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<span>The role of the cremation ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_the_cremation_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_critique_of_the_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_critique_of_the_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception and critique of the book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_critique_of_the_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">legal anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Status and rank</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascribed_status" title="Ascribed status">Ascribed status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achieved_status" title="Achieved status">Achieved status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_grade" title="Age grade">Age grade</a>/<a href="/wiki/Age_set" title="Age set">Age set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leveling_mechanism" title="Leveling mechanism">Leveling mechanism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Leadership</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">Big man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantribal sodalities">Pantribal sodalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">Paramount chief</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Polities</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">Band society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentary_lineage" title="Segmentary lineage">Segmentary lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">Petty kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_state" title="Theatre state">Theatre state</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Law and custom</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_warfare" title="Ritual warfare">Ritual warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Acephelous</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Societies without hierarchical leaders</dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Systems" title="African Political Systems">African Political Systems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Papuan Big man system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Not_Being_Governed" title="The Art of Not Being Governed">The Art of Not Being Governed</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>State</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Non-western state systems</dd></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Technology,_Tradition,_and_the_State_in_Africa" title="Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa">Technology, Tradition,<br /> and the State in Africa</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Legal systems</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">Kapu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Colonialism and resistance</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the People <br />Without History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._Adamson_Hoebel" title="E. Adamson Hoebel">E. Adamson Hoebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Balandier" title="Georges Balandier">Georges Balandier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._G._Bailey" title="F. G. Bailey">F. G. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Boissevain" title="Jeremy Boissevain">Jeremy Boissevain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carneiro" title="Robert L. Carneiro">Robert L. Carneiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_J._M._Claessen" title="Henri J. M. Claessen">Henri J. M. Claessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Comaroff" title="Jean Comaroff">Jean Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Comaroff" title="John Comaroff">John Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Clastres" title="Pierre Clastres">Pierre Clastres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fikentscher" title="Wolfgang Fikentscher">Wolfgang Fikentscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Fortes" title="Meyer Fortes">Meyer Fortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Fried" title="Morton Fried">Morton Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Gill" title="Lesley Gill">Lesley Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Hannerz" title="Ulf Hannerz">Ulf Hannerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blom_Hansen" title="Thomas Blom Hansen">Thomas Blom Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_C._Lewellen" title="Ted C. Lewellen">Ted C. Lewellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mertz" title="Elizabeth Mertz">Elizabeth Mertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Falk_Moore" title="Sally Falk Moore">Sally Falk Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Needham" title="Rodney Needham">Rodney Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elman_Service" title="Elman Service">Elman Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Southall" title="Aidan Southall">Aidan Southall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spencer" title="Jonathan Spencer">Jonathan Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Thomassen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Thomassen">Bjorn Thomassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R._White" title="Douglas R. White">Douglas R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumscription_theory" title="Circumscription theory">Circumscription theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_paradigm" title="Left–right paradigm">Left–right paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy in anthropology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Network_Analysis_and_Ethnographic_Problems" title="Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems">Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Anthropology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Political and Legal Anthropology Review">Political and Legal Anthropology Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Legal_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Legal Anthropology (page does not exist)">Journal of Legal Anthropology</a></i></li> <li><i>Journal of Law and Society</i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_anthropology" title="Template talk:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</b></i> is a 1980 book written by <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geertz argues that the pre-colonial Balinese state was not a "<a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_empire" title="Hydraulic empire">hydraulic bureaucracy</a>" nor an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_despotism" title="Oriental despotism">oriental despotism</a>, but rather, an organized spectacle. The noble rulers of the island were less interested in administering the lives of the Balinese than in dramatizing their rank and enhance political superiority through large public rituals and ceremonies. These cultural processes did not support the state, he argues, but <i>were</i> the state.