CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: polymer flooding</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: polymer flooding"> <meta name="keywords" content="polymer flooding"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="polymer flooding" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="polymer flooding"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1845</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: polymer flooding</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1845</span> Effects of Polymer Adsorption and Desorption on Polymer Flooding in Waterflooded Reservoir</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukruthai%20Sapniwat">Sukruthai Sapniwat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Falan%20Srisuriyachai"> Falan Srisuriyachai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymer Flooding is one of the most well-known methods in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology which can be implemented after either primary or secondary recovery, resulting in favorable conditions for the displacement mechanism in order to lower the residual oil in the reservoir. Polymer substances can lower the mobility ratio of the whole process by increasing the viscosity of injected water. Therefore, polymer flooding can increase volumetric sweep efficiency, which leads to a better recovery factor. Moreover, polymer adsorption onto rock surface can help decrease reservoir permeability contrast with high heterogeneity. Due to the reduction of the absolute permeability, effective permeability to water, representing flow ability of the injected fluid, is also reduced. Once polymer is adsorbed onto rock surface, polymer molecule can be desorbed when different fluids are injected. This study is performed to evaluate the effects of the adsorption and desorption process of polymer solutions to yield benefits on the oil recovery mechanism. A reservoir model is constructed by reservoir simulation program called STAR® commercialized by the Computer Modeling Group (CMG). Various polymer concentrations, starting times of polymer flooding process and polymer injection rates were evaluated with selected values of polymer desorption degrees including 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The higher the value, the more adsorbed polymer molecules to return back to flowing fluid. According to the results, polymer desorption lowers polymer consumption, especially at low concentrations. Furthermore, starting time of polymer flooding and injection rate affect the oil production. The results show that waterflooding followed by earlier polymer flooding can increase the oil recovery factor while the higher injection rate also enhances the recovery. Polymer concentration is related to polymer consumption due to the two main benefits of polymer flooding control described above. Therefore, polymer slug size should be optimized based on polymer concentration. Polymer desorption causes polymer re-employment that is previously adsorbed onto rock surface, resulting in an increase of sweep efficiency in the further period of polymer flooding process. Even though waterflooding supports polymer injectivity, water cut at the producer can prematurely terminate the oil production. The injection rate decreases polymer adsorption due to decreased retention time of polymer flooding process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhanced%20oil%20recovery%20technology" title="enhanced oil recovery technology">enhanced oil recovery technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20adsorption%20and%20desorption" title=" polymer adsorption and desorption"> polymer adsorption and desorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding" title=" polymer flooding"> polymer flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20simulation" title=" reservoir simulation"> reservoir simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61704/effects-of-polymer-adsorption-and-desorption-on-polymer-flooding-in-waterflooded-reservoir" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1844</span> Polymer Flooding: Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhinav%20Bajpayee">Abhinav Bajpayee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shubham%20Damke"> Shubham Damke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rupal%20Ranjan"> Rupal Ranjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Bharti"> Neha Bharti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymer flooding is a dramatic improvement in water flooding and quickly becoming one of the EOR technologies. Used for improving oil recovery. With the increasing energy demand and depleting oil reserves EOR techniques are becoming increasingly significant .Since most oil fields have already begun water flooding, chemical EOR technique can be implemented by using fewer resources than any other EOR technique. Polymer helps in increasing the viscosity of injected water thus reducing water mobility and hence achieves a more stable displacement .Polymer flooding helps in increasing the injection viscosity as has been revealed through field experience. While the injection of a polymer solution improves reservoir conformance the beneficial effect ceases as soon as one attempts to push the polymer solution with water. It is most commonly applied technique because of its higher success rate. In polymer flooding, a water-soluble polymer such as Polyacrylamide is added to the water in the water flood. This increases the viscosity of the water to that of a gel making the oil and water greatly improving the efficiency of the water flood. It also improves the vertical and areal sweep efficiency as a consequence of improving the water/oil mobility ratio. Polymer flooding plays an important role in oil exploitation, but around 60 million ton of wastewater is produced per day with oil extraction together. Therefore the treatment and reuse of wastewater becomes significant which can be carried out by electro dialysis technology. This treatment technology can not only decrease environmental pollution, but also achieve closed-circuit of polymer flooding wastewater during crude oil extraction. There are three potential ways in which a polymer flood can make the oil recovery process more efficient: (1) through the effects of polymers on fractional flow, (2) by decreasing the water/oil mobility ratio, and (3) by diverting injected water from zones that have been swept. It has also been suggested that the viscoelastic behavior of polymers can improve displacement efficiency Polymer flooding may also have an economic impact because less water is injected and produced compared with water flooding. In future we need to focus on developing polymers that can be used in reservoirs of high temperature and high salinity, applying polymer ﬂooding in different reservoir conditions and also combine polymer with other processes (e.g., surfactant/ polymer ﬂooding). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractional%20flow" title="fractional flow">fractional flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer" title=" polymer"> polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity" title=" viscosity"> viscosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%2Foil%20mobility%20ratio" title=" water/oil mobility ratio"> water/oil mobility ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37766/polymer-flooding-chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1843</span> Simulation Study on Polymer Flooding with Thermal Degradation in Elevated-Temperature Reservoirs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Zhao">Lin Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanqiao%20Jiang"> Hanqiao Jiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junjian%20Li"> Junjian Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymers injected into elevated-temperature reservoirs inevitably suffer from thermal degradation, resulting in severe viscosity loss and poor flooding performance. However, for polymer flooding in such reservoirs, present simulators fail to provide accurate results for lack of description on thermal degradation. In light of this, the objectives of this paper are to provide a simulation model for polymer flooding with thermal degradation and study the effect of thermal degradation on polymer flooding in elevated-temperature reservoirs. Firstly, a thermal degradation experiment was conducted to obtain the degradation law of polymer concentration and viscosity. Different types of polymers degraded in the Thermo tank with elevated temperatures. Afterward, based on the obtained law, a streamline-assistant model was proposed to simulate the degradation process under in-situ flow conditions. Model validation was performed with field data from a well group of an offshore oilfield. Finally, the effect of thermal degradation on polymer flooding was studied using the proposed model. Experimental results showed that the polymer concentration remained unchanged, while the viscosity degraded exponentially with time after degradation. The polymer viscosity was functionally dependent on the polymer degradation time (PDT), which represented the elapsed time started from the polymer particle injection. Tracing the real flow path of polymer particle was required. Therefore, the presented simulation model was streamline-assistant. Equation of PDT vs. time of flight (TOF) along streamline was built by the law of polymer particle transport. Based on the field polymer sample and dynamic data, the new model proved its accuracy. Study of degradation effect on polymer flooding indicated: (1) the viscosity loss increased with TOF exponentially in the main body of polymer-slug and remained constant in the slug