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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="خوسيه بارانهوس، فيكونت ريو برانكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خوسيه بارانهوس، فيكونت ريو برانكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos" title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos" title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos" title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos" title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Viscount Rio Branco – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="José Paranhos, Viscount Rio Branco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_visconte_di_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, visconte di Rio Branco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="José Paranhos, visconte di Rio Branco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%DA%A4%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3" title="چوس ماريا دا سيلڤا پارانهوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوس ماريا دا سيلڤا پارانهوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_(wicehrabia_Rio_Branco)" title="José Paranhos (wicehrabia Rio Branco) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="José Paranhos (wicehrabia Rio Branco)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos" title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1819)" title="Параньос, Жозе Мария да Силва (1819) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Параньос, Жозе Мария да Силва (1819)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_den_%C3%A4ldre" title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos den äldre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos den äldre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos" title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="José Maria da Silva Paranhos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brazilian politician and diplomat (1819–1880)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Visconde do Rio Branco" redirects here. For the municipality in Minas Gerais, see <a href="/wiki/Visconde_do_Rio_Branco,_Minas_Gerais" title="Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais">Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"José Paranhos" redirects here. For his son, see <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Viscount of Rio Branco</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Visconde_do_Rio_Branco_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing the head and shoulders of an older man with large sideburns and wearing a formal coat and black bow tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Visconde_do_Rio_Branco_1879.jpg/220px-Visconde_do_Rio_Branco_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Visconde_do_Rio_Branco_1879.jpg/330px-Visconde_do_Rio_Branco_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Visconde_do_Rio_Branco_1879.jpg/440px-Visconde_do_Rio_Branco_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="2342" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Henschel" title="Alberto Henschel">Alberto Henschel</a>, 1879</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 March 1871 – 25 June 1875</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Pimenta_Bueno,_Marquis_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="José Antônio Pimenta Bueno, Marquis of São Vicente">Viscount of São Vicente</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Duke of Caxias</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">José Maria da Silva Paranhos</div> (1819-03-16)16 March 1819 <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1880(1880-11-01) (aged 61) <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Municipality" title="Neutral Municipality">Neutral Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_1831)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 1831)">Liberal</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative</a> (1853–1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Teresa de Figueiredo Faria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">9, including the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">Baron of Rio Branco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco's signature"><img alt="Signature of José Paranhos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_signature.svg/128px-Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_signature.svg/192px-Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_signature.svg/256px-Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="90" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg/60px-COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg/90px-COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg/120px-COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="432" /></a> Coat of Arms of the Viscount of Rio Branco</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco (16 March 1819 – 1 November 1880), was a Brazilian politician, monarchist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975713-1">[1]</a> diplomat, teacher and journalist. Rio Branco was born in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_of_Bahia" title="Captaincy of Bahia">Captaincy of Bahia</a>, to a wealthy family, but most of the fortune was lost after his parents' deaths early in his childhood. In 1871, Rio Branco became the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Council of Ministers of Brazil">president of the Council of Ministers</a> (Prime Minister) for the first time. He would become the Council's longest-serving president, and his cabinet the second longest, in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">Brazilian history</a>. His government was marked by a time of economic prosperity and the enactment of several reforms. The most important of these initiatives was the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Free_Birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Free Birth">Law of Free Birth</a>, which granted <a href="/wiki/Freeborn" title="Freeborn">freeborn</a> status to children born to slave women. Rio Branco led the government that enacted this law, and its passage increased his popularity. His government was plagued by a long crisis with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> that resulted from the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">lay brotherhoods</a>. After more than four years heading the Cabinet, Rio Branco resigned in 1875. Following a long vacation in Europe, his health swiftly declined and he was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral cancer</a>. Rio Branco died in 1880 and was widely mourned throughout the country. He is regarded by most historians as one of Brazil's greatest statesmen. Rio Branco attended Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Naval_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Naval School">Naval School</a> and became a midshipman in 1841. Later that year he was enrolled in the Army's <a href="/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras">Military Academy</a>, eventually becoming an instructor there. Rather than continue to serve in the military, he became a politician in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_1831)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 1831)">Liberal Party</a>. In 1845, he was elected a member of the provincial house of representatives of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> province, site of the national capital of the same name. Rio Branco rose to power within the province under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Aureliano_Coutinho,_Viscount_of_Sepetiba" title="Aureliano Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba">Aureliano Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba</a>—a veteran politician who held tremendous influence over the young and inexperienced Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>. He temporarily abandoned politics after Aureliano Coutinho's fall from grace and the subsequent dissolution of the Liberal Party. Rio Branco's work in the press, highlighting threats posed by the armed conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Platine</a> republics (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>), attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná">Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná</a>, who invited him to act as secretary on a diplomatic mission to <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>. They were successful in forging alliances, which contributed to the eventual fall in 1852 of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a>, an Argentine dictator who had declared war on Brazil. In 1853 Rio Branco joined the Marquis of Paraná's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative Party</a> as well as the cabinet over which the latter presided. He rose rapidly through the Conservative ranks during the early 1860s when many colleagues joined members of the defunct Liberal Party to form a new party. Rio Branco was sent to Uruguay in late 1864, tasked with bringing a diplomatic end to the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a>. Although successful, he was abruptly dismissed from his post. In 1869, he was recalled and dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, this time to negotiate an end to <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">its war with Brazil</a>. His successful efforts in concluding a peace with Paraguay were recognized, and Pedro II <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">ennobled</a> him, making him Viscount of <a href="/wiki/Branco_River_(Mato_Grosso_do_Sul)" title="Branco River (Mato Grosso do Sul)">Rio Branco</a> (Portuguese for "White River"). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Printed full-length drawing of a thin young man standing and wearing a military tunic with an epaulet on the left shoulder, white trousers and his left hand resting on the hilt of a sword worn at the waist and his right hand holding a plumed hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Young_viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg/180px-Young_viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Young_viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg/270px-Young_viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Young_viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg/360px-Young_viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>A young José Paranhos, dressed in an Army cadet uniform around 1841</figcaption></figure> Paranhos was born on 16 March 1819 in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a>, at a time when Brazil was a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">kingdom united with Portugal</a>. His parents were Agostinho da Silva Paranhos and Josefa Emerenciana de Barreiros.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999205-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198516–17-3">[3]</a> Agostinho Paranhos, along with his two brothers, migrated to Brazil during the first decade of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13360-4">[4]</a> He became a wealthy merchant and married Josefa, the Brazilian-born daughter of one of Bahia's long-established families. Her family had roots in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, where Agostinho's own family had originated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198517-5">[5]</a> Agostinho remained loyal to Portugal at the time of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Independence">Brazil's Independence</a> in 1822, which resulted in his ostracism and the collapse of his business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969574-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198521-7">[7]</a> José Paranhos had a simple childhood without luxury. Though his parents were no longer rich, he did not experience poverty. In later life, José fondly remembered Bahia as the "native land" of his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198524-8">[8]</a> His father died when he was still a child and his mother followed a few years later. He and his younger brothers were left in a precarious position, since the remainder of Agostinho Paranhos's fortune had been appropriated by a relative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969574-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198524-8">[8]</a> The brothers were rescued by an uncle on their mother's side, Eusébio Gomes Barreiros, who held the rank of a colonel in the Engineer Corps.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Colonel Barreiros raised his sister's children as his own and financed their education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999205-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198525-10">[10]</a> An educated man, Barreiros had a strong influence on Paranhos's upbringing, and in later years, his nephew always spoke respectfully about his uncle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198529-11">[11]</a> In 1835, aged 14, Paranhos was sent to the Imperial capital, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, to continue his studies. At the beginning of the following year he was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Naval_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Naval School">Naval Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999205-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198527-12">[12]</a> To help support his education, Paranhos tutored his classmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548-13">[13]</a> In 1841, when he was 22, he graduated with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a>, enrolling in the Army's <a href="/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras">Military Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198529,_48-14">[14]</a> He pursued a course in engineering and developed a penchant for <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13360-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2309-15">[15]</a> Prior to graduation from the Army Academy, he was promoted to second lieutenant in the Navy and became a substitute teacher in the Naval Academy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438-16">[16]</a> In 1842, he married Teresa de Figueiredo Faria, whose family had also come from Porto in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002439-17">[17]</a> After Paranhos graduated from the Military Academy in 1843 as a second lieutenant in the engineer corps, he decided to return to civilian life and focus on his career as a teacher. He became a regular instructor at the Naval Academy during 1844, conducting artillery classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548-13">[13]</a> In 1845, he was transferred from the Naval Academy to the faculty of the Military Academy teaching artillery, fortification, and later, mechanics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548-13">[13]</a> In addition to teaching, Paranhos also became a journalist, and by 1844 was working for newspapers which supported the Liberal Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999206-18">[18]</a> He remained a professor in the Military Academy and began teaching political economy, statistics and administrative law in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13360-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_211-19">[19]</a> In 1874, Paranhos became the dean of the newly created Engineering School (today the Polytechnic School of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Federal University of Rio de Janeiro">Federal University of Rio de Janeiro</a>), a civilian branch of the Military Academy's engineering program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198549-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtier_Faction">Courtier Faction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Courtier Faction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureliano_coutinho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithographic half-length portrait of a man with dark hair and wearing a sash of office and medals over an intricately embroidered tunic coat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aureliano_coutinho.jpg/180px-Aureliano_coutinho.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aureliano_coutinho.jpg/270px-Aureliano_coutinho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aureliano_coutinho.jpg/360px-Aureliano_coutinho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureliano_Coutinho,_Viscount_of_Sepetiba" title="Aureliano Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba">Aureliano Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba</a>, leader of the Courtier Faction</figcaption></figure> Paranhos' writings for liberal newspapers attracted the attention of other Liberal Party members. He became a friend and protégé of <a href="/wiki/Aureliano_Coutinho,_Viscount_of_Sepetiba" title="Aureliano Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba">Aureliano de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho</a>, later the Viscount of Sepetiba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999206-18">[18]</a> At the time, Aureliano Coutinho was the most powerful figure in Brazilian national politics. He was the leader of the "Courtier Faction", a group—sometimes considered a wing of the Liberal Party—which had established influence over the young and inexperienced Pedro II. Members of the faction included high-ranking palace servants and notable politicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199949,_80-21">[21]</a> In 1844, the Emperor appointed Aureliano Coutinho President (governor) of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> province, the richest and most important province in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199994,_103-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1105-23">[23]</a> With Aureliano Coutinho's patronage and strong political power base, Paranhos was elected in 1845, at age 26, to the Provincial Legislative Assembly—the provincial house of representatives. The following year, Aureliano Coutinho appointed him to be the provincial secretary, then vice-president, and later acting president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438-16">[16]</a> In 1847, Paranhos was elected as a general deputy, representing Rio de Janeiro in the national <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Courtier Faction lost favor in 1847 after it had dominated Brazilian politics for many years. As the Emperor physically matured and became more politically astute, he purged everyone linked to the group. Aureliano Coutinho, as the leader, was completely excluded from political life: "the result of an implicit, if unspoken ban imposed by Pedro II".