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>It is perhaps most clear in what was, after all, the master image of political life: kingship. The whole of the negara - court life, the traditions that organized it, the extractions that supported it, the privileges that accompanied it - was essentially directed toward defining what power was; and what power was what kings were. Particular kings came and went, 'poor passing facts' anonymized in titles, immobilized in ritual, and annihilated in bonfires. But what they represented, the model-and-copy conception of order, remained unaltered, at least over the period we know much about. The driving aim of higher politics was to construct a state by constructing a king. The more consummate the king, the more exemplary the centre. The more exemplary the centre, the more actual the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Geertz used the Balinese case to develop an abstract model of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_state" title="Theatre state">Theatre state</a> applicable to all the South East Asian Indic polities. To succinctly summarize his theory, "Power served pomp, not pomp power." Other anthropologists have contested the ahistorical, static nature of the model. They point out that he has depoliticized a political institution by emphasizing culture while ignoring its material base.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clifford Geertz was an American anthropologist who is remembered for his influence on the practice of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">symbolic anthropology</a>, and who was considered "for three decades...the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geertz used this model to provide "an alternate conception of what politics is about"; to advance an approach to history as a succession of broad cultural schemata; and to contribute to the cultural dimension of the discussion on Southeast Asian polities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book is a consideration of many elements of Balinese life, such as cremation ceremonies, that many would not consider a part of a state apparatus. In order to understand why cremation ceremonies should be so key to the "Theatre state" Geertz provides a detailed description of Balinese social organization <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">in its own cultural terms</a>. Particular aspects of Balinese life have been over-emphasized, according to some, to accommodate his model. Those aspects focus, in particular, on the role of irrigation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ruling_Class">The Ruling Class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Ruling Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most of the nineteenth century, there were seven principal kingdoms, of which Klungkung was considered the oldest and most sacred. The others were Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar, Karengasem, Bangli, and Mengwi. They were primarily located on the plain on the south side of the island. Each of the kingdoms controlled a riverine valley and hence the water supply required for rice irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdoms of Bali were said to have been founded by Javanese refugees from the Hinduized kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> which had just fallen to Muslim invaders. They, in turn, invaded in 1352 at Gelgel and established an Indic state based upon the caste system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_caste_system">The caste system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The caste system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The caste system only loosely resembled the caste system in India. The three noble castes were referred to as "<i>triwangsa</i>," (three peoples), the "insiders" (<i>wong jero</i>) as opposed to the commoners (<i>wong jaba</i>, outsiders).<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz-p26-27_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz-p26-27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacRae argues that this emphasis on the Indic heritage of Bali is overdrawn, and points out that Geertz himself admits that caste is a misnomer in Bali, and "that the Indic surface of Balinese political institutions has acted to inhibit a comparative reference eastwards... towards the Pacific."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_dadia">The dadia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The dadia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic unit of the triwangsa castes was the "noble house" or dadia. The commoners, for the most part, lacked these corporate kin groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz-p26-27_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz-p26-27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dadia was a kinship group whose leadership passed through the line of the eldest male, from father to son. Younger sons remained identified with the group, lived nearby, but had less status. The children of the core line also had more status than the children of the junior lines. Geertz refers to this as the principle of "sinking status." Each of these junior lines could potentially sever itself and form an independent dadia. This process of schism formed the internal politics within the royal houses, as distinct from political conflict between houses.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status differentials both within and between houses made patron-client relations the basic idiom of politics. These client relationships were especially important between castes, linking the priestly caste (<i>padanda</i>) with noble houses in a teacher-disciple tie.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides these patron-client ties within dadia, alliances also formed between dadia in different kingdoms. These alliances were frequently codified in treaties, although the issues they covered seemed "designed more to codify the pretexts upon which alliances could be broken than to establish the bases upon which they could be built."