front; (2) the responding time of polymer flooding was delayed, but the effective time was prolonged; (3) the breakthrough of subsequent water was eased; (4) the capacity of polymer adjusting injection profile was diminished; (5) the incremental recovery was reduced significantly. In general, the effect of thermal degradation on polymer flooding performance was rather negative. This paper provides a more comprehensive insight into polymer thermal degradation in both the physical process and field application. The proposed simulation model offers an effective means for simulating the polymer flooding process with thermal degradation. The negative effect of thermal degradation suggests that the polymer thermal stability should be given full consideration when designing polymer flooding project in elevated-temperature reservoirs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding" title="polymer flooding">polymer flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elevated-temperature%20reservoir" title=" elevated-temperature reservoir"> elevated-temperature reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20degradation" title=" thermal degradation"> thermal degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127532/simulation-study-on-polymer-flooding-with-thermal-degradation-in-elevated-temperature-reservoirs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1842</span> Effect of Polymer Residues for Wastewater Treatment from Petroleum Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chayonnat%20Thanamun">Chayonnat Thanamun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kreangkrai%20Maneeintr"> Kreangkrai Maneeintr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For petroleum industry, polymer flooding is the one of the main methods in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) that is used water-soluble polymer such as partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) to increase oil production. It is added to the flooding water to improve the mobility ratio in the flooding process. During the polymer flooding process, water is produced as a by-product along with oil and gas production. This produced water is a mixture of inorganic and organic compound. Moreover, produced water is more difficult to treat than that from water flooding. In this work, the effect of HPAM residue on the wastewater treatment from polymer flooding is studied. Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is selected to use as a flocculant. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of polymer residues in produced water on the wastewater treatment by using PAC. The operating parameters of this study are flocculant dosage ranging from 300,400 and 500 mg/L temperature from 30-50 Celsius degree and HPAM concentrations from 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/L. Furthermore, the turbidity, as well as total suspended solids (TSS), are also studied. The results indicated that with an increase in HPAM concentration, the TSS and turbidity increase gradually with the increasing of coagulant dosage under the same temperature. Also, the coagulation-flocculation performance is improved with the increasing temperature. This can be applied to use in the wastewater treatment from oil production before this water can be injected back to the reservoir. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title="wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20production" title=" petroleum production"> petroleum production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyaluminium%20chloride" title=" polyaluminium chloride"> polyaluminium chloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyacrylamide" title=" polyacrylamide"> polyacrylamide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97516/effect-of-polymer-residues-for-wastewater-treatment-from-petroleum-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1841</span> Evaluation of Sequential Polymer Flooding in Multi-Layered Heterogeneous Reservoir</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panupong%20Lohrattanarungrot">Panupong Lohrattanarungrot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Falan%20Srisuriyachai"> Falan Srisuriyachai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymer flooding is a well-known technique used for controlling mobility ratio in heterogeneous reservoirs, leading to improvement of sweep efficiency as well as wellbore profile. However, low injectivity of viscous polymer solution attenuates oil recovery rate and consecutively adds extra operating cost. An attempt of this study is to improve injectivity of polymer solution while maintaining recovery factor, enhancing effectiveness of polymer flooding method. This study is performed by using reservoir simulation program to modify conventional single polymer slug into sequential polymer flooding, emphasizing on increasing of injectivity and also reduction of polymer amount. Selection of operating conditions for single slug polymer including pre-injected water, polymer concentration and polymer slug size is firstly performed for a layered-heterogeneous reservoir with Lorenz coefficient (Lk) of 0.32. A selected single slug polymer flooding scheme is modified into sequential polymer flooding with reduction of polymer concentration in two different modes: Constant polymer mass and reduction of polymer mass. Effects of Residual Resistance Factor (RRF) is also evaluated. From simulation results, it is observed that first polymer slug with the highest concentration has the main function to buffer between displacing phase and reservoir oil. Moreover, part of polymer from this slug is also sacrificed for adsorption. Reduction of polymer concentration in the following slug prevents bypassing due to unfavorable mobility ratio. At the same time, following slugs with lower viscosity can be injected easily through formation, improving injectivity of the whole process. A sequential polymer flooding with reduction of polymer mass shows great benefit by reducing total production time and amount of polymer consumed up to 10% without any downside effect. The only advantage of using constant polymer mass is slightly increment of recovery factor (up to 1.4%) while total production time is almost the same. Increasing of residual resistance factor of polymer solution yields a benefit on mobility control by reducing effective permeability to water. Nevertheless, higher adsorption results in low injectivity, extending total production time. Modifying single polymer slug into sequence of reduced polymer concentration yields major benefits on reducing production time as well as polymer mass. With certain design of polymer flooding scheme, recovery factor can even be further increased. This study shows that application of sequential polymer flooding can be certainly applied to reservoir with high value of heterogeneity since it requires nothing complex for real implementation but just a proper design of polymer slug size and concentration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding" title="polymer flooding">polymer flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequential" title=" sequential"> sequential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20reservoir" title=" heterogeneous reservoir"> heterogeneous reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20resistance%20factor" title=" residual resistance factor"> residual resistance factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30577/evaluation-of-sequential-polymer-flooding-in-multi-layered-heterogeneous-reservoir" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1840</span> High and Low Salinity Polymer in Omani Oil Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Intisar%20Al%20Busaidi">Intisar Al Busaidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rashid%20Al%20Maamari"> Rashid Al Maamari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daowoud%20Al%20Mahroqi"> Daowoud Al Mahroqi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahvash%20Karimi"> Mahvash Karimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, some research studies have been performed on the hybrid application of polymer and low salinity water flooding (LSWF). Numerous technical and economic benefits of low salinity polymer flooding (LSPF) have been reported. However, as with any EOR technology, there are various risks involved in using LSPF. Ions exchange between porous media and brine is one of the Crude oil/ brine/ rocks (COBR) reactions that is identified as a potential risk in LSPF. To the best of our knowledge, this conclusion was drawn based on bulk rheology measurements, and no explanation was provided on how water chemistry changed in the presence of polymer. Therefore, this study aimed to understand rock/ brine interactions with high and low salinity brine in the absence and presence of polymer with Omani reservoir core plugs. Many single-core flooding experiments were performed with low and high salinity polymer solutions to investigate the influence of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylic amide with different brine salinities on cation exchange reactions. Ion chromatography (IC), total organic carbon (TOC), rheological, and pH measurements were conducted for produced aqueous phase. A higher increase in pH and lower polymer adsorption was observed in LSPF compared with conventional polymer flooding. In addition, IC measurements showed that all produced fluids in the absence and presence of polymer showed elevated Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K+, Cl- and SO₄²⁻ ions compared to the injected fluids. However, the divalent cations levels, mainly Ca²⁺, were the highest and remained elevated for several pore volumes in the presence of LSP. The results are in line with rheological measurements where the highest viscosity reduction was recorded with the highest level of Ca²⁺ production. Despite the viscosity loss due to cation exchange reactions, LSP can be an attractive alternative to conventional polymer flooding in the Marmul field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer" title="polymer">polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ions" title=" ions"> ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange" title=" exchange"> exchange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recovery" title=" recovery"> recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20salinity" title=" low salinity"> low salinity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149596/high-and-low-salinity-polymer-in-omani-oil-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1839</span> Application of Water Soluble Polymers in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Shahzad%20Kamal">M. Shahzad Kamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20S.