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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-描述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#描述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>描述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-描述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>進化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-進化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去進化細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-進化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-系統發生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系統發生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>系統發生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系統發生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分類學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>分類學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-主要物種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要物種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>主要物種</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要物種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有殼同易脫殼物種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有殼同易脫殼物種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>有殼同易脫殼物種</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有殼同易脫殼物種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>特徵</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特徵-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去特徵細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-習性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#習性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>習性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-習性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-營養" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#營養"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>營養</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-營養-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>用途</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疏仕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疏仕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>疏仕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-疏仕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">小麥</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有167種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koring" title="Koring – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizen" title="Weizen – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weizen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B4" title="ስንዴ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስንዴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edid" title="Edid – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Edid" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गेहूँ – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गेहूँ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%AD" title="قمح – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قمح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%9B%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܛܬܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܛܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%AD" title="قمح – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قمح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE" title="গম – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigu" title="Trigu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trigu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गोहूँ – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गोहूँ" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بوغدا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوغدا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Бойҙай – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бойҙай" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum – 峇里文" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gandum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="峇里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaz" title="Woaz – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Woaz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C4%97it%C4%93" title="Kvėitē – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kvėitē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшаніца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пшаніца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пшеница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गोहूँ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गोहूँ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE" title="গম – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="གྲོ། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྲོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinizh" title="Gwinizh – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwinizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Улаан буудай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улаан буудай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blat" title="Blat – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%93u-m%C4%83h" title="Siēu-măh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siēu-măh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B0" title="КӀа – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КӀа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D9%85" title="گەنم – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەنم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83" title="Тулă – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тулă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenith" title="Gwenith – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwenith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizen" title="Weizen – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weizen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Eele" title="Ğele – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ğele" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="गहुँ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गहुँ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AE%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ގޮދަން – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގޮދަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Σιτάρι – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιτάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wheat" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritiko" title="Tritiko – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tritiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisu" title="Nisu – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nisu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gari" title="Gari – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85" title="گندم – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گندم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehn%C3%A4t" title="Vehnät – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vehnät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisu" title="Nisu – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nisu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witi" title="Witi – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Witi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hveiti" title="Hveiti – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hveiti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9" title="Blé – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiaten" title="Wiaten – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiaten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="小麥 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="小麥" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9" title="Blé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Blé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatimir%C4%A9" title="Avatimirĩ – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avatimirĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%82" title="ઘઉં – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઘઉં" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="חיטה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गेहूँ – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गेहूँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehuun" title="Gehuun – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gehuun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1e%C5%84ca" title="Pšeńca – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pšeńca" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ble_(sereyal)" title="Ble (sereyal) – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ble (sereyal)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAza" title="Búza – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Búza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritico" title="Tritico – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tritico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gandum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ii mw-list-item"><a href="https://ii.