orson Welles doth foully slaughter Shakespeare in a dialect version of his "Tragedy of Macbeth"—or so sayeth Life magazine"</a>. Wellesnet. June 19, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107192608/http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=729">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellesnet&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+doth+foully+slaughter+Shakespeare+in+a+dialect+version+of+his+%22Tragedy+of+Macbeth%22%E2%80%94or+so+sayeth+Life+magazine&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2F%3Fp%3D729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Tony (February 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2006/cteq/macbeth-2/">"Macbeth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Senses_of_Cinema" title="Senses of Cinema">Senses of Cinema</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114135546/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2006/cteq/macbeth-2/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senses+of+Cinema&rft.atitle=Macbeth&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sensesofcinema.com%2F2006%2Fcteq%2Fmacbeth-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1996" class="citation news cs1">Ebert, Roger (December 8, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-third-man-1949">"The Third Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Sun Times">Chicago Sun Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun+Times&rft.atitle=The+Third+Man&rft.date=1996-12-08&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fgreat-movie-the-third-man-1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Carol Reed biography </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lane" title="Anthony Lane">Lane, Anthony</a> (2002). Nobody's Perfect. pp. 585–586.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobody%27s+Perfect&rft.pages=585-586&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1998" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich, Peter (1998). <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (Revised ed.). p. 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.pages=411&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bogdanovich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/40866/king-lear/">DVD Talk review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081939/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/40866/king-lear/">Archived</a> August 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> February 9, 2010 (Retrieved December 29, 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThevoz2012" class="citation web cs1">Thevoz, Seth (August 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theibtaurisblog.com/2012/08/30/orson-welles-and-pan-europeanism-1947-1970/">"Orson Welles and pan-Europeanism 1957–1970"</a>. ibtaurisblog. I.B. Tauris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000937/https://theibtaurisblog.com/2012/08/30/orson-welles-and-pan-europeanism-1947-1970/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibtaurisblog&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+and+pan-Europeanism+1957%E2%80%931970&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.aulast=Thevoz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheibtaurisblog.com%2F2012%2F08%2F30%2Forson-welles-and-pan-europeanism-1947-1970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctva.biz/US/Comedy/Lucy1_ILoveLucy_06_%281956-57%29.htm">"I Love Lucy (1956–57), 'Lucy Meets Orson Welles'"</a>. The Classic TV Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111153/http://ctva.biz/US/Comedy/Lucy1_ILoveLucy_06_(1956-57).htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Love+Lucy+%281956%E2%80%9357%29%2C+%27Lucy+Meets+Orson+Welles%27&rft.pub=The+Classic+TV+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctva.biz%2FUS%2FComedy%2FLucy1_ILoveLucy_06_%25281956-57%2529.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Tomorrow">"Tomorrow"</a>. RadioGOLDINdex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191604/http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Tomorrow">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomorrow&rft.pub=RadioGOLDINdex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiogoldindex.com%2Fcgi-local%2Fp2.cgi%3FProgramName%3DTomorrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otr_civildefensewithorsonwelles">"Tomorrow"</a>. Internet Archive. October 17, 1956. Retrieved September 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomorrow&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.date=1956-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fotr_civildefensewithorsonwelles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heston-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heston_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heston_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heston_145-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Heston, Charlton</a>, In the Arena: An Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80394-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80394-4">978-0-684-80394-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelles" class="citation web cs1">Welles, Orson. Rosenbaum, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119162743/https://www.sabzian.be/article/memo-to-universal-touch-of-evil">"Memo to Universal: Touch of Evil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabzian.be/article/memo-to-universal-touch-of-evil">the original</a> on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memo+to+Universal%3A+Touch+of+Evil&rft.aulast=Welles&rft.aufirst=Orson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabzian.be%2Farticle%2Fmemo-to-universal-touch-of-evil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich. <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (Revised ed.). p. 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.pages=424&rft.edition=Revised&rft.au=Bogdanovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurchAxmaker1998" class="citation web cs1">Murch, Walter; Axmaker, Sean (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parallax-view.org/2008/10/07/walter-murch-on-touch-of-evil/">"'A tremendous piece of filmmaking' - Walter Murch on 'Touch of Evil'"</a>. Parallax View.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parallax+View&rft.atitle=%27A+tremendous+piece+of+filmmaking%27+-+Walter+Murch+on+%27Touch+of+Evil%27&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Murch&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Axmaker%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparallax-view.org%2F2008%2F10%2F07%2Fwalter-murch-on-touch-of-evil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOndaatje2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Ondaatje, Michael</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Conversations" title="The Conversations">The Conversations</a>. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversations&rft.pages=190&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ondaatje&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/trial%20bbc%20interview.htm">"Welles BBC interview"</a>. Wellesnet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117061211/http://www.wellesnet.com/trial%20bbc%20interview.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welles+BBC+interview&rft.pub=Wellesnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Ftrial%2520bbc%2520interview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Lane, Anthony (November 25, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/11/25/tights-camera-action">"Tights! Camera! Action!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Tights%21+Camera%21+Action%21&rft.date=1996-11-25&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1996%2F11%2F25%2Ftights-camera-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew1973" class="citation web cs1">Drew, Robert (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drewassociates.com/films/whos-out-there/">"Who's Out There?"</a>. Drew Associates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903022852/http://www.drewassociates.com/films/whos-out-there/">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Out+There%3F&rft.pub=Drew+Associates&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drewassociates.com%2Ffilms%2Fwhos-out-there%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/whos-out-there-orson-welles-narrates-a-nasa-show-on-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/">"Who's Out There – Orson Welles narrates a NASA show on intelligent life in the Universe"</a>. Wellesnet. February 10, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928013422/http://www.wellesnet.com/whos-out-there-orson-welles-narrates-a-nasa-show-on-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Out+There+%E2%80%93+Orson+Welles+narrates+a+NASA+show+on+intelligent+life+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=Wellesnet&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Fwhos-out-there-orson-welles-narrates-a-nasa-show-on-intelligent-life-in-the-universe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/sclead/umich-scl-welleskodar?byte=6167578;focusrgn=C01;subview=standard;view=reslist">"Orson Welles – Oja Kodar Papers 1910–1998 (Box 17)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> Special Collections Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108154420/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/sclead/umich-scl-welleskodar?byte=6167578;focusrgn=C01;subview=standard;view=reslist">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+%E2%80%93+Oja+Kodar+Papers+1910%E2%80%931998+%28Box+17%29&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Special+Collections+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fs%2Fsclead%2Fumich-scl-welleskodar%3Fbyte%3D6167578%3Bfocusrgn%3DC01%3Bsubview%3Dstandard%3Bview%3Dreslist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleiner-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleiner_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleiner_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Kleiner" title="Dick Kleiner">Kleiner, Dick</a> (December 30, 1976). "No title". <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Tribune" title="Oakland Tribune">Oakland Tribune</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=No+title&rft.date=1976-12-30&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochte-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochte_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochte_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochte1977" class="citation news cs1">Lochte, Dick (January 30, 1977). "TV finally tunes in Nero Wolfe". <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=TV+finally+tunes+in+Nero+Wolfe&rft.date=1977-01-30&rft.aulast=Lochte&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1977" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Smith_(journalist)" title="Liz Smith (journalist)">Smith, Liz</a> (March 14, 1977). "People". <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. <q>Paramount bought the entire set of Nero Wolfe stories for Orson Welles, who is enjoying a renaissance of popularity in Hollywood and the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=People&rft.date=1977-03-14&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Liz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gilroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Gilroy">Gilroy, Frank D.</a>, I Wake Up Screening. Carbondale: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois University Press</a>, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1856-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1856-3">0-8093-1856-3</a>. p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Boyer, Peter J., "NBC Fall Schedule," <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, March 24, 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Beck_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1980" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Beck" title="Marilyn Beck">Beck, Marilyn</a> (November 24, 1980). "Marilyn Beck's Hollywood". <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel" title="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel">Milwaukee Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Media_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune Media Services">Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Marilyn+Beck%27s+Hollywood&rft.date=1980-11-24&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffe-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffe_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jaffe" title="Michael Jaffe">Jaffe, Michael</a> (December 2001). "A Labor of Love: The Nero Wolfe Television Series". In Kaye, Marvin (ed.). The Nero Wolfe Files. Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Wildside_Press" title="Wildside Press">Wildside Press</a> (published 2005). pp. 86–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8095-4494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8095-4494-3"><bdi>978-0-8095-4494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Labor+of+Love%3A+The+Nero+Wolfe+Television+Series&rft.btitle=The+Nero+Wolfe+Files&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pages=86-91&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2001-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8095-4494-3&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"People in the News". Associated Press. October 26, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=People+in+the+News&rft.date=1982-10-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronson1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Bronson, Gail (July 4, 1983). "In Advertising, Big Names Mean Big Money". <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=In+Advertising%2C+Big+Names+Mean+Big+Money&rft.date=1983-07-04&rft.aulast=Bronson&rft.aufirst=Gail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Outtakes1-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Outtakes1_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFevH5vP32s">"Original Takes for Orson Welles Wine Commercial"</a>. YouTube. grimscribe126. 1980. Retrieved February 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Original+Takes+for+Orson+Welles+Wine+Commercial&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVFevH5vP32s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> The "probably" tag is still in use today. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmans1981" class="citation news cs1">Salmans, Sandra (May 3, 1981). "Many Stars Are Playing Pitchmen – with No Regrets". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Many+Stars+Are+Playing+Pitchmen+%E2%80%93+with+No+Regrets&rft.date=1981-05-03&rft.aulast=Salmans&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> "A Dream Called Public Television", 1982-01-09, Oregon Public Broadcasting, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed March 8, 2024, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-03qv9v9k">http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-03qv9v9k</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biskind-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Biskind_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskind2013" class="citation web cs1">Biskind, Peter (June 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2013/06/orson-welles-lunch-with-henry-jaglom.html">"Three Courses of Orson Welles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630110658/http://www.vulture.com/2013/06/orson-welles-lunch-with-henry-jaglom.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Three+Courses+of+Orson+Welles&rft.date=2013-06-16&rft.aulast=Biskind&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2013%2F06%2Forson-welles-lunch-with-henry-jaglom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnum,_P.I." title="Magnum, P.I.">Magnum, P.I.