%20Sultan"> Abdullah S. Sultan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usamah%20A.%20Al-Mubaiyedh"> Usamah A. Al-Mubaiyedh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibnelwaleed%20A.%20Hussein"> Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oil recovery from reservoirs using conventional oil recovery techniques like water flooding is less than 20%. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are applied to recover additional oil. Surfactant-polymer flooding is a promising EOR technique used to recover residual oil from reservoirs. Water soluble polymers are used to increase the viscosity of displacing fluids. Surfactants increase the capillary number by reducing the interfacial tension between oil and displacing fluid. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is widely used in polymer flooding applications due to its low cost and other desirable properties. HPAM works well in low-temperature and low salinity-environment. In the presence of salts HPAM viscosity decrease due to charge screening effect and it can precipitate at high temperatures in the presence of salts. Various strategies have been adopted to extend the application of water soluble polymers to high-temperature high-salinity (HTHS) reservoir. These include addition of monomers to acrylamide chain that can protect it against thermal hydrolysis. In this work, rheological properties of various water soluble polymers were investigated to find out suitable polymer and surfactant-polymer systems for HTHS reservoirs. Polymer concentration ranged from 0.1 to 1 % (w/v). Effect of temperature, salinity and polymer concentration was investigated using both steady shear and dynamic measurements. Acrylamido tertiary butyl sulfonate based copolymer showed better performance under HTHS conditions compared to HPAM. Moreover, thermoviscosifying polymer showed excellent rheological properties and increase in the viscosity was observed with increase temperature. This property is highly desirable for EOR application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheology" title="rheology">rheology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyacrylamide" title=" polyacrylamide"> polyacrylamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhanced%20oil%20recovery" title=" enhanced oil recovery"> enhanced oil recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding" title=" polymer flooding"> polymer flooding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9556/application-of-water-soluble-polymers-in-chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9556.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1838</span> A Comparative Performance of Polyaspartic Acid and Sodium Polyacrylate on Silicate Scale Inhibition </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Bin%20Mohd%20Saaid">Ismail Bin Mohd Saaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubakar%20Abubakar%20Umar"> Abubakar Abubakar Umar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the successes recorded by Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) flooding as an effective chemical EOR technique, the combination CEOR is not unassociated with stern glitches, one of which is the scaling of downhole equipment. One of the major issues inside the oil industry is how to control scale formation, regardless of whether it is in the wellhead equipment, down-hole pipelines or even the actual field formation. The best approach to handle the challenge associated with oilfield scale formation is the application of scale inhibitors to avert the scale formation. Chemical inhibitors have been employed in doing such. But due to environmental regulations, the industry have focused on using green scale inhibitors to mitigate the formation of scales. This paper compares the scale inhibition performance of Polyaspartic acid and sodium polyacrylic acid, both commercial green scale inhibitors, in mitigating silicate scales formed during Alkaline/Surfactant/polymer flooding under static conditions. Both PASP and TH5000 are non-threshold inhibitors, therefore their efficiency was only seeing in delaying the deposition of the silicate scales. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkaline%2Fsurfactant%2Fpolymer%20flooding%20%28ASP%29" title="alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding (ASP)">alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding (ASP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyaspartic%20acid%20%28PASP%29" title=" polyaspartic acid (PASP)"> polyaspartic acid (PASP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20polyacrylate%20%28SPA%29" title=" sodium polyacrylate (SPA)"> sodium polyacrylate (SPA)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29025/a-comparative-performance-of-polyaspartic-acid-and-sodium-polyacrylate-on-silicate-scale-inhibition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29025.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1837</span> Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery: Experimental Insights into Low Salinity Polymer in Sandstone Reservoirs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Intisar">Intisar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalifa"> Khalifa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salim"> Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Busaidi"> Al Busaidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the synergic combination of low salinity water flooding with polymer flooding has been a subject of paramount interest for the oil industry. Numerous studies have investigated the efficiency of enhanced oil recovery using low salinity polymer flooding (LSPF). However, there is no clear conclusion that can explain the incremental oil recovery, determine the main factors controlling the oil recovery process, and define the relative contribution of rock/fluids or fluid/fluid interactions to extra oil recovery. Therefore, this study aims to perform a systematic investigation of the interactions between oil, polymer, low salinity and sandstone rock surface from pore to core scale during LSPF. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer, Boise outcrop, a crude oil sample and reservoir cores from an Omani oil field, and brine at two different salinities were used in the study. Several experimental measurements including static bulk measurements of polymer solutions prepared with brines of high and low salinities, single phase displacement experiments, along with rheological, total organic carbon and ion chromatography measurements to analyze ion exchange reactions, polymer adsorption, and viscosity loss were used. In addition, two-phase experiments were performed to demonstrate the oil recovery efficiency of LSPF. The results revealed that the incremental oil recovery from LSPF was attributed to the combination of the reduction in the water-oil mobility ratio, an increase in the repulsion forces between crude oil/brine/rock interfaces and an increase in pH of the aqueous solution. In addition, lowering the salinity of the make-up brine resulted in a larger conformation (expansion) of the polymer molecules, which in turn resulted in less adsorption and a greater in-situ viscosity without any negative impact on injectivity. This plays a positive role in the oil displacement process. Moreover, the loss of viscosity in the effluent of polymer solutions was lower in low-salinity than in high-salinity brine, indicating that an increase in cations concentration (mainly driven by Ca2+ ions) has stronger effect on the viscosity of high-salinity polymer solution compared with low-salinity polymer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer" title="polymer">polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20oil" title=" heavy oil"> heavy oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20salinity" title=" low salinity"> low salinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COBR%20interactions" title=" COBR interactions"> COBR interactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169488/enhancing-heavy-oil-recovery-experimental-insights-into-low-salinity-polymer-in-sandstone-reservoirs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1836</span> The Application of Polymers in Enhanced Oil Recovery: Recent Trends </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20M.