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999112–114-25">[25]</a> The monarch made it clear that he would no longer tolerate being influenced by political factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114-26">[26]</a> From February 1844 through May 1848, each of the four cabinets were entirely composed of Liberal Party members. Internal divisions within the Liberal Party impeded the projects designed to modernize Brazil, including education reform, construction of railroads and telegraph lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123-27">[27]</a> After the resignation of the last Liberal Cabinet, Pedro II invited the rival Conservative Party to form a new cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123-27">[27]</a> With his party no longer in control, Paranhos lost much of his influence. The Liberal Party was not willing to accept its loss of power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975104-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124-29">[29]</a> The most radical faction of the Liberals in the province of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, known as the Partido da Praia ("Party of the Beach"), openly advocated a rebellion. Nominally Liberal, the praieiros were associated with the Courtier Faction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975111-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Praieira_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Praieira Revolt">proposed rebellion</a> would be an attempt of this branch of the Courtier Faction to regain control of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975104-28">[28]</a> The praieiros had little support, and public opinion was also against them. The group was unable to convince the vast majority of the population that a revolt would bring them any benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975109-31">[31]</a> On 2 February 1849, the limited uprising of the praieiros was completely defeated after attacking <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, the capital of Pernambuco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975114-32">[32]</a> Even though Paranhos had condemned it, the Praiera rebellion, combined with the downfalls of his patron and the Liberal Party, made a continued political career impossible. He turned his focus once again to his work in journalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006157-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platine_War">Platine War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Platine War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_uruguay_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of western South America showing Bolivia in the northwest, Brazil in the north, Paraguay in the center, and Argentina and Uruguay in the southwest separated by the Uruguay River and the Río de la Plata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/River_uruguay_map.PNG/180px-River_uruguay_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/River_uruguay_map.PNG/270px-River_uruguay_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/River_uruguay_map.PNG/360px-River_uruguay_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>Map of the region where the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> occurred</figcaption></figure> After leaving politics, Paranhos quit writing for liberal newspapers and became the editor of the politically neutral Jornal do Comércio ("Commerce News").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999206-18">[18]</a> He wrote a series of weekly articles from 1850 until the end of 1851 which were entitled "Letters to an absent friend". The column dealt with subjects that included politics, Brazilian society and day-to-day life in the Brazilian capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213-33">[33]</a> Paranhos's articles soon began to focus on Brazil's foreign policy, especially <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and Uruguay's <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">civil war</a>. <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> Juan Manuel de Rosas, the dictator of Argentina, had assisted the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">separatist rebels</a> in the Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> during the 1830s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_215-36">[36]</a> and continued to attempt its annexation. In addition to the threat to Brazil's territorial integrity, Rosas had ambitions to conquer Paraguay, Uruguay and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1160-37">[37]</a> Brazil's Conservative Cabinet decided to form military alliances with the countries threatened by the dictator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_220-38">[38]</a> On 4 September 1851, Brazil's army, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva">Luís Alves de Lima e Silva</a> (then Count of Caxias), crossed the border into Uruguay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_222-39">[39]</a> Paranhos began to write articles in support of Brazil's proactive foreign policy, which brought him close to the ruling Conservative party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213-33">[33]</a> The Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Soares_de_Sousa,_1st_Viscount_of_Uruguai" title="Paulino Soares de Sousa, 1st Viscount of Uruguai">Paulino Soares de Sousa</a> (later the Viscount of Uruguai),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_212-40">[40]</a> appointed the Conservative Party's main leader, <a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná">Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão</a> (later the Marquis of Paraná),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975161-41">[41]</a> as a special <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary diplomat</a> for the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Platine region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213-33">[33]</a> Unexpectedly, Carneiro Leão decided to take Paranhos as his secretary, passing over the more experienced members of Brazil's diplomatic corps. On 23 October 1851, both departed for Montevideo, the Uruguayan capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_237-42">[42]</a> Carneiro Leão had a keen eye for spotting potential, and Paranhos—who had revealed himself a very capable man during his tenure as a Liberal politician in Rio de Janeiro province—had talents which could be put to use. As Carneiro Leão told Paranhos when justifying his choice of the young and inexperienced journalist: "I consulted no one about appointing you. What influenced my mind was your merit, which I prize: I hope, sir, that you will prove I got it right."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198574-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006158–159-44">[44]</a> Paranhos was a handsome and charming man, tall at 1.95 meters (6 ft 4.8 in), with blue eyes and golden hair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198551-45">[45]</a> Historian Jeffrey D. Needell remarked that in Paranhos, Carneiro Leão had "a man with marked literary skill, with a military background and unusually fine technical knowledge, with political instincts and proven political courage, and with a clear need for a new patron, with Aureliano [Coutinho]'s recent eclipse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006158-46">[46]</a> That, along with cool-headedness, outstanding oratory skills, inexhaustible energy, and a gifted and cultured mind, made him seem the ideal person for the post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_210–11-47">[47]</a> The two men arrived in Montevideo for negotiations on 2 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_237-42">[42]</a> On the 21st of the same month, Carneiro Leão signed a treaty of alliance with Uruguay and the rebel Argentine provinces of <a href="/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Entre Ríos Province">Entre Ríos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corrientes_Province" title="Corrientes Province">Corrientes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_238-48">[48]</a> A Brazilian division, along with Uruguayan and Argentine rebel troops, invaded Argentina. On 3 February 1852, the allies defeated an army led by Rosas, who fled to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_242-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1164-50">[50]</a> To Needell, Paranhos "quickly adapted his own skills to the necessities of the mission. He demonstrated not only the intelligence and verbal ability expected, but a surprisingly rapid grasp of the issues and the actors, handling the complications with élan, showing a flair for decision, a capacity for work, an eye for details, and an instinct for imposing himself that won Honório [Hermeto]'s decided approval and, after some hesitation (allegedly because Paranhos was a novice, to Paulino Soares's way of thinking), the support of Paulino [Soares]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006160-51">[51]</a> An ally of Brazil against Rosas who went on to become President of Argentina in 1862, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a> would recall decades later that Paranhos had been the "soul" of the successful diplomatic mission headed by Carneiro Leão.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198574-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Into_the_Conservative_Party">Into the Conservative Party</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Into the Conservative Party">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conciliation">Conciliation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conciliation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/September_6,_1853_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="September 6, 1853 cabinet">September 6, 1853 cabinet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabinete_concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1853.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration with an oval portrait of the Emperor surmounted by a crown and flags with oval portraits of six men arranged below the Emperor's portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gabinete_concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1853.png/200px-Gabinete_concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1853.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gabinete_concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1853.png/300px-Gabinete_concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1853.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gabinete_concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1853.png/400px-Gabinete_concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1853.png 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>The Conciliation Cabinet. Emperor Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> in the center; <a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná">Carneiro Leão</a> at the far left; and Paranhos (bald since the middle of the 1840s) on the far right</figcaption></figure> Paranhos was left behind when Carneiro Leão returned to Brazil, having been named Brazil's diplomatic minister to Uruguay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579-52">[52]</a> Paranhos' time in Uruguay allowed him to acquire an understanding of the dynamics characterizing Hispanic American nations of the period. Intermittent crises leading to and resulting from coups, government by dictators, political factionalism and civil wars were commonplace among these countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579-52">[52]</a> A penchant for, and skill in, diplomacy became evident during his stay—as a pleased Viscount of Uruguai, still Minister of Foreign Affairs, noted in February 1853: "In a general manner, I approve of what our diplomatic representatives do; however, it almost always seems to me that, were I in their places, I would have done better. But with Dr. Paranhos that thought does not occur to me. Every time I read his communiqués, I tell myself: 'This is precisely what I would have done or said.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579-52">[52]</a> On 6 September 1853, Carneiro Leão was appointed President of the Council of Ministers and charged with organizing a new cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343-53">[53]</a> Emperor Pedro II wished to advance an ambitious plan, which became known as "the Conciliation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1182-54">[54]</a> The goal of the Conciliation was to put an end to the periodic eruption of armed conflicts between political factions, such as had occurred in the Praieira rebellion. It had become usual for parties which had lost power in elections to seize back control using force. The Conciliation aimed to strengthen the role of parliament in settling the country's political disputes. Both parties would be required to agree to rise above partisan politics and instead devote themselves to the common good of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999162-55">[55]</a> The new President invited several Liberals to join the Conservative ranks and went so far as to name some as ministers. One of these was Paranhos, who took the Foreign Affairs portfolio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975161-41">[41]</a> He was still in Montevideo when he learned that Carneiro Leão had succeeded in having him elected a general deputy in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579-52">[52]</a> The new cabinet, albeit highly successful, was plagued from the beginning by strong opposition from Conservative Party members who repudiated the new recruits from the Liberal side, believing that these did not truly share the party's ideals and were mainly interested in gaining public offices.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Despite the mistrust, Carneiro Leão demonstrated great resilience in fending off threats and overcoming obstacles and setbacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999166-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975162-58">[58]</a> After the sudden and unexpected death of Carneiro Leão in September 1856, his cabinet only managed to survive him by a few months. The Emperor, although critical of the way the Conciliation had been implemented,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1188-59">[59]</a> had learned to appreciate its merits and was eager that it continue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1192-60">[60]</a> Pedro II's support gave the Conciliation another chance, and allowed Paranhos to return to government once more as Foreign Minister on 12 December 1858.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975337-61">[61]</a> The most pressing issue facing Paranhos was the Paraguayan government's persistent refusal to allow Brazilian ships access to <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> province. At that time, the best and fastest way to reach that distant Brazilian province was to travel via the Atlantic and from there up the rivers which flow between the nations south of Brazil. One of the reasons for Brazil's war against Argentina in 1851 was to assure the free passage of its ships. The crisis between Brazil and Paraguay had dragged on since Paranhos's tenure as Foreign Minister in Carneiro Leão's cabinet. On 12 February 1858, Paranhos signed a treaty with Paraguay which allowed Brazilian ships unrestricted navigation of Paraguayan rivers. This prevented the outbreak of war—or at least deferred the conflict until 1864.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975192–193-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969578-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Progressive_League">Rise of the Progressive League</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rise of the Progressive League">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joze_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_-_Litografia_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving with a three-quarters length portrait of a balding, middle-aged man in formal dress leaning on the back of a Victorian-era armchair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joze_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_-_Litografia_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Joze_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_-_Litografia_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joze_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_-_Litografia_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Joze_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_-_Litografia_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joze_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_-_Litografia_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Joze_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos_-_Litografia_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>José Paranhos around the age of 39, c. 1858</figcaption></figure> The ultraconservatives who opposed the Conciliation policy were led by the <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Rodrigues_Torres,_Viscount_of_Itabora%C3%AD" title="Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí">Viscount of Itaboraí</a>, Eusébio de Queirós and the <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Soares_de_Sousa,_1st_Viscount_of_Uruguai" title="Paulino Soares de Sousa, 1st Viscount of Uruguai">Viscount of Uruguai</a>. These elder statesmen were of the same generation as the late Carneiro Leão and had taken the leadership of the Conservative Party after his death. Although conservative in name, they had repeatedly proven more progressive in many areas than their rivals, the Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346-64">[64]</a> The Viscount of Uruguai had been Paranhos's protector since the 1851 diplomatic mission and greatly influenced his protégé,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579-52">[52]</a> who stood by the ultraconservatives. Paranhos managed to persuade <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Luís Alves de Lima e Silva</a> (who had been commander-in-chief during the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a>, his colleague as War Minister in the Conciliation Cabinet, and later the Duke of Caxias) to stay on the side of the Conservative Party's old guard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975369-65">[65]</a> During the years following 1857, none of the cabinets survived long. They quickly collapsed due to the lack of a majority in the Chamber of Deputies. The Conservative Party had split down the middle: on one side were the ultraconservatives, and on the other, the moderate conservatives. In the wake of Carneiro Leão's cabinet, a new generation of politicians had emerged, eager to acquire more power inside the Conservative Party. Paranhos belonged to this younger age group. These men saw their path to the top ranks as being blocked by the Conservative elders, who would not easily relinquish control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346,_370,_373,_376-66">[66]</a> Remaining members of the Liberal Party, which had languished since the Praieira rebellion in 1849, took advantage of the Conservative Party's apparently impending dissolution to return to national politics with renewed strength. They delivered a powerful blow to the government when they managed to win several seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975364–365-67">[67]</a> The Emperor asked the Marquis (later Duke) of Caxias to head a new cabinet on 2 March 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975366-68">[68]</a> Caxias chose Paranhos as his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Economy (Brazil)">Minister of Finance</a> (and interim Minister of Foreign Affairs), and he soon became the Marquis's right hand. His influence became so great that the ministry became known as the "Caxias-Paranhos Cabinet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975366-68">[68]</a> The new government was faced with a major challenge: the Chamber of Deputies was divided into three groups: the ultraconservatives, the Moderates and the Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975369-65">[65]</a> Paranhos and Caxias named men who were either ultraconservatives or Moderates to the remaining portfolios, in an attempt to weaken the reinvigorated Liberal opposition and consolidate a workable governing majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975369-65">[65]</a> Despite successfully recruiting enough supporters from outside the party to form a government, the Cabinet was hobbled from the outset by its lack of internal unity. It was doomed when Paranhos's friend and former colleague in the Conciliation Cabinet, José Tomás Nabuco de Araújo, delivered a speech advocating a merger of Moderate Conservatives and Liberals into a truly new political party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975374–375-69">[69]</a> So enthusiastically well-received was this speech, that both groups voted together as a single, cohesive faction, leaving the government without a majority. The Cabinet requested that the Emperor dissolve the Chamber and call for new elections, but he refused. With no remaining alternative, the ministers resigned, and on 24 May 1862 Pedro II named a member of the Moderate-Liberal coalition to form a new cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975376-70">[70]</a> The new political party, of which the majority of members were former Conservatives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975368-71">[71]</a> was called the "Progressive League".