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Village_and_the_State">The Village and the State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Village and the State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_temple_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bali_temple_diagram.png/220px-Bali_temple_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bali_temple_diagram.png/330px-Bali_temple_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bali_temple_diagram.png/440px-Bali_temple_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a Balinese temple</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PuraDalemSidan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PuraDalemSidan.jpg/220px-PuraDalemSidan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PuraDalemSidan.jpg/330px-PuraDalemSidan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PuraDalemSidan.jpg/440px-PuraDalemSidan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Pura Dalem Sidan (temple)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Balinese ruling classes seemed fragmented, internally torn by intrigues within dadia, and weakly allied between kingdoms. This poor political integration was aggravated by the political independence of the villages under royal dadia rule. The Balinese state was composed of institutions that cross-cut villages. Villages were not independent, self-contained "village republics" but were cross-cut by membership in three separate locally based political institutions that organized local life: the hamlet (<i>banjar</i>), the irrigation society (<i>subak</i>), and the temple congregation (<i>pemaksan</i>). Villages were also crosscut by tax obligations to different lords.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_village_(banjar)"><span id="The_village_.28banjar.29"></span>The village (<i>banjar</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The village (banjar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Balinese village has been falsely described in the colonial literature as a "village republic", bounded, self-contained and wholly autonomous. According to Geertz, an important part of this book was to disrupt colonial images of the closed corporate village. Geertz emphasizes that the village controlled only certain aspects of the everyday life of Balinese villagers, and that the tax and temple systems cross-cut village membership. That is, the members of a single village might pay taxes through several <i>perbekel</i> and be part of different temple congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The village did have a constitution, which spelled out its members responsibilities for road making, upkeep of public facilities, night watch, and settlement of civil disputes. The village had its own leadership (<i>klian banjar</i>). This range of duties led Geertz to conclude "In brief, perhaps the bulk (though as we shall see, far from the whole) of Balinese government, in the strict sense of authoritative regulation of social life, was carried out by the hamlet, leaving the state free to dramatize power rather than to administer it."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_temple_congregation_(pemaksan)"><span id="The_temple_congregation_.28pemaksan.29"></span>The temple congregation (<i>pemaksan</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The temple congregation (pemaksan)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although focused on religious rites, the pemaksan was a corporate public body that was also an agency of government because of the link between religion and custom, i.e. forms of worship and social behaviour in Bali. Such religious rites were considered "adat" (custom), "the entire framework of social action in which both men and gods are enclosed."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variety of small variations in adat defined the boundaries between pemaksan. The pemaksan thus stands as the moral community, next to the civil community embodied in the hamlet and the economic community in the irrigation society. The pemaksan will draw on one to ten villages for its members. </p><p>The pemaksan will maintain the "Three Great Temples" (<i>Kahyangan Tiga</i>): 1) the Origin Temple (<i>Pura Puseh</i>) which commemorates the human settlement of the area. 2) The Death Temple (<i>Pura Dalem</i>) used to pacify the not yet cremated and hence dangerous dead. And 3) the Great Council Temple (<i>Pura Balai Agung</i>) for ensuring the overall fertility of the pemaksan.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irrigation_system_(Subak)"><span id="Irrigation_system_.28Subak.29"></span>Irrigation system (<i>Subak</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Irrigation system (Subak)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Tegalalang_rice_terrace_ubud_bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/1_Tegalalang_rice_terrace_ubud_bali.jpg/220px-1_Tegalalang_rice_terrace_ubud_bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/1_Tegalalang_rice_terrace_ubud_bali.jpg/330px-1_Tegalalang_rice_terrace_ubud_bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/1_Tegalalang_rice_terrace_ubud_bali.jpg/440px-1_Tegalalang_rice_terrace_ubud_bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6073" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">Subak</a> irrigation system</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Geertz, one of the most important of state institutions in Bali is the irrigation society (<i>subak</i>) given the theoretical emphasis placed upon irrigation in the materialist models of the "<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_mode_of_production" title="Asiatic mode of production">Asiatic mode of production</a>." These models viewed the control of irrigation by lords as the major means of also controlling the population that depended on those irrigation works for their sustenance. Geertz views the subak as an autonomous organization separate from the state, much like the banjar. The system of dams, dikes and canals were the property of the subak, and hence controlled by the farmers themselves. Geertz thus dismisses any notion of "primitive communism" - and its spectre, "state capitalism."<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz-p69_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz-p69-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A subak controls the water flowing from a single up-river dam. The water flows through its rice terraces to other subaks farther downstream. Once water flowed into a subak it was divided through a series of weirs so that each farmer would get the amount of water they needed at the right time. The regulation of water is thus a serious issue, and encounters regular bottlenecks where control of the supply for a whole subak can be seized. Controlling the complex flow of water within a subak was accomplished through a highly regimented series of rituals. Water temples placed at points of water division would coordinate the flow of water through carefully timed rituals. Geertz emphasizes that there is no central control of the timing of these rituals, and hence that the state is not an "oriental despotism" controlling the population through the control of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz-p69_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz-p69-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/300px-Bali_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/450px-Bali_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/600px-Bali_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Balinese rice terraces is part of Subak irrigation system.