%20Rudd">Reza M. Rudd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Saeedi"> Ali Saeedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colin%20Wood"> Colin Wood</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, the latest advancements made in the applications of polymers in the enhanced hydrocarbon recovery technologies are investigated. For this purpose, different classes of polymers are reviewed and the latest progresses made in making them suitable for application under harsh reservoir conditions are discussed. The main reservoir conditions whose effects are taken into account include the temperature, rock mineralogy and brine salinity and composition. For profile modification and blocking the thief zones, polymers are used in the form of nanocomposite hydrogels. Polymers are also used as thickeners during CO2 flooding. Also, they are used in enhanced gas recovery, to inhibit the mixing of injection gas with the in-situ natural gas. This review covers the main types of polymers, their functions and the challenges in their applications, some of which are mentioned above. Included in this review are also the latest progresses made in the development of new polymeric surfactants used for surfactant flooding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EOR" title="EOR">EOR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EGR" title=" EGR"> EGR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding" title=" polymer flooding"> polymer flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profile%20modification" title=" profile modification"> profile modification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobility%20control" title=" mobility control"> mobility control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposite%20hydrogels" title=" nanocomposite hydrogels"> nanocomposite hydrogels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20flooding" title=" CO2 flooding"> CO2 flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymeric%20surfactants" title=" polymeric surfactants"> polymeric surfactants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58545/the-application-of-polymers-in-enhanced-oil-recovery-recent-trends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">567</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1835</span> Combination Approach Using Experiments and Optimal Experimental Design to Optimize Chemical Concentration in Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Tai%20Pham">H. Tai Pham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bae%20Wisup"> Bae Wisup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungmin%20Jung"> Sungmin Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Efriza"> Ivan Efriza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratna%20Widyaningsih"> Ratna Widyaningsih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byung%20Un%20Min"> Byung Un Min</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The middle-phase-microemulsion in Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) solution and oil play important roles in the success of an ASP flooding process. The high quality microemulsion phase has ultralow interfacial tensions and it can increase oil recovery. The research used optimal experimental design and response-surface-methodology to predict the optimum concentration of chemicals in ASP solution for maximum microemulsion quality. Secondly, this optimal ASP formulation was implemented in core flooding test to investigate the effective injection volume. As the results, the optimum concentration of surfactants in the ASP solution is 0.57 wt.% and the highest effective injection volume is 19.33% pore volume. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimize" title="optimize">optimize</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASP" title=" ASP"> ASP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20surface%20methodology" title=" response surface methodology"> response surface methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solubilization%20ratio" title=" solubilization ratio"> solubilization ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55285/combination-approach-using-experiments-and-optimal-experimental-design-to-optimize-chemical-concentration-in-alkali-surfactant-polymer-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1834</span> Employing GIS to Analyze Areas Prone to Flooding: Case Study of Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanpachai%20Huvanandana">Sanpachai Huvanandana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Settapong%20Malisuwan"> Settapong Malisuwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soparwan%20Tongyuak"> Soparwan Tongyuak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prust%20Pannachet"> Prust Pannachet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anong%20Phoepueak"> Anong Phoepueak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Navneet%20Madan"> Navneet Madan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many regions of Thailand are prone to flooding due to tropical climate. A commonly increasing precipitation in this continent results in risk of flooding. Many efforts have been implemented such as drainage control system, multiple dams, and irrigation canals. In order to decide where the drainages, dams, and canal should be appropriately located, the flooding risk area should be determined. This paper is aimed to identify the appropriate features that can be used to classify the flooding risk area in Thailand. Several features have been analyzed and used to classify the area. Non-supervised clustering techniques have been used and the results have been compared with ten years average actual flooding area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20area%20clustering" title="flood area clustering">flood area clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographical%20information%20system" title=" geographical information system"> geographical information system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20features" title=" flood features"> flood features</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3091/employing-gis-to-analyze-areas-prone-to-flooding-case-study-of-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3091.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1833</span> Designing an Agent-Based Model of SMEs to Assess Flood Response Strategies and Resilience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Li">C. Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Coates"> G. Coates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Johnson"> N. Johnson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mc%20Guinness"> M. Mc Guinness</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the UK, flooding is responsible for significant losses to the economy due to the impact on businesses, the vast majority of which are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Businesses of this nature tend to lack formal plans to aid their response to and recovery from disruptive events such as flooding. This paper reports on work on how an agent-based model (ABM) is being developed based on interview data gathered from SMEs at-risk of flooding and/or have direct experience of flooding. The ABM will enable simulations to be performed allowing investigations of different response strategies which SMEs may employ to lessen the impact of flooding, thus strengthening their resilience. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABM" title="ABM">ABM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20response" title=" flood response"> flood response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMEs" title=" SMEs"> SMEs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20continuity" title=" business continuity"> business continuity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13770/designing-an-agent-based-model-of-smes-to-assess-flood-response-strategies-and-resilience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1832</span> Research on Low interfacial Tension Viscoelastic Fluid Oil Displacement System in Unconventional Reservoir</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Long%20Long%20Chen">Long Long Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinwei%20Liao"> Xinwei Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanfa%20Tang"> Shanfa Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaojing%20Jiang"> Shaojing Jiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruijia%20Tang"> Ruijia Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui%20Wang"> Rui Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shu%20Yun%20Feng"> Shu Yun Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Si%20Yao%20Wang"> Si Yao Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unconventional oil reservoirs have the characteristics of strong heterogeneity and poor injectability, and traditional chemical flooding technology is not effective in such reservoirs; polymer flooding in the production of heavy oil reservoirs is difficult to handle produced fluid and easy to block oil wells, etc. Therefore, a viscoelastic fluid flooding system with good adaptability, low interfacial tension, plugging, and diverting capabilities was studied. The viscosity, viscoelasticity, surface/interfacial activity, wettability, emulsification, and oil displacement performance of the anionic Gemini surfactant flooding system were studied, and the adaptability of the system to the reservoir environment was evaluated. The oil displacement effect of the system in low-permeability and high-permeability (heavy oil) reservoirs was investigated, and the mechanism of the system to enhance water flooding recovery was discussed. The results show that the system has temperature resistance and viscosity increasing performance (65℃, 4.12mPa•s), shear resistance and viscoelasticity; at a lower concentration (0.5%), the oil-water interfacial tension can be reduced to ultra-low (10-3mN/m); has good emulsifying ability for heavy oil, and is easy to break demulsification (4.5min); has good adaptability to reservoirs