</a>, episode "Paper War", 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/Orson-Welles-I-Know-What-It-Is-To-Be-Young-But-You-Dont-Know-What-It-Is-To-Be-Old/release/1428788">"Orson Welles – I Know What It Is To Be Young (But You Don't Know What It Is To Be Old) (CD) at Discogs"</a>. Discogs.com. June 25, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427091042/http://www.discogs.com/Orson-Welles-I-Know-What-It-Is-To-Be-Young-But-You-Dont-Know-What-It-Is-To-Be-Old/release/1428788">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles+%E2%80%93+I+Know+What+It+Is+To+Be+Young+%28But+You+Don%27t+Know+What+It+Is+To+Be+Old%29+%28CD%29+at+Discogs&rft.pub=Discogs.com&rft.date=1996-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2FOrson-Welles-I-Know-What-It-Is-To-Be-Young-But-You-Dont-Know-What-It-Is-To-Be-Old%2Frelease%2F1428788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGilligan2015" class="citation book cs1">McGilligan, Patrick (2015). Young Orson. New York: Harper. p. following page 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-211248-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-211248-4"><bdi>978-0-06-211248-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Orson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=following+page+310&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-211248-4&rft.aulast=McGilligan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=942">"A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles: A talk with Chris Welles Feder on her new book, In My Father's Shadow – Part One"</a>. Lawrence French, Wellesnet, November 8, 2009. November 8, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522100012/http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=942">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Daughter+Remembers+Orson+Welles%3A+A+talk+with+Chris+Welles+Feder+on+her+new+book%2C+In+My+Father%27s+Shadow+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pub=Lawrence+French%2C+Wellesnet%2C+November+8%2C+2009&rft.date=2009-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2F%3Fp%3D942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19400201&id=2-BPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6555,8524">"Orson Welles is Divorced by Wife"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evening_Independent" title="Evening Independent">Evening Independent</a>. Associated Press. February 1, 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205164510/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19400201&id=2-BPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6555%2C8524">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+is+Divorced+by+Wife&rft.date=1940-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D950%26dat%3D19400201%26id%3D2-BPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6555%2C8524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamón1997" class="citation book cs1">Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río. México: Clío. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-6932-35-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-6932-35-5"><bdi>978-968-6932-35-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dolores+del+R%C3%ADo&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cl%C3%ADo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-968-6932-35-5&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZEWy--VsBQ&list=UUaxAJybXd-1ahQ9OV1J2WaA">"Orson Welles' Last Interview (excerpt)"</a>. The Merv Griffin Show. October 10, 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517174345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZEWy--VsBQ&list=UUaxAJybXd-1ahQ9OV1J2WaA">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Merv+Griffin+Show&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles%27+Last+Interview+%28excerpt%29&rft.date=1985-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYZEWy--VsBQ%26list%3DUUaxAJybXd-1ahQ9OV1J2WaA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/tribnet/obituary.aspx?pid=2737245">"Rebecca Manning Obituary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_Tribune" title="The News Tribune">The News Tribune</a>. Tacoma, Washington. October 21–22, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926124819/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/tribnet/obituary.aspx?pid=2737245">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Tribune&rft.atitle=Rebecca+Manning+Obituary&rft.date=2004-10-21%2F2004-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fobituaries%2Ftribnet%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fpid%3D2737245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex_Witchell-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_Witchell_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_Witchell_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitchel2011" class="citation news cs1">Witchel, Alex (September 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/books/review/luck-and-circumstance-by-michael-lindsay-hogg-book-review.html">"Are You My Father, Orson Welles?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701035015/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/books/review/luck-and-circumstance-by-michael-lindsay-hogg-book-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Are+You+My+Father%2C+Orson+Welles%3F&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.aulast=Witchel&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F02%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fluck-and-circumstance-by-michael-lindsay-hogg-book-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2011" class="citation news cs1">Hodgson, Moira (September 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903791504576587093413119166">"A Director Casts About for Clues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710035339/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903791504576587093413119166">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Director+Casts+About+for+Clues&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Moira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424053111903791504576587093413119166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luck-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luck_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luck_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay-Hogg2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lindsay-Hogg" title="Michael Lindsay-Hogg">Lindsay-Hogg, Michael</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luckcircumstance00lind">Luck and Circumstance: A Coming of Age in Hollywood, New York and Points Beyond</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59468-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59468-6"><bdi>978-0-307-59468-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luck+and+Circumstance%3A+A+Coming+of+Age+in+Hollywood%2C+New+York+and+Points+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59468-6&rft.aulast=Lindsay-Hogg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluckcircumstance00lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2010" class="citation news cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa (January 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/31/orson-welles-son">"The 'only son' of Orson Welles to take DNA test"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019223334/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/31/orson-welles-son">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+%27only+son%27+of+Orson+Welles+to+take+DNA+test&rft.date=2010-01-30&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2010%2Fjan%2F31%2Forson-welles-son&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SF_Chronicle_March_2010-185"><a href="#cite_ref-SF_Chronicle_March_2010_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigand2010" class="citation news cs1">Weigand, David (March 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Twists-turns-in-Prodigal-Sons-documentary-3197738.php">"Twists, turns in 'Prodigal Sons' documentary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515153853/http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Twists-turns-in-Prodigal-Sons-documentary-3197738.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Twists%2C+turns+in+%27Prodigal+Sons%27+documentary&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.aulast=Weigand&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fmovies%2Farticle%2FTwists-turns-in-Prodigal-Sons-documentary-3197738.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helenair.com/news/local/obituaries/article_b2081642-7e92-11df-81a9-001cc4c03286.html">"Marc McKerrow"</a>. Independent Record. June 23, 2010. Retrieved July 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Record&rft.atitle=Marc+McKerrow&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelenair.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Farticle_b2081642-7e92-11df-81a9-001cc4c03286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marc_McKerrow_Foundation_Home-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Marc_McKerrow_Foundation_Home_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117094526/http://www.marcmckerrowfoundation.org/Home.html">"In beloved memory of Marc McKerrow"</a>. Marc McKerrow Foundation. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcmckerrowfoundation.org/Home.html">the original</a> on November 17, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+beloved+memory+of+Marc+McKerrow&rft.pub=Marc+McKerrow+Foundation&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcmckerrowfoundation.org%2FHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurmi-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Nurmi_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradfield2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Bradfield" title="Scott Bradfield">Bradfield, Scott</a> (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-01-12/vampira-hollywoods-original-goth-emerges-in-new-biography">"Vampira, Hollywood's original Goth, emerges from the shadows in a new biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved January 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Vampira%2C+Hollywood%27s+original+Goth%2C+emerges+from+the+shadows+in+a+new+biography&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Bradfield&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment-arts%2Fbooks%2Fstory%2F2021-01-12%2Fvampira-hollywoods-original-goth-emerges-in-new-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellesnet.com/vampira-orson-welles-son/">"Retired lawyer is the son of Vampira but is Orson Welles the father?"</a>. Wellesnet. January 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellesnet&rft.atitle=Retired+lawyer+is+the+son+of+Vampira+but+is+Orson+Welles+the+father%3F&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Fvampira-orson-welles-son%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1944OrsonWellesRadioAlmanacpart1">"The Orson Welles Almanac – Part 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Orson+Welles+Almanac+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1944OrsonWellesRadioAlmanacpart1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_PUUHLknDI&t=275">"When Orson Welles Crossed Paths With Hitler and Churchill"</a>. YouTube. The Dick Cavett Show. July 27, 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205164500/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_PUUHLknDI&t=275">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=When+Orson+Welles+Crossed+Paths+With+Hitler+and+Churchill&rft.date=1970-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DG_PUUHLknDI%26t%3D275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noble-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Noble_194-0">^</a> Noble, Peter, The Fabulous Orson Welles. London: <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson and Co.</a>, 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-Callow_Xanadu-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Callow_Xanadu_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow1996" class="citation book cs1">Callow, Simon (1996). Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-946251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-946251-4"><bdi>978-0-09-946251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles%3A+The+Road+to+Xanadu&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-09-946251-4&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whaley-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whaley_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whaley_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whaley_196-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whaley_196-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whaley_196-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lybrary.com/barton-whaley-m-191.html">Whaley, Barton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407122754/http://www.lybrary.com/barton-whaley-m-191.html">Archived</a> April 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Orson Welles: The Man Who Was Magic. Lybrary.com, 2005, </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirk_Bates_3-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_Bates_3_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk_Bates1940" class="citation news cs1">Kirk Bates (February 8, 1940). "Kenosha Is Indignant Over Some Orson Welles Stories". The Milwaukee Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Kenosha+Is+Indignant+Over+Some+Orson+Welles+Stories&rft.date=1940-02-08&rft.au=Kirk+Bates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Terrail, Patrick, A Taste of Hollywood: The Story of Ma Maison. New York: Lebhar-Friedman Books, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86730-767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86730-767-2">978-0-86730-767-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callow-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Callow_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callow_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callow_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callow_199-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow2006" class="citation news cs1">Callow, Simon (May 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/may/20/biography.film">"This Greater Drama"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406143244/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/may/20/biography.film">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=This+Greater+Drama&rft.date=2006-05-19&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2006%2Fmay%2F20%2Fbiography.film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskind2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Biskind" title="Peter Biskind">Biskind, Peter</a>, ed. (2013). My Lunches with Orson: Conversations Between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles. New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Metropolitan Books</a>. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-9725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-9725-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-9725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Lunches+with+Orson%3A+Conversations+Between+Henry+Jaglom+and+Orson+Welles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-9725-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Orson Welles, Dick Cavett (July 27, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_PUUHLknDI">When Orson Welles Crossed Paths With Hitler and Churchill</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Orson+Welles+Crossed+Paths+With+Hitler+and+Churchill&rft.date=1970-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DG_PUUHLknDI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwellesnet2020" class="citation web cs1">wellesnet (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellesnet.com/orson-welles-isaac-woodard/">"Orson Welles pursued justice for black veteran Isaac Woodard; beaten, blinded by police in 1946"</a>. Wellesnet | Orson Welles Web Resource. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellesnet+%7C+Orson+Welles+Web+Resource&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+pursued+justice+for+black+veteran+Isaac+Woodard%3B+beaten%2C+blinded+by+police+in+1946&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.au=wellesnet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Forson-welles-isaac-woodard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/4-cwhomefront/1-mccarthyism/Red_Channels/index.html">"Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television (1950)"</a>. AuthenticHistory.com. July 18, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503083656/http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/4-cwhomefront/1-mccarthyism/Red_Channels/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AuthenticHistory.com&rft.atitle=Red+Channels%3A+The+Report+of+Communist+Influence+in+Radio+and+Television+%281950%29&rft.date=2012-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authentichistory.com%2F1946-1960%2F4-cwhomefront%2F1-mccarthyism%2FRed_Channels%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshLaurier2009" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, David; Laurier, Joanne (June 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/06/mcb1-j16.html">"Orson Welles, the blacklist and Hollywood filmmaking – Part 1"</a>. World Socialist Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408205823/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/06/mcb1-j16.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Website&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles%2C+the+blacklist+and+Hollywood+filmmaking+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Laurier%2C+Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2009%2F06%2Fmcb1-j16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jeff (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentsweimag00smit">The Presidents We Imagine: Two Centuries of White House Fictions on the Page, on the Stage, Onscreen, and Online</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentsweimag00smit/page/n335">321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23184-2"><bdi>978-0-299-23184-2</bdi></a> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+We+Imagine%3A+Two+Centuries+of+White+House+Fictions+on+the+Page%2C+on+the+Stage%2C+Onscreen%2C+and+Online.&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-299-23184-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentsweimag00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprey_Gear2016" class="citation book cs1">Asprey Gear, Matthew (2016). At the End of the Street in the Shadow Orson Welles and the City. Columbia University Press. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+End+of+the+Street+in+the+Shadow+Orson+Welles+and+the+City&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Asprey+Gear&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQPff-EdXCg">"Orson Welles at 1982 anti-nuke rally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. December 14, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles+at+1982+anti-nuke+rally&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeQPff-EdXCg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwellesnet2022" class="citation web cs1">wellesnet (September 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellesnet.com/american-director-talks-orson-welles-politics/">"'American' director talks Orson Welles, politics"</a>. Wellesnet | Orson Welles Web Resource. Retrieved November 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellesnet+%7C+Orson+Welles+Web+Resource&rft.atitle=%27American%27+director+talks+Orson+Welles%2C+politics&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.au=wellesnet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Famerican-director-talks-orson-welles-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/spanish-film-association-places-flowers-on-orson-welles-grave/">"Spanish film association places flowers on Orson Welles grave"</a>. Wellesnet. May 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518063803/http://www.wellesnet.com/spanish-film-association-places-flowers-on-orson-welles-grave/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+film+association+places+flowers+on+Orson+Welles+grave&rft.pub=Wellesnet&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Fspanish-film-association-places-flowers-on-orson-welles-grave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, David (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Film" title="The New Biographical Dictionary of Film">The New Biographical Dictionary of Film</a> (5th ed.). p. 1031.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Film&rft.pages=1031&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1998" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich, Peter (1998). <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (Revised ed.). p. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.pages=viii&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bogdanovich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovich1998" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovich, Peter (1998). <a href="/wiki/This_is_Orson_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Orson Welles">This is Orson Welles</a> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Orson+Welles&rft.pages=xiv&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bogdanovich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby1975" class="citation news cs1">Canby, Vincent (March 2, 1975). "The Undiminished Chutzpah of Orson Welles". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Undiminished+Chutzpah+of+Orson+Welles&rft.date=1975-03-02&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubincanek2021" class="citation web cs1">Kubincanek, Emily (May 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmschoolrejects.com/orson-welles-magnificent-ambersons-lost-print/">"The Quest to Find the Lost Print of The Magnificent Ambersons"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quest+to+Find+the+Lost+Print+of+The+Magnificent+Ambersons&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Kubincanek&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmschoolrejects.com%2Forson-welles-magnificent-ambersons-lost-print%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOndaatje2002" class="citation book cs1">Ondaatje, Michael (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Conversations" title="The Conversations">The Conversations</a>. pp. 181–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversations&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ondaatje&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristley2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Christley, Jaime N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/welles/">"Orson Welles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Senses_of_Cinema" title="Senses of Cinema">Senses of Cinema</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914000935/http://sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/welles/">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senses+of+Cinema&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Christley&rft.aufirst=Jaime+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsensesofcinema.com%2F2003%2Fgreat-directors%2Fwelles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownstein1993" class="citation news cs1">Brownstein, Bill (April 19, 1993). "Film buff to star as his hero; Montreal lookalike gets Orson Welles role in N.Z.". Montreal Gazette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Film+buff+to+star+as+his+hero%3B+Montreal+lookalike+gets+Orson+Welles+role+in+N.Z.&rft.date=1993-04-19&rft.aulast=Brownstein&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1994" class="citation web cs1">Ebert, Roger (October 7, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ed-wood-1994">"Ed Wood"</a>. RogerEbert.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510052709/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ed-wood-1994">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RogerEbert.com&rft.atitle=Ed+Wood&rft.date=1994-10-07&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fed-wood-1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2012" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Tasha (June 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/article/ubiquitous-voice-actor-maurice-lamarche-on-ifutura-81523">"Ubiquitous voice actor Maurice LaMarche on Futurama, Pinky and The Brain, and more"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630234558/http://www.avclub.com/article/ubiquitous-voice-actor-maurice-lamarche-on-ifutura-81523">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Ubiquitous+voice+actor+Maurice+LaMarche+on+Futurama%2C+Pinky+and+The+Brain%2C+and+more&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Tasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Farticle%2Fubiquitous-voice-actor-maurice-lamarche-on-ifutura-81523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauter2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Sauter, Michael (November 17, 2000). "The Battle Over Citizen Kane". Entertainment Weekly. Vol. 569 – via Academic Search Complete.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Battle+Over+Citizen+Kane&rft.volume=569&rft.date=2000-11-17&rft.aulast=Sauter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1996">"The 68th Academy Awards | 1996"</a>. Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602003028/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1996">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oscars.org+%7C+Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+68th+Academy+Awards+%7C+1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnnyalucard.com/fiction/by-kim-newman/anno-dracula-series/">"Anno Dracula series"</a>. The Kim Newman Web Site. May 25, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906044641/http://johnnyalucard.com/fiction/by-kim-newman/anno-dracula-series/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kim+Newman+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Anno+Dracula+series&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnnyalucard.com%2Ffiction%2Fby-kim-newman%2Fanno-dracula-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2013" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Kim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnnyalucard.com/fiction/by-kim-newman/anno-dracula-series/">Anno Dracula 1976–1991: Johnny Alucard</a>. London: Titan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85768-536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85768-536-0"><bdi>978-0-85768-536-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906044641/http://johnnyalucard.com/fiction/by-kim-newman/anno-dracula-series/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anno+Dracula+1976%E2%80%931991%3A+Johnny+Alucard&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Titan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85768-536-0&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnnyalucard.com%2Ffiction%2Fby-kim-newman%2Fanno-dracula-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2014" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Ray (February 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/charlton-heston-ingrid-bergman-and-elizabeth-taylor-poised-to-be-honored-on-u-s-postage-stamps-but-not-orson-welles/">"Charlton Heston, Ingrid Bergman and Elizabeth Taylor poised to be honored on U.S. postage stamps, but not Orson Welles"</a>. Wellesnet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926023713/http://www.wellesnet.com/charlton-heston-ingrid-bergman-and-elizabeth-taylor-poised-to-be-honored-on-u-s-postage-stamps-but-not-orson-welles/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlton+Heston%2C+Ingrid+Bergman+and+Elizabeth+Taylor+poised+to+be+honored+on+U.S.+postage+stamps%2C+but+not+Orson+Welles&rft.pub=Wellesnet&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Fcharlton-heston-ingrid-bergman-and-elizabeth-taylor-poised-to-be-honored-on-u-s-postage-stamps-but-not-orson-welles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonson2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Simonson" title="Robert Simonson">Simonson, Robert</a> (March 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/news/article/alls-welles-pendletons-orsons-shadow-opens-off-broadway-march-13-124650">"All's Welles: Pendleton's Orson's Shadow Opens Off-Broadway March 13"</a>. Playbill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191241/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/alls-welles-pendletons-orsons-shadow-opens-off-broadway-march-13-124650">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=All%27s+Welles%3A+Pendleton%27s+Orson%27s+Shadow+Opens+Off-Broadway+March+13&rft.date=2005-03-13&rft.aulast=Simonson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Falls-welles-pendletons-orsons-shadow-opens-off-broadway-march-13-124650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southwarkplayhouse.co.uk/archives/orsons-shadow/">"Orson's Shadow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Playhouse" title="Southwark Playhouse">Southwark Playhouse</a>. July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912140618/http://southwarkplayhouse.co.uk/archives/orsons-shadow/">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson%27s+Shadow&rft.pub=Southwark+Playhouse&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthwarkplayhouse.co.uk%2Farchives%2Forsons-shadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanofsky2000" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Yanofsky" title="Joel Yanofsky">Yanofsky, Joel</a> (December 9, 2000). "Escapist fiction: Old-fashioned storytelling with a Houdini-like hero". <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Gazette">Montreal Gazette</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Escapist+fiction%3A+Old-fashioned+storytelling+with+a+Houdini-like+hero&rft.date=2000-12-09&rft.aulast=Yanofsky&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Russell, Ken</a> (March 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/film/article2426813.ece">"Fade to Black gives us Orson Welles as a hungry hustler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102554/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/film/article2426813.ece">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Fade+to+Black+gives+us+Orson+Welles+as+a+hungry+hustler&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Farts%2Ffilm%2Farticle2426813.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplow2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kaplow" title="Robert Kaplow">Kaplow, Robert</a> (2003). Me and Orson Welles. San Francisco: MacAdam Cage Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931561-49-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931561-49-5"><bdi>978-1-931561-49-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Me+and+Orson+Welles&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=MacAdam+Cage+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-931561-49-5&rft.aulast=Kaplow&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/film-awards-nominations-announced">"Film Awards Nominations Announced"</a>. bafta.org. January 21, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064740/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/film-awards-nominations-announced">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bafta.org&rft.atitle=Film+Awards+Nominations+Announced&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafta.org%2Fmedia-centre%2Fpress-releases%2Ffilm-awards-nominations-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1643549">"Ian, George, and George"</a>. Internet Speculative Fiction Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406132058/http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1643549">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian%2C+George%2C+and+George&rft.pub=Internet+Speculative+Fiction+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isfdb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftitle.cgi%3F1643549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/video-jack-black-and-drunk-history-making-citizen-kane/">"Video: Jack Black and 'Drunk History – Making Citizen Kane'"</a>. Wellesnet. August 9, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710045905/http://www.wellesnet.com/video-jack-black-and-drunk-history-making-citizen-kane/">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+Jack+Black+and+%27Drunk+History+%E2%80%93+Making+Citizen+Kane%27&rft.pub=Wellesnet&rft.date=2014-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesnet.com%2Fvideo-jack-black-and-drunk-history-making-citizen-kane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cohenmedia.net/films/magician">"Magician: The Astonishing Life & Work of Orson Welles"</a>. Cohen Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071452/http://cohenmedia.net/films/magician">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magician%3A+The+Astonishing+Life+%26+Work+of+Orson+Welles&rft.pub=Cohen+Media+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcohenmedia.net%2Ffilms%2Fmagician&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2014" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Todd (September 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/magician-astonishing-life-work-orson-733675">"'Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles': Telluride Review"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809120633/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/magician-astonishing-life-work-orson-733675">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Magician%3A+The+Astonishing+Life+and+Work+of+Orson+Welles%27%3A+Telluride+Review&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Freview%2Fmagician-astonishing-life-work-orson-733675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Orson Welles bibliography">Orson Welles bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Documentaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Baratier" title="Jacques Baratier">Baratier, Jacques</a>, Désordre, 1950.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_and_David_Maysles" title="Albert and David Maysles">Maysles, Albert and David</a>, Orson Welles in Spain, 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Reichenbach" title="François Reichenbach">Reichenbach, François</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Rossif" title="Frédéric Rossif">Rossif, Frédéric</a>, Orson Welles, 1968 (<a href="/wiki/ORTF" class="mw-redirect" title="ORTF">ORTF</a>, French TV).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rozier" title="Jacques Rozier">Rozier, Jacques</a>, Vive le cinéma !, 1972 (<a href="/wiki/ORTF" class="mw-redirect" title="ORTF">ORTF</a>, French TV).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marienstras" title="Richard Marienstras">Marienstras, Richard</a>, and Romero, Isidro, Shakespeare et Orson Welles, 1973 (French TV).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Jean_Philippe" title="Claude-Jean Philippe">Philippe, Claude-Jean</a>, and Lefebvre, Monique, Une légende, une vie : Citizen Welles, 1974 (French TV).</li> <li>Orson Welles talks with Roger Hill and Hortense Hill, Sedona, Arizona, 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Megahey" title="Leslie Megahey">Megahey, Leslie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Yentob" title="Alan Yentob">Yentob, Alan</a>, The Orson Welles Story, 1982 (<a href="/wiki/Arena_(British_TV_series)" title="Arena (British TV series)">⋅Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>-TV).</li> <li>Boutang, Pierre-André, and Seligmann, Guy, Orson Welles à la cinémathèque française, 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Graver" title="Gary Graver">Graver, Gary</a>, Working with Orson Welles, 1993.</li> <li>Giorgini, Ciro, and Giagni, Gianfranco, Rosabella: La Storia italiana di Orson Welles, 1993.