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is Geertz's characterization of the irrigation system as headless that has attracted critique. Stephen Lansing's examination of Balinese irrigation shows that the need for effective water management links thousands of farmers in clear hierarchies, beginning with the most sacred temples dedicated to the Goddess of the volcanic Crater Lake (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a>) that all Balinese hold sacred, and descending into the plains and low-lying rice fields.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing on nineteenth century Balinese records, Brigitta Hauser-Schaublin has shown that regional lords and kings played a large role in managing irrigation, and that this role was lost only in the Dutch colonial period. She argues that Geertz's failure to see the larger state role in water management reflects this change in colonial practice, thereby weakening the "theatre state" model.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Perbekel_system">The Perbekel system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Perbekel system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The free, land-owning <i>kawulas</i> made up 90% of the population. Kawulas were attached to a perbekel, a "political foreman" to whom they owed specific obligations and taxes. The perbekels were attached to punggawas, the lords of dadia. Unlike the village, none of these political roles was based upon territorial residence. In other words, membership in the village was cross-cut by obligations to different perbekels and their lords.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bali was thus not a feudal realm where lords controlled land and people within a fiefdom. Lords and kawulas owned their own land, and lords did not generally seek their kawulas as tenants on their land. Kawulas had only two obligations to their perbekels: ritual service and military support: "He was a stagehand, spear carrier, and <a href="/wiki/Claqueur" class="mw-redirect" title="Claqueur">claqueur</a> in an endless political opera."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade">Trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Bali lies along major Indonesian trade roots in the north, its mountainous geography orients it to the south; its only navigable port was at Kuta, on a southern peninsula. The bulk of trade remained in foreign hands, including the Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a> and Europeans. Foreigners were largely restricted to these insulated ports of trade. Trade within Bali occurred in rotating markets characterized by traditional fixed exchange rates. Goods and services were also circulated through large scale <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">redistributive</a> ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization of international trade was leased out by the king to a <i>subandar</i> (harbour master), who served as an intermediary between the traders and the dadia of the royal house, to whom he paid the rent. This rent was paid to each Lord of the royal house whenever they held a ceremony. The more ceremonies held, the greater share a Lord would receive of the spoils of trade. The point of trade then, was to hold larger spectacles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectacle_and_political_power">Spectacle and political power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spectacle and political power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubud_Cremation_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ubud_Cremation_3.jpg/220px-Ubud_Cremation_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ubud_Cremation_3.jpg/330px-Ubud_Cremation_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ubud_Cremation_3.jpg/440px-Ubud_Cremation_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Balinese Cremation tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Geertz argues that state ceremonials in the Negara were "metaphysical theatre"; that is, theatre designed to express a vision of the ultimate nature of reality that at the same time tried to shape current conditions to match that reality. Ritual events all re-created social relations of jero ("inner", to whom one surrendered power in the ritual event thereby making them powerful) and jaba ("outer", a provider of services to those who are jero) between lords and their kawula. Every ritual performance reproduced jero-jaba relations as both symbolic ideal and pragmatic reality, thereby reinforcing social order. Thus, although the state was cross-cut by the conflicting jurisdictions of temples, hamlets, and irrigation societies, they all come together for mass state rituals in which the ideal social order of the state is made real.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_role_of_the_cremation_ceremony">The role of the cremation ceremony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The role of the cremation ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cremation ceremony was the largest and most ostentatious of the state rituals, attended by all the political dependants of a lord. At the centre of the ritual was the cremation tower (badé) on which the body of the deceased lord rested in state until the whole was consumed in fire. The cremation tower itself symbolized the cosmic order the ritual sought to make real. At its base were the world of demons (winged serpents), above which stood a platform called the House, representing the world of man. Above that were the tiers of roofs symbolizing the world of the gods, to which the deceased was ascending; a commoner would ascend to the first heaven (1 tier), whereas a king to the eleventh.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While having an eleven-storey tower was iconic of regal status, accomplishing a cremation ritual was an accomplishment - a struggle - that justified that status. The first part of the ceremony, for example, involved transporting the tower in a procession to the cremation ground, a mob scene involving thousands; some of these carried the bier forward, while others tried to stop it. The struggle could potentially prevent those who lacked the status and resources from making what others felt were false claims; the scene "was a bit like a playful riot - a deliberated, even studied, violence, designed to set off a no less deliberated and even more studied stillness, which the variously imperturbable priests, agnates, widows and tributary dead contrived to gather about the central tower."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_critique_of_the_book">Reception and critique of the book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception and critique of the book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg/220px-Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg/330px-Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg/440px-Southeast_Asian_Historical_Mandalas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Notable mandala states in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian history</a> (circa 5th to 15th century). From north to south; <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Bagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer empire">Angkor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Geertz considered this the pinnacle of his thinking on politics and history, reactions to the book have been mixed, "combining admiration for its scope and ambition with scepticism about its claims."