with high salinity (30000mg/L). Oil flooding experiments show that this system can increase the water flooding recovery rate of low-permeability homogeneous and heterogeneous cores by 13% and 15%, respectively, and can increase the water-flooding recovery rate of high-permeability heavy oil reservoirs by 40%. The anionic Gemini surfactant flooding system studied in this paper is a viscoelastic fluid, has good emulsifying and oil washing ability, can effectively improve sweep efficiency, reduce injection pressure, and has broad application in unconventional reservoirs to enhance oil recovery prospect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20displacement%20system" title="oil displacement system">oil displacement system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recovery%20factor" title=" recovery factor"> recovery factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheology" title=" rheology"> rheology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interfacial%20activity" title=" interfacial activity"> interfacial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20adaptability" title=" environmental adaptability"> environmental adaptability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146670/research-on-low-interfacial-tension-viscoelastic-fluid-oil-displacement-system-in-unconventional-reservoir" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1831</span> Improving Enhanced Oil Recovery by Using Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Injection and Nanotechnology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Gerayeli">Amir Gerayeli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babak%20Moradi"> Babak Moradi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The continuously declining oil reservoirs and reservoirs aging have created a huge demand for utilization of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods recently. Primary and secondary oil recovery methods have various limitations and are not practical for all reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to use chemical methods to improve oil recovery efficiency by reducing oil and water surface tension, increasing sweeping efficiency, and reducing displacer phase viscosity. One of the well-known methods of oil recovery is Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) flooding that shown to have significant impact on enhancing oil recovery. As some of the biggest oil reservoirs including those of Iran’s are fractional reservoirs with substantial amount of trapped oil in their fractures, the use of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) flooding method is increasingly growing, the method in which the impact of several parameters including type and concentration of the Alkaline, Surfactant, and polymer are particularly important. This study investigated the use of Nano particles to improve Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The study methodology included performing several laboratory tests on drill cores extracted from Karanj Oil field Asmary Formation in Khuzestan, Iran. In the experiments performed, Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C12mim] [Cl])) were used as surfactant, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and guar gum were used as polymer, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as alkaline, and Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Magnesium oxide (MgO) were used as Nano particles. The experiment findings suggest that water viscosity increased from 1 centipoise to 5 centipoise when hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and guar gum were used as polymer. The surface tension between oil and water was initially measured as 25.808 (mN/m). The optimum surfactant concentration was found to be 500 p, at which the oil and water tension surface was measured to be 2.90 (mN/m) when [C12mim] [Cl] was used, and 3.28 (mN/m) when SDBS was used. The Nano particles concentration ranged from 100 ppm to 1500 ppm in this study. The optimum Nano particle concentration was found to be 1000 ppm for MgO and 500 ppm for SiO2. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkaline-surfactant-polymer" title="alkaline-surfactant-polymer">alkaline-surfactant-polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title=" ionic liquids"> ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20permeability" title=" relative permeability"> relative permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduced%20surface%20tension" title=" reduced surface tension"> reduced surface tension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tertiary%20enhanced%20oil%20recovery" title=" tertiary enhanced oil recovery"> tertiary enhanced oil recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wettability%20change" title=" wettability change"> wettability change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81297/improving-enhanced-oil-recovery-by-using-alkaline-surfactant-polymer-injection-and-nanotechnology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1830</span> Effectiveness of Infrastructure Flood Control Due to Development Upstream Land Use: Case Study of Ciliwung Watershed</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Murniningsih">Siti Murniningsih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evi%20Anggraheni"> Evi Anggraheni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various infrastructures such as dams, flood control dams and reservoirs have been developed in the 19th century until the 20th century. These infrastructures are very effective in controlling the river flows and in preventing inundation in the urban area prone to flooding. Flooding in the urban area often brings large impact, affecting every aspect of life and also environment. Ciliwung is one of the rivers allegedly contributes to the flooding problems in Jakarta; various engineering work has been done in Ciliwung river to help controlling the flooding. One of the engineering work is to build Ciawi Dam and Sukamahi Dam. In this research, author is doing the flood calculation with Nakayasu Method, while the previous flooding in that case study is computed using Level Pool Routine. The effectiveness of these dams can be identified by using flood simulation of existing condition and compare it to the flood simulation after the dam construction. The final goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of flood mitigation infrastructure located at upstream area in reducing the volume of flooding in Jakarta. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effectiveness" title="effectiveness">effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20simulation" title=" flood simulation"> flood simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure%20flooding" title=" infrastructure flooding"> infrastructure flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=level%20pool%20routine" title=" level pool routine"> level pool routine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43628/effectiveness-of-infrastructure-flood-control-due-to-development-upstream-land-use-case-study-of-ciliwung-watershed" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1829</span> Studying the Bond Strength of Geo-Polymer Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rama%20Seshu%20Doguparti">Rama Seshu Doguparti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the experimental investigation on the bond behavior of geo polymer concrete. The bond behavior of geo polymer concrete cubes of grade M35 reinforced with 16 mm TMT rod is analyzed. The results indicate that the bond performance of reinforced geo polymer concrete is good and thus proves its application for construction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geo-polymer" title="geo-polymer">geo-polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bond%20strength" title=" bond strength"> bond strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behaviour" title=" behaviour"> behaviour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19114/studying-the-bond-strength-of-geo-polymer-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19114.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">508</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1828</span> Vulnerability Assessment for Protection of Ghardaia City to the Inundation of M’zabWadi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustapha%20Kamel%20Mihoubi">Mustapha Kamel Mihoubi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reda%20Madi"> Reda Madi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of natural disasters in general and flooding in particular is a topic which marks a memorable action in the world and specifically in cities and large urban areas. Torrential floods and faster flows pose a major problem in urban area. Indeed, a better management of risks of floods becomes a growing necessity that must mobilize technical and scientific means to curb the adverse consequences of this phenomenon, especially in the Saharan cities in arid climate. The aim of this study is to deploy a basic calculation approach based on a hydrologic and hydraulic quantification for locating the black spots in urban areas generated by the flooding and to locate the areas that are vulnerable to flooding. The principle of flooding method is applied to the city of Ghardaia to identify vulnerable areas to inundation and to establish maps management and prevention against the risks of flooding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alea" title="Alea">Alea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beni%20Mzab" title=" Beni Mzab"> Beni