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975378-72">[72]</a> The new cabinet marked the end of 14 years of Conservative dominance in national politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975376-70">[70]</a> The defeat was not a total loss for Paranhos, since he was named lifetime Senator for <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> province by the Emperor in November 1862, after having garnered the most votes in the provincial election. He took office as Senator on 5 March 1863.<a href="#cite_note-73">[A]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomat">Diplomat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diplomat">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_to_Paraguay">Mission to Paraguay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mission to Paraguay">edit</a>]</div> In January 1858 Paranhos was sent to <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a> to procure Paraguayan compliance with an 1856 treaty which was supposed to give Brazil the right to navigate the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_River" title="Paraguay River">Paraguay River</a> in order to access her province of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso</a>. The government of Paraguay had been obstructing the passage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham200289-74">[73]</a> His diplomatic style was described thus in Professor Whigham's The Paraguayan War: <blockquote> The councillor cut an impressive figure. He was well over six-foot tall with piercing sky-blue eyes. His resplendent diplomat's uniform, which he used on all occasions, shone brightly with gold brocade and included a high collar with white gloves, even in the tropical heat. Such fashion was calculated to give him a larger-than-life presence, symbolic of the enormous empire he represented. Paraguayans were sensitive to subtleties in appearance and they understood such an image... In appearance he suggested a modern European statesman, a man who combined shrewdness and easy familiarity with power... The empire was willing, Paranhos stated bluntly, to go to war to enforce the 1856 treaty. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a> [representing the Paraguayan government] chose to take the councillor's threat at face value. On 12 February 1858 the two men signed a convention that ended the restrictions ...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham200289-90-75">[74]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguayan_War">Uruguayan War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uruguayan War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A full-length photograph of a balding man with long sideburns, dressed in a formal frock coat and black tie and holding a black top hat in his left hand at his side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_1864.jpg/180px-Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_1864.jpg/270px-Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_1864.jpg/360px-Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Paranhos around the age of 45, c. 1864</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a></div> Another civil war had begun in Uruguay which pitted its political parties against one another.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The internal conflict led to the murder of Brazilians and the looting of their Uruguayan properties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1220-77">[76]</a> Brazil's Progressive Cabinet decided to intervene and dispatched an army, which invaded Uruguay in December 1864, beginning the brief <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The dictator of Paraguay, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>, took advantage of the Uruguayan situation during late 1864 to establish his nation as a regional power. On 11 November of that year, he ordered a Brazilian civilian steamship seized, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>. Then in December, the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan army">Paraguayan army</a> invaded the Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> (currently the state of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>). Four months later, Paraguayan troops invaded <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> territory as a prelude to an attack upon the Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007109-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227-80">[79]</a> What had seemed a simple military intervention of short duration led to a full-scale war in South America's southeast. The Progressive Cabinet named Paranhos <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> minister. His mission was to end the conflict with Uruguay so that Brazil could focus on the far more serious threat posed by Paraguay. He arrived in the Argentine capital, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, on 2 December 1864.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2302-81">[80]</a> Paranhos signed a peace treaty with the Uruguayan government on 20 February 1865, ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2310-82">[81]</a> Paranhos not only managed to bring about peace, but he concurrently forged an alliance between Brazil, Argentina and the Uruguayan rebels (who formed Uruguay's postwar government) against Paraguay. The pact would later be officially signed as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Triple_Alliance" title="Treaty of the Triple Alliance">Treaty of the Triple Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2314-83">[82]</a> The Commander-in-Chief of the Brazilian forces, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Marques_Lisboa,_Marquis_of_Tamandar%C3%A9" title="Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré">Joaquim Marques Lisboa</a> (then Baron and later Marquis of Tamandaré), himself a Progressive, complained to the Brazilian Cabinet of the outcome engineered by Paranhos. By the time the peace treaty was concluded, the Uruguayan capital was under siege by Brazilian troops and under blockade by the Brazilian fleet. The admiral and the Cabinet were eager for an end to the conflict which would have resulted in a conquest of the enemy capital and a consequent boost in the popularity of the Brazilian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2314-83">[82]</a> Paranhos, however, had preempted such an outcome. As retaliation for the bloodless conclusion, he was fired from his post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2314-83">[82]</a> Returning to Brazil, he defended himself in the Senate: "Say [...] whatever you want about the diplomatic act of 20 February; you will not be able to take away from me this grateful conviction: that through that solution I saved the life of 2,000 fellow compatriots, [and] avoided the destruction of an important capital".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969582-84">[83]</a> Nonetheless, he received accolades in Uruguay, Brazil and even Argentina for his accomplishment in engineering both an end to the war and the formation of the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969582-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguayan_War">Paraguayan War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paraguayan War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conde_d_Eu_visconde_do_rio_branco_1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing a large group men, most of whom wear uniforms, standing beneath shade trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Conde_d_Eu_visconde_do_rio_branco_1870.png/290px-Conde_d_Eu_visconde_do_rio_branco_1870.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Conde_d_Eu_visconde_do_rio_branco_1870.png/435px-Conde_d_Eu_visconde_do_rio_branco_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Conde_d_Eu_visconde_do_rio_branco_1870.png/580px-Conde_d_Eu_visconde_do_rio_branco_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gaston,_Count_of_Eu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gaston, Count of Eu">Count of Eu</a> (with his hand on his waist) with José Paranhos (to his left, in light trousers) and <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay">Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay</a> (between them) among Brazilian officers, 1870</figcaption></figure> From its inception, the Progressive League was plagued by internal conflict between Progressives (former Moderate Conservatives) and Historicals (former Liberals).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975592-85">[84]</a> All of the cabinets formed by the League after 1862 were short-lived. The Paraguayan invasion in 1864 led to a conflict far longer than expected, increasing tensions within the party. By 1868, a rift had opened between the Marquis of Caxias (then Commander-in-Chief of Brazilian forces in the war) and the Progressive Cabinet. With its credibility for prosecuting the war now vanished, the Cabinet resigned and the Emperor called the Conservatives back into power on 16 July 1868. Once again Paranhos—who was extraordinary member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Council of State</a> since 18 August 1866<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969582-84">[83]</a>—became Minister of Foreign Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969582-84">[83]</a> The rise of the Conservative Party impelled the Progressives and Historicals to unify—something they had not been able to achieve while in power. The Progressive-Historical coalition was rechristened as the Liberal Party (the third bloc bearing this name in Brazil's history<a href="#cite_note-86">[B]</a>). Its most radical wing would declare itself republican in 1870—an ominous signal to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975666-87">[85]</a> Paraguay's capital, <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, was occupied on 1 January 1869, and there was a widespread belief that the war was nearing an end. On 1 February 1869, Paranhos departed for Asunción as plenipotentiary minister with the goal of concluding a peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969582-84">[83]</a> Paranhos brought along his eldest son (one of nine), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior</a> (later Baron of Rio Branco<a href="#cite_note-88">[C]</a>), as his secretary. Their relationship would later break down due to an affair between the son and a Belgian actress which produced several children. Although the couple eventually resided together, they never married, and no formal acknowledgement was ever made of her existence or that of his children. Paranhos strongly disapproved of his son's personal life, which was considered scandalous by 19th century Brazilian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoura200535-89">[86]</a> Long after his father's death and after Brazil had become a republic, the junior Paranhos would go on to a distinguished career as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He has come to be regarded as one of the nation's greatest heroes due to his pivotal role in securing the country's international boundaries, and has been officially designated as the Patrono (a type of "patron saint") of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Brazilian Diplomacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoura200533-90">[87]</a> The diplomatic mission arrived in Asunción on 20 February 1869. Asunción was then a small town of unpaved streets and many buildings constructed of little more than <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002421-91">[88]</a> With Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López on the run, the country lacked a government. Paranhos had to create a provisional government which could sign a peace accord and recognize the border claimed by Brazil between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002420-92">[89]</a> Even with Paraguay devastated, the power vacuum resulting from López's overthrow was quickly filled by emerging domestic factions which Paranhos had to accommodate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002422–424-93">[90]</a> According to historian Francisco Doratioto, Paranhos, "the then-greatest Brazilian specialist on Platine<a href="#cite_note-94">[D]</a> affairs", had a "decisive" role in creating a democratic Paraguayan government.<a href="#cite_note-95">[E]</a> Paraguay thus survived as an independent nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002426-96">[91]</a> Later, on 20 June 1870, preliminary peace protocols were signed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969585-97">[92]</a> The final peace treaty accepting Brazilian claims was signed in January 1872.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002482-98">[93]</a> While in Paraguay, Paranhos had to deal with another serious issue. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gaston,_Count_of_Eu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gaston, Count of Eu">Gaston d'Orléans</a>, Count of Eu—grandson of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> of France and husband of Emperor Pedro II's daughter and heir Dona <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel</a>—had succeeded Caxias as Commander-in-Chief of Brazilian forces. After a brilliant beginning which included victories over the remnants of López's army, the Count fell into depression. Paranhos became the unacknowledged, de facto commander-in-chief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002445–446-99">[94]</a> López was found and killed on 1 March 1870, bringing the war to an end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002451-100">[95]</a> On 20 June 1870 the Emperor granted Paranhos the title of Viscount of <a href="/wiki/Branco_River_(Mato_Grosso_do_Sul)" title="Branco River (Mato Grosso do Sul)">Rio Branco</a> ("White River", the name of a river that Paraguay claimed as its border with Brazil) with the added <a href="/wiki/Grandee#Portugal_and_Brazil" title="Grandee">Grandeza</a> ("Greatness") distinction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985164-101">[96]</a> After returning to Brazil, Rio Branco became an ordinary member of the Council of State on 20 October 1870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969585-97">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers">President of the Council of Ministers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: President of the Council of Ministers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest-serving_prime_minister">Longest-serving prime minister</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Longest-serving prime minister">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paranhos01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing the head and shoulders of an older, balding man with long sideburns dressed in a dark suit, vest and bow tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paranhos01.JPG/180px-Paranhos01.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paranhos01.JPG/270px-Paranhos01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paranhos01.JPG/360px-Paranhos01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>José Paranhos, the Viscount of Rio Branco in his daily outfit c. 1871</figcaption></figure> While still in Paraguay, Rio Branco was recalled, having been told in advance that the Emperor intended to offer him the office of President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). Pedro II was maneuvering to pass a controversial bill which would immediately declare children born to slave women as free.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999235-102">[97]</a> The Empire which Rio Branco was asked to govern had undergone great changes since he had begun his career in politics. Decades of internal peace, political stability and economic prosperity had brought about a situation where everything "seemed set fair for the future"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240-103">[98]</a>—although time would prove otherwise. The end of the war against Paraguay ushered in what is considered the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>" and apogee of the Brazilian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_29-104">[99]</a> Brazil's international reputation for political steadiness, progressiveness and investment potential greatly improved and, with the exception of the United States, was unequalled by any other <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a> nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_29-104">[99]</a> The economy began undergoing rapid growth, and immigration flourished. Railroad, shipping and other modernization projects were adopted. With an end to slavery on the horizon "and other reforms projected, the prospects for 'moral and material advances' seemed vast."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240-103">[98]</a> Pedro II planned a trip to Europe which would result in his absence for almost a year. In his place, his daughter and heir Isabel became Regent. Since she was young and inexperienced, Rio Branco could not rely on Imperial intervention to help push through passage of the Emperor's anti-slavery legislation. By this time, the Conservative elders were no more,<a href="#cite_note-105">[F]</a> and he had risen to lead the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-106">[G]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_212-107">[100]</a> Rio Branco formed his Cabinet on 7 March 1871 and it would last until 25 June 1875—the second longest in the Empire's history. Rio Branco became the longest-serving prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-108">[H]</a> With a single exception, all ministers he appointed were young and inexperienced. Only one achieved prominence: <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Alfredo_Correia_de_Oliveira" title="João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira">João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira</a>, who as President of the Council of Ministers would, on 13 May 1888, secure passage of the law that extinguished the last vestiges of slavery in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975711-109">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_of_Free_Birth">Law of Free Birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Law of Free Birth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Free_Birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Free Birth">Law of Free Birth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official half-length portrait of the Viscount, who is seated with official hat in hand and wearing white gloves and a gold embroidered tunic with medals of various orders, over which is worn a red sash of office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg/220px-Viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg/330px-Viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg/440px-Viscount_of_rio_branco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>The Viscount of Rio Branco in court dress, 1875.</figcaption></figure> The bill to set free all children born of slave women (and thus limit the tenure of slavery to the lifetimes of those slaves then alive) was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on 12 May 1871. It faced "a determined opposition, which commanded support from about one-third of the deputies and which sought to organize public opinion against the measure."