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%85%AA" title="ꅪ – 四川彝文" lang="ii" hreflang="ii" data-title="ꅪ" data-language-autonym="ꆇꉙ" data-language-local-name="四川彝文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꆇꉙ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palauvakstrat" title="Palauvakstrat – 依奴皮維克文" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Palauvakstrat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="依奴皮維克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumento" title="Frumento – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frumento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hveiti" title="Hveiti – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hveiti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE" title="コムギ – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コムギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiit" title="Wiit – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wiit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhum" title="Gandhum – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gandhum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ხორბალი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხორბალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irden" title="Irden – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Irden" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilee" title="Pilee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pilee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondum" title="Gondum – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Gondum" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Бидай (астық) – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бидай (астық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗೋಧಿ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೋಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80" title="밀 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaneth" title="Gwaneth – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwaneth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum_(alimentum)" title="Triticum (alimentum) – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Triticum (alimentum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weess" title="Weess – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Weess" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ЛачӀа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЛачӀа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weit" title="Weit – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Weit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran" title="Gran – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gran" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selin" title="Selin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Selin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%C3%A9t" title="Formét – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Formét" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvietys" title="Kvietys – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvietys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvie%C5%A1i" title="Kvieši – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गहूँ – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गहूँ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varimbazaha" title="Varimbazaha – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varimbazaha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пченица – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пченица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗോതമ്പ് – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോതമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Улаан буудай – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан буудай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82" title="गहू – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गहू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%93%D0%B4%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%B9" title="Шӓдӓнгӹ – 西馬裏文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӓдӓнгӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬裏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gandum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျုံ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85" title="گندم – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گندم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano" title="Rano – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Rano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weten_(Koorn)" title="Weten (Koorn) – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Weten (Koorn)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="गहुँ – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गहुँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="छ्व – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="छ्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarwe" title="Tarwe – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tarwe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveite" title="Kveite – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kveite" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvete" title="Hvete – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvete" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCoh_naad%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Tłʼoh naadą́ą́ʼ – 納瓦霍文" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼoh naadą́ą́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="納瓦霍文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blat" title="Blat – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D0%BD%C3%A6%D1%83" title="Мæнæу – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæнæу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਣਕ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਣਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigu" title="Trigu – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Trigu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A8i" title="Blèi – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Blèi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeze" title="Weeze – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Weeze" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszenica" title="Pszenica – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pszenica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran" title="Gran – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gran" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DD%A8%DA%A9" title="کݨک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کݨک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%85" title="غنم – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غنم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giv" title="Giv – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Giv" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2u" title="Grâu – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grâu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2nu" title="Grânu – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Grânu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пшеница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Пшеніця – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пшеніця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmentu" title="Furmentu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Furmentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wheat" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%DA%BB%DA%AA" title="ڪڻڪ – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪڻڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irdn" title="Irdn – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Irdn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9F%E0%B7%94" title="තිරිඟු – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තිරිඟු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wheat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorosi" title="Gorosi – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gorosi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamadi" title="Qamadi – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qamadi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruri" title="Gruri – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gruri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пшеница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weete" title="Weete – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Weete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarigu" title="Tarigu – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tarigu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6dvete" title="Brödvete – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brödvete" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngano" title="Ngano – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ngano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="கோதுமை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோதுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗೋಧಿ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗೋಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE" title="గోధుమ – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గోధుమ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гандум – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гандум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ข้าวสาลี – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้าวสาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Бодай – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бодай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кызыл-тас – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кызыл-тас" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="بۇغداي – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇغداي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Пшениця – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пшениця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%81%D9%88%DA%BA" title="گہوں – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گہوں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%CA%BBdoy" title="Bugʻdoy – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bugʻdoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEu" title="Nižu – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nižu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAa_m%C3%AC" title="Lúa mì – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lúa mì" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terwe" title="Terwe – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Terwe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumint" title="Frumint – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Frumint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A6" title="小麦 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小麦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="ווייץ – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווייץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A6" title="小麦 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小麦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5" title="麥 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="麥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CC%8Dh-%C3%A1" title="Be̍h-á – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Be̍h-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15645384#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&oldid=2192521" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&id=2192521&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E5%25B0%258F%25E9%25BA%25A5%26oldid%3D2192521"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E5%25B0%258F%25E9%25BA%25A5%26oldid%3D2192521"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wheat" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15645384" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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title="User talk:InternetArchiveBot">討論</a>｜<a href="/wiki/Special:%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB/InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:貢獻/InternetArchiveBot">貢獻</a>）</span>喺2024年10月8號 (二) 22:57嘅修訂。</div><div id="mw-revision-nav">【<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&diff=prev&oldid=2192521" title="小麥">改動</a>】<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&direction=prev&oldid=2192521" title="小麥">←之前嘅修訂</a>｜最新嘅修訂版本【改動】｜新啲嘅修訂→【改動】</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><table style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:right; background:white; clear:right; width:230px;" border="1" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: lightgreen;"><span style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:70%;"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="How to read a taxobox"><img alt="How to read a taxobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/16px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/24px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/32px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" usemap="#ImageMap_54a47227670a9dfc" /></span><map name="ImageMap_54a47227670a9dfc"><area href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%BB%9E%E6%A8%A3%E7%9D%87%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%A1%86" shape="rect" coords="0,0,50,50" alt="Wikipedia:點樣睇生物分類框" title="Wikipedia:點樣睇生物分類框" /></map><figcaption>How to read a taxobox</figcaption></figure></span><b>小麥</b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/250px-Wheat_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/375px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/500px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center"></div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background: lightgreen;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="物種分類">物種分類</a></b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:white;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>域(Domain): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="真核域">真核域</a> Eukarya<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>界 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="植物界">植物界</a> Plantae<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>門 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="被子植物門">被子植物門</a> Magnoliophyta<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>綱 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AD%90%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="單子葉植物綱">單子葉植物綱</a> Liliopsida<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>目 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%9B%AE" title="禾本目">禾本目</a> Poales<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>科 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91" title="禾本科">禾本科</a> Poaceae<br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>屬 </td> <td><b>小麥屬 <i>Triticum</i></b><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgreen"> <th><center>品種</center> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em;"> <p><b>小麥</b> (<i>T. aestivum</i> L.)<br /> <i>T. aethiopicum</i><br /> <i>T. araraticum</i><br /> <i>T. boeoticum</i><br /> <i>T. carthlicum</i><br /> <i>T. compactum</i><br /> <i>T. dicoccon</i><br /> <i>T. durum</i><br /> <i>T. ispahanicum</i><br /> <i>T. karamyschevii</i><br /> <i>T. militinae</i><br /> <i>T. monococcum</i><br /> <i>T. polonicum</i><br /> <i>T. spelta</i><br /> <i>T. timopheevii</i><br /> <i>T. trunciale</i><br /> <i>T. turanicum</i><br /> <i>T. turgidum</i><br /> <i>T. urartu</i><br /> <i>T. vavilovii</i><br /> <i>T. zhukovskyi</i><br /> <small>睇埋:<br />  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search">topic=TSN&search value=42236 ITIS 42236</a> 2002-09-22</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>小麥</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/小麥/#yue"><span>siu<span class="Jpingtone">2</span> mak<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></a></span>；學名：<i><span lang="la" title="拉丁文文字">Triticum</span></i>）係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91" title="禾本科">禾本科</a>嘅一個屬嘅草本植物，原產地大概喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" title="中東">中東</a>，而家喺全球各地都可以搵到。佢既係一種主要嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="糧食">糧食</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%BC%E6%96%99" title="飼料">飼料</a>，又係通常磨成<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%B5%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="麵粉">麵粉</a>畀人整<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="食品">食品</a>。 </p><p>小麥係喺全球種植面積最大嘅糧食作物（喺2021年有220.7百萬公頃）。喺國際貿易方面，小麥嘅交易量仲大過所有其他農作物嘅總和。喺2021年，全球小麥產量達到7.71億噸，成為僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%B1%B3" title="粟米">粟米</a>嘅第二大穀物產量（喺北美同澳洲叫做corn，不過喺英國呢啲地方，小麥都經常叫做corn）。《The American language》呢本書就講到：「喺傳統英語入面，『corn』係解人類食用嘅穀物，特別係小麥，例如『穀物法』就叫做Corn Laws。」自從1960年以嚟，全球小麥同其他穀物嘅產量已經增加咗三倍，預計喺21世紀中期仲會繼續增長。由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%B5%E7%AD%8B" title="麵筋">麵筋</a>喺食品工業嘅應用價值好高，全球對小麥嘅需求都不斷上升。 </p><p>小麥係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>嘅重要來源。喺全球範圍內，小麥係人類食物中最主要嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物蛋白質 (無呢版)">植物蛋白質</a>來源，蛋白質含量大約有13%，相比其他主要穀物嚟講算係幾高，但係蛋白質質量就相對偏低（提供嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="必需氨基酸 (無呢版)">必需氨基酸</a>有限）。如果食全穀麥，小麥可以提供多種<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="營養素">營養素</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="膳食纖維">膳食纖維</a>。不過對於好少部分人嚟講，麵筋（即係小麥入面大部分嘅蛋白質）可能會引發<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B9%E8%85%94%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腹腔疾病 (無呢版)">腹腔疾病</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E8%85%B9%E8%85%94%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%BA%B5%E7%AD%8B%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非腹腔疾病麵筋敏感 (無呢版)">非腹腔疾病麵筋敏感</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%B5%E7%AD%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麵筋運動失調 (無呢版)">麵筋運動失調</a>同埋<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%B1%E7%96%B9%E6%A8%A3%E7%9A%AE%E7%82%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疱疹樣皮炎 (無呢版)">疱疹樣皮炎</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>北邊就發現過世界最古老嘅小麥，有八千年歷史。