Mzab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cartography" title=" cartography"> cartography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HEC-RAS" title=" HEC-RAS"> HEC-RAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inundation" title=" inundation"> inundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torrential" title=" torrential"> torrential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability" title=" vulnerability"> vulnerability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wadi" title=" wadi"> wadi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36481/vulnerability-assessment-for-protection-of-ghardaia-city-to-the-inundation-of-mzabwadi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1827</span> A Deep Learning Based Integrated Model For Spatial Flood Prediction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinayaka%20Gude%20Divya%20Sampath">Vinayaka Gude Divya Sampath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research introduces an integrated prediction model to assess the susceptibility of roads in a future flooding event. The model consists of deep learning algorithm for forecasting gauge height data and Flood Inundation Mapper (FIM) for spatial flooding. An optimal architecture for Long short-term memory network (LSTM) was identified for the gauge located on Tangipahoa River at Robert, LA. Dropout was applied to the model to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the predictions. The estimates are then used along with FIM to identify the spatial flooding. Further geoprocessing in ArcGIS provides the susceptibility values for different roads. The model was validated based on the devastating flood of August 2016. The paper discusses the challenges for generalization the methodology for other locations and also for various types of flooding. The developed model can be used by the transportation department and other emergency response organizations for effective disaster management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20management" title=" disaster management"> disaster management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20prediction" title=" flood prediction"> flood prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20flooding" title=" urban flooding"> urban flooding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129566/a-deep-learning-based-integrated-model-for-spatial-flood-prediction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1826</span> Experimental Study on Flooding Phenomena in a Three-Phase Direct Contact Heat Exchanger for the Utilisation in Solar Pond Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hameed%20B.%20Mahood">Hameed B. Mahood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Sh.%20Baqir"> Ali Sh. Baqir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alasdair%20N.%20Campbell"> Alasdair N. Campbell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Experiments to study the limitation of flooding inception of three-phase direct contact condenser have been carried out in a counter-current small diameter vertical condenser. The total column height was 70 cm and 4 cm diameter. Only 48 cm has been used as an active three-phase direct contact condenser height. Vapour pentane with three different initial temperatures (40, 43.5 and 47.5 °C) and water with a constant temperature (19 °C) have been used as a dispersed phase and a continuous phase respectively. Five different continuous phase mass flow rate and four different dispersed phase mass flow rate have been tested throughout the experiments. Dimensionless correlation based on the previous common flooding correlation is proposed to calculate the up flow flooding inception of the three-phase direct contact condenser. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Three-phase%20heat%20exchanger" title="Three-phase heat exchanger">Three-phase heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condenser" title=" condenser"> condenser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flooding%20phenomena" title=" flooding phenomena"> flooding phenomena</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57093/experimental-study-on-flooding-phenomena-in-a-three-phase-direct-contact-heat-exchanger-for-the-utilisation-in-solar-pond-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57093.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1825</span> Conflation Methodology Applied to Flood Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20L.%20Suarez">Eva L. Suarez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20E.%20Meeroff"> Daniel E. Meeroff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Yong"> Yan Yong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Current flooding risk modeling focuses on resilience, defined as the probability of recovery from a severe flooding event. However, the long-term damage to property and well-being by nuisance flooding and its long-term effects on communities are not typically included in risk assessments. An approach was developed to address the probability of recovering from a severe flooding event combined with the probability of community performance during a nuisance event. A consolidated model, namely the conflation flooding recovery (&FR) model, evaluates risk-coping mitigation strategies for communities based on the recovery time from catastrophic events, such as hurricanes or extreme surges, and from everyday nuisance flooding events. The &FR model assesses the variation contribution of each independent input and generates a weighted output that favors the distribution with minimum variation. This approach is especially useful if the input distributions have dissimilar variances. The &FR is defined as a single distribution resulting from the product of the individual probability density functions. The resulting conflated distribution resides between the parent distributions, and it infers the recovery time required by a community to return to basic functions, such as power, utilities, transportation, and civil order, after a flooding event. The &FR model is more accurate than averaging individual observations before calculating the mean and variance or averaging the probabilities evaluated at the input values, which assigns the same weighted variation to each input distribution. The main disadvantage of these traditional methods is that the resulting measure of central tendency is exactly equal to the average of the input distribution’s means without the additional information provided by each individual distribution variance. When dealing with exponential distributions, such as resilience from severe flooding events and from nuisance flooding events, conflation results are equivalent to the weighted least squares method or best linear unbiased estimation. The combination of severe flooding risk with nuisance flooding improves flood risk management for highly populated coastal communities, such as in South Florida, USA, and provides a method to estimate community flood recovery time more accurately from two different sources, severe flooding events and nuisance flooding events. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20resilience" title="community resilience">community resilience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflation" title=" conflation"> conflation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20risk" title=" flood risk"> flood risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuisance%20flooding" title=" nuisance flooding"> nuisance flooding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160892/conflation-methodology-applied-to-flood-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1824</span> Domestic Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting for Prevention of Urban Flood in the Gomti Nagar Region of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20Ghosh">Rajkumar Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban flooding is a common occurrence throughout Asia. Almost every city is vulnerable to urban floods in some fashion, and city people are particularly vulnerable. Pluvial and fluvial flooding are the most prominent causes of urban flooding in the Gomti Nagar region of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The pluvial flooding is regarded to be less damaging because it is caused by heavy rainfall, Seasonal rainfall fluctuations, water flows off concrete infrastructures, blockages of the drainage system, and insufficient drainage capacity or low infiltration capacity. However, this study considers pluvial flooding in Lucknow to be a significant source of cumulative damage over time, and the risks of such events are increasing as a result of changes in ageing infrastructure, hazard exposure, rapid urbanization, massive water logging and global warming. As a result, urban flooding has emerged as a critical field of study. The popularity of analytical approaches to project the spatial extent of flood dangers has skyrocketed. To address future urban flood resilience, more effort is needed to enhance both hydrodynamic models and analytical tools to simulate risks under present and forecast conditions. Proper urban planning with drainage system and ample space for high infiltration capacity are required to reduce urban flooding. A better India with no urban flooding is a pipe dream that can be realized by putting household rooftop rainwater collection systems in every structure. According to the current study, domestic RTRWHs are strongly recommended as an alternative source of water, as well as to prevent surface runoff and urban floods in this region of Lucknow, urban areas of India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rooftop%20rainwater%20harvesting" title="rooftop rainwater harvesting">rooftop rainwater harvesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20flood" title=" urban flood"> urban flood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pluvial%20flooding" title=" pluvial flooding"> pluvial flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluvial%20flooding" title=" fluvial flooding"> fluvial flooding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168600/domestic-rooftop-rainwater-harvesting-for-prevention-of-urban-flood-in-the-gomti-nagar-region-of-lucknow-uttar-pradesh-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1823</span> PVDF-HFP Based Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolytes Dispersed with Zro2 for Li-Ion Batteries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Sharma">R. Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sil"> A. Sil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ray"> S. Ray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanocomposites gel polymer electrolytes are gaining more and more attention among the researchers worldwide due to their possible applications in various electrochemical devices particularly in solid-state Li-ion batteries. In this work we have investigated the effect of nanofibers on the electrical properties of PVDF-HFP based gel electrolytes. The nanocomposites polymer electrolytes have been synthesized by solution casting technique with 10wt% of ZrO2. By analysis of impedance spectroscopy it has been demonstrated that the incorporation of ZrO2 into PVDF-HFP–(PC+DEC)–LiClO4 gel polymer electrolyte system significantly enhances the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The enhancement of ionic conductivity seems to be correlated with the fact that the dispersion of ZrO2 to PVDF-HFP prevents polymer chain reorganization due to the high aspect ratio of ZrO2, resulting in reduction in polymer crystallinity, which gives rise to an increase in ionic conductivity. The decrease of crystallinity of PVDF-HFP due the addition of ZrO2 has been confirmed by XRD. The interaction of ZrO2 with various constituents of polymer electrolytes has been studied by FTIR spectroscopy. TEM results show that the fillers (ZrO2) has distributed uniformly in the polymer electrolytes. Moreover, ZrO2 added gel polymer electrolytes offer better thermal stability as compared to that of ZrO2 free electrolytes as confirmed by TGA analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20electrolytes" title="polymer electrolytes">polymer electrolytes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZrO2" title=" ZrO2"> ZrO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20conductivity" title=" ionic conductivity"> ionic conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21340/pvdf-hfp-based-nanocomposite-gel-polymer-electrolytes-dispersed-with-zro2-for-li-ion-batteries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21340.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1822</span> Impact of Flooding on Food Calorie Intake and Health Outcomes among Small Holder Farm Households in Koton Karfe Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cornelius%20Michael%20Ekenta">Cornelius Michael Ekenta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aderonke%20Bashirat%20Mohammed"> Aderonke Bashirat Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sefi%20Ahmed"> Sefi Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research examined the impact of flooding on food calorie intake and health challenges among smallholder farm households in Koton Karfe Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select 130 farm households in selected villages in the area. Primary data were generated through the administration of a well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Double Difference Estimator (DDE), Calorie Intake Estimation Function, t-test, and multiple regressions. The result shows that farm households lost an average of 132, 950kg of selected crops amounting to about N20m ($56, 542) loose in income. Food daily calorie intake indicates a loss of an average of 715.18Kcal, showing a significant difference in calorie intake before and after flooding (t = 2.0629) at 5% probability. Furthermore, the health challenges most prevalent during flooding were malaria fever, typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery. The determinants of daily calorie intake were age, household size, level of income, flooding, health challenges, and food price. The study concluded that flooding had negative impacts on crop output and income, daily food calorie intact, and health challenges of a farm household in the study area. It was recommended that the State Government should make adequate and proper arrangements to relocate residents of the area at the warning of possible flooding by the National Metrological Centre and should, through the State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA), provide relieve items to the residents to cushion the effects of the flooding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calorie" title="calorie">calorie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cholera" title=" cholera"> cholera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flooding" title=" flooding"> flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20challenges" title=" health challenges"> health challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact" title=" impact"> impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130308/impact-of-flooding-on-food-calorie-intake-and-health-outcomes-among-small-holder-farm-households-in-koton-karfe-local-government-area-of-kogi-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130308.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1821</span> Single-Molecule Analysis of Structure and Dynamics in Polymer Materials by Super-Resolution Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Aoki">Hiroyuki Aoki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The physical properties of polymer materials are dependent on the conformation and molecular motion of a polymer chain. Therefore, the structure and dynamic behavior of the single polymer chain have been the most important concerns in the field of polymer physics. However, it has been impossible to directly observe the conformation of the single polymer chain in a bulk medium. In the current work, the novel techniques to study the conformation and dynamics of a single polymer chain are proposed. Since a fluorescence method is extremely sensitive, the fluorescence microscopy enables the direct detection of a single molecule. However, the structure of the polymer chain as large as 100 nm cannot be resolved by conventional fluorescence methods because of the diffraction limit of light. In order to observe the single chains, we developed the labeling method of polymer materials with a photo-switchable dye and the super-resolution microscopy. The real-space conformational analysis of single polymer chains with the spatial resolution of 15-20 nm was achieved. The super-resolution microscopy enables us to obtain the three-dimensional coordinates; therefore, we succeeded the conformational analysis in three dimensions. The direct observation by the nanometric optical microscopy would reveal the detailed information on the molecular processes in the various polymer systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20materials" title="polymer materials">polymer materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20molecule" title=" single molecule"> single molecule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=super-resolution%20techniques" title=" super-resolution techniques"> super-resolution techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conformation" title=" conformation"> conformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57901/single-molecule-analysis-of-structure-and-dynamics-in-polymer-materials-by-super-resolution-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1820</span> Digital Elevation Model Analysis of Potential Prone Flood Disaster Watershed Citarum Headwaters Bandung</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faizin%20Mulia%20Rizkika">Faizin Mulia Rizkika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iqbal%20Jabbari%20Mufti"> Iqbal Jabbari Mufti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20R.%20Y.%20Nugraha"> Muhammad R. Y. Nugraha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fadil%20Maulidir%20Sube"> Fadil Maulidir Sube</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flooding is an event of ponding on the flat area around the river as a result of the overflow of river water was not able to be accommodated by the river and may cause damage to the infrastructure of a region. This study aimed to analyze the data of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for information that plays a role in the mapping of zones prone to flooding, mapping the distribution of zones prone to flooding that occurred in the Citarum upstream using secondary data and software (ArcGIS, MapInfo), this assessment was made distribution map of flooding, there were 13 counties / districts dam flood-prone areas in Bandung, and the most vulnerable districts are areas Baleendah-Dayeuhkolot-Bojongsoang-Banjaran. The area has a low slope and the same limits with boundary rivers and areas that have excessive land use, so the water catchment area is reduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitigation" title="mitigation">mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood" title=" flood"> flood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citarum" title=" citarum"> citarum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DEM" title=" DEM"> DEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63985/digital-elevation-model-analysis-of-potential-prone-flood-disaster-watershed-citarum-headwaters-bandung" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1819</span> Development