</li> <li>Silovic, Vassili, with <a href="/wiki/Oja_Kodar" title="Oja Kodar">Kodar Oja</a>, Orson Welles: The One-Man Band, 1995.</li> <li>Rodriguez, Carlos, Orson Welles en el país de Don Quijote, 2000.</li> <li>Petri, Kristian, Brunnen, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_France_(writer)" title="Richard France (writer)">France, Richard</a>, and Fischer, Robert, Citizen America: Orson Welles and the ballad of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Woodard" title="Isaac Woodard">Isaac Woodard</a>, 2005.</li> <li>Rafaelic, Daniel, and Rizmaul, Leon, Druga strana Wellesa, 2005.</li> <li>Sedlar, Dominik and Sedlar, Jakov, Searching for Orson, 2006.</li> <li>Bernard, Jean-Jacques, Welles Angels, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Workman" title="Chuck Workman">Workman, Chuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magician:_The_Astonishing_Life_and_Work_of_Orson_Welles" title="Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles">Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles</a>, 2014.</li> <li>Kuperberg, Julia, and Kuperberg, Clara, This is Orson Welles, 2015.</li> <li>Kapnist, Elisabeth, Orson Welles: Shadows & Light, 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Cousins_(film_critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Cousins (film critic)">Cousins, Mark</a>, The Eyes of Orson Welles, 2018.</li> <li>Wu, Danny, <a href="/wiki/American:_An_Odyssey_to_1947" title="American: An Odyssey to 1947">American: An Odyssey to 1947</a>, 2022.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_sources">Archival sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Archival sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/guides/welles/orsonwelles.html">Guide to the Orson Welles Materials</a>, Lilly Library, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=sclead&idno=umich-scl-welleskodar">Finding Aid for the Orson Welles – Oja Kodar Papers 1910–1998 (bulk 1965–1985)</a>, Special Collections Library, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=sclead&idno=umich-scl-wilsonwelles">Finding Aid for the Richard Wilson – Orson Welles Papers 1930–2000 (bulk 1930–1991)</a>, Special Collections Library, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=sclead&idno=umich-scl-wellesfeder">Finding Aid for the Orson Welles – Chris Welles Feder Collection 1931–2009</a>, Special Collections Library, University of Michigan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=sclead&idno=umich-scl-wellestasca">Finding Aid for the Orson Welles – Alessandro Tasca di Cutò Papers 1947–1995</a>, Special Collections Library, University of Michigan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/sclead/umich-scl-wellesdeep">Finding Aid for the Orson Welles Dead Reckoning/The Deep Papers (1966–1975, bulk 1967–1971)</a>, Special Collections Library, University of Michigan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Orson Welles at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Orson_Welles" class="extiw" title="c:category:Orson Welles">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" class="extiw" title="q:Orson Welles">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Orson_Welles" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Orson Welles">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24829" class="extiw" title="d:Q24829">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000080/">Orson Welles</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24829#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p116368">Orson Welles</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24829#P2019" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/3587">Orson Welles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24829#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellesnet.com/">Wellesnet – Orson Welles Web Resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/george-orson-welles">FBI Records: The Vault – George Orson Welles</a> at vault.fbi.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurytheatre.info/">Mercury Theatre on the Air</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0121.xml?rskey=pZnQdy&result=103&q=">Orson Welles</a>" annotated bibliography at Oxford Bibliographies Online</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825210129/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/wellesbib.html">"Orson Welles: Bibliography of Materials in the UC Berkeley Libraries"</a>. Berkeley: The Library, University of California. April 23, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/wellesbib.html">the original</a> on August 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orson+Welles%3A+Bibliography+of+Materials+in+the+UC+Berkeley+Libraries&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=The+Library%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=2000-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2FMRC%2Fwellesbib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrson+Welles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orsonwelles.indiana.edu/">Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orson_Welles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orson_Welles" title="Template:Orson Welles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orson_Welles" title="Template talk:Orson Welles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orson_Welles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orson Welles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orson_Welles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_filmography" title="Orson Welles filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_radio_credits" title="Orson Welles radio credits">Radio credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_theatre_credits" title="Orson Welles theatre credits">Theatre credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_discography" title="Orson Welles discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Orson Welles bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27s_unrealized_projects" title="Orson Welles's unrealized projects">Unrealized projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feature films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stranger_(1946_film)" title="The Stranger (1946 film)">The Stranger</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">Macbeth</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello_(1951_film)" title="Othello (1951 film)">Othello</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Arkadin" title="Mr. Arkadin">Mr. Arkadin</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Story" title="The Immortal Story">The Immortal Story</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_for_Fake" title="F for Fake">F for Fake</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filming_Othello" title="Filming Othello">Filming Othello</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_the_Wind" title="The Other Side of the Wind">The Other Side of the Wind</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(1933_film)" title="Twelfth Night (1933 film)">Twelfth Night</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hearts_of_Age" title="The Hearts of Age">The Hearts of Age</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane_trailer" title="Citizen Kane trailer">Citizen Kane trailer</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_(musical)" title="Around the World (musical)">Around the World</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_of_St._Anne" title="The Miracle of St. Anne">The Miracle of St. Anne</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Trick_(film)" title="Magic Trick (film)">Magic Trick</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_with_Orson_Welles" title="Around the World with Orson Welles">The Dominici Affair</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Gina" title="Portrait of Gina">Portrait of Gina</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Orson_Welles" title="An Evening with Orson Welles">An Evening with Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li>Orson's Bag <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_(film)" title="Vienna (film)">Vienna</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1969_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (1969 film)">The Merchant of Venice</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Man_Band_(unfinished_film)" title="One Man Band (unfinished film)">One Man Band</a> (1968–1971)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick_(unfinished_film)" title="Moby Dick (unfinished film)">Moby Dick</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27_Magic_Show" title="Orson Welles' Magic Show">Orson Welles' Magic Show</a> (1976–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Charles_Lindbergh" title="The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh">The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Too_Much_Johnson_(1938_film)" title="Too Much Johnson (1938 film)">Too Much Johnson</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(unfinished_film)" title="Don Quixote (unfinished film)">Don Quixote</a> (1957–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heroine_(film)" title="The Heroine (film)">The Heroine</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Deep_(unfinished_film)" title="The Deep (unfinished film)">The Deep</a> (1967–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filming_The_Trial" title="Filming The Trial">Filming 'The Trial'</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamers_(unfinished_film)" title="The Dreamers (unfinished film)">The Dreamers</a> (1980–1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partly directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Fear_(1943_film)" title="Journey into Fear (1943 film)">Journey into Fear</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_the_Boys_(1944_film)" title="Follow the Boys (1944 film)">Follow the Boys</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_(1949_film)" title="Black Magic (1949 film)">Black Magic</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Cases_of_Murder" title="Three Cases of Murder">Three Cases of Murder</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath_(1960_film)" title="David and Goliath (1960 film)">David and Goliath</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Southern_Star_(film)" title="The Southern Star (film)">The Southern Star</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Verdoux" title="Monsieur Verdoux">Monsieur Verdoux</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1972_film)" title="Treasure Island (1972 film)">Treasure Island</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_Will_Rock" title="Cradle Will Rock">Cradle Will Rock</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Brass_Ring" title="The Big Brass Ring">The Big Brass Ring</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles%27_Sketch_Book" title="Orson Welles' Sketch Book">Orson Welles' Sketch Book</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_with_Orson_Welles" title="Around the World with Orson Welles">Around the World with Orson Welles</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_and_People" title="Orson Welles and People">Orson Welles and People</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_of_Youth_(film)" title="The Fountain of Youth (film)">The Fountain of Youth</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Don_Quixote" title="In the Land of Don Quixote">In the Land of Don Quixote</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Show" title="The Orson Welles Show">The Orson Welles Show</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_(play)" title="Marching Song (play)">Marching Song</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Lucifer" title="Bright Lucifer">Bright Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Voodoo Macbeth</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Eats_Hat" title="Horse Eats Hat">Horse Eats Hat</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(Mercury_Theatre)" title="Caesar (Mercury Theatre)">Caesar</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_Much_Johnson_(1938_film)" title="Too Much Johnson (1938 film)">Too Much Johnson</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Son_(play)" title="Native Son (play)">Native Son</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Wonder_Show" title="The Mercury Wonder Show">The Mercury Wonder Show</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_(musical)" title="Around the World (musical)">Around the World</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello_(Orson_Welles_stage_production)" title="Othello (Orson Welles stage production)">Othello</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_in_the_Ice" title="The Lady in the Ice">The Lady in the Ice</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick%E2%80%94Rehearsed" title="Moby Dick—Rehearsed">Moby Dick—Rehearsed</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(Orson_Welles_production)" title="Rhinoceros (Orson Welles production)">Rhinoceros</a> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(radio_series)" title="Les Misérables (radio series)">Les Misérables</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow#Radio_drama" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air" title="The Mercury Theatre on the Air">The Mercury Theatre on the Air</a> (1938)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dracula_(radio_drama)" title="Dracula (radio drama)">Dracula</a>" (1938)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">The War of the Worlds</a>" (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">The Campbell Playhouse</a> (1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Show_(radio_series)" title="The Orson Welles Show (radio series)">The Orson Welles Show</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling_Unlimited" title="Ceiling Unlimited">Ceiling Unlimited</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_Americans" title="Hello Americans">Hello Americans</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Almanac" title="The Orson Welles Almanac">The Orson Welles Almanac</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_My_Best" title="This Is My Best">This Is My Best</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_Commentaries" title="Orson Welles Commentaries">Orson Welles Commentaries</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Summer_Theatre_of_the_Air" title="The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air">The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Harry_Lime" title="The Adventures of Harry Lime">The Adventures of Harry Lime</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Museum_(radio_series)" title="The Black Museum (radio series)">The Black Museum</a> (1951–52)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken-word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_(Bing_Crosby_and_Orson_Welles_album)" title="The Happy Prince (Bing Crosby and Orson Welles album)">The Happy Prince</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Begatting_of_the_President" title="The Begatting of the President">The Begatting of the President</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Orson_Welles" title="This Is Orson Welles">This Is Orson Welles</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Bravades" title="Les Bravades">Les Bravades</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Theatre" title="Mercury Theatre">Mercury Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth (second wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Mori" title="Paola Mori">Paola Mori (third wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Welles" title="Beatrice Welles">Beatrice Welles (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oja_Kodar" title="Oja Kodar">Oja Kodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_Peas" title="Frozen Peas">Frozen Peas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_Paul_Masson_advertisements" title="Orson Welles Paul Masson advertisements">Orson Welles Paul Masson advertisements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True:_Based_on_an_Unfinished_Film_by_Orson_Welles" title="It's All True: Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles">It's All True: Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician:_The_Astonishing_Life_and_Work_of_Orson_Welles" title="Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles">Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/They%27ll_Love_Me_When_I%27m_Dead" title="They'll Love Me When I'm Dead">They'll Love Me When I'm Dead</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orson Welles (crater)">Orson Welles (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Orson_Welles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Orson_Welles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Orson Welles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Template:Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Template talk:Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay">Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1940–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Sturges" title="Preston Sturges">Preston Sturges</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz" title="Herman J. Mankiewicz">Herman J. Mankiewicz</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kanin" title="Michael Kanin">Michael Kanin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_Lardner_Jr." title="Ring Lardner Jr.">Ring Lardner Jr.