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One source of the scepticism is that the book is clearly not a history of a specific polity, but a generalized ideal-type model intended to guide representations of the Southeast Asian Indic states found in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> in the fifth to fifteenth centuries. As such, it is one of several models, such as that of O.W. Wolters "<a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">mandala</a>" model, or <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Tambiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a>'s model of the "Galactic polity."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geertz made it clear that his emphasis was a general model of the "theatre state" and not a specific Balinese kingdom by referring to the Balinese state with the Indic term Negara, whereas the Balinese refer to their pre-colonial state as a <i>kerajaan</i>. As such, it over-estimates the Indic influence on Bali, and under-estimates its similarities with Polynesian kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critiques of the book have focused on the following points: </p> <ol><li>As a culturalist approach to history, it is remarkably static and ahistorical. <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a> argued that it "depoliticized" a political institution as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By subordinating power to culture, the book ignores the material base of power.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Geertz's book was published, several other historical studies of particular kingdoms have appeared which emphasize the more conventional political economic forms of power underlying the state.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Geertz makes the ritual aspect of Balinese culture "more exotic, more extraordinary and more other than the evidence warrants."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tambiah notes that Geertz presents the Balinese kings as, at once, the focus of ritual theatre that creates the exemplary centre as a still point, "immobilized into passivity and reflective trances" yet at the same time "Rent by virtually continuous intrigue, dispute, violence and an enormous amount of micro-upheaval."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his best effort, Geertz does not transcend the break between expressive and instrumental action, or between power as pomp and power as control of people and resources. He thus leaves himself open to Marxist critiques that view the state as a mystification, an "illusory representation of the unity of the village communities (as Marx put it in his sketch of 'oriental despotism'), and that the ceremonies of state are nothing but the spiritualizing of material interests and the covering up of material conflicts."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rajamandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">Palace economy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/13">13</a>–17, 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=13-17%2C+21&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/124">124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRae2005" class="citation journal cs1">MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 393–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200500344616">10.1080/02757200500344616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143808513">143808513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Negara+Ubud%3A+The+Theatre-state+in+Twenty-first-century+Bali&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-413&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200500344616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143808513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacRae&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geertz, Clifford, Shweder, R. A., & Good, B. (2005). Clifford Geertz by his colleagues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRae2005" class="citation journal cs1">MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200500344616">10.1080/02757200500344616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143808513">143808513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Negara+Ubud%3A+The+Theatre-state+in+Twenty-first-century+Bali&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=398&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200500344616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143808513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacRae&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/11">11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/14">14–17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=14-17&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geertz-p26-27-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz-p26-27_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz-p26-27_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/26">26–7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=26-7&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRae2005" class="citation journal cs1">MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200500344616">10.1080/02757200500344616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143808513">143808513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Negara+Ubud%3A+The+Theatre-state+in+Twenty-first-century+Bali&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=398&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200500344616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143808513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacRae&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/27">27–31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=27-31&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/34">34–37</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=34-37&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/43">43</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/45">45–47</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/48">48–49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/48">48</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/51">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/52">52</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geertz-p69-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz-p69_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz-p69_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/69">69</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansing1991" class="citation book cs1">Lansing, Stephen (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priestsprogramme0000lans"><i>Priests and Programmers: technologies of power in the engineered landscape of Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Priests+and+Programmers%3A+technologies+of+power+in+the+engineered+landscape+of+Bali&rft.place=Princeton+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Lansing&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpriestsprogramme0000lans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser-Schaublin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hauser-Schaublin, Brigitta (2005). "Temple and King: Resource Management, Rituals and Redistribution in Early Bali". <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 747–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2005.00260.x">10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00260.