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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Res_Publica_restituta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Res_Publica_restituta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Res Publica restituta</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Res_Publica_restituta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Res Publica restituta subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Res_Publica_restituta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caesar_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caesar_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Caesar Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caesar_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principes_Iulii_et_Claudii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principes_Iulii_et_Claudii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Principes Iulii et Claudii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principes_Iulii_et_Claudii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principes_Flavii_et_Antonini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principes_Flavii_et_Antonini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Principes Flavii et Antonini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principes_Flavii_et_Antonini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quinque_imperatores_boni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quinque_imperatores_boni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Quinque imperatores boni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quinque_imperatores_boni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principes_milites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principes_milites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Principes milites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principes_milites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correctiones_Diocletiani_et_Constantini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correctiones_Diocletiani_et_Constantini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Correctiones Diocletiani et Constantini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correctiones_Diocletiani_et_Constantini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exitum_imperii_occidentalis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exitum_imperii_occidentalis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Exitum imperii occidentalis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exitum_imperii_occidentalis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliographia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nexus_interni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nexus_interni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nexus interni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nexus_interni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nexus interni subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nexus_interni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_imperio_ipso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_imperio_ipso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>De imperio ipso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_imperio_ipso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_temporibus_anterioribus_et_posterioribus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_temporibus_anterioribus_et_posterioribus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>De temporibus anterioribus et posterioribus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_temporibus_anterioribus_et_posterioribus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_rebus_variis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_rebus_variis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>De rebus variis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_rebus_variis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nexus_externi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nexus_externi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nexus externi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nexus_externi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Index" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperium Romanum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 184 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Romawi" title="Keurajeuën Romawi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Romawi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk – Africana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romeinse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Africana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="የሮማ ግዛት – Amharica" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮማ ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – Aragonensis" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisc_Rice" title="Romanisc Rice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Romanisc Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية – Arabica" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamica" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румалъул империя – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Румалъул империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romafo_gindaxo" title="Romafo gindaxo – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Romafo gindaxo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Roma imperiyası – Atropatenica" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Atropatenica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pagina mensis"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рим империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рим империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruomas_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Ruomas imperėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruomas imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рымская імперыя – Ruthenica Alba" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Ruthenica Alba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рымская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рымская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска империя – Bulgarica" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য – Bengalica" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_roman" title="Impalaeriezh roman – Britonica" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Britonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – Bosnica" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Romà – Catalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Руман импери – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Руман импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Rumanu" title="Imperu Rumanu – Corsa" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Imperu Rumanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1" title="Roma İmperiyası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Roma İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Římská říše – Bohemica" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Bohemica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig – Cambrica" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Cambrica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerske_Kejserrige" title="Romerske Kejserrige – Danica" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerske Kejserrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit" title="Römische Kaiserzeit – Germanica" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römische Kaiserzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Germanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Roma" title="İmperatoriya Roma – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Roma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romski_imperium" title="Romski imperium – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Romski imperium" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία – Graeca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Graeca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – Anglica" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Anglica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_Imperio" title="Romia Imperio – Esperantica" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperantica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano – Hispanica" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Hispanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_keisririik" title="Rooma keisririik – Estonica" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa – Vasconica" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Vasconica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="امپراتوری روم – Persica" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_keisarikunta" title="Rooman keisarikunta – Finnica" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Matanitu_ki_Roma" title="Na Matanitu ki Roma – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Matanitu ki Roma" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverjar%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Rómverjaríkið – Faroensis" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rómverjaríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_romain" title="Empire romain – Francogallica" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francogallica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msk_Keisertidj" title="Röömsk Keisertidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Röömsk Keisertidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinske_Ryk" title="Romeinske Ryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romeinske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_R%C3%B3imhe" title="Impireacht na Róimhe – Hibernica" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Róimhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Hibernica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_romen" title="Ampir romen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir romen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_na_R%C3%B2imhe" title="Impireachd na Ròimhe – Scotica" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd na Ròimhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scotica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – Gallaica" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Gallaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%B3ma_Mburuvi" title="Rróma Mburuvi – Guaranica" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaranica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2_Ti-koet" title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הרומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – Hindica" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Samrajya" title="Roman Samrajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – Croatica" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Romske mócnarstwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Romske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Women" title="Anpi Women – Creolus Haitianus" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Women" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creolus Haitianus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_Birodalom" title="Római Birodalom – Hungarica" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pagina mensis"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն – Armenica" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Roman" title="Imperio Roman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Roman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Romano" title="Imperio a Romano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Romano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Рума импери – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Рума импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_Imperio" title="Romana Imperio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Romana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Rómverska keisaradæmið – Islandica" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómverska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_romano" title="Impero romano – Italiana" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ローマ帝国 – Iaponica" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Iaponica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoman_Empaya" title="Ruoman Empaya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruoman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/latmo_sosygugje%27a" title="latmo sosygugje'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="latmo sosygugje'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaharajan_Rum" title="Kamaharajan Rum – Iavensis" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamaharajan Rum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Iavensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pagina mensis"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომის იმპერია – Georgiana" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgiana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Rim imperiyası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rim imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_Tarumanit" title="Tamnekda Tarumanit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda Tarumanit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Ромэ Империэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ромэ Империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_Rom" title="A̱byintyokshan Rom – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan Rom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsi_ya_Roma" title="Nsi ya Roma – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nsi ya Roma" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Рим империясы – Cazachica" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Cazachica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម – Chmerica" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmerica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Cannadica" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Cannadica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="로마 제국 – Coreana" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Rom%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Romê – Curdica" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Romê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Curdica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Romanek" title="Emperoureth Romanek – Cornubica" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornubica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9imescht_R%C3%A4ich" title="Réimescht Räich – Luxemburgica" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Réimescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рим империя – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рим империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Roman" title="Impero Roman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Roman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Riek" title="Romeins Riek – Limburgica" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Romeins Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%AAo_Roman" title="Impêo Roman – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Impêo Roman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Roman" title="Imper Roman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Roman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_imperija" title="Romos imperija – Lithuanica" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Romas impērija – Lettonica" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lettonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_R%C3%B4mana" title="Empira Rômana – Malagasiana" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Rômana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasiana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_R%C5%8Dmana" title="Emepaea Rōmana – Maoriana" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Emepaea Rōmana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maoriana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Римско Царство – Macedonica" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malabarica" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabarica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн – Mongolica" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – Marathica" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom – Malayana" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ruman" title="Imperu Ruman – Melitensis" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ruman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Melitensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Ampério Romano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Romano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ – Birmanica" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روم امپراتوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روم امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Rumano" title="Impero Rumano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impero Rumano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msch_Kaiserriek" title="Röömsch Kaiserriek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch Kaiserriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Riek" title="Romeinse Riek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Romeinse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – Nepalensis" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Keizerrijk" title="Romeinse Keizerrijk – Batava" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Batava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romarriket" title="Romarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_romerske_keiserriket" title="Det romerske keiserriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det romerske keiserriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Roman" title="Empire Roman – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Empire Roman" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_roman" title="Empèri roman – Occitana" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri roman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ – Orissensis" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Orissensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ромы импери – Ossetica" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ромы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ – Panjabica" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Panjabica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_Romain" title="Impire Romain – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire Romain" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch_Imperium" title="Römisch Imperium – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Römisch Imperium" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Rzymskie" title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie – Polonica" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman" title="Imperi Roman – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="روم سترواکي – Afganica" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روم سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Afganica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pagina mensis"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano – Lusitana" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Romano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Lusitana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu – Quechuae" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechuae" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_roman_(sursilvan)" title="Imperi roman (sursilvan) – Rhaetica" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperi roman (sursilvan)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Rhaetica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Roman" title="Imperiul Roman – Dacoromanica" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Dacoromanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римская империя – Russica" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска империя – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рим империята – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рим империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_romanu" title="Impèriu romanu – Sarda" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu romanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sarda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%A8riu_rumanu" title="Mpèriu rumanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpèriu rumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pagina mensis"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومي سلطنت – Sindhuica" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رومي سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhuica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pagina mensis"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnkda_Ta%E1%B9%9Bumanit" title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය – Singhalensis" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singhalensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmske_cis%C3%A1rstvo" title="Rímske cisárstvo – Slovaca" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rímske cisárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_cesarstvo" title="Rimsko cesarstvo – Slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_o_Roma" title="Emepaea o Roma – Samoana" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Emepaea o Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Romake" title="Perandoria Romake – Albanica" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Римско царство – Serbica" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomske_Riek" title="Roomske Riek – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roomske Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_kejsard%C3%B6met" title="Romerska kejsardömet – Suecica" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska kejsardömet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Suecica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_la_Roma" title="Dola la Roma – Suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola la Roma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு – Tamulica" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamulica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం – Telingana" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telingana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9C_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%B5" title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Rim imperiýasy – Turcomannica" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rim imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turcomannica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Roma İmparatorluğu – Turcica" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turcica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Рим империясе – Tatarica" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рим империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumu_wa_Roma" title="Ufumu wa Roma – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ufumu wa Roma" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Римська імперія – Ucrainica" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ucrainica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyasi" title="Rim imperiyasi – Uzbecica" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rim imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbecica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_Roman" title="Inpero Roman – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero Roman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimalaine_imperii" title="Rimalaine imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rimalaine imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đế quốc La Mã – Vietnamica" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Ryk" title="Romeins Ryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Romeins Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_romin" title="Impire romin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Impire romin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Romano" title="Imperyo Romano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="רוימישע אימפעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוימישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%BB%8Cbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_R%C3%B3m%C3%B9" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoz_Lozmaj" title="Digoz Lozmaj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Digoz Lozmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國 – Sinica" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Sinica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li 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#bebebe}.mw-parser-output .capsa-vicidata-titulus{padding-top:.44em;font-size:90%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .capsa-vicidata-subtitulus{padding-bottom:.14em;font-size:70%}.mw-parser-output .capsa-vicidata-data{font-size:80%;margin-top:1em;padding:.2em .1em .1em .2em}.mw-parser-output .capsa-vicidata .mw-collapsible{text-align:left}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .capsa-vicidata{width:100%!important;float:none;margin-left:0;box-shadow:0 8px 8px #ccc}}</style> <div class="capsa-vicidata-titulus noviewer"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Imperium Romanum</div> <div class="capsa-vicidata-subtitulus">Res apud <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/lawiki/Imperium_Romanum" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/lawiki/Imperium Romanum">Vicidata</a> repertae:</div><div class="capsa-vicidata-data"> <i>Terra continens</i>: <span><span><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></span>, <span>Afro-Eurasia</span></span><br /><i>Territoria finitima</i>: <span><span><a href="/wiki/Regnum_Parthorum" title="Regnum Parthorum">Arsacidae</a></span></span><br /><i>Locus</i>: <span><span><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Specialis:Map/0/41.9/12.5/la" data-lat="41.9" data-lon="12.5" data-overlays="["_ed4d17b4f019e509fab4895e8ac251ebab08c2e6"]">41°54′0″N 12°30′0″E</a></span></span><br /><i>Caput</i>: <span><span><a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolis_mediaevalis" title="Constantinopolis mediaevalis">Constantinopolis mediaevalis</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></span>, <span>Roma</span></span><br /><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <p><b>Gestio</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <span><span>autocracy</span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">monarchia</a></span>, <span>Tetrarchia</span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Triumviratus" title="Triumviratus">triumviratus</a></span>, <span>absolute monarchy</span></span><br /><i>Praefectus</i>: <span><span>no value</span></span><br /><i>Consilium</i>: <span><span>Senate of the Roman Empire</span></span><br /></div></div><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <p><b>Populus</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <i>Numerus</i>: <span><span>87 500 000±32 500 000</span></span><br /><i>Sermo publicus</i>: <span><span><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina" title="Lingua Latina">Latine</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Graeca_antiqua" title="Lingua Graeca antiqua">lingua Graeca antiqua</a></span></span><br /><i>Moneta</i>: <span><span><a href="/wiki/Pecunia_Romana" title="Pecunia Romana">Pecunia Romana</a></span></span></div></div><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <p><b>Tabula aut despectus</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperium Romanum: situs"><img alt="Imperium Romanum: situs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/190px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/285px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/380px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Imperium Romanum: situs</figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Imperium Romanum</b> (<a href="/wiki/Graece" class="mw-redirect" title="Graece">Graece</a> Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων) fuit <a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiquitas" title="Antiquitas">prisca</a>, cuius <a href="/wiki/Caput_(urbs)" title="Caput (urbs)">caput</a> <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> erat, olim maxima <a href="/wiki/Mundus_occidentalis" title="Mundus occidentalis">orbis occidentalis</a> <a href="/wiki/Urbs" title="Urbs">urbs</a>, et quae tempore maximae suae <a href="/wiki/Potestas" class="mw-disambig" title="Potestas">potestatis</a> a <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannia Magna">Britannia</a> usque ad <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamiam</a> extendebatur. Ab <a href="/wiki/Octavianus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavianus Augustus">Augusto Caesare</a> imperium Romanum sic institutum est, ut specie vetus <a href="/wiki/Res_Publica_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Res Publica Romana">Res Publica Romana</a> (<a href="/wiki/509_a.C.n." title="509 a.C.n.">509 a.C.n.</a>–<a href="/wiki/27_a.C.n." title="27 a.C.n.">27 a.C.n.</a>) redintegrata videretur, re vera autem ab uno principe solo gubernaretur. </p><p>Imperium Romanum initium cepit anno <a href="/wiki/27_a.C.n." title="27 a.C.n.">27 a.C.n.</a> et tamquam totius <a href="/wiki/Orbis_terrarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbis terrarum">orbis terrarum</a> vel saltem eius orbis terrarum partis, quam totius mundi instar esse antiqui existimaverunt, dominatum obtinuit usque ad <a href="/wiki/Discrimen_Tertii_Saeculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimen Tertii Saeculi">Discrimen tertii saeculi</a> (<a href="/wiki/235" title="235">235</a>–<a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a>/<a href="/wiki/285" title="285">285</a>), quae aetas etiam principum <a href="/wiki/Miles" title="Miles">militum</a> vocatur. </p><p>Continuatio huius rei publicae ad <a href="/wiki/Antiquitas_Posterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquitas Posterior">Antiquitatem posteriorem</a> pertinet: Ab imperatoribus <a href="/wiki/Diocletianus" title="Diocletianus">Diocletiano</a> (<a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a>–<a href="/wiki/305" title="305">305</a>) et <a href="/wiki/Constantinus_I" title="Constantinus I">Constantino I</a> (<a href="/wiki/306" title="306">306</a>–<a href="/wiki/337" title="337">337</a>) funditus reformata aetate <a href="/wiki/Migrationes_Europaeae_populorum_et_gentium" title="Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium">migrationum populorum et gentium</a> Europae, quo tempore in <a href="/wiki/Duo" title="Duo">duas</a> partes divisa est, ubi ad <a href="/wiki/Occidens" title="Occidens">occidentem</a> solem vergebat, interiit (<a href="/wiki/476" title="476">476</a>), ubi ad <a href="/wiki/Oriens" title="Oriens">orientem</a> solem spectabat, per <a href="/wiki/Medium_aevum" title="Medium aevum">medium quod dicitur aevum</a> mansit (vide <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Orientale" title="Imperium Romanum Orientale">Imperium Romanum Orientale</a>). </p><p>Imperium in <a href="/wiki/Provincia" title="Provincia">provincias</a> divisum erat. In iis maximi momenti erant urbes imperii, quae quadam <a href="/wiki/Autonomia" title="Autonomia">autonomia</a> circumscripta gaudentes a civibus administrabantur et <a href="/wiki/Vectigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vectigal">vectigalia</a> exigebant. Quod multa munera publica ad urbes delegata erant, imperio parvus magistratuum numerus suffecit. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mercatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercatura">Mercatura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ars" title="Ars">artes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">cultura</a> <a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">florebant</a>; etsi <a href="/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua">linguae</a> <a href="/wiki/Religio" title="Religio">religionesque</a> locorum permanserunt; partes imperii occidentales "latinizatae," partes orientales magis cultura Graeca imbutae sunt. <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina" title="Lingua Latina">Lingua Latina</a> toto imperio <a href="/wiki/Lingua_publica" title="Lingua publica">publica</a> facta est (orientalibus in partibus una cum <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Graeca" title="Lingua Graeca">lingua Graeca</a>). Quod per saecula, etiam imperio dilapso, multum ad <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europam</a> formandam attulit: lingua Latina usque ad <a href="/wiki/Barocum" class="mw-redirect" title="Barocum">Barocum</a> eruditorum lingua permansit; in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Catholica_Romana" title="Ecclesia Catholica Romana">Ecclesia Catholica Romana</a> lingua Latina usque ad hunc diem est <a href="/wiki/Lingua_publica" title="Lingua publica">lingua publica</a>; sunt <a href="/wiki/Linguae_Romanicae" title="Linguae Romanicae">linguae Romanicae</a>, progenies linguae Latinae, sed etiam aliae linguae necnon <a href="/wiki/Sermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermo">sermo</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientia" class="mw-disambig" title="Scientia">scientiarum</a> plurima ex lingua Latina acceperunt; <a href="/wiki/Ius_Romanum" title="Ius Romanum">ius Romanum</a> iuribus civitatum Europae plurimum attulit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Recensere partem: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Searchtool.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/18px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/27px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/36px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Si plus cognoscere vis, vide etiam <a href="/wiki/Romanae_pugnae" title="Romanae pugnae">Romanae pugnae</a>.</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Res_Publica_restituta">Res Publica restituta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Recensere partem: Res Publica restituta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Res Publica restituta"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In nonnullis <a href="/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua">linguis</a> novis, titulus <i>imperatoris</i> nominat solum unum, qui magnum regnum gubernat, sed res publica Romana multos habuerat imperatores ante Octavianum, qui ad tempus et eodem tempore imperio usi sunt: Imperium habuerunt <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consules</a> et <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetores</a>, quorum in provinciis copiae fuerunt, simul cum aliis. <a href="/wiki/Vergilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergilius">Vergilius</a> poeta <a href="/wiki/Iuppiter" title="Iuppiter">Iovem</a> ipsum Romanis "imperium sine fine" promittentem facit. Octavianus non imperator, sed princeps vocari voluit, quod est nomen sine imperio, in senatu "primus inter pares." Hoc imprimis speciei rei publicae restitutae debebatur; simul autem vis "imperatoris" tituli mutabatur, cum Augustus re vera primus munere imperatoris singuli ac perennis functus est. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caesar_Augustus">Caesar Augustus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Recensere partem: Caesar Augustus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Caesar Augustus"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/200px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/300px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/400px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus_loricatus" title="Augustus loricatus">Augustus loricatus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Statua" title="Statua">statua</a> in villa <a href="/wiki/Ad_Gallinas" title="Ad Gallinas">ad Gallinas</a> reperta (hodie in <a href="/wiki/Musea_Vaticana" title="Musea Vaticana">Museis Vaticanis</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Octavius, divite sed non nobilissime gente anno <a href="/wiki/63_a.C.n." title="63 a.C.n.">63 a.C.n.</a> orto, quod a <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Iulius_Caesar" title="Gaius Iulius Caesar">Gaio Iulio Caesare</a> in filium adoptatus est, heres Caesaris factus est et nomen Octaviani sumpsit, post mortem Caesaris atque hoc nomen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bellum_civile" title="Bellum civile">Bello civili</a> post Caesarem interfectum exorto <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcum Antonium</a>, pristinum <a href="/wiki/Triumviratus" title="Triumviratus">Triumviratus</a> collegam, qui una cum <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_(regina_Aegypti)" title="Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)">Cleopatra</a> regina <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_antiqua" title="Aegyptus antiqua">Aegypti</a> rerum potiri imminebat, apud <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a> anno <a href="/wiki/31_a.C.n." title="31 a.C.n.">31 a.C.n.</a> devicit. Scripsit ipse postea in <a href="/wiki/Res_gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res gestae Divi Augusti">rebus gestis</a>, quas multis in locis imperii Romani inscribi iussit, se "rem publicam a dominatione factionis oppressam in libertatem vindicavi(sse)". </p><p>Anno <a href="/wiki/27_a.C.n." title="27 a.C.n.">27 a.C.n.</a> imperia, quibus inter bellum civilem solus rexerat, formaliter deposuit, postea autem sibi <a href="/wiki/Tribunus_plebis" title="Tribunus plebis">tribuniciam potestatem</a> et summum imperium <a href="/wiki/Legio_Romana" title="Legio Romana">legionum</a> provinciarum ad <a href="/wiki/Limes_Romanus" title="Limes Romanus">limitem</a> sitarum tempore certo deferri fecit, quod et in posterum erat imperii fundamentum (vide <a href="/wiki/Principatus_Romanus" title="Principatus Romanus">Principatus Romanus</a>). </p><p>Auctoritas principis multis ex honoribus et civilibus et militaribus aucta est, inter quas pluries honore <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consulis</a> (annis usque ad <a href="/wiki/27_a.C.n." title="27 a.C.n.">27 a.C.n.</a>) et <a href="/wiki/Pontifex" title="Pontifex">pontificis maximi</a> (anno <a href="/wiki/13_a.C.n." title="13 a.C.n.">13 a.C.n.</a> aut <a href="/wiki/12_a.C.n." title="12 a.C.n.">12 a.C.n.</a>). Ter <a href="/wiki/Triumphus" title="Triumphus">triumphans</a> etiam <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> appellatus est. <a href="/wiki/Tribunus_plebis" title="Tribunus plebis">Tribunus plebis</a>, etsi tribunicia potestate gaudebat, non fuit, quia in <a href="/wiki/Patricii_(ordo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricii (ordo)">patriciam</a> gentem adoptatus erat (Iulii stirps Veneris ipsius esse dicitur). Anno <a href="/wiki/27_a.C.n." title="27 a.C.n.">27 a.C.n.</a> senatus ei nomen Augusti detulit, quod in disputando, an Romulus appellaretur, sententia praevaluit "ut Augustus potius vocaretur, non tantum novo sed etiam ampliore cognomine, quod loca quoque religiosa et in quibus augurato quid consecratur augusta dicantur . . . , sicut etiam Ennius docet scribens: Augusto augurio postquam incluta condita Roma est."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una cum nomine etiam clipeus virtutis traditus est, in quo Augusti fortitudo, clementia, iustitia, pietas erga deos patriamque celebratae sunt. Anno <a href="/wiki/8_a.C.n." title="8 a.C.n.">8 a.C.n.</a> senatui placuit, posthac mensem Sextilem Augustum vocari; anno <a href="/wiki/2_a.C.n." title="2 a.C.n.">2 a.C.n.</a> denique <a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">pater patriae</a> appellatus est. </p><p>Octavianus certe divitissimus erat Romanorum; copiis quin uteretur, ut plebi acceptus esset, non dubitavit. Inter alia pro populo multos ludos edidit. Praeterea numerosa opera publica exstrui iussit, sicut <a href="/wiki/Forum_Augustum" title="Forum Augustum">Forum Augustum</a> cum <a href="/wiki/Templum_Martis_Ultoris" title="Templum Martis Ultoris">templo Martis Ultoris</a> et <a href="/wiki/Templum_Apollinis_in_Palatio" title="Templum Apollinis in Palatio">templum Apollinis in Palatio</a>. </p><p>Augustus etiam <a href="/wiki/Religio_Romana" title="Religio Romana">religionem</a> moresque Romanos restituere conatus est, quia "moribus antiquis stat res Romana virisque."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matrimonio procreationique favit (uxorem liberisque carentibus vestigal imposuit) et nimis in veneralibus indulgere nobilibus vetavit. Romae quinquaginta tres templa refecit et ritus eorum neglectos restauravit. Se ipsum vindicem rei publicae restituroremque pacis in monumentis (<a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis_Augustae" title="Ara Pacis Augustae">Ara Pacis Augustae</a>), statuis (<a href="/wiki/Augustus_loricatus" title="Augustus loricatus">Augustus loricatus</a>), nummis, litteris celebrari fecit. </p><p>Quidam poetarum inter maximos linguae Latinae Augusto principe et ab eodem adiuti opera sua scripserunt, in quibus <a href="/wiki/Vergilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergilius">Vergilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatius">Horatius</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ovidius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovidius">Ovidius</a>, qui ultimus quidem a principe in exilium missus est, propter "duo crimina, carmen et error", ut Ovidius ipse scripsit.