</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Krasna" title="Norman Krasna">Norman Krasna</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Trotti" title="Lamar Trotti">Lamar Trotti</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweizer" title="Richard Schweizer">Richard Schweizer</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Box" title="Muriel Box">Muriel Box</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Box" title="Sydney Box">Sydney Box</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sheldon" title="Sidney Sheldon">Sidney Sheldon</a> (1947)</li> <li>No award (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pirosh" title="Robert Pirosh">Robert Pirosh</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._M._Marshman_Jr." title="D. M. Marshman Jr.">D. M. Marshman Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner">Alan Jay Lerner</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._B._Clarke" title="T. E. B. Clarke">T. E. B. Clarke</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Breen" title="Richard L. Breen">Richard L. Breen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reisch" title="Walter Reisch">Walter Reisch</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Schulberg" title="Budd Schulberg">Budd Schulberg</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonya_Levien" title="Sonya Levien">Sonya Levien</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ludwig_(screenwriter)" title="William Ludwig (screenwriter)">William Ludwig</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lamorisse" title="Albert Lamorisse">Albert Lamorisse</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wells_(screenwriter)" title="George Wells (screenwriter)">George Wells</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedrick_Young" title="Nedrick Young">Nathan E. Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jacob_Smith" title="Harold Jacob Smith">Harold Jacob Smith</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Greene" title="Clarence Greene">Clarence Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Richlin" title="Maurice Richlin">Maurice Richlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Rouse" title="Russell Rouse">Russell Rouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Shapiro" title="Stanley Shapiro">Stanley Shapiro</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._L._Diamond" title="I. A. L. Diamond">I. A. L. Diamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Inge" title="William Inge">William Inge</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_de_Concini" title="Ennio de Concini">Ennio de Concini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Germi" title="Pietro Germi">Pietro Germi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Giannetti" title="Alfredo Giannetti">Alfredo Giannetti</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Webb" title="James R. Webb">James Webb</a> (1963)</li> <li>S. H. Barnett, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stone_(writer)" title="Peter Stone (writer)">Peter Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tarloff" title="Frank Tarloff">Frank Tarloff</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Raphael" title="Frederic Raphael">Frederic Raphael</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lelouch" title="Claude Lelouch">Claude Lelouch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Uytterhoeven" title="Pierre Uytterhoeven">Pierre Uytterhoeven</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rose_(screenwriter)" title="William Rose (screenwriter)">William Rose</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goldman" title="William Goldman">William Goldman</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_H._North" title="Edmund H. North">Edmund H. North</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky" title="Paddy Chayefsky">Paddy Chayefsky</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Larner" title="Jeremy Larner">Jeremy Larner</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Ward" title="David S. Ward">David S. Ward</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Towne" title="Robert Towne">Robert Towne</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pierson" title="Frank Pierson">Frank Pierson</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky" title="Paddy Chayefsky">Paddy Chayefsky</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Brickman" title="Marshall Brickman">Marshall Brickman</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Jones" title="Robert C. Jones">Robert C. Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Salt" title="Waldo Salt">Waldo Salt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Dowd" title="Nancy Dowd">Nancy Dowd</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tesich" title="Steve Tesich">Steve Tesich</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Goldman" title="Bo Goldman">Bo Goldman</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Welland" title="Colin Welland">Colin Welland</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Briley" title="John Briley">John Briley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Foote" title="Horton Foote">Horton Foote</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benton" title="Robert Benton">Robert Benton</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kelley_(screenwriter)" title="William Kelley (screenwriter)">William Kelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Wallace" title="Pamela Wallace">Pamela Wallace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Wallace" title="Earl W. Wallace">Earl W. Wallace</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley" title="John Patrick Shanley">John Patrick Shanley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bass" title="Ronald Bass">Ronald Bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Morrow" title="Barry Morrow">Barry Morrow</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Schulman" title="Tom Schulman">Tom Schulman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Joel_Rubin" title="Bruce Joel Rubin">Bruce Joel Rubin</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callie_Khouri" title="Callie Khouri">Callie Khouri</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Jordan" title="Neil Jordan">Neil Jordan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Avary" title="Roger Avary">Roger Avary</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_McQuarrie" title="Christopher McQuarrie">Christopher McQuarrie</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen and Ethan Coen</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Norman" title="Marc Norman">Marc Norman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ball_(screenwriter)" title="Alan Ball (screenwriter)">Alan Ball</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Crowe" title="Cameron Crowe">Cameron Crowe</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Fellowes" title="Julian Fellowes">Julian Fellowes</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bismuth" title="Pierre Bismuth">Pierre Bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Gondry" title="Michel Gondry">Michel Gondry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kaufman" title="Charlie Kaufman">Charlie Kaufman</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Haggis" title="Paul Haggis">Paul Haggis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moresco" title="Robert Moresco">Bobby Moresco</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arndt" title="Michael Arndt">Michael Arndt</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Cody" title="Diablo Cody">Diablo Cody</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Lance_Black" title="Dustin Lance Black">Dustin Lance Black</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boal" title="Mark Boal">Mark Boal</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Seidler" title="David Seidler">David Seidler</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Jonze" title="Spike Jonze">Spike Jonze</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Giacobone" title="Nicolás Giacobone">Nicolás Giacobone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dinelaris_Jr." title="Alexander Dinelaris Jr.">Alexander Dinelaris Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armando_B%C3%B3_(screenwriter)" title="Armando Bó (screenwriter)">Armando Bo</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McCarthy_(director)" title="Tom McCarthy (director)">Tom McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Singer" title="Josh Singer">Josh Singer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lonergan" title="Kenneth Lonergan">Kenneth Lonergan</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peele" title="Jordan Peele">Jordan Peele</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Vallelonga" title="Nick Vallelonga">Nick Vallelonga</a>, Brian Currie and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Farrelly" title="Peter Farrelly">Peter Farrelly</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong Joon-ho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Jin-won" title="Han Jin-won">Han Jin-won</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Fennell" title="Emerald Fennell">Emerald Fennell</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_(directors)" title="Daniels (directors)">Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Triet" title="Justine Triet">Justine Triet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harari" title="Arthur Harari">Arthur Harari</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template talk:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1928–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time" title="The March of Time">The March of Time</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosson" title="Harold Rosson">Harold Rosson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_Department_of_Film" title="Museum of Modern Art Department of Film">Museum of Modern Art Film Library</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett">Mack Sennett</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Ball_(inventor)" title="Joseph A. Ball (inventor)">J. Arthur Ball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deanna_Durbin" title="Deanna Durbin">Deanna Durbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jennings" title="Gordon Jennings">Gordon Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Domela" title="Jan Domela">Jan Domela</a>, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, <a href="/wiki/Farciot_Edouart" title="Farciot Edouart">Farciot Edouart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Griggs" title="Loyal Griggs">Loyal Griggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loren_L._Ryder" title="Loren L. Ryder">Loren L. Ryder</a>, Harry D. Mills, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mesenkop" title="Louis Mesenkop">Louis Mesenkop</a>, Walter Oberst / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_T._Marsh" title="Oliver T. Marsh">Oliver T. Marsh</a> and Allen Davey / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Warner" title="Harry Warner">Harry Warner</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_%26_Television_Fund" title="Motion Picture & Television Fund">Motion Picture Relief Fund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Block" title="Ralph Block">Ralph Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Nagel" title="Conrad Nagel">Conrad Nagel</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Technicolor SA</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Levinson" title="Nathan Levinson">Nathan Levinson</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Garity" title="William Garity">William Garity</a>, John N. A. Hawkins, and the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA Manufacturing Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and his associates / Rey Scott / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Information</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a> (1944)</li> <li>Republic Studio, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bloomberg" title="Daniel J. Bloomberg">Daniel J. Bloomberg</a>, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_House_I_Live_In_(1945_film)" title="The House I Live In (1945 film)">The House I Live In</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Russell" title="Harold Russell">Harold Russell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jarman_Jr." title="Claude Jarman Jr.">Claude Jarman Jr.</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baskett" title="James Baskett">James Baskett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat">Thomas Armat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig">William Nicholas Selig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Smith_(producer)" title="Albert E. Smith (producer)">Albert E. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor" title="George Kirke Spoor">George Kirke Spoor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Coo" title="Bill and Coo">Bill and Coo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shoeshine_(film)" title="Shoeshine (film)">Shoeshine</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Vincent" title="Monsieur Vincent">Monsieur Vincent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sid_Grauman" title="Sid Grauman">Sid Grauman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">The Bicycle Thief</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Malapaga" title="The Walls of Malapaga">The Walls of Malapaga</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> / George Mitchell / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck" title="Joseph M. Schenck">Joseph M. Schenck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Games" title="Forbidden Games">Forbidden Games</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century-Fox Film Corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pete_Smith_(film_producer)" title="Pete Smith (film producer)">Pete Smith</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb Optical Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / Kemp Niver / <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_Whiteley" title="Jon Whiteley">Jon Whiteley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Winter" title="Vincent Winter">Vincent Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Hell_(film)" title="Gate of Hell (film)">Gate of Hell</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_I:_Musashi_Miyamoto" title="Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto">Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a> / <a href="/wiki/B._B._Kahane" title="B. B. Kahane">B. B. Kahane</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Mills" title="Hayley Mills">Hayley Mills</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Hendricks" title="William L. Hendricks">William L. Hendricks</a> / Fred L. Metzler / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Tuttle" title="William J. Tuttle">William J. Tuttle</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Canutt" title="Yakima Canutt">Yakima Canutt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Y._Frank_Freeman" title="Y. Frank Freeman">Y. Frank Freeman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(make-up_artist)" title="John Chambers (make-up artist)">John Chambers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onna_White" title="Onna White">Onna White</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1971)</li> <li>Charles S. Boren / <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Langlois" title="Henri Langlois">Henri Langlois</a> / <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Booth" title="Margaret Booth">Margaret Booth</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz" title="Walter Lantz">Walter Lantz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art Department of Film</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hal Elias / <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Boyle" title="Robert F. Boyle">Robert F. Boyle</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willis" title="Gordon Willis">Gordon Willis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(make-up_artist)" title="Dick Smith (make-up artist)">Dick Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hal_Needham" title="Hal Needham">Hal Needham</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Stevens_Jr." title="George Stevens Jr.">George Stevens Jr.