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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Architecture+of+the+Netherlands%22">"Architecture of the Netherlands"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Architecture+of+the+Netherlands%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Architecture+of+the+Netherlands%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Architecture+of+the+Netherlands%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Architecture+of+the+Netherlands%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Architecture+of+the+Netherlands%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg/250px-Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg/375px-Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg/500px-Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Carambe%C3%AD" title="Carambeí">Carambeí</a> Historical Park mill and houses in Dutch architecture on the left</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dutch architecture</b> has played an important role in the international discourse on architecture in three eras. The first of these was during the 17th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch empire">Dutch empire</a> was at the height of its power. The second was in the first half of the 20th century, during development of modernism. The third is not concluded and involves many contemporary Dutch architects who are achieving global prestige. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 800px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlandse_Architectuurkaart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Nederlandse_Architectuurkaart.png/800px-Nederlandse_Architectuurkaart.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Nederlandse_Architectuurkaart.png/1200px-Nederlandse_Architectuurkaart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Nederlandse_Architectuurkaart.png/1600px-Nederlandse_Architectuurkaart.png 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:1.6px"><b>Southeast Asia</b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:554px; top:1.6px"><b>Dutch areas of Europe</b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:58px; top:232px"><b>Southern Africa</b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:392px"><b>Caribbean, Curaçao</b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:79.6px; top:72px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Dutcharchitecture1.png&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Dutcharchitecture1.png (page does not exist)">Malacca</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90px; top:152px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Dutcharchitecture3.png&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Dutcharchitecture3.png (page does not exist)">Jakarta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126px; top:357.6px"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutcharchitecture2.png" title="File:Dutcharchitecture2.png">Swellendam</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:25.2px; top:474.4px"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutcharchitecture6.png" title="File:Dutcharchitecture6.png">Willemstad</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:633.2px; top:155.2px"><a href="/wiki/File:Urk_harbor.jpg" title="File:Urk harbor.jpg">Urk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:702px; top:78.4px"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_Diep_april04.jpg" title="File:Groningen Diep april04.jpg">Groningen</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:654px; top:248px"><i><a href="/wiki/File:Rieten_dak_old_farmhouse.jpg" title="File:Rieten dak old farmhouse.jpg">Guelders area</a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:532.4px; top:160px"><i><a href="/wiki/File:Openluchtmuseum.jpg" title="File:Openluchtmuseum.jpg">Holland</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/File:Openluchtmuseum.jpg" title="File:Openluchtmuseum.jpg">area</a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:702px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/File:HetLoo3.JPG" title="File:HetLoo3.JPG">Apeldoorn</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:525.6px; top:228px"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutcharchitecture8.png" title="File:Dutcharchitecture8.png">Amsterdam</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:520.4px; top:255.2px"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaats.JPG" title="File:Plaats.JPG">The Hague</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:530px; top:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Housing_estate_Tussendijken_2.jpg" title="File:Housing estate Tussendijken 2.jpg">Rotterdam</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:590px; top:271.2px"><a href="/wiki/File:Rietveldschroderhuis.jpg" title="File:Rietveldschroderhuis.jpg">Utrecht</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:494px; top:343.2px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Dutcharchitecture4.png&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Dutcharchitecture4.png (page does not exist)">Willemstad</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:508.4px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Chaloupe_d_Or_2_Brussel.jpg" title="File:La Chaloupe d Or 2 Brussel.jpg">Brussels</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:508.4px; top:386.4px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Dutcharchitecture7.png&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Dutcharchitecture7.png (page does not exist)">Antwerp</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:546px; top:356px"><a href="/wiki/File:Begijnhof.jpg" title="File:Begijnhof.jpg">Breda</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:554px; top:309.6px"><a href="/wiki/File:Huizenvughterstraatdenbosch.jpg" title="File:Huizenvughterstraatdenbosch.jpg">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:618px; top:327.2px"><a href="/wiki/File:Perron_Station_Eindhoven.jpg" title="File:Perron Station Eindhoven.jpg">Eindhoven</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:594px; top:366.4px"><i><a href="/wiki/File:Houthalen_-_Hoeve_Claes.jpg" title="File:Houthalen - Hoeve Claes.jpg">East Brabant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Houthalen_-_Hoeve_Claes.jpg" title="File:Houthalen - Hoeve Claes.jpg">area</a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:618px; top:444px"><a href="/wiki/File:MaastrichtAltstadt.jpg" title="File:MaastrichtAltstadt.jpg">Maastricht</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:436.4px; top:382.4px"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghent_-_centre.jpg" title="File:Ghent - centre.jpg">Ghent</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:390px; top:400px"><a href="/wiki/File:Brugge-CanalRozenhoedkaai.JPG" title="File:Brugge-CanalRozenhoedkaai.JPG">Bruges</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:390px; top:443.2px"><a