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustus multas leges ad officia emendenda intulit. <a href="/wiki/Patricii_(ordo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricii (ordo)">Patricios</a> corruptos ex officiis amovit et honores sollertibus <a href="/wiki/Equites" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Equites">equitibus</a> detulit (ut <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilatus" title="Pontius Pilatus">Pontio Pilato</a>), et in locum publicanorum saepe corruptorum magistratus substituit, qui vectigalia exigerent. <a href="/wiki/Senatus_Romanus" title="Senatus Romanus">Senatum</a> bellis civilibus ac <a href="/wiki/Proscriptio" title="Proscriptio">proscriptionibus</a> valde mutatum Augustus favoribus in suas partes traxit. </p><p>Exercitus diminuit; <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_antiqua" title="Aegyptus antiqua">Aegyptum</a> in provinciam redegit, regiones in <a href="/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes">Alpibus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> septentrionali et in <a href="/wiki/Balcania" class="mw-redirect" title="Balcania">Balcania</a> sitae expugnavit; a conatu, ut <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germaniam</a> transrhenanam in provinciam redigeret, <a href="/wiki/Clades_Variana" title="Clades Variana">clade Variana</a> accepta discessit; cum <a href="/wiki/Parthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthi">Parthis</a> foedere controversias composuit. Defendere magis quam occupare sors facta est militum Romanorum Augusto regnante. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principes_Iulii_et_Claudii">Principes Iulii et Claudii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Recensere partem: Principes Iulii et Claudii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Principes Iulii et Claudii"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg/220px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg/330px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg/440px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>Tiberius in solio collocatus <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicum</a> victorem salutat, sic dictus "Grand Camée de France", <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Nationalis_Francica" title="Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica">Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Parisiis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Successor Augusti, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(imperator)" title="Tiberius (imperator)">Tiberius</a> (<a href="/wiki/14" title="14">14</a>–<a href="/wiki/37" title="37">37</a>), dux efficax et administrator fuit. Inito Augustus filiastrum ac posterum filium adoptivum, quem uxor eius <a href="/wiki/Livia_Drusilla" title="Livia Drusilla">Livia</a> in matrimonium apportaverat, a muneribus maximi momenti exclusit, ut Tiberius denique se in <a href="/wiki/Rhodus" title="Rhodus">Rhodum</a> quasi in exsilium contulerit. Marcello filio sororis, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>, Gaio Lucioque nepotibus mortuis tamen successor designatus est. Extremo sui principatus tempore ad villam suam <a href="/wiki/Capreae" title="Capreae">Capreanam</a> recedit, imperium <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_praetorio" title="Praefectus praetorio">praefecto praetorio</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Seianus" title="Lucius Aelius Seianus">Lucio Aelio Seiano</a> tradens. Ut <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> narrat, forsitan autem magis invidiam quorundam quam veritatem sequens, Tiberius ultimis vitae annis, postquam Seianus criminis laesae maiestatis accusatus cecidit, nimis crudeliter se praebuit. </p><p>Filius fratris Tiberii Gaius, appellatus <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (<a href="/wiki/37" title="37">37</a>–<a href="/wiki/41" title="41">41</a>), fuit successor, qui initio bene erat amatus, quod vectigalia minuit, ludos circenses edidit, senatores ex exsilio revocavit, sed mox sese tyrannum ostendit. Sie fontes antiqui vera tradunt, senatores interfecit, ut uxores possessionesque caperet, amicos pueritiae gubernatores nominavit, se sicut <a href="/wiki/Iovis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iovis">Iovem</a> venerari iussit, equo suo Incitato honorem consulis dare voluit. Denique a coniuratoribus necatus est. </p><p>Caligula necato, nonnulli rem publicam restaurare voluerunt, sed <a href="/wiki/Praetoriani" title="Praetoriani">praetoriani</a> senatum imperatorem novum accipere impulerunt, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Claudius">Claudium</a> (<a href="/wiki/41" title="41">41</a>–<a href="/wiki/51" title="51">51</a>), qui antea ob vitia corporis, quae perfacili cognitio versabantur, praeteritus erat. Post coniurationem tyrannumque occisum unicus candidatus legitimus fuit. Historici antiqui eum hominem occultum, imperii vix capacem fuisse tradunt, qui se litteris dedidit. Contra studia hodierna saepe bonos regiminis sui eventus demonstrant, imprimis quod limites tutos reddidit et <a href="/wiki/Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannia">Britanniam</a> imperio adiunxit. <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_minor" title="Agrippina minor">Agrippina</a> uxor eum veneno interfecit, ut <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Caesar_Augustus_Germanicus" title="Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus">Nero</a> filius (<a href="/wiki/54" title="54">54</a>–<a href="/wiki/68" title="68">68</a>) rerum potiretur. </p><p>Similiter ac Caligula etiam Nero initio Romanis bonam spem dedit. Primis quinque annis regiminis eius, qui nomine "quinquennio Neronis" noti<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quique a scriptoribus aequalibus "aurea aetas" laudibus celebrati sunt, animus Neronis adulescentis a <a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a> philososopho flectus est. Annis sequentibus historici eum modo tyrannorum rexisse tradunt: Matrem interfecit; <a href="/wiki/Coniuratio_Pisonis" title="Coniuratio Pisonis">coniuratione Pisonis</a> patefacta Seneca, <a href="/wiki/Lucanus" title="Lucanus">Lucanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petronius" class="mw-disambig" title="Petronius">Petronius</a> mortem sibi conscicere coacti sunt; fama eum auctorem <a href="/wiki/Magnum_incendium_Romae" title="Magnum incendium Romae">magni incendii Romae</a> esse voluit,quod ei usui fuit cum ad urbem renovandam tum ad <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domum Auream</a> aedificandam. Crimen incendii <a href="/wiki/Religio_Christiana" title="Religio Christiana">Christianis</a> supposuit et primam <a href="/wiki/Persecutiones_Christianorum_Romanae" title="Persecutiones Christianorum Romanae">persecutionem Christianorum Romanam</a> incitavit, qua etiam <a href="/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus">Petrus</a> crucifictus esse traditur. Denique seditiones contra eum ortae sunt. Roma ab inimicis capta fugiens se interfecit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Roman_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire.png/220px-Roman_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire.png/330px-Roman_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire.png/440px-Roman_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Imperium Romanum annis: <b><a href="/wiki/Ruber" title="Ruber">rubrum</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/133_a.C.n." title="133 a.C.n.">133 a.C.n.</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Aurantius" title="Aurantius">aurantium</a></b> <a href="/wiki/44_a.C.n." title="44 a.C.n.">44 a.C.n.</a> (res publica postrema, terrae a <a href="/wiki/Pompeius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeius">Pompeio</a> et <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Iulius_Caesar" title="Gaius Iulius Caesar">Iulio Caesare</a> captae); <b><a href="/wiki/Flavus" title="Flavus">flavum</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/14" title="14">14</a> p.C.n. (captae ab <a href="/wiki/Octavianus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavianus Augustus">Octaviano Augusto</a>); <b><a href="/wiki/Viridis" title="Viridis">viride</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/117" title="117">117</a> p.C.n. (captae a imperatoribus posteris).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mors" title="Mors">Mors</a> Neronis bellum civile effecit, quo <a href="/wiki/Miles" title="Miles">milites</a> Romani per ordinem quattuor imperatores designaverunt, <a href="/wiki/Galba" class="mw-redirect" title="Galba">Galbam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otho" class="mw-redirect" title="Otho">Othonem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitellius">Vitellium</a> et <a href="/wiki/Vespasianus" title="Vespasianus">Vespasianum</a>, quam ob rem annus <a href="/wiki/69" title="69">69</a> "<a href="/wiki/Annus_Quattuor_Imperatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Quattuor Imperatorum">Annus Quattuor Imperatorum</a>" appellatur. Hoc speciem rei publicae redarguit: re vera imperium <a href="/wiki/Exercitus" title="Exercitus">exercitu</a> obtentum est. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principes_Flavii_et_Antonini">Principes Flavii et Antonini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Recensere partem: Principes Flavii et Antonini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Principes Flavii et Antonini"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicus">Scriptores rerum gestarum</a> Vespasianum (<a href="/wiki/69" title="69">69</a>–<a href="/wiki/79" title="79">79</a>) Neronis maxime dissimilem fuisse demonstrant: virum rusticum, festivum, imperatorem iustum. Dux exercitus in oriente <a href="/wiki/Primum_Bellum_Iudaicum" title="Primum Bellum Iudaicum">primum bellum Iudaicum</a> gessit, cum imperator declaratus est. Eo regnante filius eius <a href="/wiki/Titus_(imperator)" title="Titus (imperator)">Titus</a> seditionem Iudeaorum oppressit. Etiam in <a href="/wiki/Germani" class="mw-redirect" title="Germani">Germanos</a> severe animadvertit, ut limitem <a href="/wiki/Rhenus" title="Rhenus">Rheni</a> firmaret, et <a href="/wiki/Parthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthi">Parthos</a> cohibuit, exercitum in novum ordinem adduxit, fiscum replevit. Novos senatores e terris extra Italiam sitis et duces fideles designavit. Cum sit humili loco natus, auctoritatem magno opere <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Colosseum">Colossei</a> augere studuit. Denique novam domum regnatricem constitutit: <a href="/wiki/Gens_Flavia" title="Gens Flavia">Flaviam</a>. Post Vespasiani mortem filius eius <a href="/wiki/Titus_(imperator)" title="Titus (imperator)">Titus</a> imperator factus est. Quamquam regnum eius breve fuit (<a href="/wiki/79" title="79">79</a>–<a href="/wiki/81" title="81">81</a>), bona apud Romanos recordatione comprehensus est, ad quam laudem celere auxilium liberalitasque post urbes a <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvii</a> eruptione deletas magni interfuit. Successor autem et frater eius <a href="/wiki/Domitianus" title="Domitianus">Domitianus</a> in fontibus tyrannus demonstratur. Germanos quidem pluries vicit limitemque a <a href="/wiki/Rhenus" title="Rhenus">Rheno</a> usque ad <a href="/wiki/Danuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Danuvius">Danuvium</a> munitionibus confirmavit, ut apud milites plebemque admodum acceptus esset, tamen crudelitate et modo dominandi (inter alia se "dominum et deum" appellari iussit) senatui offensus anno <a href="/wiki/96" title="96">96</a> interfectus est. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quinque_imperatores_boni">Quinque imperatores boni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Recensere partem: Quinque imperatores boni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Quinque imperatores boni"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3558985/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:493px;max-width:493px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinque_Imperatores_Boni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinque Imperatores Boni (non est haec pagina)">Quinque Imperatores Boni</a> annorum a <a href="/wiki/96" title="96">96</a> ad <a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a>, ut appellantur.</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg/81px-Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg/122px-Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg/162px-Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula:R.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formula:R. (non est haec pagina)">Formula:R.</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg/95px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg/143px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg/190px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus">Traianus</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula:R.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formula:R. (non est haec pagina)">Formula:R.</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg/99px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg/149px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg/198px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2125" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hadrianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula:R.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formula:R. (non est haec pagina)">Formula:R.</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Antoninus_Pius_(Museo_del_Prado)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg/98px-Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg/147px-Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg/196px-Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula:R.