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Piero_Tosi" title="Piero Tosi">Piero Tosi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Stalmaster" title="Lynn Stalmaster">Lynn Stalmaster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)" title="Charles Burnett (director)">Charles Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roizman" title="Owen Roizman">Owen Roizman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Levy_(publicist)" title="Marvin Levy (publicist)">Marvin Levy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wes_Studi" title="Wes Studi">Wes Studi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Lina Wertmüller">Lina Wertmüller</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elaine_May" title="Elaine May">Elaine May</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy" title="Euzhan Palcy">Euzhan Palcy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Littleton" title="Carol Littleton">Carol Littleton</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Taylor" title="Juliet Taylor">Juliet Taylor</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Template:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Template talk:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> (1974)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> (1985) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (2004) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BFI_Fellowship_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Film_Institute_Fellowship" title="Template:British Film Institute Fellowship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Film_Institute_Fellowship" title="Template talk:British Film Institute Fellowship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Film_Institute_Fellowship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Film Institute Fellowship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BFI_Fellowship_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute_Fellowship" title="British Film Institute Fellowship">BFI Fellowship recipients</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emeric_Pressburger" title="Emeric Pressburger">Emeric Pressburger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bernstein,_Baron_Bernstein" title="Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein">Sidney Bernstein</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knatchbull,_7th_Baron_Brabourne" title="John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne">John Brabourne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Isaacs" title="Jeremy Isaacs">Jeremy Isaacs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dilys_Powell" title="Dilys Powell">Dilys Powell</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elem_Klimov" title="Elem Klimov">Elem Klimov</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Smith_(producer)" title="Anthony Smith (producer)">Anthony Smith</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ashcroft" title="Peggy Ashcroft">Peggy Ashcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Francis_(film_archivist)" title="David Francis (film archivist)">David Francis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Jarman" title="Derek Jarman">Derek Jarman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hardcastle" title="Leslie Hardcastle">Leslie Hardcastle</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denis_Forman" title="Denis Forman">Denis Forman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg" title="Nicolas Roeg">Nicolas Roeg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Simmons" title="Jean Simmons">Jean Simmons</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parkinson" title="Michael Parkinson">Michael Parkinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynda_La_Plante" title="Lynda La Plante">Lynda La Plante</a> / <a href="/wiki/Verity_Lambert" title="Verity Lambert">Verity Lambert</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Puttnam" title="David Puttnam">David Puttnam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Samuelson" title="Sydney Samuelson">Sydney Samuelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Schoonmaker" title="Thelma Schoonmaker">Thelma Schoonmaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Yentob" title="Alan Yentob">Alan Yentob</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thomas" title="Jeremy Thomas">Jeremy Thomas</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Getty_Jr." title="John Paul Getty Jr.">John Paul Getty Jr.</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gilbert" title="Lewis Gilbert">Lewis Gilbert</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Weinstein" title="Bob Weinstein">Bob Weinstein</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Semb%C3%A8ne" title="Ousmane Sembène">Ousmane Sembène</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Davies" title="Terence Davies">Terence Davies</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Ciss%C3%A9_(film_director)" title="Souleymane Cissé (film director)">Souleymane Cissé</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hurt" title="John Hurt">John Hurt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Rose_(producer)" title="David Rose (producer)">David Rose</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Forbes" title="Bryan Forbes">Bryan Forbes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter" title="Helena Bonham Carter">Helena Bonham Carter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lester" title="Richard Lester">Richard Lester</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_French" title="Philip French">Philip French</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frears" title="Stephen Frears">Stephen Frears</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Greg_Dyke" title="Greg Dyke">Greg Dyke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Morgan" title="Peter Morgan">Peter Morgan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengrass" title="Paul Greengrass">Paul Greengrass</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Colman" title="Olivia Colman">Olivia Colman</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Nevill" title="Amanda Nevill">Amanda Nevill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tilda_Swinton" title="Tilda Swinton">Tilda Swinton</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson" title="Michael G. Wilson">Michael G. Wilson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Broccoli" title="Barbara Broccoli">Barbara Broccoli</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannes_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Actor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannes_Film_Festival_Best_Actor_Award" title="Template:Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannes_Film_Festival_Best_Actor_Award" title="Template talk:Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannes_Film_Festival_Best_Actor_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cannes_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Actor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor">Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Milland" title="Ray Milland">Ray Milland</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Redgrave" title="Michael Redgrave">Michael Redgrave</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lukyanov" title="Sergei Lukyanov">Sergei Lukyanov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boris_Andreyev_(actor)" title="Boris Andreyev (actor)">Boris Andreyev</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Batalov" title="Aleksey Batalov">Aleksey Batalov</a> / Sergei Kurilov / Vadim Medvedev / Boris Bityukov / <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gritsenko" title="Nikolai Gritsenko">Nikolai Gritsenko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kadochnikov" title="Pavel Kadochnikov">Pavel Kadochnikov</a> / Boris Kokovkin / Nikolay Sergeev (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kitzmiller" title="John Kitzmiller">John Kitzmiller</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Dillman" title="Bradford Dillman">Bradford Dillman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dean_Stockwell" title="Dean Stockwell">Dean Stockwell</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Perkins" title="Anthony Perkins">Anthony Perkins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Stockwell" title="Dean Stockwell">Dean Stockwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jason_Robards" title="Jason Robards">Jason Robards</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Murray_Melvin" title="Murray Melvin">Murray Melvin</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antal_P%C3%A1ger_(actor)" title="Antal Páger (actor)">Antal Páger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Saro_Urz%C3%AC" title="Saro Urzì">Saro Urzì</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Stamp" title="Terence Stamp">Terence Stamp</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Oscarsson" title="Per Oscarsson">Per Oscarsson</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_Kotler" title="Oded Kotler">Oded Kotler</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant" title="Jean-Louis Trintignant">Jean-Louis Trintignant</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Cucciolla" title="Riccardo Cucciolla">Riccardo Cucciolla</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Yanne" title="Jean Yanne">Jean Yanne</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Giannini" title="Giancarlo Giannini">Giancarlo Giannini</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman" title="Vittorio Gassman">Vittorio Gassman</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_G%C3%B3mez_(actor)" title="José Luis Gómez (actor)">José Luis Gómez</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rey" title="Fernando Rey">Fernando Rey</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Madia" title="Stefano Madia">Stefano Madia</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Piccoli" title="Michel Piccoli">Michel Piccoli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(actor)" title="Jack Thompson (actor)">Jack Thompson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Tognazzi" title="Ugo Tognazzi">Ugo Tognazzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ian_Holm" title="Ian Holm">Ian Holm</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Maria_Volont%C3%A9" title="Gian Maria Volonté">Gian Maria Volonté</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Landa" title="Alfredo Landa">Alfredo Landa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rabal" title="Francisco Rabal">Francisco Rabal</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hurt" title="William Hurt">William Hurt</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Blanc" title="Michel Blanc">Michel Blanc</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoskins" title="Bob Hoskins">Bob Hoskins</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Spader" title="James Spader">James Spader</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turturro" title="John Turturro">John Turturro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Robbins" title="Tim Robbins">Tim Robbins</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Thewlis" title="David Thewlis">David Thewlis</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_You" title="Ge You">Ge You</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pryce" title="Jonathan Pryce">Jonathan Pryce</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Duquenne" title="Pascal Duquenne">Pascal Duquenne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil" title="Daniel Auteuil">Daniel Auteuil</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mullan" title="Peter Mullan">Peter Mullan</a> (1998)</li> <li>Emmanuel Schotte (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu-wai" title="Tony Leung Chiu-wai">Tony Leung Chiu-wai</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Magimel" title="Benoît Magimel">Benoît Magimel</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Gourmet" title="Olivier Gourmet">Olivier Gourmet</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffer_%C3%96zdemir" title="Muzaffer Özdemir">Muzaffer Özdemir</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Toprak" title="Mehmet Emin Toprak">Mehmet Emin Toprak</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABya_Yagira" class="mw-redirect" title="Yūya Yagira">Yūya Yagira</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamel_Debbouze" title="Jamel Debbouze">Jamel Debbouze</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samy_Naceri" title="Samy Naceri">Samy Naceri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roschdy_Zem" title="Roschdy Zem">Roschdy Zem</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sami_Bouajila" title="Sami Bouajila">Sami Bouajila</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Blancan" title="Bernard Blancan">Bernard Blancan</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Lavronenko" title="Konstantin Lavronenko">Konstantin Lavronenko</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benicio_del_Toro" title="Benicio del Toro">Benicio del Toro</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Waltz" title="Christoph Waltz">Christoph Waltz</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elio_Germano" title="Elio Germano">Elio Germano</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dujardin" title="Jean Dujardin">Jean Dujardin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen" title="Mads Mikkelsen">Mads Mikkelsen</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Dern" title="Bruce Dern">Bruce Dern</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Spall" title="Timothy Spall">Timothy Spall</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lindon" title="Vincent Lindon">Vincent Lindon</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_Hosseini" title="Shahab Hosseini">Shahab Hosseini</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix" title="Joaquin Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Fonte" title="Marcello Fonte">Marcello Fonte</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Landry_Jones" title="Caleb Landry Jones">Caleb Landry Jones</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Kang-ho" title="Song Kang-ho">Song Kang-ho</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koji_Yakusho" title="Koji Yakusho">Koji Yakusho</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Plemons" title="Jesse Plemons">Jesse Plemons</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_–_Feature_Film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Template talk:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_–_Feature_Film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film" title="Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film">Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_King_(director)" title="Henry King (director)">Henry King</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wellman" title="William A. Wellman">William A. Wellman</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Mamoulian" title="Rouben Mamoulian">Rouben Mamoulian</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Golden_Lion_for_Lifetime_Achievement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Golden_Lion_for_Lifetime_Achievement" title="Template:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Golden_Lion_for_Lifetime_Achievement" title="Template talk:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Golden_Lion_for_Lifetime_Achievement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Golden_Lion_for_Lifetime_Achievement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion_for_Lifetime_Achievement" title="Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement">Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> (1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anatoli_Golovnya" title="Anatoli Golovnya">Anatoli Golovnya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti" title="Alessandro Blasetti">Alessandro Blasetti</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> / <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yutkevich" title="Sergei Yutkevich">Sergei Yutkevich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Zavattini" title="Cesare Zavattini">Cesare Zavattini</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Vittorio_Taviani" title="Paolo and Vittorio Taviani">Paolo and Vittorio Taviani</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Comencini" title="Luigi Comencini">Luigi Comencini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Robert Bresson</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Jancs%C3%B3" title="Miklós Jancsó">Miklós Jancsó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Monicelli" title="Mario Monicelli">Mario Monicelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gian_Maria_Volont%C3%A9" title="Gian Maria Volonté">Gian Maria Volonté</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Villaggio" title="Paolo Villaggio">Paolo Villaggio</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suso_Cecchi_d%27Amico" title="Suso Cecchi d'Amico">Suso Cecchi d'Amico</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Santis" title="Giuseppe De Santis">Giuseppe De Santis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Lombardo" title="Goffredo Lombardo">Goffredo Lombardo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Alain Resnais</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Sordi" title="Alberto Sordi">Alberto Sordi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monica_Vitti" title="Monica Vitti">Monica Vitti</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman" title="Vittorio Gassman">Vittorio Gassman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan" title="Michèle Morgan">Michèle Morgan</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alida_Valli" title="Alida Valli">Alida