大概喺五千年前嗰時，小麥已經喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>等地都有得種。 </p><p>而小麥喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>就有四千年歷史。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>書《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E6%8B%BE%E9%81%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本草拾遺 (無呢版)">本草拾遺</a>》就評價咗小麥嘅價值：「小麥麵，補虛，實人膚體，厚腸胃，強氣力。」 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="描述"><span id=".E6.8F.8F.E8.BF.B0"></span>描述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 描述"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/220px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/330px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/440px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>A：植物；B 成熟嘅麥穗；1 未開花嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%97%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穗子 (無呢版)">穗子</a>；2 開花同埋張開嘅穗子，放大咗；3 帶有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%B7%E7%A9%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="護穎 (無呢版)">護穎</a>嘅花朵；4 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊</a>；5 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89" title="花粉">花粉</a>；6 同 7 有汁麟嘅子房；8 同 9 瘢痕嘅部分；10 果皮；11、12、13 種子，自然大細同放大咗；14 切開嘅種子，放大咗。</figcaption></figure> <p>小麥係一種健壯嘅中到高身嘅禾本科植物。佢嘅莖有節，通常係空心嘅，形成麥稈。一棵植物可以有好多莖。佢有長而窄嘅葉，葉基包住莖，每個節上面有一片葉。喺莖嘅頂部係花頭，包含大約20到100朵花。每朵花都有雌雄兩性部分。<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>啲花係透過<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%AA%92%E5%82%B3%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="風媒傳粉">風媒傳粉</a>，超過99%嘅傳粉事件係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E8%8A%B1%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自花授粉 (無呢版)">自花授粉</a>，其餘嘅係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E8%8A%B1%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異花授粉 (無呢版)">異花授粉</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>花朵係由一對細葉狀嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%B7%E7%A9%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="護穎 (無呢版)">護穎</a>包住。兩個（雄性）<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊</a>同（雌性）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B1%E9%A0%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柱頭 (無呢版)">柱頭</a>突出護穎外面。啲花聚集成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%97%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穗子 (無呢版)">穗子</a>，每個穗子有兩到六朵花。每個受精嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%9A%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心皮 (無呢版)">心皮</a>發展成為一粒小麥或穀粒；植物學上係一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="果實">果實</a>，通常叫做種子。穀粒成熟時會變成金黃色；一個麥穗就叫做一隻耳。<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>葉片係由頂端嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%94%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="分生組織">分生組織</a>以望遠鏡式方式長出嚟，直到轉變成開花。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>小麥植物產生嘅最後一片葉叫做旗葉。佢比其他葉更加密實，有更高嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>率，為發展中嘅麥穗提供<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>。喺溫帶國家，旗葉同埋植物上第二同第三高嘅葉提供咗大部分穀物中嘅碳水化合物，佢哋嘅狀況對產量形成好重要。<sup id="cite_ref-Pajević_Borivoj_1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pajević_Borivoj_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Araus_Tapia_1986_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araus_Tapia_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>小麥同其他植物唔同，佢上面（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上表皮 (無呢版)">上表皮</a>）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氣孔">氣孔</a>數量多過下面（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="下表皮 (無呢版)">下表皮</a>）嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有人推測，咁可能係因為佢比任何其他植物都有更長嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="馴化">馴化</a>同種植歷史。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%AC%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冬小麥 (無呢版)">冬小麥</a>通常每個分蘗產生多達15片葉，春小麥多達9片<sup id="cite_ref-Wheat_Growth_Guide_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheat_Growth_Guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，冬季作物可能每株有多達35個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E8%98%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分蘗 (無呢版)">分蘗</a>（視乎品種）。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheat_Growth_Guide_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheat_Growth_Guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>小麥嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>係耕地作物中最深嘅之一，可以向下伸展到2米。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>當小麥植物嘅根正喺生長，植物都會喺佢嘅莖度以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%9C%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="果聚糖 (無呢版)">果聚糖</a>嘅形式儲存能量，<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢啲有助於植物喺乾旱同病害壓力下都可以有產量，<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但係人哋觀察到根系生長同莖非結構性碳水化合物儲備之間有取捨關係。喺耐旱品種度，可能會優先考慮根系生長，而喺為病害係更大問題嘅國家開發嘅品種中，會優先考慮莖非結構性碳水化合物。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>視乎品種，小麥可能有或者冇<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92" class="mw-disambig" title="芒">芒</a>。生產芒會令穀物數量減少，<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但係小麥芒喺用水方面比葉片更有效咁進行光合作用，<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>所以喺炎熱乾旱國家種植嘅小麥品種比喺溫帶國家見到嘅品種有更多芒。因為咁，由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="氣候變化">氣候變化</a>，有芒嘅品種可能會種得更加廣泛。不過，喺歐洲，人哋觀察到小麥嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%BE%A9%E5%8E%9F%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣候復原力 (無呢版)">氣候復原力</a>有下降嘅趨勢。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進化"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E5.8C.96"></span>進化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 進化"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="系統發生"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1.E7.99.BC.E7.94.9F"></span>系統發生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 系統發生"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg/550px-Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg/825px-Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg/1100px-Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>小麥透過重複<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E4%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="雜交">雜交</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多倍體 (無呢版)">多倍體</a>進化而嚟。<sup id="cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>唔係所有物種都顯示出嚟。</figcaption></figure> <p>有啲小麥物種係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二倍體 (無呢版)">二倍體</a>，有兩組<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="染色體">染色體</a>，但係好多都係穩定嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多倍體 (無呢版)">多倍體</a>，有四組染色體（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四倍體 (無呢版)">四倍體</a>）或者六組（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六倍體 (無呢版)">六倍體</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一粒小麥 (無呢版)">一粒小麥</a>（<i>Triticum monococcum</i>）係二倍體（AA，兩組七條染色體，2n=14）。<sup id="cite_ref-Belderok_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belderok-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大部分四倍體小麥（例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二粒小麥 (無呢版)">二粒小麥</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AC%E8%B3%AA%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硬質小麥 (無呢版)">硬質小麥</a>）係源自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%8C%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="野生二粒小麥 (無呢版)">野生二粒小麥</a>，<i>T. dicoccoides</i>。野生二粒小麥本身就係兩種二倍體野生禾草嘅雜交結果，<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏拉爾圖小麥 (無呢版)">T. urartu</a></i>同一種野生山羊草，好似<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山羊草屬 (無呢版)">Ae. speltoides</a></i>。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>形成野生二粒小麥（AABB，四組七條染色體分成兩組，4n=28）嘅雜交係喺野外發生，遠早於馴化，並且係由<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" class="mw-redirect" title="自然選擇">自然選擇</a>推動。六倍體小麥喺農民嘅田地度進化，因為野生二粒小麥同另一種山羊草，<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山羊草屬 (無呢版)">Ae. squarrosa</a></i>或者<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B6%E6%B0%8F%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A%E8%8D%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陶氏山羊草 (無呢版)">Ae. tauschii</a></i>雜交，形成咗包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="普通小麥">麵包小麥</a>嘅六倍體小麥。<sup id="cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dvorak_Deal_Luo_2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dvorak_Deal_Luo_2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2007年嘅一個小麥<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子系統學 (無呢版)">分子系統學</a>研究提供咗以下未完全解決嘅主要栽培物種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系統樹 (無呢版)">系統樹</a>；大量嘅雜交令到解決好難。