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formula:R. (non est haec pagina)">Formula:R.</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Marcus_Aurelius_Metropolitan_Museum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Marcus_Aurelius_Metropolitan_Museum.png/100px-Marcus_Aurelius_Metropolitan_Museum.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Marcus_Aurelius_Metropolitan_Museum.png/150px-Marcus_Aurelius_Metropolitan_Museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Marcus_Aurelius_Metropolitan_Museum.png/200px-Marcus_Aurelius_Metropolitan_Museum.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula:R.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formula:R. (non est haec pagina)">Formula:R.</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Senatus <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nervae</a> (<a href="/wiki/96" title="96">96</a>-<a href="/wiki/98" title="98">98</a>) imperium dedit, qui honoratum <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germaniae</a> gubernatorem, <a href="/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus">Traianum</a> (<a href="/wiki/98" title="98">98</a>-<a href="/wiki/117" title="117">117</a>), adoptaverit; sic facta est domus regnatrix Antonina. Traianus primus imperator fuit qui extra Italiam (nempe in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>) natus est. Dux eminens fuit, qui nonnullas <a href="/wiki/Provincia_Romana" title="Provincia Romana">provincias</a> novas cepit: <a href="/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_Romana)" title="Dacia (provincia Romana)">Daciam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia_(provincia_Romana)" title="Armenia (provincia Romana)">Armeniam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia">Arabiam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(provincia_Romana)" title="Mesopotamia (provincia Romana)">Mesopotamiam</a>. Eo regnante, fines imperii maximum ambitum obtinuerunt, ut ab <a href="/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_(provincia_Romana)" title="Aegyptus (provincia Romana)">Aegypto</a> usque ad <a href="/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia">Scotiam</a> et ab <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> usque ad <a href="/wiki/Dacia_(provincia_Romana)" title="Dacia (provincia Romana)">Daciam</a> pertinerent. Propter facultatem administrandi consiliaque prudentia, unus ex optimis imperatoribus aestimatur. Etiam varia <a href="/wiki/Institutum" title="Institutum">instituta</a> auxilii communis creavit, inter quae distributio <a href="/wiki/Cibus" title="Cibus">cibi</a> pro <a href="/wiki/Puer" title="Puer">pueris</a> pauperibus. </p><p>Cum Traianus anno <a href="/wiki/117" title="117">117</a> inopinatus mortuus esset, <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> (<a href="/wiki/117" title="117">117</a>-<a href="/wiki/138" title="138">138</a>) eius cognatus successit. <a href="/wiki/Secundum_Bellum_Iudaicum" title="Secundum Bellum Iudaicum">Secundo bello Iudaico</a> pluribus locis (<a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>) iam anno <a href="/wiki/115" title="115">115</a> orto commotus copias Romanas ex Armenia et Mesopotamia retraxit. Administrationem emendavit, vias munitionesque plures exstruxit, inter quas clarum <a href="/wiki/Vallum_Aelium" title="Vallum Aelium">Murum Hadriani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannia Magna">Britannia</a> situm. Assidue per imperium Romanum peregrinare solebat, <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">culturamque</a> <a href="/wiki/Graecia_antiqua" title="Graecia antiqua">Graecam</a> amabat. Quamvis <a href="/wiki/Tertium_Bellum_Iudaicum" title="Tertium Bellum Iudaicum">seditione Barchochebae</a> (<a href="/wiki/132" title="132">132</a>-<a href="/wiki/135" title="135">135</a>) flagrante, tamen imperium <a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">in flore fuit</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Marcoaurelio30000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marcoaurelio30000.jpg/220px-Marcoaurelio30000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marcoaurelio30000.jpg/330px-Marcoaurelio30000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marcoaurelio30000.jpg/440px-Marcoaurelio30000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statua" title="Statua">Statua</a> Marci Aurelii. <a href="/wiki/Museum_Capitolii" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Capitolii">Museum Capitolii</a>, Romae.</figcaption></figure> <p>Post eum imperium recepit <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<a href="/wiki/138" title="138">138</a>-<a href="/wiki/161" title="161">161</a>), cuius regnum tranquillissimum optima aetas Imperii dicitur. Successor eius <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<a href="/wiki/161" title="161">161</a>-<a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a>) in variis <a href="/wiki/Orbis_terrarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbis terrarum">orbis terrarum</a> <a href="/wiki/Regio" title="Regio">regionibus</a> cum hostibus bellare debuit, qui iam in fines imperii progredebantur. In oriente <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthos</a> vicit, in provinciis septentrionalibus (<a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>) <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomannos</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quados</a> vix repellere potuit. Cum demum superior factus est, medio in bello <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobonae</a> anno <a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a> mortuus est. His diebus saepe "philosophus in throno imperatorum" dicitur, quod <a href="/wiki/Stoicismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoicismus">stoicismum</a> secutus est; excerpta quaedam collegit, quae nomine "Ad se ipsum" vel "<a href="/wiki/Meditationes_(Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Meditationes (Marcus Aurelius)">Meditationes</a>" <a href="/wiki/Graece" class="mw-redirect" title="Graece">lingua Graeca</a> conscripta exstant. </p><p>Rerum gestarum <a href="/wiki/Scriptor" title="Scriptor">scriptores</a> hos quinque imperatores (Nervam, Traianum, Hadrianum, Antoninum Pium et Marcum Aurelium) bonos appellant. Filium autem et successorem <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodum</a> (<a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a>–<a href="/wiki/192" title="192">192</a>) sic appellari vix potest. Commodo mortuo (vel, id quod veri simile est, interfecto), <a href="/wiki/Praetoriani" title="Praetoriani">praetoriani</a> de salute rei publicae desperati auctionem habuerunt ipsius imperii. Mox <a href="/wiki/Legio" class="mw-redirect" title="Legio">legiones</a> etiam potestatem capere volebant, et coepit <a href="/wiki/Bellum_civile" title="Bellum civile">bellum civile</a> rem Romanam vastaturum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principes_milites">Principes milites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Recensere partem: Principes milites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Principes milites"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Searchtool.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/18px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/27px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/36px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Si plus cognoscere vis, vide etiam <a href="/wiki/Discrimen_Tertii_Saeculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimen Tertii Saeculi">Discrimen Tertii Saeculi</a>.</span></div> <p>Bello civile perfecto, imperium cepit <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<a href="/wiki/193" title="193">193</a>–<a href="/wiki/211" title="211">211</a>), dux <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libycus</a> exercitus Danuvii. Maxima parte regni sua pugnas in limites imperii exardescentes extinguere debebat. <a href="/wiki/Senatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatus">Senatui</a> non fidebat, quam ob rem senatoribus honores militares ademit. Etiam praetorianis non fidebat, et cohortes praetorias dissolvit. Constante stipendio instituto et disciplina relaxata fidem exercitus confirmavit—<a href="/wiki/Miles" title="Miles">militibus</a> permisit nuberi, et agros locaque in castra extra urbem dedit. Militibus etiam nonnulla pensa administrationis commisit, inter alia <a href="/wiki/Vectigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vectigal">vectigalium</a> exactio. Haec emendationes tamen nationem infirmiorem non fortiorem fecerunt, et quinque eius successores interfecti sunt quamquam exercitu placabatur. <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, successor Severi, iura civium Romanum hominibus liberis omnium provinciarum anno <a href="/wiki/212" title="212">212</a> dedit. Regnum generis Severorum anno <a href="/wiki/235" title="235">235</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" title="Alexander Severus">Alexandro Severo</a> interfecto. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Hadrian%27s_Wall_and_Highshield_Crags_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410581.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hadrian%27s_Wall_and_Highshield_Crags_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410581.jpg/260px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_and_Highshield_Crags_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410581.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hadrian%27s_Wall_and_Highshield_Crags_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410581.jpg/390px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_and_Highshield_Crags_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410581.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hadrian%27s_Wall_and_Highshield_Crags_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410581.jpg/520px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_and_Highshield_Crags_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410581.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruina">Ruinae</a> <a href="/wiki/Vallum_Aelium" title="Vallum Aelium">Valli Hadriani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a> septentrionali.</figcaption></figure> <p>Exercitus nunc se putabat vicarium populi Romani et fontem et originem imperii. A <a href="/wiki/235" title="235">235</a> ad <a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a> milites circa viginti imperatores designaverunt qui Romam cepi potuerunt et circa triginta qui non ceperunt urbem. Modo unus ex his morte naturale obiit - ceteri sunt interfecti. Propter instabilitatem regni oeconomia Romana dilapsa est: magistratus summa tributa ad exercitus sustinendos postulabant, et agricolae pauperes servos in <a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifundiis</a> vel fures fiebant. Interea terras derelictas Germani Rhenum et Danuvium transeuntes capiebant; <a href="/wiki/Sassanidae" title="Sassanidae">Sassanidae</a> limites orientales imperii fregerunt; et <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> se rempublicam sui potentem declaravit. <a href="/wiki/Anarchia" title="Anarchia">Anarchia</a> et desuetudo viarum <a href="/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium">commercium</a> sisterunt. <a href="/wiki/Pecunia" title="Pecunia">Pecunia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pretium" title="Pretium">pretium</a> vel potius <a href="/wiki/Valor_(oeconomia)" title="Valor (oeconomia)">valorem</a> perdidit (nummi anni <a href="/wiki/270" title="270">270</a> unam partem ex centum <a href="/wiki/Argentum" title="Argentum">argenti</a> habebant), et homines permutatione <a href="/wiki/Merx" title="Merx">mercium</a> uti coeperunt. Magistratus nunc non pecuniam sed merces exigebant, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cibus" title="Cibus">cibum</a> vel arma. <a href="/wiki/Paupertas" title="Paupertas">Paupertate</a> etiam <a href="/wiki/Educatio" title="Educatio">eruditio</a> cultus ludi festaque minuebantur. <a href="/wiki/Aurelianus" title="Aurelianus">Aureliano</a> imperatore Romae, quae multis annis ultra moenia <a href="/wiki/Saeculum_4_a.C.n." title="Saeculum 4 a.C.n.">saeculo quarto a.C.n</a> extensa erat, nova moenia structa sunt—indicium infirmitatis imperii. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/220px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/330px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/440px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Inscriptio <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina" title="Lingua Latina">Latina</a> et <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Punica" title="Lingua Punica">Punica</a> ad <a href="/wiki/Theatrum" title="Theatrum">theatrum</a> <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magnae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(provincia_Romana)" title="Africa (provincia Romana)">Africa Romana</a> (hodierna <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correctiones_Diocletiani_et_Constantini">Correctiones Diocletiani et Constantini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Recensere partem: Correctiones Diocletiani et Constantini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Correctiones Diocletiani et Constantini"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decade septima III saeculi salus <a href="/wiki/Oeconomia" title="Oeconomia">oeconomica</a> militarisque imperii convalescebat. Stabilitatem politicam retulit <a href="/wiki/Diocletianus" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianus</a>, (<a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a>–<a href="/wiki/305" title="305">305</a>). Se aestimans omnia officia explere solum non posse <a href="/wiki/Maximilianus" class="mw-disambig" title="Maximilianus">Maximilianum</a> etiam dabit imperium ut provincias occidentales regnat. Mox uterque imperator (<a href="/wiki/Augustus_(titulus)" title="Augustus (titulus)">augustus</a>) adiutorem (<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(titulus)" title="Caesar (titulus)">Caesarem</a>) recepit. Regnum quattuor Caesarum a Diocletiano institutum ex <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Graeca" title="Lingua Graeca">Graeca</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchia" title="Tetrarchia">tetrarchia</a></i> appellatur. Anno <a href="/wiki/305" title="305">305</a> Diocletianus se abdicavit imperiumque Caesari suo dedit, sed translatio imperii tranquilla non fuit, et coorta est bellum civile. Fuit victor <a href="/wiki/Constantinus" class="mw-disambig" title="Constantinus">Constantinus</a>, qui anno <a href="/wiki/312" title="312">312</a> occidentalem annoque <a href="/wiki/324" title="324">324</a> partem imperii cepit. </p><p>Regnis Diocletiani et Constantini imperium mutata est. Exercitus est amplificatus divisusque in partes duas: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitanei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitanei (non est haec pagina)">limitaneos</a></i>, qui fines defendebant, et <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitatenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comitatenses (non est haec pagina)">comitatenses</a></i>, exercitum agilem castrensem. Stabilitas communis revenit, sed cum ea instituta nova administrationis segnia et corrupta, et plures agricolae pauperes servi fiebant. Etiam religio imperii mutabatur: <a href="/wiki/Religio_Christiana" title="Religio Christiana">religio Christiana</a> fiebat popularior, et Constantinus moriens Christianus factus est, et omnes imperatores sequentes Christiani erant, prater <a href="/wiki/Iulianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iulianus">Iulianum Apostatam</a>, ultimum paganum imperatorem. Anno <a href="/wiki/392" title="392">392</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> religionem publicam Christianam dixit, et omnes aliae vetatae sunt. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:DM_Tiberius_Claudius_Chryseros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/DM_Tiberius_Claudius_Chryseros.jpg/220px-DM_Tiberius_Claudius_Chryseros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/DM_Tiberius_Claudius_Chryseros.jpg/330px-DM_Tiberius_Claudius_Chryseros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/DM_Tiberius_Claudius_Chryseros.jpg/440px-DM_Tiberius_Claudius_Chryseros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Urna" title="Urna">Urna cineraria</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertus" title="Libertus">liberti</a> Tiberii Claudii Chryserotis et binarum <a href="/wiki/Mulier" title="Mulier">mulierum</a>, probabiliter eius <a href="/wiki/Uxor" title="Uxor">uxoris</a> et <a href="/wiki/Filia" title="Filia">filiae</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg/180px-Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg/270px-Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg/360px-Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Hominem damnatum <a href="/wiki/Pardus" title="Pardus">pardus</a> aggreditur in <a href="/wiki/Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena">arena</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opus_tessellatum" title="Opus tessellatum">Opus tessellatum</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saeculum_3" title="Saeculum 3">saeculo tertio</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exitum_imperii_occidentalis">Exitum imperii occidentalis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Recensere partem: Exitum imperii occidentalis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Exitum imperii occidentalis"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Searchtool.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/18px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/27px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/36px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Si plus cognoscere vis, vide etiam <a href="/wiki/Antiquitas_Posterior#Orbis_Romanus_ab_Discrimine_Tertii_Saeculi_usque_ad_finem_Imperii" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquitas Posterior">Antiquitas Posterior#Orbis Romanus ab Discrimine Tertii Saeculi usque ad finem Imperii</a>.</span></div> <p>Anno <a href="/wiki/330" title="330">330</a>, Constantinus caput imperii ad <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> transtulit antiquam coloniam Graecam, quam <a href="/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis">Constantinopolim</a> nominatam tamquam Romam alteram iterum condidit. Anno <a href="/wiki/395" title="395">395</a>, imperium tandem divisum est in partes ad occidentem et ad orientem solem vergentes, cuius Mediolanum et postea Ravenna illic capita erant, hic Constantinopolis. Imperium autem occidentale mox interiit. Multae enim gentes <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germanicae</a> in fines imperii invaserunt. Anno <a href="/wiki/410" title="410">410</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigothi" title="Visigothi">Visigothi</a> Romam ceperunt, ut quae urbs octingentos annos incolumis steterat, ea diriperetur. Eodem anno <a href="/wiki/Honorius" class="mw-disambig" title="Honorius">Honorius</a> Augustus (qui ab anno <a href="/wiki/395" title="395">395</a> ad annum <a href="/wiki/423" title="423">423</a> regnavit) Britanniam praesidiis privavit, ita ut mox illa provincia a <a href="/wiki/Saxones" title="Saxones">Saxonibus</a> occuparetur. Postea imperio vix ulla victoria fuit, licet anno <a href="/wiki/451" title="451">451</a> Romani cum quibusdam gentibus Germanicis foederatis incursionem <a href="/wiki/Hunni" title="Hunni">Hunnorum</a> ducisque eius populi <a href="/wiki/Attila" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila">Attilae</a> in Galliam factam repellerent. Post quattuor autem annos <a href="/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali">Vandali</a>, qui in <a href="/wiki/Africa_Septentrionalis" title="Africa Septentrionalis">Africa Septentrionali</a> consederant, Romam ipsam exspoliaverunt. Denique anno <a href="/wiki/476" title="476">476</a> imperium Romanum perditum est, cum dux ex populo Germanorum natus <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a> principe regno depulso regem <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italiae</a> se declaravit. </p><p>In partibus orientalibus <a href="/wiki/Saeculum_5" title="Saeculum 5">saeculum quintum</a> tranquillius fuit: Hunni quidem Gothique regiones Europaeas vastaverunt, sed <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus" title="Aegyptus">Aegyptus</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> intactae manserunt. <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Orientale" title="Imperium Romanum Orientale">Imperium Romanum Orientale</a>, postea <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantinum</a> appellatum, Occidentali mille annis supervixit. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Medium_aevum" title="Medium aevum">medio quod dicitur aevo</a>, sane Sacrum Imperium restitutum est, quod postea <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Romanum Sacrum">Sacrum Imperium Romanum</a> et saeculis <a href="/wiki/Saeculum_15" title="Saeculum 15">quinto decimo</a> et <a href="/wiki/Saeculum_16" title="Saeculum 16">sexto decimo</a> Sacrum Imperium Romanum nationis Germanicae nominatum anno denique <a href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</a> extinctum est. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notae">Notae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Recensere partem: Notae" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Notae"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>: Divus Augustus, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Ennius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennius">Ennius</a>, ann. fr. 500 (Vahlen)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ov. trist. 2,207. - Quid "carmen et error" accurate significet, nescitur, forsitan <a href="/wiki/Ars_amatoria" title="Ars amatoria">Artem amatoriam</a> et conscientiam coniurationis aut criminis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fons vocis est <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, liber de caesaribus 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographia">Bibliographia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Recensere partem: Bibliographia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliographia"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbott, Frank Frost. <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a>. <i>A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions.</i> Elibron Classics. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0543927490" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0543927490</a>.</li> <li>Adena, L. <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104073248/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/How+the+Jesus+Cult+Captured+the+Roman+State">The 'Jesus Cult' and the Roman State in the Third Century.</a> <i>Clio History Journal.</i></li> <li>Bury, John Bagnell. <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a>. <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius.</i> <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/9781436734165" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781436734165</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a>. <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>. <i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples.</i> Cassell. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0304349127" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0304349127</a>.</li> <li>Christ, Karl. <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> (6. ed., bibliographia ad tempus editionis continuata). <i>Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Von Augustus bis zu Konstantin.</i> Monaci: Beck. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/9783406596131" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9783406596131</a>. (Optima, ut multi arbitrantur, imperii Romani descriptio linguae Theodiscae.)</li> <li>Crook, J. A. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>. <i>Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC–AD 212.</i> <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0801492734" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0801492734</a>.</li> <li>Dahlheim, Werner. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. <i>Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit.</i> Ed. tertia, retractata et amplificata. Monaci: Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/3486496735" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3486496735</a>. (Descriptio brevior, parte investigativa ac bibliographia ampla addita.)</li> <li>Dudley, Donald R. <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>. <i>The Civilization of Rome.</i> Ed. 2a. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0452010160" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0452010160</a>.</li> <li>Ferrill, Arthur. <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>. <i>The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation.</i> Londinii: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0500274959" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0500274959</a>.</li> <li>Freeman, Charles. <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>. <i>The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World.</i> Novi Eboraci: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0670885150" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0670885150</a>.</li> <li>Garzetti, Albino. <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>. <i>From Tiberius to the Antonines.</i> Londinii.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardus_Gibbon" title="Eduardus Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>. <a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>–<a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>. <i>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.</i></li> <li>Goldsworthy, Adrian. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>. <i>The Punic Wars.</i> Cassell & Co. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0304352845" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0304352845</a>.</li> <li>Goldsworthy, Adrian. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. <i>In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire.</i> Weidenfield and Nicholson. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0297846663" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0297846663</a>.</li> <li>Goldsworthy, Adrian. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. <i>The Complete Roman Army.</i> Londinii: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0500051240" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0500051240</a>.</li> <li>Grant, Michael. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>. <i>The History of Rome.</i> Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/057111461X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 057111461X</a>.</li> <li>Isaac, Benjamin. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>. "The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East" Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0198149263" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-814926-3</a>.</li> <li>Johne, Klaus-Peter, ed. <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>. <i>Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284).</i> Berolini: Akademie Verlag.</li> <li>Kienast, Dietmar. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> (3. ed. 2004). <i>Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie.</i> Darmstadiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/3534182405" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3534182405</a>.</li> <li>Lintott, Andrew. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>. <i>Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration.</i> <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0415093759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0415093759</a>.</li> <li>Luttwak, Edward. <i>The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire.</i> Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0801821584" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8018-2158-4</a>.</li> <li>Millar, Fergus. <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>. <i>The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC–AD 337).</i> Londinii.</li> <li>Potter, David S., ed. <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. <i>A Companion To The Roman Empire.</i> Oxoniae: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/0631226443" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-22644-3</a>. (Collatio commentationum, quibus imprimis fontes ac res culturales, oeconomicae socialesque tranctantur.)</li> <li>Reid, T. R. <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211153712/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/">The World According to Rome.</a> <i>National Geographic</i> 192 (2): 54––83.</li> <li>Santosuosso, Antionio. <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>. <i>Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire.</i> Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/081333523X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 081333523X</a>.</li> <li>Sommer, Michael. <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>. <i>Römische Geschichte II. Rom und sein Imperium in der Kaiserzeit.</i> Stuttgardiae: Kröner.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Ancient_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Cambridge Ancient History (non est haec pagina)">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> (2. ed.). Vol. 10–12. (Vol. 13-14 de <a href="/wiki/Antiquitas_Posterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquitas Posterior">Antiquitate Posteriore</a> agunt.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nexus_interni">Nexus interni</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_imperio_ipso">De imperio ipso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Recensere partem: De imperio ipso" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: De imperio ipso"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_Romae_antiquae" title="Annales Romae antiquae">Annales Romae antiquae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimen_Tertii_Saeculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimen Tertii Saeculi">Discrimen Tertii Saeculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperatores_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperatores Romani">Imperatores Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_provinciarum_Romanarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Index provinciarum Romanarum">Index provinciarum Romanarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_temporibus_anterioribus_et_posterioribus">De temporibus anterioribus et posterioribus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Recensere partem: De temporibus anterioribus et posterioribus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: De temporibus anterioribus et posterioribus"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Orientale" title="Imperium Romanum Orientale">Imperium Romanum Orientale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Romanum Sacrum">Sacrum Romanum Imperium</a> medii aevi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_Publica_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Res Publica Romana">Res Publica Romana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_rebus_variis">De rebus variis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Recensere partem: De rebus variis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: De rebus variis"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectura_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectura Romana">Architectura Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographia_Antiquitatis" title="Demographia Antiquitatis">Demographia Antiquitatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technologia_Romana" title="Technologia Romana">Technologia Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationes_inter_imperia_Sinicum_et_Romanum" title="Rationes inter imperia Sinicum et Romanum">Rationes inter imperia Sinicum et Romanum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nexus_externi">Nexus externi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Recensere partem: Nexus externi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Romanum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Nexus externi"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table border="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pagina_prima" class="extiw" title="commons:Pagina prima">Vicimedia Communia</a></b> plura habent quae ad <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roman Empire">Imperium Romanum</a></b> spectant. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/">The Roman Law Library</a> (Yves Lassard, Alexandr Koptev).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708232311/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i11rv1ezJ_9hlqSjJfzxr1A5wryQ">Roman battlefield unearthed deep inside Germany,</a> www.google.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans">BBC Romans for Children,</a> www.bbc.co.uk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305213059/http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romeh/">Classics Unveiled,</a> classicsunveiled.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519172508/http://www.euratlas.com/history_europe/europe_map_0100.html">Complete map of the Roman Empire in year 100,</a> www.euratlas.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roman-empire.info/">Detailed history of the Roman Empire,</a> roman-empire.info</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm">Historical Atlas,</a> tacitus.nu <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3389956">.mw-parser-output .existinglinksgray a,.mw-parser-output .existinglinksgray a:visited{color:gray}.mw-parser-output .existinglinksgray a.new{color:#ba0000}.mw-parser-output .existinglinksgray a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style><span class="existinglinksgray" style="font-size:0.95em; color:gray;"><b>(<a href="/wiki/Suedice" class="mw-redirect" title="Suedice">Suedice</a>)</b></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romancoins.info/">Roman Numismatic Gallery,</a> romancoins.info</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218105026/http://resourcesforhistory.com/">The Celts and Romans,</a> resourcesforhistory.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roman-empire.net/">The Roman Empire,</a> roman-empire.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbs.org/empires/romans/index.html">The Roman Empire in the First Century,</a> pbs.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/">Roman History,</a> www.unrv.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowtheromans.co.uk">The Romans,</a> www.knowtheromans.co.uk</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3854889">.mw-parser-output div.capsanav{margin:1.5em auto;border:1px solid #d2d4d8;font-size:95%;clear:both;border-radius:1em;background-color:rgba(0,32,255,.03);padding:.25em .8em;box-shadow:8px 8px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output div.capsanav div.capsanav-titulus{font-weight:bold;font-size:100%;background-color:rgba(13,0,186,.073);padding:.1em .75em;margin:0 -.55em;border-radius:1em}.mw-parser-output div.capsanav div.capsanav-contenta{padding:.5em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output div.capsanav table.capsanav-vas{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.capsanav-vas td.capsanav-imago{text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px;width:auto}.mw-parser-output div.capsanav table.capsanav-tabella,.mw-parser-output table.capsanav-vas td.capsanav-prima{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.capsanav-tabella th{width:auto;white-space:nowrap;padding:.1em .45em .1em .25em;background-color:rgba(0,32,255,.073)}.mw-parser-output table.capsanav-tabella td{width:100%;padding:.1em .25em .1em .45em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.capsanav-tabella tr:first-of-type>th{border-radius:1em 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output table.capsanav-tabella tr:last-of-type>th{border-radius:0 0 1em 1em}</style><div class="NaFrame mw-collapsible capsanav mw-collapsed"> <div class="NaHead capsanav-titulus">De <a href="/wiki/Roma_antiqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma antiqua">Roma antiqua</a></div> <div class="NaContent mw-collapsible-content capsanav-contenta"> <div><i><a href="/wiki/Roma_antiqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma antiqua">Roma antiqua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Historia_Romae" title="Historia Romae">Historia Romae</a></i></div> <table class="capsanav-tabella"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Historia_Romae" title="Historia Romae">Aetates</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Romae_exordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Romae exordium">Exordium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reges_Romani" title="Reges Romani">Monarchia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Res_Publica_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Res Publica Romana">Res Publica </a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ruina_et_lapsus_Imperii_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruina et lapsus Imperii Romani">Ruina et lapsus Imperii </a> • <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Occidentale" title="Imperium Romanum Occidentale">Imperium Romanum Occidentale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Orientale" title="Imperium Romanum Orientale">Imperium Byzantinum</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutiones_Romae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutiones Romae (non est haec pagina)">Constitutiones</a></th><td> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Constitutionum_Romae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Constitutionum Romae (non est haec pagina)">Historia</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutio_Romae_aetate_regum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutio Romae aetate regum (non est haec pagina)">Aetas regum </a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutio_Rei_Publicae_Romanae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutio Rei Publicae Romanae (non est haec pagina)">Res Publica</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutio_Imperii_Romani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutio Imperii Romani (non est haec pagina)">Imperium Romanum</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Institutiones_publicae_Romae_antiquae" title="Institutiones publicae Romae antiquae">Administratio</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Senatus_Romanus" title="Senatus Romanus">Senatus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Comitia" title="Comitia">Comitia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comitia_curiata" title="Comitia curiata">Curiata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comitia_centuriata" title="Comitia centuriata">Centuriata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitia_tributa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comitia tributa (non est haec pagina)">Tributa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concilia_plebis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concilia plebis (non est haec pagina)">Concilia plebis</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" title="Forum Romanum">Forum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Legatus">Legatus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a> • <a href="/wiki/Officium" title="Officium">Officium </a> • <a href="/wiki/Praefectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imperator_Romanus" title="Imperator Romanus">Imperator</a> • <a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pontifex" title="Pontifex">Pontifex</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(titulus)" title="Augustus (titulus)">Augustus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(titulus)" title="Caesar (titulus)">Caesar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchia" title="Tetrarchia">Tetrarchia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Provincia" title="Provincia">Provincia</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Magistratus" title="Magistratus">Magistratus</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Tribunus_plebis" title="Tribunus plebis">Tribunus plebis</a> • <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribuni_aerarii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribuni aerarii (non est haec pagina)">Tribuni aerarii</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribuni_militum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribuni militum (non est haec pagina)">Tribuni militum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tribunus_militum_consulari_potestate" title="Tribunus militum consulari potestate">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribunus_Celerum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribunus Celerum (non est haec pagina)">Tribunus Celerum</a>)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aedilis" title="Aedilis">Aedilis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">Consul</a> • <a href="/wiki/Censor" title="Censor">Censor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul </a> • <a href="/wiki/Gubernator" title="Gubernator">Gubernator</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">Dictator</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Decemviri_legibus_scribundis" title="Decemviri legibus scribundis">Decemviri legibus