Valli</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer" title="Éric Rohmer">Éric Rohmer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Risi" title="Dino Risi">Dino Risi</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis" title="Dino De Laurentiis">Dino De Laurentiis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharif" title="Omar Sharif">Omar Sharif</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira" title="Manoel de Oliveira">Manoel de Oliveira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefania_Sandrelli" title="Stefania Sandrelli">Stefania Sandrelli</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Olmi" title="Ermanno Olmi">Ermanno Olmi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lasseter" title="John Lasseter">John Lasseter</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Bellocchio" title="Marco Bellocchio">Marco Bellocchio</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Rosi" title="Francesco Rosi">Francesco Rosi</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelma_Schoonmaker" title="Thelma Schoonmaker">Thelma Schoonmaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Tavernier" title="Bertrand Tavernier">Bertrand Tavernier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo" title="Jean-Paul Belmondo">Jean-Paul Belmondo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski" title="Jerzy Skolimowski">Jerzy Skolimowski</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hui" title="Ann Hui">Ann Hui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tilda_Swinton" title="Tilda Swinton">Tilda Swinton</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Benigni" title="Roberto Benigni">Roberto Benigni</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis" title="Jamie Lee Curtis">Jamie Lee Curtis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schrader" title="Paul Schrader">Paul Schrader</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliana_Cavani" title="Liliana Cavani">Liliana Cavani</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu-wai" title="Tony Leung Chiu-wai">Tony Leung Chiu-wai</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_%26_Storytelling_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording">Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – <a href="/wiki/Stan_Freberg" title="Stan Freberg">Stan Freberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein_Discusses_Humor_in_Music_and_Conducts_Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Leonard Bernstein Discusses Humor in Music and Conducts Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Humor in Music</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1961)</li> <li>The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (playwright) (1963)</li> <li>BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – <a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a> (1964)</li> <li>John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> (producer) (1965)</li> <li>Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> (1966)</li> <li>Gallant Men – <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> (1967)</li> <li>Lonesome Cities – <a href="/wiki/Rod_McKuen" title="Rod McKuen">Rod McKuen</a> (1968)</li> <li>We Love You Call Collect – <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_(Les_Crane_album)" title="Desiderata (Les Crane album)">Desiderata</a> – <a href="/wiki/Les_Crane" title="Les Crane">Les Crane</a> (1971)</li> <li>Lenny – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> (1973)</li> <li>Good Evening – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1975)</li> <li>Great American Documents – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1978)</li> <li>Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pat_Carroll" title="Pat Carroll">Pat Carroll</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain" title="Donovan's Brain">Donovan's Brain</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record</a> – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> (1983)</li> <li>The Words of Gandhi – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Berniker" title="Mike Berniker">Mike Berniker</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1985)</li> <li>Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon_Days" title="Lake Wobegon Days">Lake Wobegon Days</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> (1987)</li> <li>Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (1988)</li> <li>It's Always Something – <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracie:_A_Love_Story" title="Gracie: A Love Story">Gracie: A Love Story</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(miniseries)" title="The Civil War (miniseries)">The Civil War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> (1991)</li> <li>What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Earvin "Magic" Johnson</a> and Robert O'Keefe (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Pulse_of_Morning" title="On the Pulse of Morning">On the Pulse of Morning</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_in_the_Van" title="Get in the Van">Get in the Van</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenal_Woman:_Four_Poems_Celebrating_Women" title="Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women">Phenomenal Woman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Takes_a_Village" title="It Takes a Village">It Takes a Village</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (1996)</li> <li>Charles Kuralt's Spring – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kuralt" title="Charles Kuralt">Charles Kuralt</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a> (1998)</li> <li>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – <a href="/wiki/LeVar_Burton" title="LeVar Burton">LeVar Burton</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Measure_of_a_Man:_A_Spiritual_Autobiography" title="The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography">The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Rick Harris, and John Runnette (producers) (2000)</li> <li>Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_Flung_Up_to_Heaven" title="A Song Flung Up to Heaven">A Song Flung Up to Heaven</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> and Paul Ruben (producer) (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> / With Ossie and Ruby – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beau_Bridges" title="Beau Bridges">Beau Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon" title="Cynthia Nixon">Cynthia Nixon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a> (2008)</li> <li>Always Looking Up – <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(The_Book)" title="Earth (The Book)">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> (2010)</li> <li>If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – <a href="/wiki/Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> (2011)</li> <li>Society's Child – <a href="/wiki/Janis_Ian" title="Janis Ian">Janis Ian</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_Again" title="America Again">America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> (2013)</li> <li>Diary of a Mad Diva – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life:_Reflections_at_90" class="mw-redirect" title="A Full Life: Reflections at 90">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2015)</li> <li>In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Diarist" title="The Princess Diarist">The Princess Diarist</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (2017)</li> <li>Faith: A Journey for All – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(book)" title="Becoming (book)">Becoming</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(book)" title="Blowout (book)">Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> (2020)</li> <li>Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> (2021)</li> <li>Finding Me – <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_We_Carry" title="The Light We Carry">The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_of_Magical_Arts_Special_Fellowship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_of_Magical_Arts_Special_Fellowship" title="Template:Academy of Magical Arts Special Fellowship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_of_Magical_Arts_Special_Fellowship" title="Template talk:Academy of Magical Arts Special Fellowship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_of_Magical_Arts_Special_Fellowship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy of Magical Arts Special Fellowship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_of_Magical_Arts_Special_Fellowship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Magical_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Magical Arts">Academy of Magical Arts</a> Special Fellowship</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1968: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Owen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Owen (page does not exist)">Carl Owen</a></li> <li>1969: Goodliffe, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Miller_(magician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlie Miller (magician) (page does not exist)">Charlie Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan" title="Ed Sullivan">Ed Sullivan</a> (honorary)</li> <li>1970: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenkai_(magician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenkai (magician) (page does not exist)">Tenkai</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucett_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faucett Ross (page does not exist)">Faucett Ross</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ballantine" title="Carl Ballantine">Carl Ballantine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Chavez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Chavez (page does not exist)">Marion Chavez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunninger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunninger">Dunninger</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Giordmaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnny Giordmaine (page does not exist)">Johnny Giordmaine</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loring_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loring Campbell (page does not exist)">Loring Campbell</a></li> <li>1978: Lloyd E. Jones</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Burling_Hull" title="Burling Hull">Burling Hull</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Len_Vintus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Len Vintus (page does not exist)">Len Vintus</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geraldine_Larsen_Jaffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geraldine Larsen Jaffe (page does not exist)">Geraldine Larsen Jaffe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Thurston_Shepard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Thurston Shepard (page does not exist)">Jane Thurston Shepard</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Moi-Yo_Miller" title="Moi-Yo Miller">Moi-Yo Miller</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_%26_Teddy_Leon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon & Teddy Leon (page does not exist)">Leon & Teddy Leon</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Albo" title="Robert Albo">Robert Albo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Desfor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Desfor (page does not exist)">Irving Desfor</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Marshall (page does not exist)">Marie Marshall</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigeo_Takagi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeo Takagi (page does not exist)">Shigeo Takagi</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stan_Kramien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stan Kramien (page does not exist)">Stan Kramien</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Stanley_(magician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Stanley (magician) (page does not exist)">Harry Stanley</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Ravel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Ravel (page does not exist)">Jim Ravel</a></li> <li>1988: Tom Bradley, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer_Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homer Hudson (page does not exist)">Homer Hudson</a></li> <li>1989: John Fisher</li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz" title="Charles M. Schulz">Charles M. Schulz</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Brodien" title="Marshall Brodien">Marshall Brodien</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Irene_Larsen" title="Irene Larsen">Irene Larsen</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ton_Onosaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ton Onosaka (page does not exist)">Ton Onosaka</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynette_Chappell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynette Chappell (page does not exist)">Lynette Chappell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litzka_Raymond_Gibson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litzka Raymond Gibson (page does not exist)">Litzka Raymond Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Salisse" title="John Salisse">John Salisse</a></li> <li>1996: Joe Stevens</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Walton" title="Roy Walton">Roy Walton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senor_Wences" class="mw-redirect" title="Senor Wences">Senor Wences</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Lenier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Lenier (page does not exist)">Jules Lenier</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Breese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Breese (page does not exist)">Martin Breese</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/David_Berglas" title="David Berglas">David Berglas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana_Zimmerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana Zimmerman (page does not exist)">Diana Zimmerman</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_%22Kaz%22_Kasnetsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John "Kaz" Kasnetsis (page does not exist)">John "Kaz" Kasnetsis</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rick Heath (page does not exist)">Rick Heath</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_St._Pierre_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis St. Pierre Jr. (page does not exist)">Louis St. Pierre Jr.</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Thumm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Thumm (page does not exist)">Manfred Thumm</a></li> <li>2004: Mark Nelson</li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rich_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rich Bloch (page does not exist)">Rich Bloch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_Hindman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale Hindman (page does not exist)">Dale Hindman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lew_Horwitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lew Horwitz (page does not exist)">Lew Horwitz</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Behnke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Behnke (page does not exist)">Leo Behnke</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Johnathan" title="The Amazing Johnathan">The Amazing Johnathan</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Eswin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Eswin (page does not exist)">Eric Eswin</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Forte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Forte (page does not exist)">Steve Forte</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Fisher" title="Jules Fisher">Jules Fisher</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essential_Magic_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essential Magic Conference (page does not exist)">EMC Producers</a> (Luis de Matos, David Britland, Marco Tempest), Carl Williams</li> <li>2013: Robert Neale, <a href="/wiki/Joanie_Spina" title="Joanie Spina">Joanie Spina</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Avner_the_Eccentric" title="Avner the Eccentric">Avner Eisenberg</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_A._Dawes" title="Edwin A. Dawes">Dr. Edwin Dawes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Harary" title="Franz Harary">Franz Harary</a></li> <li>2017: Ken Closterman, Tony Delap, Peter Lane</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_César_Awards_ceremonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C%C3%A9sar_Awards_presidents" title="Template:César Awards presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C%C3%A9sar_Awards_presidents" title="Template talk:César Awards presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C%C3%A9sar_Awards_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:César Awards presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_César_Awards_ceremonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards" title="César