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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Union territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Legislative representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suburban_and_Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburban_and_Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Suburban and Metro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburban_and_Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Information technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_and_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_and_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Space and Defense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_and_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture and heritage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and heritage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Utility services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utility_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Utility services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Utility_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">South India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جنوب الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="দক্ষিণ ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan_na_Indya" title="Habagatan na Indya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Habagatan na Indya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южна Индия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южна Индия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Sud de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sud de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdindien" title="Südindien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südindien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="दक्षिण भारत – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दक्षिण भारत" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_meridional" title="India meridional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="India meridional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Barato" title="Suda Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoaldeko_India" title="Hegoaldeko India – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoaldeko India" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جنوب هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوب هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde_du_Sud" title="Inde du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inde du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84" title="남인도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남인도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="दक्षिण भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Indija" title="Južna Indija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Indija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Selatan" title="India Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_meridionale" title="India meridionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="India meridionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="דרום הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="სამხრეთი ინდოეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი ინდოეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidindija" title="Dienvidindija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidindija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ദക്ഷിണേന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണേന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="दक्षिण भारत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण भारत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Selatan" title="India Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="India Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Salatan" title="India Salatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="India Salatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-India" title="Zuid-India – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-India" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="दक्षिण भारत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिण भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="南インド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南インド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-India" title="Sør-India – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-India" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-India" title="Sør-India – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-India" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਭਾਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਭਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="جنوبی بھارت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی بھارت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_do_Sul" title="Índia do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Índia do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южная Индия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южная Индия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="दक्षिणभारतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दक्षिणभारतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_e_Jugut" title="India e Jugut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="India e Jugut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="දක්‍ෂිණ භාරතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දක්‍ෂිණ භාරතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India" title="South India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%DA%A9%DA%BB_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڏکڻ هندستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏکڻ هندستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekanski_polotok" title="Dekanski polotok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dekanski polotok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Indija" title="Južna Indija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južna Indija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Intia" title="Etelä-Intia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Intia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydindien" title="Sydindien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydindien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="தென்னிந்தியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்னிந்தியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="దక్షిణ భారతదేశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దక్షిణ భారతదేశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Ҳиндустони Ҷанубӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиндустони Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Hindistan" title="Güney Hindistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Південна Індія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Індія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">South India</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Peninsular India</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirumala_090615.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venkateswara Temple"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tirumala_090615.jpg/288px-Tirumala_090615.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tirumala_090615.jpg/432px-Tirumala_090615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tirumala_090615.jpg/576px-Tirumala_090615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateswara Temple">Tirupati Venkateswara Temple (Andhra Pradesh)</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MysorePalace-LeftAngle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MysorePalace-LeftAngle.jpg/142px-MysorePalace-LeftAngle.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MysorePalace-LeftAngle.jpg/213px-MysorePalace-LeftAngle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MysorePalace-LeftAngle.jpg/284px-MysorePalace-LeftAngle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Palace" title="Mysore Palace">Mysore Palace (Karnataka)</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alappuzha_Boat_Beauty_W.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alappuzha_Boat_Beauty_W.jpg/142px-Alappuzha_Boat_Beauty_W.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alappuzha_Boat_Beauty_W.jpg/213px-Alappuzha_Boat_Beauty_W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alappuzha_Boat_Beauty_W.jpg/284px-Alappuzha_Boat_Beauty_W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1656" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Backwaters of Alappuzha (Kerala)</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div style=";height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangaram_Island,_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg/156px-Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg/234px-Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg/312px-Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3372" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bangaram_Atoll" title="Bangaram Atoll">Bangaram Atoll (Lakshwadeep)</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style=";height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Matrimandir,_Soul_of_the_Auroville,_near_Pondicherry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Matrimandir%2C_Soul_of_the_Auroville%2C_near_Pondicherry.JPG/128px-Matrimandir%2C_Soul_of_the_Auroville%2C_near_Pondicherry.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Matrimandir%2C_Soul_of_the_Auroville%2C_near_Pondicherry.JPG/192px-Matrimandir%2C_Soul_of_the_Auroville%2C_near_Pondicherry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Matrimandir%2C_Soul_of_the_Auroville%2C_near_Pondicherry.JPG/256px-Matrimandir%2C_Soul_of_the_Auroville%2C_near_Pondicherry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Matrimandir" title="Matrimandir">Matrimandir (Puducherry)</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div style=";height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg/162px-Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg/243px-Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg/324px-Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_Statue" title="Thiruvalluvar Statue">Thiruvalluvar Statue (Tamil Nadu)</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style=";height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:4rminar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4rminar.jpg/122px-4rminar.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4rminar.jpg/183px-4rminar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4rminar.jpg/244px-4rminar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="3982" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Charminar" title="Charminar">Charminar (Telangana)</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States and union territories in South India"><img alt="States and union territories in South India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/South_India.svg/250px-South_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/South_India.svg/375px-South_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/South_India.svg/500px-South_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1792" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territories</a> in South India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Most populous cities</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">635,780 km2 (245,480 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,695 m (8,842 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−2.2 m (−7.2 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">253,051,953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">111,386,832</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">South Indian <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadiga</a> <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> Laccadivian Pondicherrian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">Official languages</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.755 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>High)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">76.43%<a href="#cite_note-literacy-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">986 <a href="/wiki/Females" class="mw-redirect" title="Females">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><a href="#cite_note-pc-census2011-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> South India, also known as Southern India or Peninsular India, is the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Peninsula">Deccan Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> encompassing the states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Union_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union territories of India">union territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, occupying 19.31% of India's area (635,780 km2 or 245,480 sq mi) and 20% of India's population. It is bound by the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the south. The geography of the region is diverse, with two mountain ranges, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a>, bordering the plateau heartland. The <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penna_River" title="Penna River">Penna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaigai_River" title="Vaigai River">Vaigai</a> rivers are important non-<a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">perennial</a> sources of water. <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Telangana">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">largest urban areas</a> in the region. The majority of the people in South India speak at least one of the four major <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>. During its <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">history</a>, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of South India, and shaped the culture in those regions. Major dynasties that were established in South India include the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala dynasty">Hoysalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakutas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>. European countries entered India through Kerala and the region was <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonized</a> by <a href="/wiki/British_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">France</a>. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a>, the economies of South Indian states have registered a sustained higher-than-national-average growth over the past three decades. South India has the largest combined <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">largest gross domestic product</a> compared to other regions in India. The South Indian states lead in some <a href="/wiki/Socio-economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economics">socio-economic</a> metrics of India with a higher <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> as the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than in most northern states. As of 2011, <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy rates</a> in the southern states is higher than the national average at approximately 76%. The <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in South India is 1.9, the lowest of all regions in India. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> "South India" is also known as "Peninsular India" indicating its location in a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> surrounded by water on three sides.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The term "Deccan", referring to the area covered by the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> that covers most of peninsular India excluding the coastal areas, is an anglicised form of the <a href="/wiki/Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrit language">Prakrit</a> word dakkhiṇa derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word dakshiṇa meaning south.<a href="#cite_note-HobsonJobson2013-5">[5]</a> Carnatic, derived from "Karnāḍ" or "Karunāḍ" meaning high country, has also been associated with South India.<a href="#cite_note-hobsons-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">History of South India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_era">Ancient and medieval era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajendra_map_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/220px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/330px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/440px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> during Rajendra Chola I, c. 1030</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> shows that ash mounds associated with <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> cultures in South India date back to 8000 BCE. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">iron technology</a> spread through the region; however, there does not appear to be a fully developed <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> preceding the Iron Age in South India.<a href="#cite_note-prehistory-7">[7]</a> The region was in the middle of a trade route that extended from <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> linking the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Trade with <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Syrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> began during the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (c. 3rd century BCE to c. 4th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The region was part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> connecting the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Several dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karur" title="Karur">Karuvur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Satavahanas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadambas">Kadambas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Gangas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kolar,_Karnataka" title="Kolar, Karnataka">Kolar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakutas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiyas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Orugallu</a> ruled over the region from the 6th century BCE to the 14th century CE. In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara empire</a> was the last kingdom to conquer all of Southern India.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> After repeated invasions from the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Sultanate of Delhi</a>, the Vijayanagara empire fell in 1646 and the region was ruled by various <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaiyakkarar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiyakkarar">polygars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayak</a> governors of the erstwhile Vijayanagara empire who declared independence.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/220px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/330px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/440px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Map of South India during <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></figcaption></figure> The Europeans arrived in the 15th century; and by the middle of the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British</a> were involved in a protracted struggle for military control over South India. After the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> in 1799 and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a> in 1806, the British consolidated their power over much of present-day South India, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">French Pondichéry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During the British colonial rule, the region was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> (later, the Madras Province), <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Madras_States_Agency" title="Madras States Agency">Madras States Agency</a> (composed of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jeypore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Jeypore">Jeypore</a>, and a number of other minor <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>). The region played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. Of the 72 delegates who participated in the first session of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> at Bombay in December 1885, 22 hailed from South India.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3></div> After <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence</a> in 1947, the region was organized into four states <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State" title="Mysore State">Mysore State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State_(1948%E2%80%9356)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad State (1948–56)">Hyderabad State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Nadu" title="Dravida Nadu">Dravida Nadu</a> was a proposal for a separate sovereign state for the speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> in South India. Initially, the demand of Dravida Nadu proponents was limited to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-speaking regions, but it was later expanded to include other Indian states with a majority of Dravidian-speakers in the region.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a> 1956, which created linguistic States, weakened the demand for a separate sovereign state.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a> of 1956 reorganized the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ROS-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As a result of this act, <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> retained its name with <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a> added to from <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a>. The state was subsequently renamed <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> was created with the merger of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_State" title="Andhra State">Andhra State</a> with the Telugu-speaking districts of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> in 1956. <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> was created with the merger of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar district">Malabar district</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod taluk</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> with <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State" title="Mysore State">Mysore State</a> was re-organized with the addition of districts of <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> taluk) and the <a href="/wiki/Kollegal" title="Kollegal">Kollegal</a> taluk of <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore district</a> from the Madras State, the districts of <a href="/wiki/Belgaum_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgaum district">Belgaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="North Canara">North Canara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>, the Kannada-majority districts of <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raichur" title="Raichur">Raichur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State_(1948%E2%80%9356)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad State (1948–56)">Hyderabad State</a> and the province of <a href="/wiki/Coorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg">Coorg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1956act-23">[23]</a> Mysore State was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Union Territory of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> was created in 1954 comprising the previous <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French</a> enclaves of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanam,_French_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanam, French India">Yanam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ROS-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a> which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organized into the union territory of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ROS-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> was created on June 2, 2014, by bifurcating <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and comprises ten districts in northwestern Andhra Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_India" title="Geography of South India">Geography of South India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/South_India_satellite.jpg/220px-South_India_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/South_India_satellite.jpg/330px-South_India_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/South_India_satellite.jpg/440px-South_India_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of South India</figcaption></figure> South India is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> in the shape of an inverted triangle bound by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the South, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> in the west, by <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satpura" class="mw-redirect" title="Satpura">Satpura</a> ranges in the north.