好似「6N」咁嘅標記表示每個物種嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多倍體 (無呢版)">多倍體</a>程度：<sup id="cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小麥族 (無呢版)">小麥族</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%A5" title="大麥">大麥</a> 2N，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BA%A5" title="黑麥">黑麥</a> 2N/4N，同其他穀物 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b>小麥</b></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i>Triticum monococcum</i>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一粒小麥 (無呢版)">一粒小麥</a>）2N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%97_Aegilotriticum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="× Aegilotriticum (無呢版)">× Aegilotriticum</a></i>雜種（<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山羊草屬 (無呢版)">山羊草屬</a></i> x <i>Triticum</i>）6N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triticum_timopheevii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triticum timopheevii (無呢版)">Triticum timopheevii</a></i>（贊杜里小麥）同其他 4N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i>Triticum aestivum</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="普通小麥">普通或者麵包小麥</a>）6N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i>Triticum durum/turgidum</i>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AC%E8%B3%AA%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硬質小麥 (無呢版)">硬質小麥</a>）4N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i>Triticum spelta</i>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E8%84%AB%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯卑爾脫小麥 (無呢版)">斯卑爾脫小麥</a>）6N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i>Triticum turanicum</i>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%B5%E5%8F%BB%E7%8F%8A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呵叻珊小麥 (無呢版)">呵叻珊小麥</a>）4N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i>Triticum dicoccum</i>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二粒小麥 (無呢版)">二粒小麥</a>）4N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>好多其他物種 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分類學"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E5.AD.B8"></span>分類學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 分類學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小麥分類學 (無呢版)">小麥分類學</a></div> <p>喺一萬年嘅種植過程中，喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" class="mw-redirect" title="自然選擇">自然選擇</a>嘅共同作用下，形成咗好多種小麥，其中好多都係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E4%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="雜交">雜交</a>。呢種複雜性同多樣性令到小麥嘅命名好混亂。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="主要物種"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E7.89.A9.E7.A8.AE"></span>主要物種</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 主要物種"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>六倍體物種（6N） </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="普通小麥">普通小麥</a>或者麵包小麥（<i>T. aestivum</i>）——世界上種植最廣泛嘅物種。<sup id="cite_ref-Yang-2022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E8%84%AB%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯卑爾脫小麥 (無呢版)">斯卑爾脫小麥</a>（<i>T. spelta</i>）——另一個大部分被麵包小麥取代嘅物種，但係喺21世紀，經常係有機種植，用嚟整<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E5%B7%A5%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手工食品 (無呢版)">手工</a>麵包同意粉。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>四倍體物種（4N） </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AC%E8%B3%AA%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硬質小麥 (無呢版)">硬質小麥</a>（<i>T. durum</i>）——一種今日廣泛使用嘅小麥，係第二廣泛種植嘅小麥。<sup id="cite_ref-Yang-2022_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二粒小麥 (無呢版)">二粒小麥</a>（<i>T. turgidum</i> subsp. <i>dicoccum</i>同<i>T. t.</i> conv. <i>durum</i>）——一種喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="古代">古代</a>種植嘅物種，源自野生二粒小麥，<i>T. dicoccoides</i>，但係依家已經唔再廣泛使用。<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%B5%E5%8F%BB%E7%8F%8A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呵叻珊小麥 (無呢版)">呵叻珊或者卡姆特</a>（<i>T. turgidum ssp. turanicum</i>，亦都叫做<i>T. turanicum</i>）係一種古老嘅穀物類型；呵叻珊係今日阿富汗同伊朗東北部嘅歷史地區。呢種穀物嘅大小係現代小麥嘅兩倍，有豐富嘅堅果味。<sup id="cite_ref-Khlestkina2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khlestkina2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>二倍體物種（2N） </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一粒小麥 (無呢版)">一粒小麥</a>（<i>T. monococcum</i>）。同二粒小麥同一時期由野生一粒小麥，<i>T. boeoticum</i>馴化而嚟。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="有殼同易脫殼物種"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E6.AE.BC.E5.90.8C.E6.98.93.E8.84.AB.E6.AE.BC.E7.89.A9.E7.A8.AE"></span>有殼同易脫殼物種</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 有殼同易脫殼物種"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg/220px-Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg/330px-Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg/440px-Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>有殼小麥同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一粒小麥 (無呢版)">一粒小麥</a>。留意一粒小麥嘅穗係點樣爆開成完整嘅穗子。</figcaption></figure> <p>野生小麥物種，同埋馴化咗嘅品種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一粒小麥 (無呢版)">一粒小麥</a>、<sup id="cite_ref-Potts_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E7%B2%92%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二粒小麥 (無呢版)">二粒小麥</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E8%84%AB%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯卑爾脫小麥 (無呢版)">斯卑爾脫小麥</a>，<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>都係有殼嘅。呢種比較原始嘅形態（喺進化角度）包括堅固嘅護穎緊緊包住穀粒，同埋（喺馴化咗嘅小麥中）一個半脆性嘅穗軸，容易喺打穀時斷開。結果係打穀時，小麥穗會爆開成穗子。要攞到穀物，仲要進一步加工，好似磨粉或者搥打，先至可以除去外殼或者穀殼。有殼小麥經常以穗子嘅形式儲存，因為堅固嘅護穎可以好好保護防止儲存嘅穀物受害蟲侵襲。<sup id="cite_ref-Potts_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺易脫殼（或者裸粒）嘅品種中，好似硬質小麥同普通小麥，護穎好脆弱而穗軸好堅韌。打穀時，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%80%E6%AE%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穀殼 (無呢版)">穀殼</a>斷開，釋放出穀粒。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徵"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 特徵"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>小麥係一年生<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="草本植物">草本植物</a>。佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%96" class="mw-redirect" title="莖">莖</a>有4～7節，中空兼有節。葉係長線形。花係穗狀花序，每朵花冇花瓣，但有穎片，部分穎片有芒刺。果比較大，長圓形，有毛。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>小麥按栽培類型分，可以分成兩種： </p> <ul><li>冬小麥——喺每年9月底開始種，第年2~3月收成。</li> <li>春小麥——喺每年3月開始種，9~10月收成。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="習性"><span id=".E7.BF.92.E6.80.A7"></span>習性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 習性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>小麥啱喺溫帶度種，大概喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="北緯">北緯</a>18°～50°，由平原到海拔4000米高度都可以種到。喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F" title="黑龍江">黑龍江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="內蒙古">內蒙古</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85" title="甘肅">甘肅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF" title="山西">山西</a>種小麥，係喺3～4月播種，7～8月收割，生長期大約要100日。而喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7" title="遼寧">遼寧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97" title="河北">河北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97" title="湖北">湖北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD" title="安徽">安徽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87" title="江蘇">江蘇</a>一帶，就喺8～12月播種，到第二年5～7月收割，生長期長達300日。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="營養"><span id=".E7.87.9F.E9.A4.8A"></span>營養</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 營養"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>小麥含有豐富嘅澱粉質、礦物質。因應品種同栽種環境嘅唔同，營養成份會有好大差別。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用途"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span>用途</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 用途"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>小麥除咗係人類嘅主要食糧之外，少量會用嚟生產澱粉、酒精、麵筋等等。佢嘅糠重可以用嚟做鷄、鵝、鴨、豬嘅飼料。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%A5" title="大麥">大麥</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="疏仕"><span id=".E7.96.8F.E4.BB.95"></span>疏仕</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 疏仕"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output 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.zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/641558/wheat">"wheat (plant)"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wheat+%28plant%29&rft.btitle=britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F641558%2Fwheat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFYangLiLiLiu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Hong; Li, Yongpeng; Li, Dongxiao; Liu, Liantao; Qiao, Yunzhou; Sun, Hongyong; 等 (9 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218482">"Wheat Escapes Low Light Stress by Altering Pollination Types"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>13</b>: 924565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2022.924565">10.3389/fpls.2022.924565</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218482">9218482</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35755640">35755640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Wheat+Escapes+Low+Light+Stress+by+Altering+Pollination+Types&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=924565&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9218482%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35755640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2022.924565&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Li%2C+Yongpeng&rft.au=Li%2C+Dongxiao&rft.au=Liu%2C+Liantao&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Yunzhou&rft.au=Sun%2C+Hongyong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Wenwen&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Ma%2C+Yuzhao&rft.au=Liu%2C+Mengyu&rft.au=Li%2C+Cundong&rft.au=Dong%2C+Baodi&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9218482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipipotash.org/udocs/ipi-bulletin-17-cereals.pdf">"Fertilising