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Temple+and+King%3A+Resource+Management%2C+Rituals+and+Redistribution+in+Early+Bali&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=747-71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2005.00260.x&rft.aulast=Hauser-Schaublin&rft.aufirst=Brigitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/63">63</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/65">65</a>–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/87">87</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/95">95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/104">104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/119">119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1980" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1"><i>Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negaratheatresta00geer_1/page/n137">118</a>–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=118-19&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegaratheatresta00geer_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRae2005" class="citation journal cs1">MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200500344616">10.1080/02757200500344616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143808513">143808513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Negara+Ubud%3A+The+Theatre-state+in+Twenty-first-century+Bali&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=394&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200500344616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143808513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacRae&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2002" class="citation book cs1">Day, Tony (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fluidironstatefo00dayt"><i>Fluid Iron: State formation in Southeast Asia</i></a></span>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fluidironstatefo00dayt/page/n20">8</a>–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluid+Iron%3A+State+formation+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffluidironstatefo00dayt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRae2005" class="citation journal cs1">MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 398–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200500344616">10.1080/02757200500344616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143808513">143808513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Negara+Ubud%3A+The+Theatre-state+in+Twenty-first-century+Bali&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=398-403&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200500344616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143808513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacRae&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth1993" class="citation book cs1">Barth, Fredrik (1993). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balineseworlds00bart"><i>Balinese worlds</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balineseworlds00bart/page/n224">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226038339" title="Special:BookSources/9780226038339"><bdi>9780226038339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balinese+worlds&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780226038339&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalineseworlds00bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1991" class="citation journal cs1">Howe, Leo (1991). "Rice, ideology and the legitimation of hierarchy in Bali". <i>Man</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 445–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2803877">10.2307/2803877</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803877">2803877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Rice%2C+ideology+and+the+legitimation+of+hierarchy+in+Bali&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=445-67&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2803877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2803877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRae2005" class="citation journal cs1">MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200500344616">10.1080/02757200500344616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143808513">143808513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Negara+Ubud%3A+The+Theatre-state+in+Twenty-first-century+Bali&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200500344616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143808513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacRae&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1991" class="citation journal cs1">Howe, Leo (1991). "Rice, ideology and the legitimation of hierarchy in Bali". <i>Man</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2803877">10.2307/2803877</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803877">2803877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Rice%2C+ideology+and+the+legitimation+of+hierarchy+in+Bali&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=451&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2803877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2803877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah1985" class="citation book cs1">Tambiah, Stanley (1985). <i>Culture, Thought, and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective</i>. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 320–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Thought%2C+and+Social+Action%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge+MA&rft.pages=320-21&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah1985" class="citation book cs1">Tambiah, Stanley (1985). <i>Culture, Thought, and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective</i>. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. p. 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Thought%2C+and+Social+Action%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge+MA&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegara%3A+The+Theatre+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth1993" class="citation book cs1">Barth, Fredrik (1993). <i>Balinese worlds</i>. 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