href="/wiki/File:KortrijkStadhuis.JPG" title="File:KortrijkStadhuis.JPG">Courtrai</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:305.2px; top:431.2px"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfortduinkerke.jpg" title="File:Belfortduinkerke.jpg">Dunkirk</a></div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_and_Baroque">Renaissance and Baroque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haarlem_Vleeshal1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Haarlem_Vleeshal1.jpg/220px-Haarlem_Vleeshal1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Haarlem_Vleeshal1.jpg/330px-Haarlem_Vleeshal1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Haarlem_Vleeshal1.jpg/440px-Haarlem_Vleeshal1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2961" data-file-height="2301" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vleeshal" title="Vleeshal">Vleeshal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, dating from 1603</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch Baroque architecture</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> roughly spanned the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the thriving economy, cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built, and many new canals were dug out in and around various cities such as <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> for defense and transport purposes. Many wealthy merchants had new houses built along these canals. These houses were generally very narrow and had ornamented façades that befitted their new status. In the countryside, new country houses were built, though not in the same numbers. </p><p>Of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> architecture, primarily visual characteristics such as pillars, pilasters, pediments, and rustication were adopted, since many Dutch architects were unable to read the theoretical substantiation, which was often written down in Italian or Latin. Horizontal lines were emphasized, contrasting with the vertical emphasis of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. For instance, light-coloured bands were embedded into facades to emphasize this horizontal character. Another common application in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Dutch Renaissance architecture</a>, particularly in Amsterdam, was the <a href="/wiki/Crow-stepped_gable" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow-stepped gable">stepped gable</a>, which was meant to hide the diagonal lines of the gable behind the straight lines of the façade.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architecture of the first republic in Northern Europe was marked by sobriety and restraint, and was meant to reflect democratic values by quoting extensively from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. It found its impetus in the designs of <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_de_Keyser" title="Hendrick de Keyser">Hendrick de Keyser</a>, who was instrumental in establishing a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian-influenced style</a> into early 17th-century architecture through new buildings like the <a href="/wiki/Noorderkerk" title="Noorderkerk">Noorderkerk</a> ("Northern church", 1620–1623) and <a href="/wiki/Westerkerk" title="Westerkerk">Westerkerk</a> ("Western church", 1620–1631) in Amsterdam. In general, architecture in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, both in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">south</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>-dominated north, remained strongly invested in northern Italian Renaissance and <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> forms that predated the <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">High Baroque</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Borromini" class="mw-redirect" title="Borromini">Borromini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a>. Instead, the more austere form practiced in the Dutch Republic was well suited to major building patterns: palaces for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orange">House of Orange</a> and new civic buildings, uninfluenced by the Counter-Reformation style that made some headway in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Town Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, built in 1665</figcaption></figure> <p>The major exponents of the mid-17th century, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Campen" title="Jacob van Campen">Jacob van Campen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Post" title="Pieter Post">Pieter Post</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopted de Keyser's forms for such eclectic elements as giant-order pilasters, gable roofs, central pediments, and vigorous steeples. Brought together in a coherent combination, these stylistic developments anticipated <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Wren</a>'s Classicism. The most ambitious constructions of the period included the <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">seats of self-government</a> in Amsterdam (1646) and <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> (1658), designed by Campen and Post, respectively. On the other hand, the residences of the House of Orange are closer to a typical burgher mansion than to a royal palace. Two of these, <a href="/wiki/Huis_ten_Bosch" title="Huis ten Bosch">Huis ten Bosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritshuis" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a>, are symmetrical blocks with large windows, stripped of ostentatious Baroque flourishes. The same austerely geometrical effect is achieved without great cost or pretentious effects at the stadholder's summer residence of <a href="/wiki/Het_Loo" class="mw-redirect" title="Het Loo">Het Loo</a>. </p><p>Another of the designs used by the Dutch was the use of warm colors such as red or dark orange. They also were roughly textured and had tended to be darkened due to the rough texturing. The use of architectural symmetrical balance was part of their habits as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernism">Modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg/220px-Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg/330px-Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg/440px-Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6der_House" title="Rietveld Schröder House">Rietveld Schröder House</a> (1924), designed by <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th century, Dutch architects like <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Petrus_Berlage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Petrus Berlage">Berlage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Van Doesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Eesteren" title="Cornelis van Eesteren">Van Eesteren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._J._P._Oud" title="J. J. P. Oud">Oud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Vlugt" title="Van der Vlugt">Van der Vlugt</a> played a leading role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> in the Netherlands, as well as internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crucial for the development of modern architecture in the Netherlands has been the work of <a href="/wiki/H._P._Berlage" title="H. P. Berlage">Hendrik Petrus Berlage</a>, architect of the <a href="/wiki/Beurs_van_Berlage" title="Beurs van Berlage">Beurs van Berlage</a>. He propagated <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalist architecture</a>, while simultaneously embracing craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlage has also received critical acclaim for <a href="/wiki/Plan_Zuid" title="Plan Zuid">Plan Zuid</a>, an urban plan for <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Zuid" title="Amsterdam-Zuid">Amsterdam-Zuid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became a model for social housing developments in the Netherlands and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlage inspired different movements, and different groups and schools were established accordingly, during the 1910s-1930s, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionist architects</a> like <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Klerk" title="Michel de Klerk">Michel de Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Kramer" title="Piet Kramer">Piet Kramer</a> were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_School" title="Amsterdam School">Amsterdam School</a>, a modern movement that emphasized the importance of craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A direct relationship can be observed in <a href="/wiki/Plan_Zuid" title="Plan Zuid">Plan Zuid</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Another group established <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>, based on the eponymous magazine (1917–1932).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominents architects of this multidisciplinary artistic movement were <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Oud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus Oud">J.J.P. Oud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wils" title="Jan Wils">Jan Wils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>. These architects would later build in a functionalist style.</li></ul> <ul><li>A third group, partly developing out of De Stijl, consisted of <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalist architects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Zakelijkheid" title="Nieuwe Zakelijkheid">Nieuwe Zakelijkheid</a> or Nieuwe Bouwen), such as <a href="/wiki/Mart_Stam" title="Mart Stam">Mart Stam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leendert_van_der_Vlugt" title="Leendert van der Vlugt">Leendert van der Vlugt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Duiker" title="Jan Duiker">Johannes Duiker</a>. Theye were part of the international modernist group <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_International_d%27Architecture_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne">CIAM</a>. Berlage, however, criticized this movement for its lack of emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was nevertheless very influential, also, and especially after WWII, in both architecture and town planning, through the work of, among other, <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Stam-Beese" title="Lotte Stam-Beese">Lotte Stam-Beese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Eesteren" title="Cornelis van Eesteren">Cornelis van Eesteren</a>. Their work also informed planning theory and practice abroad.</li></ul> <ul><li>A more traditionalist current also developed out of Berlage's architecture, especially taking inspiration from its crafsmenship. This developed into the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)" title="Traditionalist School (architecture)">Traditionalist School</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Delft_School_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delft School (architecture)">Delftse School</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Marinus_Jan_Granpr%C3%A9_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Marinus Jan Granpré Molière">Marinus Jan Granpré Molière</a>. Traditionalist architects rejected the main (industrial) principles of functionalism, and came to the fore in the 1930s. As a movement, traditionalist architecture lasted until well after 1945.</li></ul> <p>Several cross-connections existed between the schools and movements, as can be observed in the work of <a href="/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok" title="Willem Marinus Dudok">Willem Dudok</a>; some of his designs have traditionalist features, while others are landmarks of functionalism. In the (late) 1930s, various modern architects advocated a return to (certain) traditional artistic principles, instead of following a machine aesthetics, among them <a href="/wiki/J._J._P._Oud" title="J. J. P. Oud">J.J.P Oud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sybold_van_Ravesteyn" title="Sybold van Ravesteyn">Sybold van Ravesteyn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the reverse happened as well, especially in the 1950s-1960s (e.g. J.F. Berghoef<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The different movements and schools, together with their disputes, would inform the development of Dutch architecture in the second half of the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also witnessed the emergence of new (modern) movements, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">structuralism</a> being an important one, with architects such as <a href="/wiki/Aldo_van_Eyck" title="Aldo van Eyck">Aldo van Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hertzberger" title="Herman Hertzberger">Herman Hertzberger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Blom" title="Piet Blom">Piet Blom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_colonial_architecture">Dutch colonial architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dutch colonial architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_architecture" title="Dutch colonial architecture">Dutch colonial architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape Dutch architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial architecture of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_architecture" title="Dutch colonial architecture">Dutch colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_buildings_in_Sint_Eustatius" title="List of protected buildings in Sint Eustatius">List of protected buildings in Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Paul (1 October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article/43/3/256/57854/H-P-Berlage-and-the-Amsterdam-School-1914-1920">"H. P. Berlage and the Amsterdam School, 1914-1920: Rationalist as Expressionist"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 256–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F990006">10.2307/990006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808">0037-9808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/990006">990006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=H.