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238-110">[102]</a> According to historian José Murilo de Carvalho, Rio Branco "had to use all his extraordinary energy and leadership skills to convince the deputies", as there was opposition from influential members of both the Conservatives and Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007135-111">[103]</a> He delivered 21 speeches, in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, advocating approval of the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007135-111">[103]</a> The abolition of slavery was strongly opposed by the ruling circles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007133–134-112">[104]</a> Even Rio Branco had earlier opposed the proposal, fearing its impact on national stability, though after 1867 he became convinced the measure was necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975615-113">[105]</a> The legislation was only forced through the Chamber of Deputies by repeated use of <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> to move the process forward. Only in late August was the bill finalized and forwarded to the Senate for consideration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238-110">[102]</a> The Senate finally passed the measure on 27 September 1871. Isabel signed the legislation on the following day, and it became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law" title="Rio Branco Law">Law of Free Birth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238-110">[102]</a> According to historian Lidia Besouchet, at that moment "no one had more popularity than Rio Branco" anywhere in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178-114">[106]</a> Articles praising him and telling the story of his life and career appeared in newspapers in the United States, Argentina, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and other foreign nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178-114">[106]</a> To Besouchet, its passage was the apogee of Rio Branco's career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178-114">[106]</a> Despite the accolades, the law's passage had seriously damaged the long-term prospects of the Empire. It "split the Conservatives down the middle, one party faction backed the reforms of the Rio Branco Cabinet, while the second—known as the escravocratas [slavocrats]—were unrelenting in their opposition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261-115">[107]</a> The latter were ultraconservatives, led by Paulino José Soares de Sousa Jr., the 2nd Viscount of Uruguai.<a href="#cite_note-116">[I]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261-115">[107]</a> The legislation, and Pedro II's support for it, resulted in these ultraconservatives no longer being unconditionally loyal to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261-115">[107]</a> The Conservative Party had previously experienced serious division during the 1850s, when the Emperor's complete support for the Conciliation policy gave rise to the Progressives. The difference then was that ultraconservatives who opposed Conciliation (led by Eusébio, Uruguai and Itaboraí) perceived the Emperor as being indispensable to the functioning of the political system: an ultimate and impartial arbiter when deadlock threatened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317-117">[108]</a> This new generation of ultraconservatives, unlike their predecessors, had no experience of the <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil#The_Regency" title="Early life of Pedro II of Brazil">Regency and early years</a> of Pedro II's reign, when external and internal dangers threatened the nation's existence. They had only known a stable administration and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317-117">[108]</a> The young politicians saw no reason to uphold and defend the Imperial office as a unifying force beneficial to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999318-118">[109]</a> Unbeknownst to Rio Branco and Pedro II, both had prepared the path to the Empire's later downfall. Reaching beyond the slavery issue, the Cabinet advanced several measures to address calls for political and administrative reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999249-119">[110]</a> However, all of these—including the Law of Free Birth—were only partially effective due to various loopholes. Although declared freeborn, children born to slave mothers were kept, even after the law's enactment, under the control of slaveowners until age twenty-one. It is true that "unable to reproduce itself, slavery would eventually disappear", but the status quo was preserved for at least two decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250-120">[111]</a> In effect, as historian Roderick J. Barman summarized it, the "law changed everything and it changed nothing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250-120">[111]</a> Other reforms also had shortcomings. The police reform legislation of 1871 theoretically limited the police's powers to imprison arbitrarily and protected civil liberties, although they generally ignored these constraints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250-120">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Issue">Religious Issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religious Issue">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Issue" title="Religious Issue">Religious Issue</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quest%C3%A3o_religiosa_no_segundo_reinado.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quest%C3%A3o_religiosa_no_segundo_reinado.png/220px-Quest%C3%A3o_religiosa_no_segundo_reinado.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quest%C3%A3o_religiosa_no_segundo_reinado.png/330px-Quest%C3%A3o_religiosa_no_segundo_reinado.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quest%C3%A3o_religiosa_no_segundo_reinado.png/440px-Quest%C3%A3o_religiosa_no_segundo_reinado.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>A caricature satirizing the Religious Question. The caption says: "Not neglecting the Pope's macaroni, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">His Majesty</a> took the opportunity to enforce the advantages and the excellence of a good <a href="/wiki/Feijoada" title="Feijoada">feijoada</a>".</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the government had to deal with a serious and protracted crisis involving the Catholic Church. Catholicism was the state religion in Brazil, and there was a great degree of state control which had been inherited from Portuguese rule, this included the appointment of clergy. This situation led to a state of affairs where the Catholic clergy were seen as being understaffed, undisciplined and poorly educated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-121">[112]</a> leading to a loss of <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> and popular respect for the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-122">[113]</a> There had been a series of measures aiming to weaken the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> over the Brazilian church including the suspension of the acceptance of novices into monasteries in 1856 and the introduction of a right of appeal to the crown over most church affairs in 1857, neither of which were accepted by Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-122">[113]</a> The Imperial government wanted to reform the church and appointed a series of well educated, reforming bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-122">[113]</a> Although these bishops agreed with the government on the need to reform, they did not share Pedro II's views on the subservience of the Church to government and tended to be influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> which emphasised loyalty to the Papacy over loyalty to the civil powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-122">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150-151-123">[114]</a> One of the new generation of bishops was the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Olinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Olinda">bishop of Olinda</a>, Dom <a href="/wiki/Vital_Maria_Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Oliveira" title="Vital Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira">Vital de Oliveira</a>. In 1872, he expelled <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lay_brotherhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay brotherhoods">lay brotherhoods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> All forms of Freemasonry had long been forbidden to all Catholics under pain of excommunication.<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> Rio Branco was <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">grand master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_do_Brasil" title="Grande Oriente do Brasil">Grande Oriente do Brasil</a>, the largest Brazilian Masonic body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256-126">[117]</a> It is not known exactly when or how Rio Branco became a Freemason, but he had been a member since at least 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002439-17">[17]</a> Brazilian Masonry was not seen as being as hostile to the church as <a href="/wiki/Latin_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Freemasonry">Latin Freemasonry</a> on the Continent of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999255-127">[118]</a> In the view of one historian, neither "the president of the Council nor his associates could be accused of atheism or hostility to religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256-126">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viscount_of_rio_branco.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an older man with long sideburns standing in a heavily embroidered cutaway jacket adorned with various medals and wearing a sash of office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Viscount_of_rio_branco.JPG/180px-Viscount_of_rio_branco.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Viscount_of_rio_branco.JPG/270px-Viscount_of_rio_branco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Viscount_of_rio_branco.JPG/360px-Viscount_of_rio_branco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>José Paranhos, the Viscount of Rio Branco in court dress c. 1875</figcaption></figure> The government came down on the side of the Freemasons and against the church, ordering Dom Vital to rescind the interdict, which he refused. This refusal led to the bishops being tried before the Supreme Court of Justice of the Empire where in 1874 they were convicted and sentenced to four years of hard labor which was commuted to imprisonment without hard labor.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> Rio Branco explained in a letter written in August 1873 that he believed the government "could not compromise in the affair" since "it involved principles essential to the social order and to national sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256-126">[117]</a> These actions aligned with his own views, but his convictions were bolstered by the Emperor's identical conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256–257-129">[120]</a> Pedro II regarded Rio Branco as his favorite politician<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269-130">[121]</a> and a second-in-command on whom he could rely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240-103">[98]</a> The Emperor played a decisive role by unequivocally backing the government's actions in moving against the bishops.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> The lack of independence shown by Rio Branco in relation to Pedro II was strongly criticized by historian Roderick J. Barman, who believed that the Prime Minister only enforced policies that did not displease the Emperor or which had his full support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999253-132">[123]</a> The trial and imprisonment of the two bishops was very unpopular,.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999258-133">[124]</a> The imposition of the metric system resulted in demonstrations in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeast</a> during 1874. Metric weights and measures were destroyed by peasants, and land and tax records were burned. The movement was called <a href="/wiki/Quebra%E2%80%93Quilos_revolt" title="Quebra–Quilos revolt">Quebra Quilos</a> ("Smash the Kilos") and did not have any lasting impact—although it illustrated popular dissatisfaction and was an embarrassment to the government."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999258-133">[124]</a> The Quebra Quilo riots were suspected of being condoned by priests,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2219–220-134">[125]</a> and together with the arrest of the bishops, drew attention to the Imperial government having become embroiled in a no-win dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999257-135">[126]</a> The crisis would only be smoothed over by the replacement of the Cabinet in September 1875<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> and the Emperor's reluctant grant of a full amnesty to the bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2208-137">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007156-138">[129]</a> Historian Heitor Lyra blamed Rio Branco and his Cabinet, both bishops and, primarily, Pedro II for the ordeal. All parties involved revealed a lack of tact, and their intransigence only caused harm—mostly to the monarchy itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2208–212-139">[130]</a> The main consequence of the crisis was that the clergy no longer saw any benefit in upholding Pedro II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007153-140">[131]</a> Although they abandoned the Emperor, most eagerly awaited the accession of his eldest daughter and heir Isabel because of her Ultramontane views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007155-141">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later years and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viscount_of_rio_branco_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tintype photograph showing an older, white-haired man standing in formal dress with a sash of office and a cutaway coat with embroidered sleeves which is covered in medals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Viscount_of_rio_branco_1880.jpg/170px-Viscount_of_rio_branco_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Viscount_of_rio_branco_1880.jpg/255px-Viscount_of_rio_branco_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Viscount_of_rio_branco_1880.jpg/340px-Viscount_of_rio_branco_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="2179" /></a><figcaption>Last photograph of José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, 1880</figcaption></figure> The Rio Branco Cabinet, increasingly divided, resigned in June 1875 after having served for four years. The Cabinet's viability had been impaired by the ongoing crisis with the Catholic Church and an <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">international financial crash</a> that caused the failure of several Brazilian banks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269-130">[121]</a> The Emperor attempted, without success, to convince Paranhos to continue as head of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269-130">[121]</a> Paranhos replied in a letter: "Your Majesty knows that I wish to deliver my post to whoever is better to occupy it. If I have not become sick in public thus far, there is no doubt that I am tired."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2269-142">[133]</a> Pedro II had no intention on naming the 2nd Viscount of Uruguai as Rio Branco's replacement, to prevent the ultraconservative faction from coming to power. Instead, he called on the Duke of Caxias to head a new cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269-130">[121]</a> The Caxias Cabinet lasted for almost three years, until the Liberals took the reins in January 1878.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999289-143">[134]</a> With the Conservative Party now the opposition, Rio Branco decided to undertake a one-year tour of Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969588-144">[135]</a> during which he visited most of its countries. He met Queen <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Victoria of the United Kingdom</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> and other leaders during this trip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257-145">[136]</a> Rio Branco also visited his eldest son, who was then living in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> as a consul representing Brazil. He did not meet his son's children, though it is not known whether he refused to meet them or whether his son did not present them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoura200535-89">[86]</a> Upon his return to Brazil, Rio Branco was met with huge celebrations in each Brazilian port he visited: in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, in his native <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, and finally in Rio de Janeiro where he arrived on 30 July 1879.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969588-144">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257-145">[136]</a> However, Brazil's champion in the fight for the abolition of slavery was dying. While in Europe, the first symptoms of mouth cancer appeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969588-144">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257-145">[136]</a> Rio Branco was a heavy smoker, and he would daily smoke up to thirty Cuban cigars specially imported for him from <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257-145">[136]</a> Until July 1880, he was still making appearances in Parliament to deliver speeches, but after that date he no longer attended. Rio Branco still kept a close watch on political developments, however, and continued to appear at meetings of the Council of State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969588-144">[135]</a> He had already retired from teaching in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13361-146">[137]</a> Until 30 October, he was still capable of speaking unhindered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969588-144">[135]</a> His doctors performed several surgeries to no avail, and the cancer spread to his throat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985259-147">[138]</a> One night, he suffered an agonizing attack of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>. In a fever-induced delirium, Rio Branco said: "Do not disturb Slavery's march [toward its doom]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_39-148">[139]</a> His last warning went unheeded, for rather than simply allowing slavery to slowly die out, the last remnants of slavery would be <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">aggressively extinguished</a> in 1888 by Princess Isabel and his former minister João Alfredo (by then President of the Council). At 7:05 am on 1 November 1880, Rio Branco died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969573-149">[140]</a> His last words were: "I will confirm before God everything I have affirmed to men."<a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visconde_do_rio_branco_square_in_Belem_Para.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph overlooking a large city plaza containing low trees and walkways in the center of which stands a sculpture on a high plinth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Visconde_do_rio_branco_square_in_Belem_Para.jpg/290px-Visconde_do_rio_branco_square_in_Belem_Para.