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Narmada_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada river">Narmada river</a> flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, which define the northern spur of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan plateau">Deccan plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The low-lying <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> are situated off the southwestern coast of India and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar" class="mw-redirect" title="Andaman and Nicobar">Andaman and Nicobar</a> islands lie far off the eastern coast. The <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as <a href="/wiki/Rama%27s_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama's Bridge">Rama's Bridge</a> separate the region from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, which lies off the southeastern coast.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The southernmost tip of mainland India is at <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakumari (town)">Kanyakumari</a> where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg/220px-AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg/330px-AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg/440px-AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>The peak of <a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a> is the highest point of elevation in South India</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> runs south along the western coast from south of the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti River</a> to Kanyakumari and forms a narrow strip of land with the Arabian sea called <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anai_Mudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anai Mudi">Anai Mudi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills" title="Anaimalai Hills">Anaimalai Hills</a> 2,695 m (8,842 ft) is the highest peak in South India.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> run parallel to the Bay of Bengal along the eastern coast and the strip of land between them forms the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> They are a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India, the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Both mountain ranges meet at the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri</a> mountains which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad District">Palakkad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> hills and the <a href="/wiki/Sathyamangalam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary">Sathyamangalam</a> ranges, extending to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border, forming the <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_-_Tirupati" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumala - Tirupati">Tirupati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annamalai_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Annamalai Hills">Annamalai hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deccan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan plateau">Deccan plateau</a> is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The plateau rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>'s coastline.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> It also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The volcanic <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> beds of the Deccan were laid down in the massive <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a> eruption, which occurred towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, between 67 and 66 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted many years and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The plateau is watered by the east-flowing <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penna_River" title="Penna River">Penna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaigai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaigai">Vaigai</a> rivers and their tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Other prominent features include the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a>, which separates India from Sri Lanka; the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Degree_Channel" title="Ten Degree Channel">Ten Degree Channel</a>, which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands; and the Eight Degree Channel, which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> is a smaller sea.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> located in the Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep islands.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Large lakes include <a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake">Pulicat Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Climatic zones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/220px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/330px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/440px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Monsoon onset</figcaption></figure> The region has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> and depends on monsoons for rainfall. According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, it has a non-<a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> climate with minimum mean temperatures of 18 °C (64 °F).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The most humid is the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> characterized by moderate to high year-round temperatures and seasonally heavy rainfall above 2,000 mm (79 in) per year. The tropical climate is experienced in a strip of south-western lowlands abutting the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, the Western Ghats and the Lakshadweep islands.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a>, drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate, prevails over most of the inland peninsular region except for a semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F); summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding 50 °C (122 °F); and the rainy season lasts from June to September, with annual rainfall averaging between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> predominates in the land east of the Western Ghats and the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a>. The region – which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh – gets between 400 and 750 millimetres (15.7 and 29.5 in) of rainfall annually, with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March and May are hot and dry, with mean monthly temperatures hovering around 32 °C (90 °F), with 320 millimetres (13 in) precipitation. Without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">southwest monsoon</a> from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the region. The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon hits the Western Ghats along the coastal state of Kerala and moves northward along the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan coast">Konkan coast</a>, with precipitation on coastal areas west of the Western Ghats. The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau; hence, the leeward region (the region deprived of winds) receives very little rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon heads toward northeast India, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The <a href="/wiki/Coramandel_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Coramandel coast">Coramandel coast</a> does not receive much rainfall from the southwest monsoon, due to the shape of the land. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and southeast <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> receive rains from the northeast monsoon.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The northeast monsoon takes place from November to early March, when the surface <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_system" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure system">high-pressure system</a> is strongest.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones</a> occur throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_maximus_(Bandipur).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/220px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/330px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/440px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>South India has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> population</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg/220px-A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg/330px-A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg/440px-A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a>, an endangered animal found in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiris</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife of Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife of Tamil Nadu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife of Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_South_India" title="List of birds of South India">List of birds of South India</a></div> There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in South India, resulting from its varied climates and geography. <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">Deciduous forests</a> are found along the Western Ghats while <a href="/wiki/South_Deccan_Plateau_dry_deciduous_forests" title="South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests">tropical dry forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_thorn_scrub_forests" title="Deccan thorn scrub forests">scrub lands</a> are common in the interior Deccan plateau. The southern Western Ghats have rain forests located at high altitudes called the <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests" title="South Western Ghats montane rain forests">South Western Ghats montane rain forests</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast_moist_forests" title="Malabar Coast moist forests">Malabar Coast moist forests</a> are found on the coastal plains.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Western Ghats is one of the eight hottest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> in the world and a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Important ecological regions of South India are the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Hills">Nilgiri Hills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar</a> coral reefs.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve">Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve</a> covers an area of 10,500 km2 (4,100 sq mi) of ocean, islands and the adjoining coastline including <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a> and mangroves. It is home to <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> aquatic species, including <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holothuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Holothuroidea">sea cucumbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Bird sanctuaries including <a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanthangal_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary">Vedanthangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranganathittu_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary">Ranganathittu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumarakom_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary">Kumarakom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neelapattu_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelapattu Sanctuary">Neelapattu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake">Pulicat</a> are home to numerous migratory and local birds.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> South India is home to one of the largest populations of endangered <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal tigers">Bengal tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian elephants">Indian elephants</a> in India, being home to one-third of the tiger population and more than half of the elephant population,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> with 14 <a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Project Tiger</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">reserves</a> and 11 <a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Project Elephant</a> reserves.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Elephant populations are found in eight fragmented sites in the region: in northern Karnataka, along the Western Ghats, in <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhadra</a>–<a href="/wiki/Malnad" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnad">Malnad</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_(hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmagiri (hill)">Brahmagiri</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiris</a>–<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>–<a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley</a>–<a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Anamalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamalai">Anamalai</a>–<a href="/wiki/Parambikulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam">Parambikulam</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Periyar_National_Park" title="Periyar National Park">Periyar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Agasthyamalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasthyamalai">Agasthyamalai</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Other threatened and endangered species found in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Grizzled_giant_squirrel" title="Grizzled giant squirrel">grizzled giant squirrel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grey_slender_loris" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey slender loris">grey slender loris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque" title="Lion-tailed macaque">lion-tailed macaque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <caption>Symbols of states of South India<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Animal </th> <th>Bird </th> <th>Tree </th> <th>Fruit </th> <th>Flower </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a> (Antilope cervicapra) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">Rose-ringed parakeet</a> (Psittacula krameri) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neem" class="mw-redirect" title="Neem">Neem</a> (Azadirachta indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a> (Mangifera indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Common jasmine</a> (Jasminum officinale) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a> (Elephas maximus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a> (Coracias indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a> (Santalum album) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">Mango</a> (Mangifera indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a> (Nelumbo nucifera) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a> (Elephas maximus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a> (Buceros bicornis) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Coconut</a> (Cocos nucifera) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a> (Artocarpus heterophyllus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Cana fistula</a> (Cassia fistula) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly fish">Butterfly fish</a> (Chaetodon falcula) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anous_stolidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anous stolidus">Noddy tern</a> (Anous stolidus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_incisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus incisa">Bread fruit</a> (Artocarpus incisa) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_palm_squirrel" title="Indian palm squirrel">Indian palm squirrel</a> (Funambulus palmarum) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_koel" title="Asian koel">Koel</a> (Eudynamys scolopaceus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bael_fruit_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bael fruit tree">Bael fruit</a> (Aegle marmelos) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cannonball_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannonball tree">Cannonball</a> (Couroupita guianensis) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a> (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a> (Chalcophaps indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palmyra palm</a> (Borassus flabellifer) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a> (Artocarpus heterophyllus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Glory lily</a> (Gloriosa superba) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chital_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chital deer">Chital deer</a> (Axis axis) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a> (Coracias indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria">Khejri</a> (Prosopis cineraria) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a> (Mangifera indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Tanner's cassia</a> (Senna auriculata) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_South_India" title="Politics in South India">Politics in South India</a></div> Politics in South India is characterized by a mix of regional and national political parties. The <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a> were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopp-86">[86]</a> The Justice Party eventually lost the <a href="/wiki/1937_Madras_Presidency_legislative_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election">1937 elections</a> to the Indian National Congress, and <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a> became the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopp-86">[86]</a> During the 1920s and 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a>, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Theagaroya_Chetty" class="mw-redirect" title="Theagaroya Chetty">Theagaroya Chetty</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._V._Ramaswamy" class="mw-redirect" title="E. V. Ramaswamy">E. V. Ramaswamy</a> (commonly known as Periyar), emerged in the Madras Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 1944, Periyar transformed the party into a social organisation, renaming the party <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a>, and withdrew from electoral politics. The initial aim was the secession of <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Nadu" title="Dravida Nadu">Dravida Nadu</a> from the rest of India upon Indian independence. After independence, <a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a>, a follower of Periyar, formed the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK) in 1948. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a> led to the rise of Dravidian parties that formed Tamil Nadu's first government, in 1967. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (AIADMK) led by <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Dravidian parties</a> continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics, the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties, AIADMK and DMK.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in the 1950s and 1960s under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a>, who led the party after the death of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and ensured the selection of Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Congress continues to be a major party in Telangana, Karnataka, and Kerala. The party ruled with minimal opposition for 30 years in Andhra Pradesh, before the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nandamuri_Taraka_Rama_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao">Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Two prominent coalitions in Kerala are the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (India)">United Democratic Front</a>, led by the Indian National Congress, and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">Left Democratic Front</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a>. For the past fifty years, these two coalitions have been alternately in power; and <a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a>, the first elected chief minister of Kerala in 1957, is credited as the leader of the first democratically elected communist government in the world.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a> are significant parties in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 300px; padding: 8px; font-size: 50%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_encoded.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/India_encoded.svg/300px-India_encoded.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/India_encoded.svg/450px-India_encoded.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/India_encoded.svg/600px-India_encoded.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="593" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:253px"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:76.5px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:79.5px; top:304px"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:96.75px; top:280px"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:108.75px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:27px; top:290.5px"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:123px; top:290.5px"><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></div> </div> C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor General of India post independence, was from South India. The region has produced six Indian presidents, namely, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and <a href="/wiki/APJ_Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="APJ Abdul Kalam">APJ Abdul Kalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime ministers</a> <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a> were from the region.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> South India <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">consists</a> of the five southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, as well as the union territories of Puducherry, and Lakshadweep.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Puducherry and the five states each have an elected state government, while Lakshadweep is <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">centrally</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Each state is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governor</a> who is appointed by the President of India and who names the leader of the state legislature's ruling party or <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">chief minister</a>, who is the head of the state government.