+P.+Berlage+and+the+Amsterdam+School%2C+1914-1920%3A+Rationalist+as+Expressionist&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=256-264&rft.date=1984-10-01&rft.issn=0037-9808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F990006%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F990006&rft.aulast=Rovinelli&rft.aufirst=H.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fjsah%2Farticle%2F43%2F3%2F256%2F57854%2FH-P-Berlage-and-the-Amsterdam-School-1914-1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoormanMarx2003" class="citation cs2">Doorman, Maarten; Marx, Sherry (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mz0k.9">"Innovation in Painting and Architecture: De Stijl"</a>, <i>Art in Progress</i>, A Philosophical Response to the End of the Avant-Garde, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 81–114, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-585-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-585-8"><bdi>978-90-5356-585-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mz0k.9">j.ctt46mz0k.9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+in+Progress&rft.atitle=Innovation+in+Painting+and+Architecture%3A+De+Stijl&rft.pages=81-114&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46mz0k.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-585-8&rft.aulast=Doorman&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft.au=Marx%2C+Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46mz0k.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrüttemeierBeekmanRebel2013" class="citation book cs1">Grüttemeier, Ralf; Beekman, Klaus Detlef; Rebel, Ben (2013). <i>Neue Sachlichkeit and avant-garde</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3640-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3640-6"><bdi>978-90-420-3640-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neue+Sachlichkeit+and+avant-garde&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-420-3640-6&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCttemeier&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft.au=Beekman%2C+Klaus+Detlef&rft.au=Rebel%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrüttemeierBeekmanRebel2013" class="citation book cs1">Grüttemeier, Ralf; Beekman, Klaus Detlef; Rebel, Ben (2013). <i>Neue Sachlichkeit and avant-garde</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3640-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3640-6"><bdi>978-90-420-3640-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neue+Sachlichkeit+and+avant-garde&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-420-3640-6&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCttemeier&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft.au=Beekman%2C+Klaus+Detlef&rft.au=Rebel%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoningsberger2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koningsberger, Victorien (2012). <i>Verslag Van eesterengesprek #13: Architect J.F. Berghoef 'Traditionalist of modernist?'<span></span></i> (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Van Eesteren Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verslag+Van+eesterengesprek+%2313%3A+Architect+J.F.+Berghoef+%27Traditionalist+of+modernist%3F%27&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Van+Eesteren+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Koningsberger&rft.aufirst=Victorien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearing1981" class="citation journal cs1">Searing, Helen (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/989746">"Review of S. van Ravesteyn; Auke Komter/architect"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 159–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F989746">10.2307/989746</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808">0037-9808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/989746">989746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Review+of+S.+van+Ravesteyn%3B+Auke+Komter%2Farchitect&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-161&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0037-9808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F989746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F989746&rft.aulast=Searing&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F989746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architectureguide.nl">Architectureguide.nl</a>, Online guide to Modern Architecture in The Netherlands</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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aria-labelledby="Netherlands_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Netherlands_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Europe" title="Template:Architecture of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Architecture of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Europe">Architecture of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Andorra" title="Architecture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Belarus" title="Architecture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Croatia" title="Architecture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark" title="Architecture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iceland" title="Architecture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Luxembourg" title="Architecture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Malta" title="Architecture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Monaco" title="Architecture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Montenegro" title="Architecture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Architecture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_architecture" title="Silesian architecture">Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Serbia" title="Architecture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Slovakia" title="Architecture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Slovenia" title="Architecture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Wales" title="Architecture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (page does not exist)">Nagorno-Karabakh Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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