Awards">César Awards</a> ceremonies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Ventura" title="Lino Ventura">Lino Ventura</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vanel" title="Charles Vanel">Charles Vanel</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marais" title="Jean Marais">Jean Marais</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a> (1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orson Welles</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Signoret" title="Simone Signoret">Simone Signoret</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Renaud" title="Madeleine Renaud">Madeleine Renaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan" title="Michèle Morgan">Michèle Morgan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Noiret" title="Philippe Noiret">Philippe Noiret</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Girardot" title="Annie Girardot">Annie Girardot</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Binoche" title="Juliette Binoche">Juliette Binoche</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil" title="Daniel Auteuil">Daniel Auteuil</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Baye" title="Nathalie Baye">Nathalie Baye</a> (2002)</li> <li>— (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Ardant" title="Fanny Ardant">Fanny Ardant</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani" title="Isabelle Adjani">Isabelle Adjani</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Bouquet" title="Carole Bouquet">Carole Bouquet</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brasseur" title="Claude Brasseur">Claude Brasseur</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rochefort" title="Jean Rochefort">Jean Rochefort</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gainsbourg" title="Charlotte Gainsbourg">Charlotte Gainsbourg</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cotillard" title="Marion Cotillard">Marion Cotillard</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Canet" title="Guillaume Canet">Guillaume Canet</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamel_Debbouze" title="Jamel Debbouze">Jamel Debbouze</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cluzet" title="François Cluzet">François Cluzet</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dany_Boon" title="Dany Boon">Dany Boon</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lelouch" title="Claude Lelouch">Claude Lelouch</a> (2016)</li> <li>— (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis" title="Vanessa Paradis">Vanessa Paradis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas" title="Kristin Scott Thomas">Kristin Scott Thomas</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandrine_Kiberlain" title="Sandrine Kiberlain">Sandrine Kiberlain</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roschdy_Zem" title="Roschdy Zem">Roschdy Zem</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Thompson" title="Danièle Thompson">Danièle Thompson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Rahim" title="Tahar Rahim">Tahar Rahim</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Lemercier" title="Valérie Lemercier">Valérie Lemercier</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/21px-P_culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/32px-P_culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/42px-P_culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Theatre" title="Portal:Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24829#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120968527">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/110467783">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31295/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtGWCccwrHHDPr6K7tYfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118630822">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018425">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929051b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929051b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00516911">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV115961">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35599159">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009042&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4722742">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/20807">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071951822">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90161563">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000045738&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000029291&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=124136">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199629631">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp369f291x8g7p8">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598536105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007310839805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524599906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03519766?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500274668">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cc98a7f6-1c7f-436b-b7f8-60ef310edd52">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/288508">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/26662">Museum of Modern Art</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/210866">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/orson-welles/12814">Grammy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1009843">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118630822.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/IxI-nNOBZ">Deutsche Synchronkartei</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118630822">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027195082">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580779">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z140h3">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ms3rsw">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&oldid=1259059319">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&oldid=1259059319</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academy_of_Magical_Arts_Special_Fellowship_winners" title="Category:Academy of Magical Arts Special Fellowship winners">Academy of Magical Arts Special Fellowship winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orson_Welles" title="Category:Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_births" title="Category:1915 births">1915 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1985_deaths" title="Category:1985 deaths">1985 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_actors" title="Category:20th-century American male actors">20th-century American male actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_screenwriters" title="Category:20th-century American screenwriters">20th-century American screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_atheists" title="Category:20th-century atheists">20th-century atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academy_Honorary_Award_recipients" title="Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients">Academy Honorary Award recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actors_from_Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Category:Actors from Kenosha, Wisconsin">Actors from Kenosha, Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award_recipients" title="Category:AFI Life Achievement Award recipients">AFI Life Achievement Award recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-racism_activists" title="Category:American anti-racism activists">American anti-racism activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_atheists" title="Category:American atheists">American atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Spain" title="Category:American expatriates in Spain">American expatriates in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_film_editors" title="Category:American film editors">American film editors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_magicians" title="Category:American magicians">American magicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_film_actors" title="Category:American male film actors">American male film actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_radio_actors" title="Category:American male radio actors">American male radio actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_screenwriters" title="Category:American male screenwriters">American male screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_Shakespearean_actors" title="Category:American male Shakespearean actors">American male Shakespearean actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_stage_actors" title="Category:American male stage actors">American male stage actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_voice_actors" title="Category:American male voice actors">American male voice actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_radio_directors" title="Category:American radio directors">American radio directors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_radio_personalities" title="Category:American radio personalities">American radio personalities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_radio_producers" title="Category:American radio producers">American radio producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_radio_writers" title="Category:American radio writers">American radio writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_theatre_directors" title="Category:American theatre directors">American theatre directors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_theatre_managers_and_producers" title="Category:American theatre managers and producers">American theatre managers and producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audiobook_narrators" title="Category:Audiobook narrators">Audiobook narrators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ballet_librettists" title="Category:Ballet librettists">Ballet librettists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Best_Original_Screenplay_Academy_Award_winners" title="Category:Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners">Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Broadway_theatre_directors" title="Category:Broadway theatre directors">Broadway theatre directors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Broadway_theatre_producers" title="Category:Broadway theatre producers">Broadway theatre producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:California_Democrats" title="Category:California Democrats">California Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannes_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Actor_winners" title="Category:Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners">Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_Palme_d%27Or_winners" title="Category:Directors of Palme d'Or winners">Directors of Palme d'Or winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federal_Theatre_Project_people" title="Category:Federal Theatre Project people">Federal Theatre Project people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_directors_from_Illinois" title="Category:Film directors from Illinois">Film directors from Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_directors_from_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Film directors from Los Angeles">Film directors from Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_directors_from_Wisconsin" title="Category:Film directors from Wisconsin">Film directors from Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_producers_from_California" title="Category:Film producers from California">Film producers from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_producers_from_Illinois" title="Category:Film producers from Illinois">Film producers from Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_producers_from_Wisconsin" title="Category:Film producers from Wisconsin">Film producers from Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golden_Lion_for_Lifetime_Achievement_recipients" title="Category:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients">Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammy_Award_winners" title="Category:Grammy Award winners">Grammy Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hollywood_blacklist" title="Category:Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Award%E2%80%93winning_writers" title="Category:Hugo Award–winning writers">Hugo Award–winning writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Illinois_Democrats" title="Category:Illinois Democrats">Illinois Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour">Knights of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Chicago" title="Category:Male actors from Chicago">Male actors from Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Male actors from Los Angeles">Male actors from Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Male actors from New York City">Male actors from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Wisconsin" title="Category:Male actors from Wisconsin">Male actors from Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_des_beaux-arts" title="Category:Members of the Académie des beaux-arts">Members of the Académie des beaux-arts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Highland_Park,_Illinois" title="Category:People from Highland Park, Illinois">People from Highland Park, Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Woodstock,_Illinois" title="Category:People from Woodstock, Illinois">People from Woodstock, Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:RKO_Pictures_contract_players" title="Category:RKO Pictures contract players">RKO Pictures contract players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_alumni" title="Category:School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni">School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_California" title="Category:Screenwriters from California">Screenwriters from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_Illinois" title="Category:Screenwriters from Illinois">Screenwriters from Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Screenwriters from New York (state)">Screenwriters from New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_Wisconsin" title="Category:Screenwriters from Wisconsin">Screenwriters from Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universal_Pictures_contract_players" title="Category:Universal Pictures contract players">Universal Pictures contract players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wisconsin_Democrats" title="Category:Wisconsin Democrats">Wisconsin Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Writers from Los Angeles">Writers from Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Writers from New York City">Writers from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shakespearean_directors" title="Category:Shakespearean directors">Shakespearean directors</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use American English from September 2019">Use American English from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2022">Use mdy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 03:43 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orson_Welles&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rf9q5","wgBackendResponseTime":222,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.251","walltime":"4.816","ppvisitednodes":{"value":77011,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":903637,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":133094,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":866774,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3901.720 1 -total"," 32.31% 1260.657 224 Template:Rp"," 30.99% 1209.198 224 Template:R/superscript"," 28.11% 1096.768 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.46% 603.354 672 Template:R/where"," 9.43% 367.769 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 8.58% 334.884 80 Template:Cite_web"," 5.55% 216.404 45 Template:Cite_book"," 5.13% 200.015 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 4.22% 164.632 15 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.972","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23071183,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","25.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","300","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","10.0"],["type","120","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","4.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.5"],["[others]","480","20.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-hlzs6","timestamp":"20241123034336","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Orson Welles","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orson_Welles","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24829","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24829","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T14:15:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T03:43:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bc\/Orson_Welles_1937_cr3-4.jpg","headline":"American actor and filmmaker (1915\u20131985)"}</script> </body> </html>