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Each state or territory is further divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of India">districts</a>, which are further subdivided into revenue divisions and <a href="/wiki/Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluk">taluk</a>s / <a href="/wiki/Mandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandal">Mandal</a>s or tehsils.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Local bodies govern respective cities, towns, and villages, along with an elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal chairman</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India" title="Panchayati raj in India">panchayat chairman</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Govt-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States">States</h4></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">ISO</a><a href="#cite_note-iso-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-gefeg-111">[111]</a> </th> <th>Estd.<a href="#cite_note-1956act-23">[23]</a> </th> <th>Population<a href="#cite_note-andhra-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-telangana-113">[113]</a> </th> <th>Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-census_main-114">[114]</a> </th> <th>Official language(s)<a href="#cite_note-langoff50-115">[115]</a> </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Population density (per km2)<a href="#cite_note-census_main-114">[114]</a> </th> <th>Sex Ratio<a href="#cite_note-census_main-114">[114]</a> </th> <th>Literacy(%)<a href="#cite_note-lit-116">[116]</a> </th> <th>% urban pop.<a href="#cite_note-urban-117">[117]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>AP </td> <td>1 Oct 1953 </td> <td>49,506,799 </td> <td>162,968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a> </td> <td>308 </td> <td>996 </td> <td>67.41 </td> <td>29.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>KA </td> <td>1 Nov 1956 </td> <td>61,095,297 </td> <td>191,791 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> </td> <td>319 </td> <td>973 </td> <td>75.60 </td> <td>38.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>KL </td> <td>1 Nov 1956 </td> <td>33,406,061 </td> <td>38,863 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> </td> <td>860 </td> <td>1084 </td> <td>94.00 </td> <td>47.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>TN </td> <td>26 Jan 1950 </td> <td>72,147,030 </td> <td>130,058 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> </td> <td>555 </td> <td>996 </td> <td>80.33 </td> <td>48.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td>TG </td> <td>2 Jun 2014 </td> <td>35,193,978 </td> <td>112,077 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Urdu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td>307 </td> <td>988 </td> <td>66.50 </td> <td>38.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_1">^Note 1</a> Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_Of_India-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, was to serve as joint capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_territories">Union territories</h4></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">ISO</a><a href="#cite_note-iso-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-gefeg-111">[111]</a> </th> <th>Estd.<a href="#cite_note-1956act-23">[23]</a> </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-census_main-114">[114]</a> </th> <th>Official language<a href="#cite_note-langoff50-115">[115]</a> </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Population density (per km2)<a href="#cite_note-census_main-114">[114]</a> </th> <th>Sex Ratio<a href="#cite_note-census_main-114">[114]</a> </th> <th>Literacy (%)<a href="#cite_note-lit-116">[116]</a> </th> <th>% urban pop.<a href="#cite_note-urban-117">[117]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td>LD </td> <td>1 Nov 1956 </td> <td>64,473 </td> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a> </td> <td>2,013 </td> <td>946 </td> <td>92.28 </td> <td>78.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>PY </td> <td>1 Jul 1963 </td> <td>1,247,953 </td> <td>490 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>2,598 </td> <td>1037 </td> <td>86.55 </td> <td>68.33 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_representation">Legislative representation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Legislative assemblies of states</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Andhra_Pradesh_Secretariat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Andhra_Pradesh_Secretariat.jpg/113px-Andhra_Pradesh_Secretariat.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Andhra_Pradesh_Secretariat.jpg/170px-Andhra_Pradesh_Secretariat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Andhra_Pradesh_Secretariat.jpg/226px-Andhra_Pradesh_Secretariat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Shasana Sabha</a> (Andhra Pradesh)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidhana_Soudha_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vidhana_Soudha_2012.jpg/171px-Vidhana_Soudha_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vidhana_Soudha_2012.jpg/257px-Vidhana_Soudha_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vidhana_Soudha_2012.jpg/342px-Vidhana_Soudha_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Soudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Soudha">Vidhan Soudha</a> (Karnataka)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Legislative_Assembly,_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/147px-Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/221px-Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/294px-Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="746" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Niyamasabha_Mandiram" title="Niyamasabha Mandiram">Niyamasabha Mandiram</a> (Kerala)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/137px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/206px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/274px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a> (Tamil Nadu)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/206px-Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/309px-Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/412px-Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="558" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Shasana Sabha (Telangana)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pondicherry_Legislative_Assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pondicherry_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/78px-Pondicherry_Legislative_Assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pondicherry_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/117px-Pondicherry_Legislative_Assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pondicherry_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/156px-Pondicherry_Legislative_Assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="350" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Legislative_Assembly" title="Puducherry Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> (Puducherry)</div></div></div></div></div> South India elects 132 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">members</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, accounting for roughly one-fourth of the total strength.<a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha-121">[121]</a> The region is allocated 58 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, out of the total of 245.<a href="#cite_note-Rajya_Sabha-122">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">state legislatures</a> of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry are <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral legislature">unicameral</a>, while Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana have <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral</a> legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-Vidhan_Sabha-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> States with bicameral legislatures have an upper house (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>) with members not more than one-third the size of the Assembly. State legislatures elect members for terms of five years.<a href="#cite_note-Govt-109">[109]</a> Governors may suspend or dissolve assemblies and can administer when no party is able to form a government.<a href="#cite_note-Govt-109">[109]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>State/UT </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha-121">[121]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajya_Sabha-122">[122]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">State Assembly</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidhan_Sabha-123">[123]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor">Lt. Governor</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister (India)">Chief Minister</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>11</td> <td>175 <a href="#cite_note-125">[a]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Abdul_Nazeer" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Abdul Nazeer">S. Abdul Nazeer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N._Chandrababu_Naidu" title="N. Chandrababu Naidu">N. Chandrababu Naidu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td>28</td> <td>12</td> <td>224 <a href="#cite_note-126">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thawar_Chand_Gehlot" title="Thawar Chand Gehlot">Thawar Chand Gehlot</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>9</td> <td>140</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arif_Mohammad_Khan" title="Arif Mohammad Khan">Arif Mohammad Khan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>Nil</td> <td>NA</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praful_Khoda_Patel" title="Praful Khoda Patel">Praful Khoda Patel</a></td> <td>NA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamilisai_Soundararajan" title="Tamilisai Soundararajan">Tamilisai Soundararajan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N._Rangaswamy" title="N. Rangaswamy">N. Rangaswamy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>18</td> <td>234</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R._N._Ravi" title="R. N. Ravi">R. N. Ravi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>7</td> <td>119 <a href="#cite_note-127">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamilisai_Soundararajan" title="Tamilisai Soundararajan">Tamilisai Soundararajan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Revanth Reddy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>132</td> <td>58</td> <td>922</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> legislative council seats 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> legislative council seats 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> legislative council seats 40 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugus">Telugus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannadigas" title="Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuluvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluvas">Tuluvas</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">South Indian diaspora</a></div> As per the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census of India</a>, the estimated population of South India was 252 million, around one fifth of the total population of the country. The region's <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) was less than the <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">population replacement level</a> of 2.1 for all states, with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs in India at 1.7.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> As a result, from 1981 to 2011 the proportion of the population of South India to India's total population has declined.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes and Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Tribes</a> form 18% of the population of the region. Agriculture is the major employer in the region, with 47.5% of the population being involved in agrarian activities.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> About 60% of the population lives in permanent housing structures.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> 67.8% of South India has access to tap water, with wells and springs being major sources of water supply.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after the independence of India, the economies of South Indian states have, over the past three decades, registered growth higher than the national average. While South Indian states have improved in some of the <a href="/wiki/Socio-economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economics">socio-economic</a> metrics,<a href="#cite_note-ecoindicators-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-outlook1-136">[133]</a> poverty continues to affect the region as it does the rest of the country, although it has considerably decreased over the years. Based on the 2011 census, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> in the southern states is high, and the economy has grown at a faster rate than those of most northern states.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> As per the 2011 census, the average <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> in South India is approximately 80%, considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74%, with Kerala having the highest literacy rate of 93.91%.<a href="#cite_note-lit-116">[116]</a> South India has the highest <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> with Kerala and Tamil Nadu being the top two states.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> The South Indian states rank amongst the top 10 in economic freedom,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">life expectancy</a> .,<a href="#cite_note-HDI-140">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_drinking_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian states ranking by drinking water">access to drinking water</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_families_owning_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian states ranking by families owning house">house ownership</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_television_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian states ranking by television ownership">TV ownership</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">poverty</a> rate is at 19% while that in the other Indian states is at 38%. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> is ₹19,531 (US$230), which is more than double of the other Indian states (₹8,951 (US$100)).<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> Of the three demographically related targets of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> set by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and expected to be achieved by 2015, Kerala and Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.<a href="#cite_note-IMR-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Males</th> <th>Females </th> <th>Sex Ratio </th> <th>Literacy % </th> <th>Rural Population </th> <th>Urban Population </th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Density (/km2) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</td> <td>380,520</td> <td>202,330</td> <td>177,614</td> <td>878</td> <td>86.63</td> <td>237,093 </td> <td>143,488</td> <td>8,249</td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Andhra Pradesh</td> <td>49,386,799</td> <td>24,738,068</td> <td>24,648,731</td> <td>996</td> <td>67.41</td> <td>34,776,389 </td> <td>14,610,410</td> <td>162,975</td> <td>308 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Karnataka</td> <td>61,130,704</td> <td>30,966,657</td> <td>30,128,640</td> <td>973</td> <td>75.36</td> <td>37,469,335</td> <td>23,625,962 </td> <td>191,791</td> <td>319 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Kerala</td> <td>33,406,061</td> <td>16,027,412</td> <td>17,378,649</td> <td>1084</td> <td>96.2</td> <td>17,471,135</td> <td>15,934,926 </td> <td>38,863</td> <td>859 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Lakshadweep</td> <td>64,473</td> <td>33,123</td> <td>31,350</td> <td>946</td> <td>91.85</td> <td>14,141</td> <td>50,332 </td> <td>32.62</td> <td>2,013 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Puducherry</td> <td>1,247,953</td> <td>612,511</td> <td>635,442</td> <td>1037</td> <td>86.55</td> <td>395,200</td> <td>852,753 </td> <td>483</td> <td>2,598 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Tamil Nadu</td> <td>72,147,030</td> <td>36,137,975</td> <td>36,009,055</td> <td>996</td> <td>82.9</td> <td>37,229,590</td> <td>34,917,440</td> <td>130,058 </td> <td>555 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;">Telangana</td> <td>35,003,674</td> <td>17,611,633</td> <td>17,392,041</td> <td>988</td> <td>72.80</td> <td>21,395,009</td> <td>21,395,009 </td> <td>112,077</td> <td>312 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 276.12648198156px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 111.71827768478px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.998026085614px 0.62831439655586px 0 0; border-top-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:48.560320013886px 87.417934773987px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 40.248407515962px 100px 0; border-right-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of South India (<a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-148">[145]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (31.09%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (26.98%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> (16.83%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (13.48%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Urdu</a> (6.09%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (5.53%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada language</a></div> The largest linguistic group in South India is the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_family_of_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian family of languages">Dravidian family of languages</a>, of approximately 73 languages.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> The major languages spoken include <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> is spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala and Karnataka; <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> language, is spoken by around 0.8 million people in the Konkan coast (Canara) and Kerala; <a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava Takk</a> is spoken by more than half a million people in Kodagu, Mysore, and Bangalore. English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South India.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani Urdu</a> a regional dialect of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Urdu, and konkani are listed among the 22 <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">official languages of India</a>. Tamil was the first language to be granted <a href="/wiki/Classical_language_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical language in India">classical language</a> status by the Government of India in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> Later Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008) and Malayalam (2013) were also declared as classical languages.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> These four languages combined have literary outputs larger than other <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary languages</a> of India.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>S.No. </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Number of speakers (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-148">[145]</a> </th> <th>States and union territories where official </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> </td> <td>78,631,655 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanam,_Puducherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanam, Puducherry">Puducherry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </td> <td>68,239,659 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> </td> <td>42,560,250 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> </td> <td>34,104,225 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Puducherry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td>15,411,542 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> </td> <td>1,655,065 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_India" title="Hinduism in South India">Hinduism in South India</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2339.0895069766px; border-left-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 262.64409442978px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 52.065578562156px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in South India (2011)<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (82.64%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (11.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (5.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (0.68%)</div> </div> </div></div> Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">prehistoric religion</a> in South India comes from scattered <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> rock paintings depicting dances and rituals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kupgal_petroglyphs" title="Kupgal petroglyphs">Kupgal petroglyphs</a> of eastern Karnataka, at <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the major religion today in South India, with about 84% of the population adhering to it, which is often regarded as the oldest religion in the world, tracing its roots to prehistoric times in India.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Its spiritual traditions include both the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a> branches of Hinduism, although <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> philosophies were influential several centuries earlier.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a> has spread significantly across the southern parts of South India.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> philosophy is prominent among many communities.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced to South India in the early 7th century by <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> traders on the Malabar Coast, and spread during the rule of the Deccan Sultanates, from the 17th to 18th centuries. About 11% of the population In South India follow <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Muslims of Arab descent in Kerala are called <a href="/wiki/Jonaka_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonaka Mappila">Jonaka Mappila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> About 4% follow <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Christianity was introduced to South India by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and proselytized natives, who are called <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Nazrani Mappila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Kerala is also home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, who are supposed to have arrived on the Malabar coast during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_account_of_King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical account of King Solomon">King Solomon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> The major metropolitan areas in south India are as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in South India <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>State </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:UB_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bengaluru"><img alt="Bengaluru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/UB_City.jpg/120px-UB_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/UB_City.jpg/180px-UB_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/UB_City.jpg/240px-UB_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Central.