for High Yield and Quality – Cereals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fertilising+for+High+Yield+and+Quality+%E2%80%93+Cereals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipipotash.org%2Fudocs%2Fipi-bulletin-17-cereals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pajević_Borivoj_1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pajević_Borivoj_1999_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPajevićKrstićStankovićPlesničar1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pajević, Slobodanka; Krstić, Borivoj; Stanković, Živko; Plesničar, Marijana; Denčić, Srbislav (1999). "Photosynthesis of Flag and Second Wheat Leaves During Senescence". <i>Cereal Research Communications</i>. <b>27</b> (1/2): 155–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03543932">10.1007/BF03543932</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/23786279">23786279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cereal+Research+Communications&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+of+Flag+and+Second+Wheat+Leaves+During+Senescence&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=155-162&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03543932&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23786279%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pajevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodanka&rft.au=Krsti%C4%87%2C+Borivoj&rft.au=Stankovi%C4%87%2C+%C5%BDivko&rft.au=Plesni%C4%8Dar%2C+Marijana&rft.au=Den%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Srbislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Araus_Tapia_1986-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Araus_Tapia_1986_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFArausTapiaAzcon-BietoCaballero1986" class="citation book cs1">Araus, J. L.; Tapia, L.; Azcon-Bieto, J.; Caballero, A. (1986). "Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Levels, and Dry Matter Accumulation in Flag Wheat Leaves During Grain Filling". <i>Biological Control of Photosynthesis</i>. pp. 199–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-4384-1_18">10.1007/978-94-009-4384-1_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-94-010-8449-9" title="Special:書本來源/978-94-010-8449-9"><bdi>978-94-010-8449-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis%2C+Nitrogen+Levels%2C+and+Dry+Matter+Accumulation+in+Flag+Wheat+Leaves+During+Grain+Filling&rft.btitle=Biological+Control+of+Photosynthesis&rft.pages=199-207&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-4384-1_18&rft.isbn=978-94-010-8449-9&rft.aulast=Araus&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Tapia%2C+L.&rft.au=Azcon-Bieto%2C+J.&rft.au=Caballero%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSinghSethi1995" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Sarvjeet; Sethi, G.S. (1995). "Stomatal Size, Frequency and Distribution in <i>Triticum Aestivum</i>, <i>Secale Cereale</i> and Their Amphiploids". <i>Cereal Research Communications</i>. <b>23</b> (1/2): 103–108. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/23783891">23783891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cereal+Research+Communications&rft.atitle=Stomatal+Size%2C+Frequency+and+Distribution+in+Triticum+Aestivum%2C+Secale+Cereale+and+Their+Amphiploids&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=103-108&rft.date=1995&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23783891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarvjeet&rft.au=Sethi%2C+G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMillaDe_Diego-VicoMartín-Robles2013" class="citation journal cs1">Milla, Rubén; De Diego-Vico, Natalia; Martín-Robles, Nieves (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fert147">"Shifts in stomatal traits following the domestication of plant species"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Experimental_Botany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Experimental Botany (無呢版)">Journal of Experimental Botany</a></i>. <b>64</b> (11): 3137–3146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fert147">10.1093/jxb/ert147</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23918960">23918960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+stomatal+traits+following+the+domestication+of+plant+species&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3137-3146&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fert147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23918960&rft.aulast=Milla&rft.aufirst=Rub%C3%A9n&rft.au=De+Diego-Vico%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Robles%2C+Nieves&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjxb%252Fert147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheat_Growth_Guide-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wheat_Growth_Guide_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wheat_Growth_Guide_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cereals.ahdb.org.uk/media/185687/g66-wheat-growth-guide.pdf">"Wheat Growth Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_and_Horticulture_Development_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (無呢版)">Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheat+Growth+Guide&rft.pub=Agriculture+and+Horticulture+Development+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcereals.ahdb.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F185687%2Fg66-wheat-growth-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDas2008" class="citation book cs1">Das, N. R. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XedeDwAAQBAJ&q=wheat+roots+2+metres&pg=PA39"><i>Wheat Crop Management</i></a>. Scientific Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9789387741287" title="Special:書本來源/9789387741287"><bdi>9789387741287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheat+Crop+Management&rft.pub=Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=9789387741287&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXedeDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwheat%2Broots%2B2%2Bmetres%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHoganHendrix1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hogan, M. E.; Hendrix, J. E. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1075255">"Labeling of Fructans in Winter Wheat Stems"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_Physiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plant Physiology (無呢版)">Plant Physiology</a></i>. <b>80</b> (4): 1048–1050. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.80.4.1048">10.1104/pp.80.4.1048</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1075255">1075255</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16664718">16664718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Labeling+of+Fructans+in+Winter+Wheat+Stems&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1048-1050&rft.date=1986&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1075255%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16664718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.80.4.1048&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft.au=Hendrix%2C+J.+E.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1075255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFZhangChenDellVergauwen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, J.; Chen, W.; Dell, B.; Vergauwen, R.; Zhang, X.; Mayer, J. E.; Van Den Ende, W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4531436">"Wheat genotypic variation in dynamic fluxes of WSC components in different stem segments under drought during grain filling"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontiers_in_Plant_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontiers in Plant Science (無呢版)">Frontiers in Plant Science</a></i>. <b>6</b>: 624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2015.00624">10.3389/fpls.2015.00624</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4531436">4531436</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26322065">26322065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Wheat+genotypic+variation+in+dynamic+fluxes+of+WSC+components+in+different+stem+segments+under+drought+during+grain+filling&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=624&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4531436%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26322065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2015.00624&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Chen%2C+W.&rft.au=Dell%2C+B.&rft.au=Vergauwen%2C+R.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X.&rft.au=Mayer%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Van+Den+Ende%2C+W.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4531436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFLopesReynolds2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lopes, Marta S.; Reynolds, Matthew P. (2010). "Partitioning of assimilates to deeper roots is associated with cooler canopies and increased yield under drought in wheat". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_Plant_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Functional Plant Biology (無呢版)">Functional Plant Biology</a></i>. <b>37</b> (2): 147. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteSeerX (identifier) (無呢版)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.535.6514">10.1.1.535.6514</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FFP09121">10.1071/FP09121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Partitioning+of+assimilates+to+deeper+roots+is+associated+with+cooler+canopies+and+increased+yield+under+drought+in+wheat&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.535.6514%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FFP09121&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Marta+S.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Matthew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRebetzkeBonnettReynolds2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rebetzke, G. J.; Bonnett, D. G.; Reynolds, M. P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861010">"Awns reduce grain number to increase grain size and harvestable yield in irrigated and rainfed spring wheat"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Experimental_Botany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Experimental Botany (無呢版)">Journal of Experimental Botany</a></i>. <b>67</b> (9): 2573–2586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferw081">10.1093/jxb/erw081</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861010">4861010</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26976817">26976817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Awns+reduce+grain+number+to+increase+grain+size+and+harvestable+yield+in+irrigated+and+rainfed+spring+wheat&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2573-2586&rft.date=2016&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4861010%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26976817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferw081&rft.aulast=Rebetzke&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft.au=Bonnett%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+M.+P.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4861010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDuwayri1984" class="citation journal cs1">Duwayri, Mahmud (1984). "Effect of flag leaf and awn removal on grain yield and yield components of wheat grown under dryland conditions". <i>Field Crops Research</i>. <b>8</b>: 307–313. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984FCrRe...8..307D">1984FCrRe...8..307D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-4290%2884%2990077-7">10.1016/0378-4290(84)90077-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+Crops+Research&rft.atitle=Effect+of+flag+leaf+and+awn+removal+on+grain+yield+and+yield+components+of+wheat+grown+under+dryland+conditions&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=307-313&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-4290%2884%2990077-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984FCrRe...8..307D&rft.aulast=Duwayri&rft.aufirst=Mahmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKahiluotoKasevaBalekOlesen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kahiluoto, Helena; Kaseva, Janne; Balek, Jan; Olesen, Jørgen E.; Ruiz-Ramos, Margarita; 等 (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320549">"Decline in climate resilience of European wheat"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (1): 123–128. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116..123K">2019PNAS..116..123K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1804387115">10.1073/pnas.1804387115</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320549">6320549</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30584094">30584094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Decline+in+climate+resilience+of+European+wheat&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-128&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6320549%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30584094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1804387115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116..123K&rft.aulast=Kahiluoto&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Kaseva%2C+Janne&rft.au=Balek%2C+Jan&rft.au=Olesen%2C+J%C3%B8rgen+E.&rft.au=Ruiz-Ramos%2C+Margarita&rft.au=Gobin%2C+Anne&rft.au=Kersebaum%2C+Kurt+Christian&rft.au=Tak%C3%A1%C4%8D%2C+Jozef&rft.au=Ruget%2C+Francoise&rft.au=Ferrise%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Bezak%2C+Pavol&rft.au=Capellades%2C+Gemma&rft.au=Dibari%2C+Camilla&rft.au=M%C3%A4kinen%2C+Hanna&rft.au=Nendel%2C+Claas&rft.au=Ventrella%2C+Domenico&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Alfredo&rft.au=Bindi%2C+Marco&rft.au=Trnka%2C+Mirek&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6320549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-2">16.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Golovnina_Glushkov_Blinov_Mayorov_2007_16-3">16.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGolovninaGlushkovBlinovMayorov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Golovnina, K. A.; Glushkov, S. A.; Blinov, A. G.; Mayorov, V. I.; Adkison, L. R.; Goncharov, N. P. (2007-02-12). "Molecular phylogeny of the genus Triticum L". <i>Plant Systematics and Evolution</i>. Springer. <b>264</b> (3–4): 195–216. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PSyEv.264..195G">2007PSyEv.264..195G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-006-0478-x">10.1007/s00606-006-0478-x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39102602">39102602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Molecular+phylogeny+of+the+genus+Triticum+L&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=195-216&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39102602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00606-006-0478-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PSyEv.264..195G&rft.aulast=Golovnina&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft.au=Glushkov%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Blinov%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Mayorov%2C+V.+I.&rft.au=Adkison%2C+L.+R.&rft.au=Goncharov%2C+N.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belderok-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Belderok_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤無效嘅<code><ref></code>標籤；無文字提供畀叫做<code>Belderok</code>嘅參照</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFriebeQiNasudaZhang" class="citation journal cs1">Friebe, B.; Qi, L.L.; Nasuda, S.; Zhang, P.; Tuleen, N.A.; Gill, B.S. "Development of a complete set of <i>Triticum aestivum</i>-<i>Aegilops speltoides</i> chromosome addition lines". <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13010134">13010134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+complete+set+of+Triticum+aestivum-Aegilops+speltoides+chromosome+addition+lines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13010134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Friebe&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Qi%2C+L.L.&rft.au=Nasuda%2C+S.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+P.&rft.au=Tuleen%2C+N.A.&rft.au=Gill%2C+B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dvorak_Deal_Luo_2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dvorak_Deal_Luo_2012_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDvorakDealLuoYou2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dvorak, Jan; Deal, Karin R.; Luo, Ming-Cheng; You, Frank M.; von Borstel, Keith; Dehghani, Hamid (2012-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesr152">"The Origin of Spelt and Free-Threshing Hexaploid Wheat"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Heredity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Heredity (無呢版)">Journal of Heredity</a></i>. <b>103</b> (3): 426–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesr152">10.1093/jhered/esr152</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22378960">22378960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Spelt+and+Free-Threshing+Hexaploid+Wheat&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426-441&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesr152&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22378960&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Deal%2C+Karin+R.&rft.au=Luo%2C+Ming-Cheng&rft.au=You%2C+Frank+M.