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Visconde_do_rio_branco_square_in_Belem_Para.jpg/435px-Visconde_do_rio_branco_square_in_Belem_Para.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Visconde_do_rio_branco_square_in_Belem_Para.jpg/580px-Visconde_do_rio_branco_square_in_Belem_Para.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Visconde do Rio Branco Square, c. 1880. This square is located in <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>, capital of the Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>. A monument in honor of Paranhos can be seen at the middle.</figcaption></figure> Rio Branco's death was met with consternation throughout the nation. Pedro II considered it, in his words, a "great loss to Brazil".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon19751210-151">[142]</a> The day after his death, more than 20,000 gathered in the streets of Rio de Janeiro to witness the grandiose funeral procession. He was honored with eulogies and <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">gun salutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969588-144">[135]</a> The abrupt abolition of slavery which Rio Branco had warned against eventually occurred eight years later. This resulted in the alienation of the second Viscount of Uruguai's ultraconservative faction and powerful political interests. These formed a subversive alliance with republicans and discontented military officers which led to the <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil">overthrow of the Empire</a> on 15 November 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_378-152">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999348–349-153">[144]</a> Writing at the end of the 19th century, the Brazilian abolitionist leader <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a> said that Rio Branco was—of all the politicians who held the office during Pedro II's reign—the most fitted to the post of President of the Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975711-109">[101]</a> Nabuco considered him one of the greatest statesmen of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975714-154">[145]</a> However, he also argued that as a leader, a lawmaker, and a creator of doctrines, there were many other politicians far better than Rio Branco. But unlike all the others, who were brilliantly accomplished in one or a few skills, but lacking in many others, Rio Branco was good—though unexceptional—in all. In other words, he was a competent generalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975712–714-155">[146]</a> Nabuco's view was that due to Rio Branco's lack of first-rate abilities, he would not have been the best leader in troubled times—such as the anarchy which existed during Pedro II's minority, or at the end of a period of chaos when strong action was needed to rebuild. Rio Branco was, however, the perfect choice in a time of peace and stability where his multiple skills could shine. His ability exactly fit the situation in Brazil when he became President of the Council of Ministers in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975713-1">[1]</a> According to historian Heitor Lyra, Rio Branco was the greatest politician of his time, with the only other at his level being the Marquis of Paraná.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_210-156">[147]</a> Historian José Murilo de Carvalho said that he was "without a doubt the most complete statesman of that time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200759-157">[148]</a> Ronaldo Vainfas wrote that Rio Branco was "the typical modernizing conservative, who implemented reforms preached by the liberals, thus emptying the political platform of the opposition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438-16">[16]</a> Historian Lidia Besouchet believed that he was "one of the [monarchy's] main supports" and with his death—along with the deaths of other veteran politicians—the Empire began to collapse<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985259-147">[138]</a> (a view shared by other historians).<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> Historian Hélio Vianna considered him "one of the most notable statesmen of the Empire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVianna1994549-159">[150]</a> Historian Roderick J. Barman had a far less laudatory view toward him, saying that although he had "success as a minister and a diplomat",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223-160">[151]</a> and as prime minister and during Pedro II's absence, Rio Branco "had more than proved his capacities"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240-103">[98]</a> in that he "did not possess, as had [the Marquis of] Paraná, the character and political standing to act independently of the Emperor. He was very much Pedro II's agent."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250-120">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_and_honors">Titles and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Titles and honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The shield from a coat of arms with a blue field on which is a golden armillary sphere in the center, a silver quill on the right, a golden pair of dividers on the left and a silver stream across the bottom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg/180px-COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg/270px-COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg/360px-COA_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Arms of the Viscount of Rio Branco. Its motto was "Deus et Labor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985164-101">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_of_nobility">Titles of nobility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Titles of nobility">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Viscount of Rio Branco on 20 June 1870.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_titles">Other titles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other titles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Member of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Council of State</a>.</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Historic_and_Geographic_Institute" title="Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute">Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVianna1968224-161">[152]</a></li> <li>Honorary member of the British <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178-114">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Dignitary of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">[153]</a></li> <li>Commander of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Order of the Rose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">[153]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">[153]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa">Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">[153]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the French <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">[153]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russian_Empire)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)">Order of the White Eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">[153]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross (1st class) of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Order of St. Anna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">[153]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross (1st class) of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Austria)" title="Order of Leopold (Austria)">Order of Leopold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188058-163">[154]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188058-163">[154]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188058-163">[154]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Endnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> In Imperial Brazil, the Emperor could select a new Senator from a list of the three candidates who had received the highest number of popular votes. (<a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 579) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The first Liberal Party appeared in 1826. It was a very loose coalition between the Coimbra bloc (the core of what would later become the Conservative Party), Nativists and Radicals. It disappeared in 1831 with the abdication of Pedro I. (<a href="#CITEREFSisson1999">Sisson 1999</a>, p. 288) The second Liberal Party appeared around 1837 when the Coimbra bloc became the governing party. It was an alliance between Nativists, Radicals and former Restorationists (politicians who proposed the return of Pedro I as regent during his son's minority) and lasted until 1849 when the Praieira revolt was crushed. (<a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, p. 81) For further information see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="History of the Empire of Brazil">History of the Empire of Brazil</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "The Brazilian nobility was only lifelong .... The title extinguished itself with the death of the bearer. The son of the noble would only become a noble through his own merits, as was the case of the son of the Viscount of Rio Branco, José da Silva Paranhos, created Baron after the death of his father." —Heitor Lyra (<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 39) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> A generic term to describe the area between Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil. The name comes from <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> ("River Plate"), a river and estuary located between Argentina and Uruguay. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> The members of the provisional government were elected by Paraguayans. From 1811 (when Paraguay became independent) until 1869, the nation had only authoritarian governments headed by three consecutive dictators: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia</a> (1813–40), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez" title="Carlos Antonio López">Carlos Antonio López</a> (1840–62) and Francisco Solano López (1862–69). (<a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 427) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The first Viscount of Uruguai died on 15 July 1866, (<a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 567) Eusébio de Queirós on 7 May 1868, (<a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 246) and the Viscount of Itaboraí followed them on 8 January 1872. (<a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 408) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> The other two leaders were the <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Duke of Caxias</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Maur%C3%ADcio_Wanderley" class="mw-redirect" title="João Maurício Wanderley">Baron of Cotejipe</a>. Both were, as had been Rio Branco, ministers in the Conciliation Cabinet. With the death of Rio Branco and Caxias in 1880, Cotejipe became sole leader of the Conservative Party until his own death in early 1889. (<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_3">Lyra 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 74) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> The Conservative Cabinet formed on 29 September 1848 lasted until 6 September 1853 (albeit with different presidents), when the Marquis of Paraná was named as head the Conciliation Cabinet. (<a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 711)(<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 249) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> This was the son of the 1st Viscount of Uruguai and nephew of the Viscount of Itaboraí. He considered himself the legitimate successor of the Conservative triumvirate. (<a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 741) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975713-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975713_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975713_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 713. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999205-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisson1999205_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisson1999205_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisson1999205_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSisson1999">Sisson 1999</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198516–17-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198516–17_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13360-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13360_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13360_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13360_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13">Enciclopédia Barsa 1987, Vol 13</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198517-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198517_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969574-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969574_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969574_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 574. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198521-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198521_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198524-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198524_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198524_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFSisson1999">Sisson 1999</a>, p. 205);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 574);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 24).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198525-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198525_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198529-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198529_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198527-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198527_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198548_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198529,_48-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198529,_48_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, pp. 29, 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2309-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2309_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002438_16-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 438. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002439-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002439_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002439_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESisson1999206-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisson1999206_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisson1999206_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisson1999206_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSisson1999">Sisson 1999</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_211-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_211_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198549-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198549_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199949,_80-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199949,_80_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 49, 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199994,_103-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199994,_103_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 94, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1105-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1105_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13">Enciclopédia Barsa 1987, Vol 13</a>, p. 360);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 438);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFSisson1999">Sisson 1999</a>, p. 206).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999112–114-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999112–114_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 112–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975104-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975104_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975104_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975111-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975111_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975109-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975109_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975114-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975114_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_213_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006157-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006157_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_215-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_215_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1160-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1160_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_220-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_220_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_222-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_222_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_212-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_212_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975161-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975161_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975161_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_237-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_237_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_237_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198574-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198574_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198574_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006158–159-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006158–159_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198551-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198551_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006158-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006158_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_210–11-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_210–11_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_238-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_238_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_242-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_242_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1164-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1164_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006160-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006160_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet198579_52-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1182-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1182_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999162-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999162_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 166);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 188);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 167–169).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999166-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999166_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975162-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975162_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1188-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1188_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1192-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1192_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975337-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975337_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975192–193-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975192–193_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969578-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969578_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 578. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975369-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975369_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975369_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975369_65-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346,_370,_373,_376-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346,_370,_373,_376_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 346, 370, 373, 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975364–365-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975364–365_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975366-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975366_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975366_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975374–375-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975374–375_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 374–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975376-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975376_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975376_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975368-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975368_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975378-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975378_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham200289-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham200289_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham200289-90-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham200289-90_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 89-90. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 108);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 219);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 197).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1220-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1220_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 109);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, pp. 224–225);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 198).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007109-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007109_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1">Lyra 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2302-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2302_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2310-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2310_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2314-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2314_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2314_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin_2004,_Vol_2314_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolin_2004,_Vol_2">Golin 2004, Vol 2</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969582-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969582_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969582_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969582_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969582_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969582_84-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975592-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975592_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 592. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975666-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975666_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 666. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoura200535-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoura200535_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoura200535_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoura2005">Moura 2005</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoura200533-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoura200533_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoura2005">Moura 2005</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002421-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002421_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002420-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002420_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002422–424-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002422–424_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, pp. 422–424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002426-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002426_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969585-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969585_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969585_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002482-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002482_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002445–446-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002445–446_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, pp. 445–446. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002451-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002451_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985164-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985164_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985164_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999235-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999235_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240_103-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_29-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_29_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_29_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_212-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_212_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975711-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975711_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975711_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 711. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238_110-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007135-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007135_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007135_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007133–134-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007133–134_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975615-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975615_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 615. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985178_114-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261_115-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999318-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999318_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999249-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999249_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999250_120-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_122-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150-151-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150-151_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 150-151. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 255–256);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 153);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, pp. 205–206);</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlecatholic.com/a051102.html">The Young Friar and the Emperor</a>, O M Alves, The Seattle Catholic].</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlecatholic.com/a051102.html">The Young Friar and the Emperor</a>, O M Alves, The Seattle Catholic] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256_126-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999255-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999255_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 257);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 152);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 208).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256–257-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999256–257_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999269_130-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 153);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 257–258);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 212).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999253-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999253_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999258-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999258_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999258_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2219–220-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2219–220_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, pp. 219–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999257-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999257_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlecatholic.com/a051102.html">The Young Friar and the Emperor</a>, O M Alves, The Seattle Catholic] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2208-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2208_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007156-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007156_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2208–212-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2208–212_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, pp. 208–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007153-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007153_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007155-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007155_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2269-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2269_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999289-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999289_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969588-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969588_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969588_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969588_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969588_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969588_144-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969588_144-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 588. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985257_145-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13361-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13361_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13">Enciclopédia Barsa 1987, Vol 13</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985259-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985259_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985259_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_39-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_39_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_3">Lyra 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDias1969573-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDias1969573_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1985">Besouchet 1985</a>, p. 259);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFDias1969">Dias 1969</a>, p. 573);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 1210).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon19751210-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon19751210_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 1210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_378-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_378_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_3">Lyra 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999348–349-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999348–349_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 348–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975714-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975714_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 714. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975712–714-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975712–714_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 712–714. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_210-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_210_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2">Lyra 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200759-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200759_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> See: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 1210);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 173);</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_3">Lyra 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 39).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVianna1994549-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVianna1994549_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVianna1994">Vianna 1994</a>, p. 549. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVianna1968224-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVianna1968224_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVianna1968">Vianna 1968</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188057-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188057_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188057_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188057_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188057_162-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188057_162-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188057_162-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188057_162-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardoso1880">Cardoso 1880</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoso188058-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188058_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188058_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardoso188058_163-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardoso1880">Cardoso 1880</a>, p. 58. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarman1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891 (in Portuguese). Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-3510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Emperor%3A+Pedro+II+and+the+Making+of+Brazil%2C+1825%E2%80%931891&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3510-0&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopédia_Barsa_1987,_Vol_13" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Barsa_(encyclopedia)" title="Barsa (encyclopedia)">Barsa (encyclopedia)</a> (1987). Prêmio – Rosário (in Portuguese). Vol. 13. Rio de Janeiro: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> do Brasil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%AAmio+%E2%80%93+Ros%C3%A1rio&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+do+Brasil&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Barsa+%28encyclopedia%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesouchet1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besouchet, Lidia (1985). José Maria Paranhos: Visconde do Rio Branco: ensaio histórico-biográfico (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+Maria+Paranhos%3A+Visconde+do+Rio+Branco%3A+ensaio+hist%C3%B3rico-biogr%C3%A1fico&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Besouchet&rft.aufirst=Lidia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalmon1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calmon (page does not exist)">Calmon, Pedro</a> (1975). História de D. Pedro II. 5 v (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+D.+Pedro+II&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.series=5+v&rft.pub=J.+Olympio&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Calmon&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCardoso1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardoso, José Antonio dos Santos (1880). Almanak Administrativo, Mercantil e Industrial. Almanaque Laemmert (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Eduardo & Henrique Laemmert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanak+Administrativo%2C+Mercantil+e+Industrial&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.series=Almanaque+Laemmert&rft.pub=Eduardo+%26+Henrique+Laemmert&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Cardoso&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Antonio+dos+Santos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). 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Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Dom+Pedro+II+%281825%E2%80%931891%29%3A+Fast%C3%ADgio+%281870%E2%80%931880%29&rft.place=Belo+Horizonte&rft.pub=Itatiaia&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lyra&rft.aufirst=Heitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_3" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891) (in Portuguese). Vol. 3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Dom+Pedro+II+%281825%E2%80%931891%29%3A+Decl%C3%ADnio+%281880%E2%80%931891%29&rft.place=Belo+Horizonte&rft.pub=Itatiaia&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lyra&rft.aufirst=Heitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoura2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moura, Cristina Patriota (2005). "O Barão do Rio Branco". Nossa História (in Portuguese). 3 (25). Rio de Janeiro: Vera Cruz. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1679-7221">1679-7221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nossa+Hist%C3%B3ria&rft.atitle=O+Bar%C3%A3o+do+Rio+Branco&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1679-7221&rft.aulast=Moura&rft.aufirst=Cristina+Patriota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNabuco1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Nabuco, Joaquim</a> (1975). Um Estadista do Império (in Portuguese) (4th ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Um+Estadista+do+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Nova+Aguilar&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Nabuco&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeedell2006" class="citation book cs1">Needell, Jeffrey D. (2006). The Party of Order: the Conservatives, the State, and Slavery in the Brazilian Monarchy, 1831–1871. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5369-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5369-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-5369-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party+of+Order%3A+the+Conservatives%2C+the+State%2C+and+Slavery+in+the+Brazilian+Monarchy%2C+1831%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5369-2&rft.aulast=Needell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSisson1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sisson, Sébastien Auguste (1999). Galeria dos brasileiros ilustres (in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galeria+dos+brasileiros+ilustres&rft.place=Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.pub=Senado+Federal&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sisson&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien+Auguste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVainfas2002" class="citation book cs1">Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7302-441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7302-441-8"><bdi>978-85-7302-441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+do+Brasil+Imperial&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Objetiva&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-85-7302-441-8&rft.aulast=Vainfas&rft.aufirst=Ronaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVianna1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vianna, Hélio (1968). Vultos do Império (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vultos+do+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+Editora+Nacional&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Vianna&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVianna1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vianna, Hélio (1994). História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república (in Portuguese) (15th ed.). São Paulo: Melhoramentos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+do+Brasil%3A+per%C3%ADodo+colonial%2C+monarquia+e+rep%C3%BAblica&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Melhoramentos&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Vianna&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhigham2002" class="citation book cs1">Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). The Paraguayan War: Causes and Early Conduct. Vol. 1. Lincoln NE and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4786-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4786-9"><bdi>0-8032-4786-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paraguayan+War%3A+Causes+and+Early+Conduct&rft.place=Lincoln+NE+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8032-4786-9&rft.aulast=Whigham&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+Paranhos%2C+Viscount+of+Rio+Branco" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jos%C3%A9_Maria_da_Silva_Paranhos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:José Maria da Silva Paranhos">José Maria da Silva Paranhos</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara_Bellegarde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Alcântara Bellegarde (page does not exist)">Pedro de Alcântara Bellegarde</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Defence (Brazil)">Minister of Navy</a> 15 December 1853 – 14 June 1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Maur%C3%ADcio_Wanderley" class="mw-redirect" title="João Maurício Wanderley">João Maurício Wanderley, Baron of Cotejipe</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Paulino_Limpo_de_Abreu,_Viscount_of_Abaet%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Paulino Limpo de Abreu, Viscount of Abaeté (page does not exist)">Antônio Paulino Limpo de Abreu, Viscount of Abaeté</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of External Relations (Brazil)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> 14 June 1855 – 4 May 1857 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caetano_Maria_Lopes_Gama,_Viscount_of_Maranguape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caetano Maria Lopes Gama, Viscount of Maranguape (page does not exist)">Caetano Maria Lopes Gama, Viscount of Maranguape</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">João Maurício Wanderley, Baron of Cotejipe</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Minister of Navy 8 October 1856 – 4 May 1857 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Saraiva" title="José Antônio Saraiva">José Antônio Saraiva</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Caetano Maria Lopes Gama, Viscount of Maranguape</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Minister of Foreign Affairs 12 December 1858 – 10 August 1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Lins_Vieira_Cansan%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Sinimbu,_Viscount_of_Sinimbu" class="mw-redirect" title="João Lins Vieira Cansanção de Sinimbu, Viscount of Sinimbu">João Lins Vieira Cansanção de Sinimbu, Viscount of Sinimbu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">José Antônio Saraiva</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Defence (Brazil)">Minister of War</a> (interim) 12 December 1858 – 12 February 1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">João Lins Vieira Cansanção de Sinimbu, Viscount of Sinimbu</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim) 2 March 1861 – 21 April 1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Coelho_de_S%C3%A1_e_Albuquerque" title="Antônio Coelho de Sá e Albuquerque">Antônio Coelho de Sá e Albuquerque</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ngelo_Moniz_da_Silva_Ferraz,_Baron_of_Uruguaiana" title="Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana">Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Finance (Brazil)">Minister of Finance</a> 2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pedro_Dias_de_Carvalho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Pedro Dias de Carvalho (page does not exist)">José Pedro Dias de Carvalho</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Silveira_de_Sousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Silveira de Sousa (page does not exist)">João Silveira de Sousa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Minister of Foreign Affairs 16 July 1868 – 29 September 1870 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Pimenta_Bueno,_Marquis_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="José Antônio Pimenta Bueno, Marquis of São Vicente">José Antônio Pimenta Bueno, Marquis of São Vicente</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">José Antônio Pimenta Bueno, Marquis of São Vicente</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Council of Ministers of Brazil">President of the Council of Ministers</a> 7 March 1871 – 25 June 1875 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Sales_Torres_Homem,_Viscount_of_Inhomirim" title="Francisco de Sales Torres Homem, Viscount of Inhomirim">Francisco de Sales Torres Homem, Viscount of Inhomirim</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Economy (Brazil)">Minister of Finance</a> 7 March 1871 – 25 June 1875 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">João Maurício Wanderley, Baron of Cotejipe</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchism_in_Brazil226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Template:Monarchism in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Monarchism in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism in Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchism_in_Brazil226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guard_(Brazil)" title="Black Guard (Brazil)">Black Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diret%C3%B3rio_Mon%C3%A1rquico_do_Brasil" title="Diretório Monárquico do Brasil">Diretório Monárquico do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Patrianovist_Guard" title="Imperial Patrianovist Guard">Imperial Patrianovist Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Restorative_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Restorative Union (page does not exist)">National Restorative Union</a> (UNR)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Blazon_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_(1853-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere superimposed on the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Blazon_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/120px-Blazon_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Blazon_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/180px-Blazon_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Blazon_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/240px-Blazon_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="267" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_1831)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 1831)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Party_(Brazil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Party (Brazil) (page does not exist)">Portuguese Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Party" title="Brazilian Party">Brazilian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorer_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restorer Party (page does not exist)">Restorer Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderate_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderate Liberal Party (Brazil) (page does not exist)">Moderate Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regressive_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regressive Party (page does not exist)">Regressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League_(Brazil)" title="Progressive League (Brazil)">Progressive League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Lustosa_da_Cunha_Paranagu%C3%A1,_Marquis_of_Paranagu%C3%A1" title="João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá">João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_Philippe_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza">Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">Arlindo Veiga dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Conselheiro" title="Antônio Conselheiro">Antônio Conselheiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Prado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Prado (page does not exist)">Eduardo Prado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> (1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Revolta da Armada</a> (1893-1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Revolution" title="Federalist Revolution">Federalist Revolution</a> (1893-1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Canudos" title="War of Canudos">War of Canudos</a> (1896-1897)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolta_de_Ribeir%C3%A3ozinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolta de Ribeirãozinho (page does not exist)">Revolta de Ribeirãozinho</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Brazilian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum">1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza#Vassouras_line" title="House of Orléans-Braganza">Vassouras branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Henrique_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza">Pedro Henrique</a> (1921–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luiz_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza">Luiz</a> (1981–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza">Bertrand</a> (since 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza#Petrópolis_line" title="House of Orléans-Braganza">Petrópolis branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Gast%C3%A3o_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza">Pedro Gastão</a> (1940–2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Pedro_Carlos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Pedro Carlos (page does not exist)">Prince Pedro Carlos</a> (since 2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">List of monarchs of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazilian nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Brazil124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Brazil124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="History of the Empire of Brazil">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">First Reign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Second Reign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Empire of Brazil">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_(1853-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere superimposed on the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="496" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Prince Imperial of Brazil">Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Prince of Grão-Pará">Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil_(Brazil)" title="Prince of Brazil (Brazil)">Prince of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political instances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">Moderating Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_parliamentarism" title="Reverse parliamentarism">Reverse parliamentarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Brazilian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland Volunteers">Fatherland Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="List of generals of the Empire of Brazil">List of generals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Imperial Brazilian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_School_(Brazil)" title="Naval School (Brazil)">Naval School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Brazilian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Brazilian Navy">List of ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Military ranks of the Empire of Brazil">Military Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Independence War</a> (1822–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> (1835–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> (1851–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gama" title="Luís Gama">Luís Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_do_Nascimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco José do Nascimento">Francisco José do Nascimento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil" title="Abolitionism in Brazil">Abolitionism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto_Question" title="Netto Question">Netto Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law" title="Rio Branco Law">Rio Branco Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Brazil516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Brazil" title="Template:Prime ministers of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Brazil516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime ministers of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire</a> (1847–1889)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Alves_Branco,_2nd_Viscount_of_Caravelas" title="Manuel Alves Branco, 2nd Viscount of Caravelas">Alves Branco</a> (1847–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Pereira_de_Almeida_Torres,_Viscount_of_Maca%C3%A9" title="José Carlos Pereira de Almeida Torres, Viscount of Macaé">Almeida Torres</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Sousa_e_Melo" title="Francisco de Paula Sousa e Melo">Sousa e Melo</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Lima,_Marquis_of_Olinda" title="Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda">Araújo Lima</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_da_Costa_Carvalho,_Marquis_of_Monte_Alegre" title="José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre">Costa Carvalho</a> (1849–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Rodrigues_Torres,_Viscount_of_Itabora%C3%AD" title="Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí">Rodrigues Torres</a> (1852–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná">Carneiro Leão</a> (<a href="/wiki/September_6,_1853,_cabinet" title="September 6, 1853, cabinet">1853–1856</a>) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Lima e Silva</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Lima,_Marquis_of_Olinda" title="Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda">Araújo Lima</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Paulino_Limpo_de_Abreu,_Viscount_of_Abaet%C3%A9" title="Antonio Paulino Limpo de Abreu, Viscount of Abaeté">Limpo de Abreu</a> (1858–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ngelo_Moniz_da_Silva_Ferraz,_Baron_of_Uruguaiana" title="Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana">Silva Ferraz</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Lima e Silva</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_de_G%C3%B3is_e_Vasconcelos" title="Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos">Góis e Vasconcelos</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Lima,_Marquis_of_Olinda" title="Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda">Araújo Lima</a> (1862–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_de_G%C3%B3is_e_Vasconcelos" title="Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos">Góis e Vasconcelos</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_Furtado" title="Francisco José Furtado">José Furtado</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Lima,_Marquis_of_Olinda" title="Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda">Araújo Lima</a> (1865–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_de_G%C3%B3is_e_Vasconcelos" title="Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos">Góis e Vasconcelos</a> (1866–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Rodrigues_Torres,_Viscount_of_Itabora%C3%AD" title="Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí">Rodrigues Torres</a> (1868–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Pimenta_Bueno,_Marquis_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="José Antônio Pimenta Bueno, Marquis of São Vicente">Pimenta Bueno</a> (1870–1871)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silva Paranhos</a> (1871–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Lima e Silva</a> (1875–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Lins_Cansan%C3%A7%C3%A3o,_Viscount_of_Sinimbu" title="João Lins Cansanção, Viscount of Sinimbu">Cansanção de Sinimbu</a> (1878–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Saraiva" title="José Antônio Saraiva">Antônio Saraiva</a> (1880–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinho_%C3%81lvares_da_Silva_Campos" title="Martinho Álvares da Silva Campos">Martinho Campos</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Lustosa_da_Cunha_Paranagu%C3%A1,_Marquis_of_Paranagu%C3%A1" title="João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá">Cunha Paranaguá</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Rodrigues_Pereira" title="Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira">Rodrigues Pereira</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Pinto_de_Sousa_Dantas" title="Manuel Pinto de Sousa Dantas">Sousa Dantas</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Saraiva" title="José Antônio Saraiva">Antônio Saraiva</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Maur%C3%ADcio_Vanderlei,_Baron_of_Cotegipe" title="João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotegipe">Maurício Vanderlei</a> (1885–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Alfredo_Correia_de_Oliveira" title="João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira">Correia de Oliveira</a> (1888–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Celso,_Viscount_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto">Assis Figueiredo</a> (1889) ×</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Republic</a> (1961–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves" title="Tancredo Neves">Tancredo Neves</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Brochado_da_Rocha" title="Francisco de Paula Brochado da Rocha">Brochado da Rocha</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Lima" title="Hermes Lima">Hermes Lima</a> (1962–1963)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>End of term: † Died in office × <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Coup d'état</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Brazil" title="Category:Prime ministers of Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Brazil" title="List of prime ministers of Brazil">List</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Template:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Template talk:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Patrons and members of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Academy of Letters">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 1 to 10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 1 (<a href="/wiki/Adelino_Fontoura" title="Adelino