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chennai"><img alt="Chennai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chennai_Central.jpg/120px-Chennai_Central.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chennai_Central.jpg/180px-Chennai_Central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chennai_Central.jpg/240px-Chennai_Central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="438" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,257,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Charminar_on_Eid.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyderabad"><img alt="Hyderabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charminar_on_Eid.JPG/120px-Charminar_on_Eid.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charminar_on_Eid.JPG/180px-Charminar_on_Eid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charminar_on_Eid.JPG/240px-Charminar_on_Eid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="3273" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> <a href="/wiki/File:IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kozhikode"><img alt="Kozhikode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/120px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/180px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/240px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,570,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,797,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,049,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,851,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,551,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,381,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,048,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,005,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,868,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_roadway_map_with_population_density.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/India_roadway_map_with_population_density.svg/250px-India_roadway_map_with_population_density.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/India_roadway_map_with_population_density.svg/375px-India_roadway_map_with_population_density.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/India_roadway_map_with_population_density.svg/500px-India_roadway_map_with_population_density.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Highway distribution with population density</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3></div> South India has an extensive road network with 20,573 km (12,783 mi) of <a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_India" title="National highways of India">National Highways</a> and 46,813 km (29,088 mi) of <a href="/wiki/State_highways_in_India" title="State highways in India">State Highways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a> connecting Chennai with <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> traverses Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Bus services are provided by state-run transport corporations, namely the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation">Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation">Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Telangana_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Telangana State Road Transport Corporation">Telangana State Road Transport Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Puducherry Road Transport Corporation">Puducherry Road Transport Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>National Highway<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a></th> <th>State Highway<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></th> <th>Motor vehicles per 1000 pop.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td>7,356 km (4,571 mi)</td> <td>10,650 km (6,620 mi)</td> <td>145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td>6,432 km (3,997 mi)</td> <td>20,774 km (12,908 mi)</td> <td>182 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>5,006 km (3,111 mi)</td> <td>10,764 km (6,688 mi)</td> <td>257 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></td> <td>2,635 km (1,637 mi)</td> <td>3,152 km (1,959 mi)</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>1,811 km (1,125 mi)</td> <td>4,341 km (2,697 mi)</td> <td>425 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></td> <td>330 km (210 mi)</td> <td>38 km (24 mi)</td> <td>152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></td> <td>64 km (40 mi)</td> <td>246 km (153 mi)</td> <td>521 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>22,635 km (14,065 mi)</td> <td>49,965 km (31,047 mi)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> In 1832, the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> was made.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hist-187">[184]</a> In 1835, a <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railway track</a> was constructed between <a href="/wiki/Red_Hills,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills, Chennai">Red Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chintadripet" title="Chintadripet">Chintadripet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> and became operational in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-FR-188">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Madras_Railway" title="Madras Railway">Madras Railway</a> was established in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-Hist-187">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_Railway_Company" title="South Indian Railway Company">Great Southern of India Railway Company</a> was founded in England in 1853 and registered in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The construction on the first main line in the South between <a href="/wiki/Royapuram" title="Royapuram">Royapuram</a> in Madras and <a href="/wiki/Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot">Arcot</a> started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Construction of track in the Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80 miles (130 km) link from <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Trichinopoly</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Negapatam</a> and a link from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Port of Beypore</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar Coast</a>, which eventually got expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> line via <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> were opened in 1861.<a href="#cite_note-TR-191">[188]</a> The Carnatic Railway Company was founded in 1864 and opened a Madras–<a href="/wiki/Arakkonam" title="Arakkonam">Arakkonam</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kancheepuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kancheepuram">Conjeevaram</a>–Katpadi junction line in 1865. These two companies subsequently merged in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> In 1880, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway" title="Great Indian Peninsula Railway">Great Indian Peninsula Railway</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British</a>, built a railway network radiating from <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> In 1879, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Railway" title="Madras Railway">Madras Railway</a> constructed a line from <a href="/wiki/Royapuram" title="Royapuram">Royapuram</a> to Bangalore; and the Maharaja of Mysore established the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State_Railway" title="Mysore State Railway">Mysore State Railway</a> to build an extension from Bangalore to <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Madras_and_Southern_Mahratta_Railway" title="Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway">Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway</a> was founded on 1 January 1908 by merging the Madras Railway and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Mahratta_Railway" title="Southern Mahratta Railway">Southern Mahratta Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> On 14 April 1951, the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway, and the Mysore State Railway were merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">first zone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Railway_zone" title="South Central Railway zone">South Central zone</a> was created on 2 October 1966 as the ninth zone of Indian Railways and the <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway_zone" title="South Western Railway zone">South Western zone</a> was created on 1 April 2003.<a href="#cite_note-SCR-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWR-199">[196]</a> Most of the region is covered by the three zones, with small portions of the coasts covered by <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Railway_zone" title="East Coast Railway zone">East Coast Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Railway">Konkan Railway</a>. In 2019, a new <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Railway_zone" title="South Coast Railway zone">South Coast Railway zone</a> was announced but is yet to become operational as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a> of Southern Railway is a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Indian Railways under the <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)" title="Ministry of Railways (India)">Ministry of Railways</a> of the Government of India operates the railway system.<a href="#cite_note-IRYB-202">[199]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Railway zone<a href="#cite_note-zone-203">[200]</a> </th> <th>Abbr. </th> <th>Route length (km)<a href="#cite_note-IRYB-202">[199]</a> </th> <th>Headquarters<a href="#cite_note-zone-203">[200]</a> </th> <th>Estd.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> </th> <th>Divisions </th> <th>Major stations<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> </td> <td>SR </td> <td>5,087 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Central">Chennai</a> </td> <td>14 April 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_railway_division" title="Chennai railway division">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_railway_division" title="Madurai railway division">Madurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Railway_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad Railway Division">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem_railway_division" title="Salem railway division">Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_railway_division" title="Thiruvananthapuram railway division">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_railway_division" title="Tiruchirappalli railway division">Tiruchirappalli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station" title="Chennai Central railway station">MGR Chennai Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Egmore_railway_station" title="Chennai Egmore railway station">Chennai Egmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambaram_railway_station" title="Tambaram railway station">Tambaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Junction_railway_station" title="Coimbatore Junction railway station">Coimbatore Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Junction_railway_station" title="Madurai Junction railway station">Madurai Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station">Thiruvananthapuram Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_Junction_railway_station" title="Ernakulam Junction railway station">Ernakulam Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_railway_station" title="Kozhikode railway station">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katpadi_Junction_railway_station" title="Katpadi Junction railway station">Katpadi Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_railway_station" title="Thrissur railway station">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arakkonam_Junction_railway_station" title="Arakkonam Junction railway station">Arakkonam Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_Junction_railway_station" title="Chengalpattu Junction railway station">Chengalpattu Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_railway_station" title="Tiruvallur railway station">Tiruvallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avadi_railway_station" title="Avadi railway station">Avadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station">Tiruchirappalli Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_Junction_railway_station" title="Tirunelveli Junction railway station">Tirunelveli Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem_Junction_railway_station" title="Salem Junction railway station">Salem Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_railway_station" title="Tiruppur railway station">Tiruppur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Junction_railway_station" title="Palakkad Junction railway station">Palakkad Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erode_Junction_railway_station" title="Erode Junction railway station">Erode Jn.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Railway_zone" title="South Central Railway zone">South Central</a><a href="#cite_note-SCR-198">[195]</a> </td> <td>SCR </td> <td>6,471 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Secunderabad_Junction_railway_station" title="Secunderabad Junction railway station">Secunderabad</a> </td> <td>2 October 1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guntakal_railway_division" title="Guntakal railway division">Guntakal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntur_railway_division" title="Guntur railway division">Guntur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_railway_division" title="Hyderabad railway division">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secunderabad_railway_division" title="Secunderabad railway division">Secunderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayawada_railway_division" title="Vijayawada railway division">Vijayawada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Secunderabad_Junction_railway_station" title="Secunderabad Junction railway station">Secunderabad Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad railway station">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacheguda_railway_station" title="Kacheguda railway station">Kacheguda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry_railway_station" title="Rajahmundry railway station">Rajahmundry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_Main_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupati Main railway station">Tirupati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayawada_Junction_railway_station" title="Vijayawada Junction railway station">Vijayawada Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntakal_Junction_railway_station" title="Guntakal Junction railway station">Guntakal Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntur_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Guntur railway station">Guntur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nellore_railway_station" title="Nellore railway station">Nellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warangal_railway_station" title="Warangal railway station">Warangal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway_zone" title="South Western Railway zone">South Western</a><a href="#cite_note-SWR-199">[196]</a> </td> <td>SWR </td> <td>3,629 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubli_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubli Junction railway station">Huballi</a> </td> <td>1 April 2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_railway_division" title="Bangalore railway division">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubli_railway_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubli railway division">Hubli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_railway_division" title="Mysore railway division">Mysuru</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_City_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore City railway station">KSR Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Junction_railway_station" title="Mysore Junction railway station">Mysore Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yesvantpur_Junction_railway_station" title="Yesvantpur Junction railway station">Yesvantpur Jn.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubli_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubli Junction railway station">Huballi Jn.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Railway_zone" title="East Coast Railway zone">East Coast</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> </td> <td>ECoR </td> <td>2,818 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar_railway_station" title="Bhubaneswar railway station">Bhubaneswar</a> </td> <td>1 April 2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waltair_railway_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltair railway division">Waltair</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Visakhapatnam Junction railway station">Visakhapatnam Jn.</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburban_and_Metro">Suburban and Metro</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_India" title="Urban rail transit in India">Urban rail transit in India</a></div> Currently, operational <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> systems are there in four cities Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Kochi.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Suburban_Railway" title="Chennai Suburban Railway">Chennai Suburban</a> founded in 1928 is one of the oldest and largest urban networks in the country.<a href="#cite_note-SR-213">[210]</a> Opened in 1995, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_MRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai MRTS">Chennai MRTS</a> was the first elevated urban railway in India.<a href="#cite_note-SR-213">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_MMTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad MMTS">Hyderabad MMTS</a> was opened in 2003, becoming the second city in South India to have a local rail transit system.<a href="#cite_note-AD-214">[211]</a> As of December 2022, South India has 205.06 km of operational metro lines and 16 systems.<a href="#cite_note-auto-215">[212]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>System </th> <th>City </th> <th>State </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Lines </th> <th>Stations </th> <th>Length </th> <th>Opened </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Suburban_Railway" title="Chennai Suburban Railway">Chennai Suburban</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ChennaiEMUNew.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ChennaiEMUNew.JPG/100px-ChennaiEMUNew.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ChennaiEMUNew.JPG/150px-ChennaiEMUNew.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ChennaiEMUNew.JPG/200px-ChennaiEMUNew.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2484" /></a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Chennai" title="Railway stations in Chennai">53</a> </td> <td>212 km (132 mi) </td> <td>1928<a href="#cite_note-SR-213">[210]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">Chennai MRTS</a><a href="#cite_note-MRTS-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-SR-213">[210]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg/100px-Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg/150px-Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg/200px-Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">17</a> </td> <td>19.715 km (12.250 mi) </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_MMTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad MMTS">Hyderabad MMTS</a><a href="#cite_note-TW-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-AD-214">[211]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hyderabad_MMTS_at_Hitech_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hyderabad_MMTS_at_Hitech_city.jpg/100px-Hyderabad_MMTS_at_Hitech_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hyderabad_MMTS_at_Hitech_city.jpg/150px-Hyderabad_MMTS_at_Hitech_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hyderabad_MMTS_at_Hitech_city.jpg/200px-Hyderabad_MMTS_at_Hitech_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="1666" /></a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_MMTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad MMTS">44</a> </td> <td>90 km (56 mi) </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namma_Metro" title="Namma Metro">Namma Metro</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Namma_Metro_Trains_of_Bangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Namma_Metro_Trains_of_Bangalore.jpg/100px-Namma_Metro_Trains_of_Bangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Namma_Metro_Trains_of_Bangalore.jpg/150px-Namma_Metro_Trains_of_Bangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Namma_Metro_Trains_of_Bangalore.jpg/200px-Namma_Metro_Trains_of_Bangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="345" /></a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Namma_Metro_stations" title="List of Namma Metro stations">63</a> </td> <td>69.6 km (43.2 mi) </td> <td>2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/100px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/150px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/200px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2121" /></a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chennai_Metro_stations" title="List of Chennai Metro stations">41</a> </td> <td>54.1 km (33.6 mi) </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Metro" title="Kochi Metro">Kochi Metro</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom,_Aug_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg/100px-Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg/150px-Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg/200px-Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="2610" /></a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kochi_Metro_stations" title="List of Kochi Metro stations">22</a> </td> <td>25.6 km (15.9 mi) </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metro" title="Hyderabad Metro">Hyderabad Metro</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hyderabad_Metro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hyderabad_Metro.jpg/100px-Hyderabad_Metro.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hyderabad_Metro.jpg/150px-Hyderabad_Metro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hyderabad_Metro.jpg/200px-Hyderabad_Metro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hyderabad_Metro_stations" title="List of Hyderabad Metro stations">57</a> </td> <td>69.2 km (43.0 mi) </td> <td>2017 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengaluru-airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bengaluru-airport.jpg/200px-Bengaluru-airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bengaluru-airport.jpg/300px-Bengaluru-airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bengaluru-airport.jpg/400px-Bengaluru-airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airport" title="Kempegowda International Airport">Kempegowda International Airport, Bengaluru</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg/200px-Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg/300px-Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg/400px-Chennai_airport_view_4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1421" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RGIA_26112021_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RGIA_26112021_2.jpg/200px-RGIA_26112021_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RGIA_26112021_2.jpg/300px-RGIA_26112021_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RGIA_26112021_2.jpg/400px-RGIA_26112021_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Airport">Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAL_T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CIAL_T.jpg/200px-CIAL_T.