&rft.au=von+Borstel%2C+Keith&rft.au=Dehghani%2C+Hamid&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjhered%252Fesr152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFShewry2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shewry, P. R. (2009-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp058">"Wheat"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Experimental_Botany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Experimental Botany (無呢版)">Journal of Experimental Botany</a></i>. <b>60</b> (6): 1537–1553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp058">10.1093/jxb/erp058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0957">0022-0957</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386614">19386614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Wheat&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1537-1553&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.issn=0022-0957&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19386614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp058&rft.aulast=Shewry&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjxb%252Ferp058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFullerLucas2014" class="citation cs2">Fuller, Dorian Q.; Lucas, Leilani (2014), "Wheats: Origins and Development", <i>Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer New York (無呢版)">Springer New York</a>, pp. 7812–7817, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0465-2_2192">10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2192</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781441904263" title="Special:書本來源/9781441904263"><bdi>9781441904263</bdi></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129138746">129138746</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wheats%3A+Origins+and+Development&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Archaeology&rft.pages=7812-7817&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129138746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0465-2_2192&rft.isbn=9781441904263&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Dorian+Q.&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Leilani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang-2022-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Yang-2022_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Yang-2022_22-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFYangZhangLiuLiu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Fan; Zhang, Jingjuan; Liu, Qier; 等 (2022-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8878472">"Improvement and Re-Evolution of Tetraploid Wheat for Global Environmental Challenge and Diversity Consumption Demand"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Molecular_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Molecular Sciences (無呢版)">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</a></i>. <b>23</b> (4): 2206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms23042206">10.3390/ijms23042206</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8878472">8878472</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35216323">35216323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Improvement+and+Re-Evolution+of+Tetraploid+Wheat+for+Global+Environmental+Challenge+and+Diversity+Consumption+Demand&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2206&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8878472%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35216323&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms23042206&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jingjuan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Qier&rft.au=Liu%2C+Hang&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Yonghong&rft.au=Yang%2C+Wuyun&rft.au=Ma%2C+Wujun&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8878472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSmithers2014" class="citation news cs1">Smithers, Rebecca (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/may/15/spelt-grain-supplies-under-pressure-high-demand">"Spelt flour 'wonder grain' set for a price hike as supplies run low"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spelt+flour+%27wonder+grain%27+set+for+a+price+hike+as+supplies+run+low&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Smithers&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmoney%2F2014%2Fmay%2F15%2Fspelt-grain-supplies-under-pressure-high-demand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?314587">"<i>Triticum turgidum</i> subsp. <i>dicoccon</i>"</a>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《[[種源資訊網絡]] (GRIN) 網上資料庫》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>[</span><span class="zit3">[種源資訊網絡]] (GRIN) 網上資料庫</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%A8%AE%E6%BA%90%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1+%28GRIN%29+%E7%B6%B2%E4%B8%8A%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB&rft.atitle=Triticum+turgidum+subsp.+dicoccon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnpgs%2Fhtml%2Ftaxon.pl%3F314587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khlestkina2006-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Khlestkina2006_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKhlestkinaRöderGrausgruberBörner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Khlestkina, Elena K.; Röder, Marion S.; Grausgruber, Heinrich; Börner, Andreas (2006). "A DNA fingerprinting-based taxonomic allocation of Kamut wheat". <i>Plant Genetic Resources</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 172–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2FPGR2006120">10.1079/PGR2006120</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86510231">86510231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Genetic+Resources&rft.atitle=A+DNA+fingerprinting-based+taxonomic+allocation+of+Kamut+wheat&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=172-180&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2FPGR2006120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86510231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Khlestkina&rft.aufirst=Elena+K.&rft.au=R%C3%B6der%2C+Marion+S.&rft.au=Grausgruber%2C+Heinrich&rft.au=B%C3%B6rner%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1991" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Patricia C. (1991). "Harvesting of Wild Cereals During the Natufian as seen from Experimental Cultivation and Harvest of Wild Einkorn Wheat and Microwear Analysis of Stone Tools". 出自 Bar-Yosef, Ofer (編). <i>Natufian Culture in the Levant</i>. International Monographs in Prehistory. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Berghahn Books. p. 523.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harvesting+of+Wild+Cereals+During+the+Natufian+as+seen+from+Experimental+Cultivation+and+Harvest+of+Wild+Einkorn+Wheat+and+Microwear+Analysis+of+Stone+Tools&rft.btitle=Natufian+Culture+in+the+Levant&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.series=International+Monographs+in+Prehistory&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Patricia+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potts-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Potts_27-0">27.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Potts_27-1">27.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1996" class="citation book cs1">Potts, D.T. (1996). <i>Mesopotamia Civilization: The Material Foundations</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornell_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornell University Press (無呢版)">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-8014-3339-8" title="Special:書本來源/0-8014-3339-8"><bdi>0-8014-3339-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia+Civilization%3A+The+Material+Foundations&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8014-3339-8&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFNevo2002" class="citation book cs1">Nevo, E. (2002-01-29). <i>Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement</i>. Berlin ; New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/3-540-41750-8" title="Special:書本來源/3-540-41750-8"><bdi>3-540-41750-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Wild+Emmer+and+Wheat+Improvement&rft.place=Berlin+%3B+New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2002-01-29&rft.isbn=3-540-41750-8&rft.aulast=Nevo&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanJudd2003" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, J.G.; Judd, P.A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofheal0000vaug_y3v1"><i>The Oxford Book of Health Foods</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (無呢版)">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofheal0000vaug_y3v1/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-19-850459-4" title="Special:書本來源/0-19-850459-4"><bdi>0-19-850459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+Health+Foods&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-850459-4&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft.au=Judd%2C+P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordbookofheal0000vaug_y3v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018003729/https://agbio.usask.ca/cdc/field-crop-information.php">"Field Crop Information"</a>. College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agbio.usask.ca/cdc/field-crop-information.php">原著</a>喺18 October 2023歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Field+Crop+Information&rft.pub=College+of+Agriculture+and+Bioresources%2C+University+of+Saskatchewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagbio.usask.ca%2Fcdc%2Ffield-crop-information.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" 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