scribundis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tribunus_militum_consulari_potestate" title="Tribunus militum consulari potestate">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Triumviratus" title="Triumviratus">Triumvir</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reges_Romani" title="Reges Romani">Rex</a> • <a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Ius_Romanum" title="Ius Romanum">Leges</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Lex_XII_Tabularum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex XII Tabularum">Lex XII Tabularum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Civis_Romanus_sum" title="Civis Romanus sum">Civis Romanus sum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Status_(ius_Romanum)" title="Status (ius Romanum)">Status</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudicia_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudicia in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Iudicia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edictum_Domitiani_de_excidendis_vineis" title="Edictum Domitiani de excidendis vineis">Edictum Domitiani de excidendis vineis</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societas_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Societas in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Societas</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Patricii_(ordo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricii (ordo)">Patricii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs">Plebs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eques_Romanus" title="Eques Romanus">Ordo Equestris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tribus_(divisio_populi_Romani)" title="Tribus (divisio populi Romani)">Tribus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomina Romana antiqua</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulieres_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulieres in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Mulieres</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrimonium_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrimonium in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Matrimonium</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servitus_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Servitus in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Servitus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libertus" title="Libertus">Liberti</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Exercitus_Romanus" title="Exercitus Romanus">Exercitus</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Legio_Romana" title="Legio Romana">Legio </a> • <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roma_antiqua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes (Roma antiqua)">Limes</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultus_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultus in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Cultura</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Calendarium_Romanum" title="Calendarium Romanum">Calendarium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Historia_medicinae_Romanae" title="Historia medicinae Romanae">Medicina</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatrum_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatrum in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Theatrum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ars_coquinaria_Romana" title="Categoria:Ars coquinaria Romana">Ars coquinaria </a> • <a href="/wiki/Schola_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Schola romana">Schola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Litterae_Latinae" title="Litterae Latinae">Litterae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ars_in_Roma_antiqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars in Roma antiqua">Ars</a> • <a href="/wiki/Musica_Romana_antiqua" title="Musica Romana antiqua">Musica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Architectura_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectura Romana">Architectura</a> • <a href="/wiki/Religio_Romana" title="Religio Romana">Religio</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exsequiae_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exsequiae in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Exsequiae</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecutiones_religiosae_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecutiones religiosae in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Persecutiones</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cultus_imperatorius" title="Cultus imperatorius">Cultus imperatorius</a>)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Mythologia_Romana" title="Mythologia Romana">Mythologia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianismus_in_imperio_romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianismus in imperio romano">Christianismus in imperio romano</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermae">Thermae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" title="Forum Romanum">Forum</a> • <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vestimenta_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestimenta Romana">Vestimenta</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festa_Romanorum_antiquorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festa Romanorum antiquorum (non est haec pagina)">Festa</a> • <small>(<a href="/wiki/Carmentalia" title="Carmentalia">Carmentalia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Floralia" title="Floralia">Floralia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lemuralia" title="Lemuralia">Lemuralia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parilia" title="Parilia">Parilia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">Circus</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinum_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinum in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Vinum</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meretrices_in_Roma_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meretrices in Roma antiqua (non est haec pagina)">Meretrices</a> • <a href="/wiki/Linguae_Imperii_Romani" title="Linguae Imperii Romani">Linguae</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Technologia" title="Technologia">Technologia</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Numeri_Romani" title="Numeri Romani">Numeri Romani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">Abacus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Viae_Romanae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viae Romanae">Viae Romanae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pontes_Romani" title="Pontes Romani">Pontes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquae_ductus" title="Aquae ductus">Aquae ducti</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgia_Romana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metallurgia Romana (non est haec pagina)">Metallurgia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oeconomia_Romae_antiquae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oeconomia Romae antiquae (non est haec pagina)">Oeconomia</a></th><td> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agricultura_Romana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agricultura Romana (non est haec pagina)">Agricultura</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercatura_Romana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercatura Romana (non est haec pagina)">Mercatura</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">Aerarium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nummi_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nummi Romani">Nummi</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina" title="Lingua Latina">Lingua Latina</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina_archaica" title="Lingua Latina archaica">Archaica</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_Latina_classica_sive_aurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua Latina classica sive aurea (non est haec pagina)">Classica sive aurea</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_Latina_postclassica_sive_argentea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua Latina postclassica sive argentea (non est haec pagina)">Postclassica sive argentea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sermo_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermo vulgaris">Sermo vulgaris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina_mediaevalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Latina mediaevalis">Mediaevalis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina_humanistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Latina humanistica">Humanistica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Neolatina" title="Lingua Neolatina">Lingua Neolatina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina_scientifica" class="mw-disambig" title="Lingua Latina scientifica">Lingua Latina scientifica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Latina_Ecclesiastica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica">Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Linguae_Romanicae" title="Linguae Romanicae">Linguae Romanicae</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Auctores_Latini_antiqui" title="Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui">Scriptores praecipui</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catullus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatius">Horatius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iulius_Caesar" class="mw-disambig" title="Iulius Caesar">Iulius Caesar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iuvenalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuvenalis">Iuvenalis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Livius" class="mw-redirect" title="Livius">Livius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ovidius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovidius">Ovidius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petronius" class="mw-disambig" title="Petronius">Petronius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plautus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Plinius_Secundus" title="Gaius Plinius Secundus">Gaius Plinius Secundus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Plinius_Caecilius_Secundus" title="Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus">Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Propertius" class="mw-redirect" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sallustius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallustius">Sallustius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vergilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergilius">Vergilius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Index_rerum_de_Roma_antiqua" title="Index rerum de Roma antiqua">Indices</a></th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Annales_Romae_antiquae" title="Annales Romae antiquae">Annales</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_consulum_rei_publicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Index consulum rei publicae">Consules rei publicae </a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_consulum_sub_principatu_electorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Index consulum sub principatu electorum">Consules sub principatu electorum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_deorum_Graecorum_cum_paribus_deis_Romanis_Etruscisque" title="Index deorum Graecorum cum paribus deis Romanis Etruscisque">Dii Graeci cum paribus deis Romanis Etruscisque</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dioecesis_Imperii_Romani" title="Dioecesis Imperii Romani">Dioeceses</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gentes_Romanae" title="Gentes Romanae">Gentes Romanae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Indices_gubernatorum_provinciarum_Romanarum" title="Categoria:Indices gubernatorum provinciarum Romanarum">Gubernatores provinciarum Romanarum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_Imperatorum_Romanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Index Imperatorum Romanorum">Imperatores</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_urbium_Imperii_Romani" title="Index urbium Imperii Romani">Oppida et urbes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_personarum_Romae_antiquae" class="mw-redirect" title="Index personarum Romae antiquae">Homines illustri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_provinciarum_Romanarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Index provinciarum Romanarum">Provinciae</a> • <small>(<a href="/wiki/Index_provinciarum_Rei_Publicae_Romanae" title="Index provinciarum Rei Publicae Romanae">Provinciae Rei Publicae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_provinciarum_Romanarum_Imperii" title="Index provinciarum Romanarum Imperii">Provinciae Imperii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Index_provinciarum_Romanarum_Diocletianarum" title="Index provinciarum Romanarum Diocletianarum">Provinciae Imperii Diocletiani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabula_successionis_provinciarum_Romanarum" title="Tabula successionis provinciarum Romanarum">Tabula successionis provinciarum Romanarum</a>)</small> <a href="/wiki/Formula:RegesRomani" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula:RegesRomani">Reges</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regiones_Italicae_Augustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiones Italicae Augustae">Regiones Italicae Augustae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Formula:Antiquae_viae_Romanae" title="Formula:Antiquae viae Romanae">Antiquae viae</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Receptum de "<a dir="ltr" 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