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CIAL_T.jpg/300px-CIAL_T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CIAL_T.jpg/400px-CIAL_T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="450" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a></div></div></div></div></div> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Sons" title="Tata Sons">Tata Sons</a> started a regular airmail service between <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> marking the beginning of air transportation in the southern part of India.<a href="#cite_note-PIB-223">[220]</a> In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Flying_Club" title="Madras Flying Club">Madras Flying Club</a>, which became a pioneer in pilot training in South India.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> On 15 October 1932, Indian aviator <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> flew a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Puss_Moth" title="De Havilland Puss Moth">Puss Moth</a> aircraft carrying mail from <a href="/wiki/Karachi_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi airport">Karachi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Juhu_aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhu aerodrome">Juhu aerodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>; and the aircraft continued to <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, piloted by Neville Vincent, a former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> pilot and friend of Tata.<a href="#cite_note-history-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> There are 12 <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Customs_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs airport">customs airports</a>, 15 domestic airports, 5 state owned/private airports and 15 <a href="/wiki/Air_base" title="Air base">air bases</a> in South India.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airport" title="Kempegowda International Airport">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Airport">Hyderabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Kochi</a> international airports are amongst the 10 busiest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-AAI-229">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a> serves as the Southern Regional Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a>, the Southern Region comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, and the union territories of Puducherry and Lakshadweep.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> Four of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the busiest airports in India">busiest airports in India</a> are in South India. The region comes under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command,_Indian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Air Command, Indian Air Force">Southern Air Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Training_Command,_Indian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Training Command, Indian Air Force">National Training Command</a> is headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bengaluru</a>. The Air Force operates nine air bases in Southern India.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> In the region, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> operates airbases at <a href="/wiki/INS_Garuda" title="INS Garuda">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/INS_Rajali" title="INS Rajali">Arakkonam</a>, <a href="/wiki/INS_Parundu" title="INS Parundu">Uchipuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/INS_Dega" title="INS Dega">Vizag</a> and Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-command-kochi-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>State/UT </th> <th>International </th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>Customs </th> <th>Domestic </th> <th>State/Private </th> <th>Military </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>15</td> <td>5</td> <td>15 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" width="align="> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th>Rank</th> <th>Name</th> <th>City</th> <th>State</th> <th>IATA Code</th> <th>Total passengers (Apr-Jul'24)<a href="#cite_note-AAI-229">[226]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airport" title="Kempegowda International Airport">Kempegowda International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td>BLR</td> <td>1,35,63,383 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Airport">Rajiv Gandhi International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></td> <td>HYD</td> <td>90,75,887 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>MAA</td> <td>72,52,642 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>COK</td> <td>36,59,362 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>TRV</td> <td>16,54,523 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>CCJ</td> <td>12,46,845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_International_Airport" title="Coimbatore International Airport">Coimbatore International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>CJB</td> <td>10,39,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Airport" title="Visakhapatnam Airport">Visakhapatnam International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td>VTZ</td> <td>9,14,742 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangalore_International_Airport" title="Mangalore International Airport">Mangalore International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangaluru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td>IXE</td> <td>7,34,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_International_Airport" title="Tiruchirappalli International Airport">Tiruchirappalli International Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>TRZ</td> <td>6,52,780 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vizag_harbour_view1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vizag_harbour_view1.JPG/200px-Vizag_harbour_view1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vizag_harbour_view1.JPG/300px-Vizag_harbour_view1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vizag_harbour_view1.JPG/400px-Vizag_harbour_view1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1036" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vishakhapatnam harbour</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Chennai,_India_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chennai Port</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_terminal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Container_terminal.JPG/200px-Container_terminal.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Container_terminal.JPG/300px-Container_terminal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Container_terminal.JPG/400px-Container_terminal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="498" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kochi Port</div></div></div></div></div> The region is covered by water on three sides and has a long coastline. A total of 67 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ports_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ports of India (page does not exist)">ports</a> are situated in South India: Tamil Nadu (18), Kerala (14), Andhra Pradesh (13), Karanataka (11), Lakshadweep (10) and Pondicherry (1).<a href="#cite_note-Ports-234">[231]</a> Major ports include <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Port" title="Visakhapatnam Port">Visakhapatnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mangalore_Port" title="New Mangalore Port">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuticorin_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticorin Port">Tuticorin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennore_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennore Port">Ennore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Port Trust">Kochi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ports-234">[231]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Name </th> <th>City </th> <th>State </th> <th>Cargo Handled (MT) (<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">FY</a>2021–22)<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> </th> <th>Passengers (<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">FY</a>2022–23)<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Port" title="Visakhapatnam Port">Visakhapatnam Port</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td>69.03</td> <td>Nil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai Port</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>48.56</td> <td>88,596 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mangalore_Port" title="New Mangalore Port">New Mangalore Port</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td>39.30</td> <td>1,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ennore_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennore Port">Kamarajar Port</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>38.74</td> <td>Nil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port" title="Cochin Port">Cochin Port</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>34.55</td> <td>26,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuticorin_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticorin Port">V.O. Chidambaranar Port</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Thoothukudi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>34.12</td> <td>Nil </td></tr> </tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a> are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes, and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a> of the Indian Navy are headquartered at Visakhapatnam and Kochi respectively.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-command-kochi-232">[229]</a> In the region, the Indian Navy has its major operational bases at Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Kochi, Karwar, and Kavaratti.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Water_Metro" title="Kochi Water Metro">Kochi Water Metro</a> is the first water metro service in India launched in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_India" title="Economy of South India">Economy of South India</a></div> After independence, the economy of South India conformed to a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> framework, with strict governmental control over <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> participation, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>. From 1960 to 1990, the South Indian economies experienced mixed economic growth. In the 1960s, Kerala achieved above-average growth while Andhra Pradesh's economy declined. Kerala experienced an economic decline in the 1970s while the economies of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reforms in India">reform-oriented</a> economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> As of March 2015, there are 109 operational <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zones</a> in South India, which is about 60% of the country's total.<a href="#cite_note-Com-242">[239]</a> As of 2019–20, the total <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of the region is ₹67 trillion (US$946 billion). <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states by GDP">second</a>-highest GDP and is the second-most industrialised state in the country after <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> With the presence of two major ports, an international airport, and a converging road and rail networks, Chennai is referred to as the "Gateway of South India".<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> South India contributes 30% of India's GDP<a href="#cite_note-rbi_data1-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-rbi_data2-247">[244]</a> with a higher <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a> than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-rbi_data1-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-rbi_data2-247">[244]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad are amongst the most integrated with the global economy with Bengaluru classified as an <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">alpha- city</a>, Chennai as beta and Hyderabad as beta-.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infosys_(4911287704).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Infosys_%284911287704%29.jpg/220px-Infosys_%284911287704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Infosys_%284911287704%29.jpg/330px-Infosys_%284911287704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Infosys_%284911287704%29.jpg/440px-Infosys_%284911287704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Bangalore is a major as information technology hub and is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">alpha- city</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <caption>List of South Indian states and territories by GDP and NDPS (2019–20)<a href="#cite_note-RBI1-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-RBI2-250">[247]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State/Union Territory </th> <th>All India Rank </th> <th>GDP (Crore₹) </th> <th>NSDP (Crore₹) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>17,97,228 </td> <td>16,19,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>16,28,927 </td> <td>14,75,277 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9,71,224 </td> <td>8,70,064 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9,57,207 </td> <td>8,71,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>8,54,689 </td> <td>7,73,099 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Puducherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Puducherry">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>38,003 </td> <td>34,578 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South India </td> <td> </td> <td>62,47,278 </td> <td>56,44,113 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Economic and demographic indicators (2019–20)<a href="#cite_note-ecoindicators-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-ciastats-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-RBI1-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-RBI2-250">[247]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Parameter </th> <th>South India </th> <th>All India </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a> (GDP) </td> <td>₹62.5 trillion </td> <td>₹207.7 trillion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Net_domestic_product" title="Net domestic product">Net state domestic product</a> (SDP) </td> <td>₹56.4 trillion </td> <td>₹186.4 trillion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population below the poverty line </td> <td>15.4% </td> <td>26.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban population </td> <td>32.8% </td> <td>27.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Households with electricity </td> <td>98.9% </td> <td>88.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">Literacy rate</a> </td> <td>81.1% </td> <td>74% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_of_Village1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Beauty_of_Village1.jpg/220px-Beauty_of_Village1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Beauty_of_Village1.jpg/330px-Beauty_of_Village1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Beauty_of_Village1.jpg/440px-Beauty_of_Village1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the staple and predominant crop</figcaption></figure> Agriculture is the primary occupation in South India with nearly 5.31 crore people engaged in agriculture and allied activities in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the staple food and major crop in the region.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> South India is a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> with <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> grown exclusively in the region.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Some of the main crops cultivated in South India include <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile pepper">chilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millets</a> and pulses.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> Other plantation crops include <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> The region accounts for 92% of the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_India" title="Coffee production in India">coffee</a><a href="#cite_note-Com-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> and 85% of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> production in the country.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> Other major agricultural products include <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> Being a peninsular region, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> is a major contributor to the economy. As of 2017–18, the region produced 53.68 lakh tonnes fish contributing to nearly 43% of total fish production in India.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Like most of the Indian subcontinent, agriculture in the region is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> and monsoon failure often leads to droughts forcing farmers into debt, selling livestock and sometimes into committing suicide.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy,_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg/220px-ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg/330px-ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg/440px-ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Chennai is known as the "Gateway to South India" and is a hub for automotive manufacturing; Pictured is headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Leyland" title="Ashok Leyland">Ashok Leyland</a></figcaption></figure> South India's urban centres are significant contributors to the Indian and global IT economy. <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> are amongst the major information technology (IT) hubs of India.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-Dec2012-267">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> The presence of these hubs has spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> Software exports from South India grossed over ₹640 billion (US$7.4 billion) in fiscal 2005–06.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div> Manufacturing is various states are governed by state owned industrial corporations like <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Industrial_Infrastructure_Corporation" title="Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation">APIIC (Andhra Pradesh)</a>, KIDC (Karnataka), <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation">KSIDC (Kerala)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation">TIDC (Tamil Nadu)</a> apart from <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central government</a> owned companies. The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Chennai" title="Automotive industry in Chennai">automotive industry in Chennai</a> accounts for about 35% of India's overall automotive components and automobile output with <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> is emerging as another automobile manufacturing hub.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> Coimbatore supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of <a href="/wiki/Wet_grinder" title="Wet grinder">wet grinders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">auto components</a>, as well as jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Another major industry is textiles<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> with the region being home to nearly 60% of the fiber textile mills in India.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> State owned companies include <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Electronics" title="Bharat Electronics">Bharat Electronics</a> (electrical components), <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Heavy_Electricals_Limited" title="Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited">Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited</a> (power equipments) and <a href="/wiki/HMT_Limited" title="HMT Limited">HMT</a> (machine tools).<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">Integral Coach Factory</a> in Chennai, operated by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> is the oldest and largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Railway_coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway coach">railway coaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway wagon">wagons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSLV_F11-_Vehicle_being_moved_from_Solid_Stage_Assembly_Building_at_SDSC_SHAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/GSLV_F11-_Vehicle_being_moved_from_Solid_Stage_Assembly_Building_at_SDSC_SHAR.jpg/220px-GSLV_F11-_Vehicle_being_moved_from_Solid_Stage_Assembly_Building_at_SDSC_SHAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/GSLV_F11-_Vehicle_being_moved_from_Solid_Stage_Assembly_Building_at_SDSC_SHAR.jpg/330px-GSLV_F11-_Vehicle_being_moved_from_Solid_Stage_Assembly_Building_at_SDSC_SHAR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/GSLV_F11-_Vehicle_being_moved_from_Solid_Stage_Assembly_Building_at_SDSC_SHAR.jpg/440px-GSLV_F11-_Vehicle_being_moved_from_Solid_Stage_Assembly_Building_at_SDSC_SHAR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a> Vehicle assembly building at the rocket launch station at <a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a>, north of Chennai</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_and_Defense">Space and Defense</h3></div> Defense establishments include <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited" title="Hindustan Aeronautics Limited">Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</a> in Bangalore which manufactures <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a> and aircraft components.<a href="#cite_note-HAL-Our_History-282">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">DRDO</a> which is India's premier defense agency operates various facilities in Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mysuru in South India.<a href="#cite_note-:0-283">[280]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg/220px-Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg/330px-Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg/440px-Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a> contributes significantly to the GDP of the region; Pictured is <a href="/wiki/Hogenakkal_Falls" title="Hogenakkal Falls">Hogenakkal Falls</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri river">Kaveri river</a></figcaption></figure> There are three Ordnance factories in Aruvankadu (Tamil Nadu), <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Tiruchirappalli" title="Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Medak" title="Ordnance Factory Medak">Medak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Vehicles_Nigam_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited">AVANI</a>, headquartered in Chennai manufactures <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armoured fighting vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tanks</a>, tank engines and armored clothing for the use of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mint2021-286">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Dynamics_Limited" title="Bharat Dynamics Limited">Bharat Dynamics</a> manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a> systems and is based in Hyderabad.<a href="#cite_note-bdl-about-289">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a> is the premier Indian space agency primarily responsible for performing tasks related to space-based operations, <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, international space cooperation and the development of related technologies. It is headquartered in Bangalore.