of Coastal Inundation–Inland and River Flow Interface Module Based on 2D Hydrodynamic Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eun-Taek%20Sin">Eun-Taek Sin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-Ju%20Jang"> Hyun-Ju Jang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Geun%20Song"> Chang Geun Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong-Sik%20Han"> Yong-Sik Han</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the climate change, the coastal urban area repeatedly suffers from the loss of property and life by flooding. There are three main causes of inland submergence. First, when heavy rain with high intensity occurs, the water quantity in inland cannot be drained into rivers by increase in impervious surface of the land development and defect of the pump, storm sewer. Second, river inundation occurs then water surface level surpasses the top of levee. Finally, Coastal inundation occurs due to rising sea water. However, previous studies ignored the complex mechanism of flooding, and showed discrepancy and inadequacy due to linear summation of each analysis result. In this study, inland flooding and river inundation were analyzed together by HDM-2D model. Petrov-Galerkin stabilizing method and flux-blocking algorithm were applied to simulate the inland flooding. In addition, sink/source terms with exponentially growth rate attribute were added to the shallow water equations to include the inland flooding analysis module. The applications of developed model gave satisfactory results, and provided accurate prediction in comprehensive flooding analysis. The applications of developed model gave satisfactory results, and provided accurate prediction in comprehensive flooding analysis. To consider the coastal surge, another module was developed by adding seawater to the existing Inland Flooding-River Inundation binding module for comprehensive flooding analysis. Based on the combined modules, the Coastal Inundation – Inland & River Flow Interface was simulated by inputting the flow rate and depth data in artificial flume. Accordingly, it was able to analyze the flood patterns of coastal cities over time. This study is expected to help identify the complex causes of flooding in coastal areas where complex flooding occurs, and assist in analyzing damage to coastal cities. Acknowledgements—This research was supported by a grant ‘Development of the Evaluation Technology for Complex Causes of Inundation Vulnerability and the Response Plans in Coastal Urban Areas for Adaptation to Climate Change’ [MPSS-NH-2015-77] from the Natural Hazard Mitigation Research Group, Ministry of Public Safety and Security of Korea. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flooding%20analysis" title="flooding analysis">flooding analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river%20inundation" title=" river inundation"> river inundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inland%20flooding" title=" inland flooding"> inland flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2D%20hydrodynamic%20model" title=" 2D hydrodynamic model"> 2D hydrodynamic model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77116/development-of-coastal-inundation-inland-and-river-flow-interface-module-based-on-2d-hydrodynamic-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77116.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1818</span> Interaction of Low-Impact Development Techniques and Urban River Flooding on the Zoning – Case Study Qomroud</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Kavianpour">Mohammad Reza Kavianpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arsalan%20Behzadifard%20Pour"> Arsalan Behzadifard Pour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Aghazadeh%20Cloudy"> Ali Aghazadeh Cloudy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abolfazl%20Moqimi"> Abolfazl Moqimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent decades, and with increasing of urban population and development of the city, the amount of impermeable surfaces has been increased. This cause urban runoff enhancement. This enhancement, especially in cities with urban river, increases the possibility of urban flooding caused by the river flooding interaction and urban runoff. In this research, we tried SWMM utilizes software development methods and practices that seek to reduce the impact of runoff to the river flows to reduce Qomroud and Effects using Arc GIS and HEC-RAS software on how we see the flood zone. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20management" title="flood management">flood management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SWMM" title=" SWMM"> SWMM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=runoff" title=" runoff"> runoff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20zone" title=" flood zone"> flood zone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22707/interaction-of-low-impact-development-techniques-and-urban-river-flooding-on-the-zoning-case-study-qomroud" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22707.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">611</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1817</span> Fragility Analysis of Weir Structure Subjected to Flooding Water Damage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oh%20Hyeon%20Jeon">Oh Hyeon Jeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WooYoung%20Jung"> WooYoung Jung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, seepage analysis was performed by the level difference between upstream and downstream of weir structure for safety evaluation of weir structure against flooding. Monte Carlo Simulation method was employed by considering the probability distribution of the adjacent ground parameter, i.e., permeability coefficient of weir structure. Moreover, by using a commercially available finite element program (ABAQUS), modeling of the weir structure is carried out. Based on this model, the characteristic of water seepage during flooding was determined at each water level with consideration of the uncertainty of their corresponding permeability coefficient. Subsequently, fragility function could be constructed based on this response from numerical analysis; this fragility function results could be used to determine the weakness of weir structure subjected to flooding disaster. They can also be used as a reference data that can comprehensively predict the probability of failur,e and the degree of damage of a weir structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weir%20structure" title="weir structure">weir structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seepage" title=" seepage"> seepage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20disaster%20fragility" title=" flood disaster fragility"> flood disaster fragility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20risk%20assessment" title=" probabilistic risk assessment"> probabilistic risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte-Carlo%20simulation" title=" Monte-Carlo simulation"> Monte-Carlo simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability%20coefficient" title=" permeability coefficient"> permeability coefficient</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88549/fragility-analysis-of-weir-structure-subjected-to-flooding-water-damage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1816</span> Carbon Nanofibers Reinforced P(VdF-HFP) Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Battery Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjan%20Sil">Anjan Sil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajni%20Sharma"> Rajni Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subrata%20Ray"> Subrata Ray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the electrical properties of Poly(vinylidene ﬂuoride-hexaﬂuoropropylene) (P(VdF-HFP)) based gel polymer electrolytes has been investigated in the present work. The length and diameter ranges of CNFs used in the present work are 5-50 µm and 200-600 nm, respectively. The nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes have been synthesized by solution casting technique with varying CNFs content in terms of weight percentage. Electrochemical impedance analysis demonstrates that the reinforcement of carbon nanofibers significantly enhances the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte. The decrease of crystallinity of P(VdF-HFP) due the addition of CNFs has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The interaction of CNFs with various constituents of nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes has been assessed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Moreover, CNFs added gel polymer electrolytes offer superior thermal stability as compared to that of CNFs free electrolytes as confirmed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20electrolytes" title="polymer electrolytes">polymer electrolytes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNFs" title=" CNFs"> CNFs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20conductivity" title=" ionic conductivity"> ionic conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TGA" title=" TGA"> TGA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33161/carbon-nanofibers-reinforced-pvdf-hfp-based-gel-polymer-electrolyte-for-lithium-ion-battery-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33161.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=61">61</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=62">62</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20flooding&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>