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> It operates research facilities in <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Center">Thiruvananthapuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">Tirupati</a>, test facility at <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">Mahendragiri</a>, satellite development facilities at <a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">Bangalore</a>, launch facilities at <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Sriharikota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, tracking facilities at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility" title="Master Control Facility">Hassan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a> at Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a> contributes significantly to the GDP of the region, with four states – Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana – among the top 10 states for tourist arrivals, accounting for more than 50% of domestic tourist visits.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Tamil Nadu has the largest tourist inflow in India both domestic and international as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> In 2023, Kerala was listed at the 13th spot in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>' annual list of places to visit and was the only tourist destination listed from India.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> Kerala was named by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME magazine</a> in 2022 among the 50 extraordinary destinations to explore in its list of the World's Greatest Places.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_heritage">Culture and heritage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">South Indian culture</a></div> As defined by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture</a> of the Government of India to promote and preserve the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, most of the region falls under the purview of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zones_of_India" title="Cultural Zones of India">South Zone Cultural Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_South_Indian_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Traditional_South_Indian_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg/135px-Traditional_South_Indian_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Traditional_South_Indian_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg/203px-Traditional_South_Indian_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Traditional_South_Indian_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg/270px-Traditional_South_Indian_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="417" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A wedding in traditional South Indian wear</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanchipuram_sarees_(7642282200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/199px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/299px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/398px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari" title="Kanchipuram silk sari">Kanchipuram silk saris</a> worn by women on special occasions</div></div></div></div></div> South Indian women traditionally wear a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 yards (4.6 m) to 9 yards (8.2 m) in length and 2 feet (0.61 m) to 4 feet (1.2 m) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.<a href="#cite_note-Saree-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> Ancient Tamil poetry such as the <a href="/wiki/Silappadhikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappadhikaram">Silappadhikaram</a>, describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madisar" title="Madisar">Madisar</a> is a typical style worn by Brahmin women from Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> Women wear colourful <a href="/wiki/Silk_saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk saree">silk sarees</a> on special occasions such as marriages.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari" title="Kanchipuram silk sari">Kanchipuram silk sari</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> sari made in the <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> region in Tamil Nadu and these <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">saris</a> are worn as bridal and special occasion saris by most women in South India. It has been recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> in 2005–2006.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-GI-303">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovai Cora Cotton">Kovai Cora Cotton</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> <a href="/wiki/Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saree">saree</a> made in the Coimbatore.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> The men wear a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>, a 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> A colourful <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a> with typical <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Cloth-307">[304]</a> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Cloth-307">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">plain-woven</a> textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, was originated at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> (Kozhikode), from which the name of the <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> came, in South India, now <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, during the 11th century,<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> where the cloth was known as Chaliyan.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> The raw fabric was dyed and printed in bright hues, and <a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">calico prints</a> later became popular in the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/185px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/278px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/370px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="625" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A traditional meal served on a banana leaf</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dosa_on_tray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dosa_on_tray.jpg/149px-Dosa_on_tray.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dosa_on_tray.jpg/224px-Dosa_on_tray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dosa_on_tray.jpg/298px-Dosa_on_tray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">Dosa</a> made from a fermented batter</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the staple food in South Indian meals.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a> and spices are used extensively in South Indian cuisine. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes comprising rice, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>. Its distinct aroma and flavour is achieved by the blending of <a href="/wiki/Flavouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavouring">flavourings</a> and spices, including <a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">curry leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_cardamom" class="mw-redirect" title="Green cardamom">green cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, coconut, and <a href="/wiki/Rosewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosewater">rosewater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">banana leaf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> After the meal, the fingers are washed; the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes fodder for cattle.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">Idli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">dosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthappam" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthappam">uthappam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesarattu" title="Pesarattu">pesarattu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">appam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">pongal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paniyaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Paniyaram">paniyaram</a> are popular breakfast dishes.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> Rice is generally served with <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">sambar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rasam_(dish)" title="Rasam (dish)">rasam</a> for lunch. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a> includes a typical virundhu for lunch with <a href="/wiki/Poriyal" title="Poriyal">poriyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kootu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kootu">kootu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuzhambu" title="Kuzhambu">kuzhambu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> Particular dishes include <a href="/wiki/Sevai" title="Sevai">sevai</a>, paniyaram, <a href="/wiki/Parotta" title="Parotta">parotta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puran_poli" title="Puran poli">opputtu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala cuisine</a> includes dishes like appam <a href="/wiki/Idiyappam" title="Idiyappam">idiyappam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puttu" title="Puttu">puttu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">pathiri</a> and a full-course vegetarian meal is known as <a href="/wiki/Sadya" title="Sadya">sadya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra cuisine</a> is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickles</a> and spicy <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a> with popular dishes including <a href="/wiki/Ulava_charu" title="Ulava charu">Ulava charu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobbatlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbatlu">Bobbatlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pootharekulu" title="Pootharekulu">Pootharekulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gongura" title="Gongura">Gongura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chettinad_cuisine" title="Chettinad cuisine">Chettinad cuisine</a> is famous for its non-vegetarian items, and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_cuisine" title="Hyderabadi cuisine">Hyderabadi cuisine</a> is popular for its <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_biryani" title="Hyderabadi biryani">biryani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi Cuisine</a>, which originates from <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a> located in the Coastal <a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a> region of Karnataka is famous for its vegetarian dishes and <a href="/wiki/Neer_dosa" title="Neer dosa">Neer dosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragi_mudde" title="Ragi mudde">Ragi mudde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maddur_vada" title="Maddur vada">Maddur vada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obbattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Obbattu">Obbattu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisi_Bele_Bath" title="Bisi Bele Bath">Bisi Bele Bath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_pedha" title="Dharwad pedha">Dharwad pedha</a> are some of the popular cuisines of Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> Fish and <a href="/wiki/Sea_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea food">sea food</a> form an integral component of the diet along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:520px;max-width:520px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">South Indian dance forms</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SavithaPress1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SavithaPress1.jpg/100px-SavithaPress1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SavithaPress1.jpg/150px-SavithaPress1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SavithaPress1.jpg/200px-SavithaPress1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> (Tamil Nadu)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathakali_IMG_0348_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kathakali_IMG_0348_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG/100px-Kathakali_IMG_0348_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kathakali_IMG_0348_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG/150px-Kathakali_IMG_0348_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kathakali_IMG_0348_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG/200px-Kathakali_IMG_0348_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> (Kerala)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohiniyattom_performance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mohiniyattom_performance.jpg/100px-Mohiniyattom_performance.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mohiniyattom_performance.jpg/150px-Mohiniyattom_performance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mohiniyattom_performance.jpg/200px-Mohiniyattom_performance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="720" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a> (Kerala)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Kuchipudi_Dancer_from_Andhra_Pradesh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_Kuchipudi_Dancer_from_Andhra_Pradesh.JPG/100px-A_Kuchipudi_Dancer_from_Andhra_Pradesh.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_Kuchipudi_Dancer_from_Andhra_Pradesh.JPG/150px-A_Kuchipudi_Dancer_from_Andhra_Pradesh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_Kuchipudi_Dancer_from_Andhra_Pradesh.JPG/200px-A_Kuchipudi_Dancer_from_Andhra_Pradesh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a> (Andhra Pradesh)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/100px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/150px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/200px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a> (Karnataka)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> The traditional music of South India is known as <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>, which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyagayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyagayya">Tyagayya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Baktha Ramadasu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muthuswami_Dikshitar" title="Muthuswami Dikshitar">Muthuswami Dikshitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyama_Shastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyama Shastri">Shyama Shastri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshetrayya" title="Kshetrayya">Kshetrayya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Vasudevachar" title="Mysore Vasudevachar">Mysore Vasudevachar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Swathi Thirunal">Swathi Thirunal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed instrument">reed instrument</a> that is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">thavil</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Drum_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum instrument">drum instrument</a> are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> South India is home to several distinct dance forms with major being <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohiniaattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohiniaattam">Mohiniaattam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Other regional folk dances include <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadi">Kavadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Natanam" title="Kerala Natanam">Kerala Natanam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Puravaiattam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> The dance, clothing, and sculptures of South India exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/130px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/195px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/260px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Sage <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">First Tamil Sangam</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> South India has an independent literary tradition dating back over 2500 years. The first known literature of South India is the poetic <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>, which was written in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> 2500 to 2100 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Tamil Sangams</a>, the earliest of which, according to ancient tradition, were held on a now vanished <a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">continent</a> far to the south of India.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> This Tamil literature includes the oldest grammatical treatise, <a href="/wiki/Tholkappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholkappiyam">Tholkappiyam</a>, and the epics Silappatikaram and <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> References to <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a> appear from the fourth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a> adopted a form of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrit language">Prakrit</a> which in course of development became the immediate ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> Distinct <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a> came later in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andal_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/220px-Andal_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/330px-Andal_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/440px-Andal_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>The large <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> is a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></figcaption></figure> South India has two distinct styles of rock architecture, the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a> style of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and the <a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara</a> style of Karnataka, Telangana.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Architecture of Kerala</a> is a unique architecture that emerged from the Dravidian architecture in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">southwestern part of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krc-343">[340]</a> In Dravidian architecture, the temples considered of porches or Mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum, Gate-pyramids or <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">Gopurams</a> in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple and Pillared halls used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">Gopuram</a> is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">Koils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temples</a> of the Dravidian style.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> The gopuram's origins can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_art_and_architecture" title="Pallava art and architecture">Pallavas</a> who built the group of monuments in <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNC-347">[344]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture" title="Chola art and architecture">Cholas</a> later expanded the same and by the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_art_and_architecture" title="Pandyan art and architecture">Pandya</a> rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">Vimanam</a> are similar structures built over the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbhagriha</a> or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including the <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadisvara Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> Vesara style of architecture originated during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture" title="Badami Chalukya architecture">Chalukyas</a> and later adopted by <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysalas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara architecture</a> incorporated the features of both Dravidian and Vesara styles.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> The temples at <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UNC-347">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Darasuram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> are declared <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">UNESCO World Heritage sites</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India" title="Cinema of South India">Cinema of South India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg/220px-AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg/330px-AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg/440px-AVM_Studios_Globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AVM_Productions" title="AVM Productions">AVM studios</a> in Chennai, the oldest surviving studio in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> Films done in regional languages are prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India" title="Cinema of South India">South India</a>, with several regional cinemas being recognized: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada cinema</a> (Karnataka), <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam cinema</a> (Kerala), <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil cinema</a> (Tamil Nadu), and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a> (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). The first silent film in South India, <a href="/wiki/Keechaka_Vadham" title="Keechaka Vadham">Keechaka Vadham</a>, was made by <a href="/wiki/R._Nataraja_Mudaliar" title="R. Nataraja Mudaliar">R. Nataraja Mudaliar</a> in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-RANDOR-357">[354]</a> Mudaliar also established Madras's first film studio.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> The first Tamil talkie, <a href="/wiki/Kalidas_(film)" title="Kalidas (film)">Kalidas</a>, was released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture, <a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-velayutham2-359">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swamikannu_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamikannu Vincent">Swamikannu Vincent</a> built the first cinema studio of South India, at Coimbatore, introducing the "tent cinema", which he first established in Madras and which was known as "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> Filmmakers <a href="/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry" title="K. N. T. Sastry">K. N. T. Sastry</a> and <a href="/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao" title="B. Narsing Rao">B. Narsing Rao</a> in Telugu cinema; <a href="/wiki/K_Balachandar" class="mw-redirect" title="K Balachandar">K Balachandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balu_Mahendra" title="Balu Mahendra">Balu Mahendra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharathiraaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharathiraaja">Bharathiraaja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a> in Tamil cinema; <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun" title="Shaji N. Karun">Shaji N. Karun</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Abraham_(director)" title="John Abraham (director)">John Abraham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a> in Malayalam cinema; and <a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a> and <a href="/wiki/P._Sheshadri" title="P. Sheshadri">P. Sheshadri</a> in Kannada cinema produced realistic cinema in parallel with each other throughout the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> South Indian cinema has also <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema_and_Dravidian_politics" title="Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics">had an influence on politics of Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> Prominent film personalities such as <a href="/wiki/C_N_Annadurai" class="mw-redirect" title="C N Annadurai">C N Annadurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_G_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="M G Ramachandran">M G Ramachandran</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="M Karunanidhi">M Karunanidhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jayalalithaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayalalithaa">Jayalalithaa</a> have become chief ministers of South Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> As of 2014, South Indian film industries contribute to 53% of the total films produced in India.<a href="#cite_note-film-364">[361]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Feature films certified by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">Central Board of Film Certification</a> (2019)<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Language</th> <th>No. of films </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> </td> <td>281 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </td> <td>254 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> </td> <td>219 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> </td> <td>336 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>1116 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utility_services">Utility services</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Proton_Cancer_Centre,_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Apollo_Proton_Cancer_Centre%2C_Chennai.jpg/220px-Apollo_Proton_Cancer_Centre%2C_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Apollo_Proton_Cancer_Centre%2C_Chennai.jpg/330px-Apollo_Proton_Cancer_Centre%2C_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Apollo_Proton_Cancer_Centre%2C_Chennai.jpg/440px-Apollo_Proton_Cancer_Centre%2C_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Chennai is known as India's 'healthcare capital'</figcaption></figure>All South Indian states rank in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_institutional_delivery" title="Indian states ranking by institutional delivery">top 10 in institutional delivery in India</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">life expectancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HDI-140">[137]</a> South India also rates higher in <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">maternal health</a> and reduction <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMR-146">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> attracts about 45 percent of <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">health tourists</a> and is known as India's health capital.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> The number of public facilities in South India as of 2018: <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">State </th> <th colspan="5">Public facilities </th> <th rowspan="2">Public beds<a href="#cite_note-Hospitals_in_the_Country-368">[365]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Primary Centers </th> <th>Community Centers </th> <th>Sub/Divisional Hospitals </th> <th>District Hospitals </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>1,417 </td> <td>198 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1,666 </td> <td>60,799 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>2,547 </td> <td>207 </td> <td>147 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>2,943 </td> <td>56,333 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>933 </td> <td>229 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>1,297 </td> <td>39,511 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>250 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>4,462 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>1,854 </td> <td>385 </td> <td>310 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>2,581 </td> <td>72,616 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td>788 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>932 </td> <td>17,358 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>7,583 </td> <td>1,108 </td> <td>624 </td> <td>167 </td> <td>9,482 </td> <td>251,509 </td></tr> </tbody></table> The number of Government Hospitals and Beds in Rural & Urban Areas as of 2017:<a href="#cite_note-Hospitals_in_the_Country-368">[365]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">State </th> <th colspan="2">Rural </th> <th colspan="2">Urban </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hospitals </th> <th>Beds </th> <th>Hospitals </th> <th>Beds </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>193 </td> <td>6,480 </td> <td>65 </td> <td>16,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>2,471 </td> <td>21,072 </td> <td>374 </td> <td>49,093 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>981 </td> <td>16,865 </td> <td>299 </td> <td>21,139 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>3,473 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>692 </td> <td>40,179 </td> <td>525 </td> <td>37,353 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td>802 </td> <td>7,668 </td> <td>61 </td> <td>13,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>5,151 </td> <td>92,780 </td> <td>1,335 </td> <td>141,031 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> As per the 2011 census, the average <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> in South India is approximately 80%, considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74%, with Kerala having the highest literacy rate of 93.91%.<a href="#cite_note-lit-116">[116]</a> South India is home to some of the nation's largest and most prominent public and private institutions of higher education. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:516px;max-width:516px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Major Educational Institutions</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_House_(University_of_Madras).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/125px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/188px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/250px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="435" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>, one of the oldest and premier university</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IIMB_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IIMB_Entrance.jpg/125px-IIMB_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IIMB_Entrance.jpg/188px-IIMB_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IIMB_Entrance.jpg/250px-IIMB_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/IIM_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="IIM Bangalore">IIM Bangalore</a>, one of the top ranked management institutes</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IITMmensa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/IITMmensa.jpg/125px-IITMmensa.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/IITMmensa.jpg/188px-IITMmensa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/IITMmensa.jpg/250px-IITMmensa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/IIT_Madras" title="IIT Madras">IIT Madras</a>, one of the oldest and prominent IITs</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheeju_iisc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sheeju_iisc.jpg/125px-Sheeju_iisc.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sheeju_iisc.jpg/188px-Sheeju_iisc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sheeju_iisc.jpg/250px-Sheeju_iisc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">IISc Bangalore</a>, one of the premium research institutes</div></div></div></div></div> The table below is correct as of 26 November 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_India&action=edit">[update]</a>. <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_universities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central universities in India">Central universities</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_universities_in_India" title="List of state universities in India">State universities</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_deemed_universities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deemed universities in India">Deemed universities</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_universities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of private universities in India">Private universities</a></th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Andhra_Pradesh#Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Andhra Pradesh">list</a>) </td> <td>3</td> <td>27</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:center">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Karnataka#Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Karnataka">list</a>) </td> <td>1</td> <td>34</td> <td>14</td> <td>25</td> <td style="text-align:center">74 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Kerala#Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Kerala">list</a>) </td> <td>1</td> <td>15</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td style="text-align:center">19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Puducherry#Universities" title="List of educational institutions in Puducherry">list</a>) </td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Tamil_Nadu#Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu">list</a>) </td> <td>2</td> <td>22</td> <td>28</td> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:center">56 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Telangana#Universities" title="List of educational institutions in Telangana">list</a>) </td> <td>3</td> <td>17</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>11</td> <td>116</td> <td>54</td> <td>40</td> <td style="text-align:center">221 </td></tr></tbody></table> Following are the <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a> present across the region.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Locations </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a> </td> <td>IIT </td> <td>Engineering and Technology </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IIT_Madras" title="IIT Madras">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/IIT_Hyderabad" title="IIT Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/IIT_Palakkad" title="IIT Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Tirupati" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati">Tirupati</a>, <a href="/wiki/IIT_Dharwad" title="IIT Dharwad">Dharwad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a> </td> <td>IIM </td> <td>Management </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Bangalore" title="Indian Institute of Management Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Kozhikode" title="Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Tiruchirappalli" title="Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Visakhapatnam" title="Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology_(India)" title="National Institutes of Technology (India)">National Institutes of Technology</a> </td> <td>NIT </td> <td>Engineering and Technology </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Calicut" title="National Institute of Technology Calicut">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Karnataka" title="National Institute of Technology Karnataka">Surathkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Warangal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Technology Warangal">Warangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIT_Tiruchirappalli" class="mw-redirect" title="NIT Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Puducherry" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Technology Puducherry">Puducherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Andhra_Pradesh" title="National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh">Tadepalligudem</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Information_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Information Technology">Indian Institutes of Information Technology</a> </td> <td>IIIT </td> <td>Engineering and Technology </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Design_and_Manufacturing,_Kancheepuram" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram">Kancheepuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Sri_City" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Sri City">Sri City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Tiruchirappalli" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Dharwad" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad">Dharwad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Design_and_Manufacturing,_Kurnool" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool">Kurnool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Kottayam" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Raichur" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Raichur">Raichur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_Technology,_Entrepreneurship_and_Management,_Thanjavur" title="National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur">National Institute of Food Technology</a> </td> <td>NIFTEM </td> <td>Food technology </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_Technology,_Entrepreneurship_and_Management,_Thanjavur" title="National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institutes_of_Medical_Sciences" title="All India Institutes of Medical Sciences">All India Institutes of Medical Sciences</a> </td> <td>AIIMS </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Bibinagar" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar">Bibinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Madurai" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai">Madurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Mangalagiri" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri">Mangalagiri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a> </td> <td>IISc </td> <td>Science </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Bangalore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Science_Education_and_Research" title="Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research">Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research</a> </td> <td>IISER </td> <td>Science </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Tirupati" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati">Tirupati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design,_Andhra_Pradesh" title="National Institute of Design, Andhra Pradesh">National Institute of Design</a> </td> <td>NID </td> <td>Architecture </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design,_Andhra_Pradesh" title="National Institute of Design, Andhra Pradesh">Amravati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research,_Hyderabad" title="National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad">National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education</a> </td> <td>NIPER </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research,_Hyderabad" title="National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/School_of_Planning_and_Architecture,_Vijayawada" title="School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada">School of Planning and Architecture</a> </td> <td>SPA </td> <td>Architecture </td> <td><a href="/wiki/School_of_Planning_and_Architecture,_Vijayawada" title="School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medical Research Institutes </td> <td>MRI </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health_and_Neurosciences" title="National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences">NIMHANS-Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Tirunal_Institute_for_Medical_Sciences_and_Technology,_Trivandrum" title="Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum">SCTIMST-Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Institute_of_Postgraduate_Medical_Education_and_Research" title="Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research">JIPMER-Puducherry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Bharat_Hindi_Prachar_Sabha" title="Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha">Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha</a> </td> <td>DBHPS </td> <td>Language Studies </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Bharat_Hindi_Prachar_Sabha" title="Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha">Chennai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra_Foundation" title="Kalakshetra Foundation">Kalakshetra Foundation</a> </td> <td>KF </td> <td>Arts and Culture </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra_Foundation" title="Kalakshetra Foundation">Chennai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_National_Institute_of_Youth_Development" title="Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development">Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development</a> </td> <td>RGNIYD </td> <td>Youth Development </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_National_Institute_of_Youth_Development" title="Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development">Chennai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Petroleum_and_Energy" title="Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy">Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy</a> </td> <td>IIPE </td> <td>Engineering and Technology </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Petroleum_and_Energy" title="Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy">Visakhapatnam</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/220px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/330px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/440px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M._A._Chidambaram_Stadium" title="M. A. Chidambaram Stadium">M. A. Chidambaram Stadium</a> in Chennai, one of the oldest cricketing venues</figcaption></figure> Cricket is the most popular sport in South India.<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> The region has five current international cricket venues: <a href="/wiki/M._A._Chidambaram_Stadium" title="M. A. Chidambaram Stadium">M. A. Chidambaram Stadium</a> in Chennai, <a href="/wiki/M._Chinnaswamy_Stadium" title="M. Chinnaswamy Stadium">M. Chinnaswamy Stadium</a> in Bangalore, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Y._S._Rajasekhara_Reddy_International_Cricket_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy International Cricket Stadium">Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy International Cricket Stadium</a> in Vishakapatnam, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium">Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium</a> in Hyderabad and <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_International_Stadium" title="Greenfield International Stadium">Greenfield International Stadium</a> in Thiruvananthapuram. Six more defunct venues have also hosted international matches in the past.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball_cricket" title="Tennis ball cricket">Tennis ball cricket</a> is played throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> is the premium <a href="/wiki/T20_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="T20 cricket">T20 cricket</a> competition which has three teams from the region namely <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings" title="Chennai Super Kings">Chennai Super Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Challengers_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Challengers Bangalore">Royal Challengers Bangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunrisers_Hyderabad" title="Sunrisers Hyderabad">Sunrisers Hyderabad</a>. Chennai Super Kings is the most successful franchise in IPL.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg/220px-Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg/330px-Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg/440px-Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> is the state game of all the states in the region</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is also popular with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> being the major club competition. There are four teams from the region:<a href="/wiki/Bengaluru_FC" title="Bengaluru FC">Bengaluru FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennaiyin_FC" title="Chennaiyin FC">Chennaiyin FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_FC" title="Hyderabad FC">Hyderabad FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Blasters_FC" title="Kerala Blasters FC">Kerala Blasters FC</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_Derby" title="South Indian Derby">Southern Derby</a> or Southern Rivalry, is the name given to a <a href="/wiki/Local_derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Local derby">derby</a> contested by any two of the three professional <a href="/wiki/Football_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Football clubs">football clubs</a> Bengaluru, Chennaiyin and Kerala Blasters.<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santosh_Trophy" title="Santosh Trophy">Santosh Trophy</a> is a football competition amongst states organized by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Football_Association" title="Indian Football Association">Indian Football Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> As of 2022, South Indian teams have won 17 championships.<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Contact_sport" title="Contact sport">contact sport</a> which is the state game of all the states in South India.<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> It is played across the region. <a href="/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi_League" title="Pro Kabaddi League">Pro Kabaddi League</a> is the most popular region based franchise tournament and has three teams representing the region: <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru_Bulls" title="Bengaluru Bulls">Bengaluru Bulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thalaivas" title="Tamil Thalaivas">Tamil Thalaivas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Titans" title="Telugu Titans">Telugu Titans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is a popular <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> which originated as <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Sathurangam</a> in the seventh century A.D.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional games</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pallanguzhi" title="Pallanguzhi">Pallanguzhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu#Uriyadi" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Uriyadi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pachisi" title="Pachisi">Dhaayam</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> are played across the region. <a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rekla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekla">Rekla</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kambala" title="Kambala">Kambala</a><a href="#cite_note-tribes-391">[388]</a> are traditional sporting events involving <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bulls</a>. Traditional martial arts include <a href="/wiki/Silambattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Silambattam">Silambattam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gatta_gusthi" title="Gatta gusthi">Gatta gusthi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-M-393">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Boat_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat race">boat race</a> organized in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern South Asia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/languagebr.pdf">Indian languages</a> (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Education, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528202529/https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/languagebr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Indian+languages&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fupload_files%2Fmhrd%2Ffiles%2Fupload_document%2Flanguagebr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-literacy-2"><a href="#cite_ref-literacy_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php">"Census 2011, States"</a>. Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011%2C+States&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fstates.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc-census2011-3"><a href="#cite_ref-pc-census2011_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf">Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban)</a> (PDF) (Report). Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+2011+%28Final+Data%29+%E2%80%93+Demographic+details%2C+Literate+Population+%28Total%2C+Rural+%26+Urban%29&rft.pub=Planning+Commission%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanningcommission.gov.in%2Fdata%2Fdatatable%2Fdata_2312%2FDatabookDec2014%2520307.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ88p_bSt1EC&pg=PA216">Word Histories and Mysteries: From Abracadabra to Zeus</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2004. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547350271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547350271"><bdi>978-0547350271</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55746553">55746553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Histories+and+Mysteries%3A+From+Abracadabra+to+Zeus&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55746553&rft.isbn=978-0547350271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZ88p_bSt1EC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HobsonJobson2013-5"><a href="#cite_ref-HobsonJobson2013_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBurnell2013" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (13 June 2013). Hobson-Jobson:The Definitive Glossary of British India. London: Oxford. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1916-4583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1916-4583-9"><bdi>978-0-1916-4583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobson-Jobson%3AThe+Definitive+Glossary+of+British+India&rft.place=London&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.isbn=978-0-1916-4583-9&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Burnell%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hobsons-6"><a href="#cite_ref-hobsons_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714033828/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:415.hobson">"Origins of the word 'Carnatic' in the Hobson Jobson Dictionary"</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:415.hobson">the original</a> on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+word+%27Carnatic%27+in+the+Hobson+Jobson+Dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.0%3A1%3A415.hobson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prehistory-7"><a href="#cite_ref-prehistory_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwal2006" class="citation book cs1">Agarwal, D.P (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530150947/https://www.arkeologi.uu.se/digitalAssets/483/c_483244-l_3-k_agrawal.pdf">Urban Origins in India</a> (PDF). Uppsala University. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arkeologi.uu.se/digitalAssets/483/c_483244-l_3-k_agrawal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Origins+in+India&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Uppsala+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=D.P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkeologi.uu.se%2FdigitalAssets%2F483%2Fc_483244-l_3-k_agrawal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoff1912" class="citation book cs1">Schoff, Wilfred (1912). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel And Trade In The Indian Ocean By A Merchant Of The First Century. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-4264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-4264-5"><bdi>978-0-1981-4264-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spice+Trade+of+The+Roman+Empire%3A+29+B.C.+to+A.D.+641&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-4264-5&rft.aulast=J.+Innes&rft.aufirst=Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandstrom1964" class="citation book cs1">Landstrom, Bjorn (1964). The Quest for India. 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Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7600-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7600-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240818093136/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf-xa4cisbUC&q=Ayyavazhi#v=snippet&q=Ayyavazhi&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2024. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Ahmedabad+and+Kerala+on+TIME+magazine%27s+list+of+World%27s+Greatest+Places+of+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2Fahmedabad-and-kerala-on-time-magazine-s-list-of-world-s-greatest-places-of-2022-1975386-2022-07-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiaculture.gov.in/about-us/autonomus-bodies/zonal-cultural-centers">"Zonal Cultural Centers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture</a>. 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New Jersey: Abhinav Publications. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1701-7175-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1701-7175-1"><bdi>978-8-1701-7175-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ballet+Dancing&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989-02-01&rft.isbn=978-8-1701-7175-1&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Projesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1953" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Faubion (June 1953). The Dance in India. New York: AMS Press. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4040-0963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4040-0963-2"><bdi>978-0-4040-0963-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dance+in+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1953-06&rft.isbn=978-0-4040-0963-2&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Faubion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezbaruahGopal2003" class="citation book cs1">Bezbaruah, Madan Prasad; Gopal, Krishna (2003). Fairs and Festivals of India. Vol. 2. Gyan Publishing House. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1212-0809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1212-0809-3"><bdi>978-8-1212-0809-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairs+and+Festivals+of+India&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8-1212-0809-3&rft.aulast=Bezbaruah&rft.aufirst=Madan+Prasad&rft.au=Gopal%2C+Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1976" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Brenda (1976). "The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 10 (2): 213–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F006996677601000202">10.1177/006996677601000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143220583">143220583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Indian+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Symbolic+Merger+of+Body%2C+Space%2C+and+Cosmos+in+Hindu+Tamil+Nadu&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F006996677601000202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143220583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil,_Kamil1973" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden. <q>Zvelebil dates the Ur-Tolkappiyam to the 1st or 2nd century BCE</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+smile+of+Murugan+on+Tamil+literature+of+South+India&rft.pub=Leiden&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Zvelebil%2C+Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1993). "Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs". Social Scientist. 21 (9/11): 113–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3520429">10.2307/3520429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520429">3520429</a>. <q>As early as the Tolkappiyam (which has sections ranging from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD) the eco-types in South India have been classified into</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Women+and+Farm+Work+in+Tamil+Folk+Songs&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=9%2F11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3520429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3520429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanujan1973" class="citation book cs1">Ramanujan, A. K. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama/page/11">Speaking of Śiva</a>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1404-4270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1404-4270-0"><bdi>978-0-1404-4270-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+%C5%9Aiva&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-1404-4270-0&rft.aulast=Ramanujan&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakingofiva0000rama%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMugali2006" class="citation book cs1">Mugali, R.S. (2006). The Heritage of Karnataka. Read Books. pp. 173–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-0232-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-0232-3"><bdi>978-1-4067-0232-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Karnataka&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-0232-3&rft.aulast=Mugali&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenchiahRao,_Raja_Bhujanga1988" class="citation book cs1">Chenchiah, P.; Rao, Raja Bhujanga (1988). A History of Telugu Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1206-0313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1206-0313-4"><bdi>978-8-1206-0313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Telugu+Literature&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8-1206-0313-4&rft.aulast=Chenchiah&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Rao%2C+Raja+Bhujanga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359722/Malayalam-language">"Malayalam Language"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malayalam+Language&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F359722%2FMalayalam-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman1992" class="citation book cs1">Harman, William P. (9 October 1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-0810-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-0810-2"><bdi>978-8-1208-0810-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sacred+marriage+of+a+Hindu+goddess&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992-10-09&rft.isbn=978-8-1208-0810-2&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krc-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Krc_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip" class="citation web cs1">Philip, Boney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nitc.academia.edu/BPhilip/Papers/374480/TRADITIONAL_KERALA_ARCHITECTURE">"Traditional Kerala Architecture"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Kerala+Architecture&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=Boney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnitc.academia.edu%2FBPhilip%2FPapers%2F374480%2FTRADITIONAL_KERALA_ARCHITECTURE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1997" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1997) [1910]. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Low Price Publications. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+and+Eastern+Architecture&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=309&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Low+Price+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing2007" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D.K.; et al. (2007). A Global History of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 762. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-6892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-6892-5"><bdi>978-0-4712-6892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=762&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-4712-6892-5&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing1995" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D.K. (1995). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-8451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-8451-2"><bdi>978-0-4712-8451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Visual+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-4712-8451-2&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNC-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249">"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202145914/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+of+Monuments+at+Mahabalipuram&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1988" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, George (1988). The Hindu Temple. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 151–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2265-3230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2265-3230-1"><bdi>978-0-2265-3230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-2265-3230-1&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura">"Gopuram"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synovate.com/news/article/2003/11/study-finds-india-sports-a-high-awareness-of-celebrity-brand-endorsements-and-sachin-is-number-one.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ipsos+%E2%80%93+Nobody%27s+unpredictable&rft.pub=Synovate.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synovate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2003%2F11%2Fstudy-finds-india-sports-a-high-awareness-of-celebrity-brand-endorsements-and-sachin-is-number-one.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/field/1050018/ipl-2023-as-chennai-super-kings-clinch-record-equalling-fifth-title-a-look-at-the-list-of-winners">"IPL 2023: As Chennai Super Kings clinch record-equalling fifth title, a look at the list of winners"</a>. Scroll. 30 May 2023. 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Turf football. 11 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150456/http://www.theturffootball.com/articles/indian-super-league-the-southern-derby/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. 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Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Chennaiyin+FC+versus+Kerala+Blasters+in+ISL%27s+most+bitter+rivalries&rft.date=2016-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Ffootball%2Fchennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries%2Fstory-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/12/04/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html">"ISL 2020-21: Bengaluru FC renew rivalry with Chennaiyin FC"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kabaddi+gets+the+IPL+treatment&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-28660432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray,_H._J._R.1913" class="citation book cs1">Murray, H. J. R. (1913). A History of Chess. 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The Hindu. Erode, India. 17 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Traditional+sports+and+games+mark+Pongal+festivities&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2Ftraditional-sports-and-games-mark-pongal-festivities%2Farticle1096563.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2002" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Steve (2002). 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"Round and Round the Houses: The Game of Pachisi". In Mackenzie, Colin; Finkel, Irving (eds.). Asian Games: The Art of Contest. 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The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+stick+in+time+%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Nainar&rft.aufirst=Nahla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fart%2FA-stick-in-time-%25E2%2580%25A6%2Farticle17067195.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-393"><a href="#cite_ref-M_393-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.2021" class="citation news cs1">P., Anand (8 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/understanding-gatta-gusthi-kerala-s-own-style-of-wrestling-gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683">"Understanding Gatta Gusthi: Kerala's own style of wrestling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809122153/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/understanding-gatta-gusthi-kerala-s-own-style-of-wrestling-gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=Understanding+Gatta+Gusthi%3A+Kerala%27s+own+style+of+wrestling&rft.date=2021-08-08&rft.aulast=P.&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Ffeatures%2Fweb-exclusive%2Funderstanding-gatta-gusthi-kerala-s-own-style-of-wrestling-gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj1977" class="citation book cs1">Raj, J. David Manuel (1977). The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India. 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Anil (10 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kalaripayattu-academy-braces-for-action/article33539155.ece">"Kalaripayattu academy braces for action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kalaripayattu+academy+braces+for+action&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.+Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FThiruvananthapuram%2Fkalaripayattu-academy-braces-for-action%2Farticle33539155.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37081393">"The great snake boat race of India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+great+snake+boat+race+of+India&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-37081393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+India" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_India294" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India" title="Template talk:Geography of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India294" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">Geological Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landforms_of_India" title="Landforms of India">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_India" title="Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India" title="List of waterfalls in India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Geographical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Himalaya">Himachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Himadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Coast">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of India">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected Areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_forests_of_India" title="Communal forests of India">Communal forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_of_India" title="Conservation areas of India">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserves_and_community_reserves_of_India" title="Conservation reserves and community reserves of India">Conservation and community reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant#Elephant_reserves" title="Project Elephant">Elephant reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_forests_and_protected_forests_of_India" title="Reserved forests and protected forests of India">Reserved and protected forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">Tiger reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_India_articles463" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_India_topics" title="Template:South India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_India_topics" title="Template talk:South India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_India_articles463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South India</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Gangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathiri" title="Kolathiri">Kolathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad (Kingdom of Quilon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Musunuri Nayaks">Musunuri Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_India" title="Geography of South India">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri (Cauvery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Sapta Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpura_Range" title="Satpura Range">Satpura Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.35em 0.5em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Nadu" title="Chola Nadu">Chola Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Kosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_Doab" title="Raichur Doab">Raichur Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondai_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondai Nadu">Tondai Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarandhra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarandhra">Uttarandhra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flora_and_fauna"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Flora</li><li>Fauna</li></ul></div> </div></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills" title="Anaimalai Hills">Anaimalai Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast_moist_forests" title="Malabar Coast moist forests">coastal moist forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsooned_Malabar" title="Monsooned Malabar">monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rainforests" title="Malabar rainforests">rainforests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri mountains">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">South Western Ghats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests" title="South Western Ghats montane rain forests">montane rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_India" title="Economy of South India">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badagas" title="Badagas">Badagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Bearys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Kovains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Malabar_Nasrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Malabar Nasrani">Syrian Malabar Nasranis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_people" title="Tulu people">Tulu people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beary language">Beary bashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathukamma" title="Bathukamma">Bathukamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharata Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila Songs">Mappila Paattukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margam_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Margam Kali">Margam Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundum Neriyathum">Mundum Neriyathum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poorakkali" title="Poorakkali">Poorakkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopana_Sangeetham" title="Sopana Sangeetham">Sopana Sangeetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thidambu_Nritham" title="Thidambu Nritham">Thidambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_India" title="Category:South India">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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</a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 55 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5f577c6d7b-f5d5j","wgBackendResponseTime":135,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.632","walltime":"4.087","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28895,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":839859,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26735,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":68,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1435916,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3368.409 1 -total"," 63.55% 2140.718 4 Template:Reflist"," 15.89% 535.272 108 Template:Cite_book"," 14.63% 492.742 113 Template:Cite_web"," 10.92% 367.837 82 Template:Cite_news"," 9.41% 316.987 58 Template:Cite_report"," 8.07% 271.830 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 5.72% 192.720 1 Template:Infobox"," 3.27% 110.285 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.26% 109.962 4 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