Fontoura">Adelino Fontoura</a>): <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Murat" title="Luís Murat">Luís Murat</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afonso_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay" title="Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay">Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Monteiro_de_Barros_Lins" title="Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins">Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_%C3%89lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo Élis">Bernardo Élis</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Evandro_Lins_e_Silva" title="Evandro Lins e Silva">Evandro Lins e Silva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ana_Maria_Machado" title="Ana Maria Machado">Ana Maria Machado</a> 2 (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Álvares de Azevedo</a>): <a href="/wiki/Coelho_Neto" title="Coelho Neto">Coelho Neto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Neves_da_Fontoura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Neves da Fontoura (page does not exist)">João Neves da Fontoura</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Guimar%C3%A3es_Rosa" title="João Guimarães Rosa">João Guimarães Rosa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Palm%C3%A9rio" title="Mário Palmério">Mário Palmério</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Tarc%C3%ADsio_Padilha" title="Tarcísio Padilha">Tarcísio Padilha</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Giannetti_da_Fonseca" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca">Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca</a> 3 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_de_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur de Oliveira (page does not exist)">Artur de Oliveira</a>): <a href="/wiki/Filinto_de_Almeida" title="Filinto de Almeida">Filinto de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Simonsen" title="Roberto Simonsen">Roberto Simonsen</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C3%ADbal_Freire_da_Fonseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aníbal Freire da Fonseca (page does not exist)">Aníbal Freire da Fonseca</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Herberto_Sales" title="Herberto Sales">Herberto Sales</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Heitor_Cony" title="Carlos Heitor Cony">Carlos Heitor Cony</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Falc%C3%A3o" title="Joaquim Falcão">Joaquim Falcão</a> 4 (<a href="/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlio_da_Gama" title="Basílio da Gama">Basílio da Gama</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alu%C3%ADsio_Azevedo" title="Aluísio Azevedo">Aluísio Azevedo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcides_Maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcides Maia (page does not exist)">Alcides Maia</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Viana_Moog" title="Viana Moog">Viana Moog</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Nejar" title="Carlos Nejar">Carlos Nejar</a> 5 (<a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Bernardo Guimarães</a>): <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Correia" title="Raimundo Correia">Raimundo Correia</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Cruz" title="Oswaldo Cruz">Oswaldo Cruz</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alo%C3%ADsio_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloísio de Castro (page does not exist)">Aloísio de Castro</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Mota_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cândido Mota Filho (page does not exist)">Cândido Mota Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Rachel_de_Queiroz" title="Rachel de Queiroz">Rachel de Queiroz</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Murilo_de_Carvalho" title="José Murilo de Carvalho">José Murilo de Carvalho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ailton_Krenak" title="Ailton Krenak">Ailton Krenak</a> 6 (<a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Casimiro de Abreu</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teixeira_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teixeira de Melo (page does not exist)">Teixeira de Melo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Artur_Silveira_da_Mota,_Baron_of_Jaceguai" title="Artur Silveira da Mota, Baron of Jaceguai">Artur Jaceguai</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Goulart_de_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Maria Goulart de Andrade (page does not exist)">Goulart de Andrade</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Barbosa_Lima_Sobrinho" title="Barbosa Lima Sobrinho">Barbosa Lima Sobrinho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Faoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimundo Faoro">Raimundo Faoro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADcero_Sandroni" title="Cícero Sandroni">Cícero Sandroni</a> 7 (<a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Castro Alves</a>): <a href="/wiki/Valentim_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Valentim Magalhães">Valentim Magalhães</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Euclides_da_Cunha" title="Euclides da Cunha">Euclides da Cunha</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afr%C3%A2nio_Peixoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrânio Peixoto">Afrânio Peixoto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afonso_Pena_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afonso Pena Júnior (page does not exist)">Afonso Pena Júnior</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Lima" title="Hermes Lima">Hermes Lima</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Cavalcanti_Pontes_de_Miranda" title="Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda">Pontes de Miranda</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A1_Silveira_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Diná Silveira de Queirós">Diná Silveira de Queirós</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9rgio_Correia_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sérgio Correia da Costa (page does not exist)">Sérgio Correia da Costa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="Nelson Pereira dos Santos">Nelson Pereira dos Santos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Diegues" title="Carlos Diegues">Carlos Diegues</a> ► Vacant 8 (<a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Manuel_da_Costa" title="Cláudio Manuel da Costa">Cláudio Manuel da Costa</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alberto_de_Oliveira" title="Alberto de Oliveira">Alberto de Oliveira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Oliveira_Viana" title="Oliveira Viana">Oliveira Viana</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Austreg%C3%A9silo_de_Athayde" title="Austregésilo de Athayde">Austregésilo de Athayde</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Calado" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Calado">Antônio Calado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Olinto" title="Antônio Olinto">Antônio Olinto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Cleonice_Berardinelli" title="Cleonice Berardinelli">Cleonice Berardinelli</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Cavaliere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo Cavaliere (page does not exist)">Ricardo Cavaliere</a> 9 (<a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Gonçalves de Magalhães</a>): <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Magalh%C3%A3es_de_Azeredo" title="Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo">Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Marques_Rebelo" title="Marques Rebelo">Marques Rebelo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Chagas_Filho" title="Carlos Chagas Filho">Carlos Chagas Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Alberto da Costa e Silva">Alberto da Costa e Silva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lilia_Moritz_Schwarcz" title="Lilia Moritz Schwarcz">Lilia Moritz Schwarcz</a> 10 (<a href="/wiki/Evaristo_da_Veiga" title="Evaristo da Veiga">Evaristo da Veiga</a>): <a href="/wiki/Rui_Barbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rui Barbosa">Rui Barbosa</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laudelino_Freire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laudelino Freire (page does not exist)">Laudelino Freire</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osvaldo_Orico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osvaldo Orico (page does not exist)">Osvaldo Orico</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Or%C3%ADgenes_Lessa" title="Orígenes Lessa">Orígenes Lessa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAdo_Ivo" title="Lêdo Ivo">Lêdo Ivo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Rosiska_Darcy_de_Oliveira" title="Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira">Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira</a> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Olivenkranz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/80px-Olivenkranz.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/120px-Olivenkranz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/160px-Olivenkranz.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="427" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 11 to 20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 11 (<a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Fagundes Varela</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BAcio_de_Mendon%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lúcio de Mendonça (page does not exist)">Lúcio de Mendonça</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Augusto_Carneiro_Lessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa (page does not exist)">Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Ramos_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Ramos (poet) (page does not exist)">Eduardo Ramos</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_Alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Luís Alves (page does not exist)">João Luís Alves</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Adelmar_Tavares" title="Adelmar Tavares">Adelmar Tavares</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deolindo_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deolindo Couto (page does not exist)">Deolindo Couto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Darcy_Ribeiro" title="Darcy Ribeiro">Darcy Ribeiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Celso_Furtado" title="Celso Furtado">Celso Furtado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Jaguaribe" title="Hélio Jaguaribe">Hélio Jaguaribe</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1cio_de_Loyola_Brand%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignácio de Loyola Brandão">Ignácio de Loyola Brandão</a> 12 (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior" title="França Júnior">França Júnior</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbano_Duarte_de_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbano Duarte de Oliveira (page does not exist)">Urbano Duarte de Oliveira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Augusto_de_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Augusto de Lima">Antônio Augusto de Lima</a> ► <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Viana" title="Vítor Viana">Vítor Viana</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_de_Macedo_Soares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Carlos de Macedo Soares (page does not exist)">José Carlos de Macedo Soares</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Abgar_Renault" title="Abgar Renault">Abgar Renault</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Moreira_Neves" title="Lucas Moreira Neves">Lucas Moreira Neves</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bosi" title="Alfredo Bosi">Alfredo Bosi</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Niemeyer_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Niemeyer Filho (page does not exist)">Paulo Niemeyer Filho</a> 13 (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Otaviano" title="Francisco Otaviano">Francisco Otaviano</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Castro (page does not exist)">Francisco de Castro</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Isidoro_Martins_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Isidoro Martins Júnior (page does not exist)">Martins Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Carneiro_de_Sousa_Bandeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira (page does not exist)">Sousa Bandeira</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9lio_Lobo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hélio Lobo (page does not exist)">Hélio Lobo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Meyer" title="Augusto Meyer">Augusto Meyer</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Assis_Barbosa" title="Francisco de Assis Barbosa">Francisco de Assis Barbosa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Paulo_Rouanet" title="Sérgio Paulo Rouanet">Sérgio Paulo Rouanet</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Castro" title="Ruy Castro">Ruy Castro</a> 14 (<a href="/wiki/Franklin_T%C3%A1vora" title="Franklin Távora">Franklin Távora</a>): <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3vis_Bevil%C3%A1qua" title="Clóvis Beviláqua">Clóvis Beviláqua</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Carneiro Leão (page does not exist)">Antônio Carneiro Leão</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_de_Azevedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando de Azevedo (page does not exist)">Fernando de Azevedo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Miguel Reale</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Celso_Lafer" title="Celso Lafer">Celso Lafer</a> 15 (<a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Gonçalves Dias</a>): <a href="/wiki/Olavo_Bilac" title="Olavo Bilac">Olavo Bilac</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Amaral" title="Amadeu Amaral">Amadeu Amaral</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Guilherme_de_Almeida" title="Guilherme de Almeida">Guilherme de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odilo_Costa_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odilo Costa Filho (page does not exist)">Odilo Costa Filho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Barbosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Barbosa (page does not exist)">Marcos Barbosa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bastos_de_%C3%81vila" title="Fernando Bastos de Ávila">Fernando Bastos de Ávila</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Marco_Lucchesi" title="Marco Lucchesi">Marco Lucchesi</a> 16 (<a href="/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_de_Matos" title="Gregório de Matos">Gregório de Matos</a>): <a href="/wiki/Araripe_J%C3%BAnior" title="Araripe Júnior">Araripe Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Pacheco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Pacheco (page does not exist)">Félix Pacheco</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calmon (page does not exist)">Pedro Calmon</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lygia_Fagundes_Telles" title="Lygia Fagundes Telles">Lygia Fagundes Telles</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Caldeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Caldeira (page does not exist)">Jorge Caldeira</a> 17 (<a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_da_Costa" title="Hipólito da Costa">Hipólito da Costa</a>): <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvio_Romero" title="Sílvio Romero">Sílvio Romero</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Os%C3%B3rio_Duque-Estrada" title="Osório Duque-Estrada">Osório Duque-Estrada</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Roquette-Pinto" title="Edgar Roquette-Pinto">Edgar Roquette-Pinto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Lins" title="Álvaro Lins">Álvaro Lins</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Houaiss" title="Antônio Houaiss">Antônio Houaiss</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Affonso_Arinos_de_Mello_Franco" title="Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco">Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro" title="Fernanda Montenegro">Fernanda Montenegro</a> 18 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Francisco_Lisboa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Francisco Lisboa (page does not exist)">João Francisco Lisboa</a>): <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ver%C3%ADssimo" title="José Veríssimo">José Veríssimo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar%C3%A3o_Homem_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barão Homem de Melo (page does not exist)">Barão Homem de Melo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Faria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Faria (page does not exist)">Alberto Faria</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Carlos_da_Fonseca_Monteiro_de_Barros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Carlos da Fonseca Monteiro de Barros (page does not exist)">Luís Carlos</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Pereira_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Joaquim Pereira da Silva (page does not exist)">Pereira da Silva</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peregrino_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peregrino Júnior (page does not exist)">Peregrino Júnior</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Niskier" title="Arnaldo Niskier">Arnaldo Niskier</a> 19 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Caetano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Caetano (page does not exist)">Joaquim Caetano</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alcindo_Guanabara" title="Alcindo Guanabara">Alcindo Guanabara</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silv%C3%A9rio_Gomes_Pimenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvério Gomes Pimenta (page does not exist)">Silvério Gomes Pimenta</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Gustavo Barroso</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_da_Silva_Melo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio da Silva Melo">Silva Melo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C3%A9rico_Jacobina_Lacombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Américo Jacobina Lacombe (page does not exist)">Américo Jacobina Lacombe</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Almir_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Almir Madeira (page does not exist)">Marcos Almir Madeira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Secchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Carlos Secchin">Antônio Carlos Secchin</a> 20 (<a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a>): <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Salvador de Mendonça">Salvador de Mendonça</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Em%C3%ADlio_de_Meneses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emílio de Meneses (page does not exist)">Emílio de Meneses</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Campos_(journalist)" title="Humberto de Campos (journalist)">Humberto de Campos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAcio_Le%C3%A3o" title="Múcio Leão">Múcio Leão</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_de_Lira_Tavares" title="Aurélio de Lira Tavares">Aurélio de Lira Tavares</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Murilo_Melo_Filho" title="Murilo Melo Filho">Murilo Melo Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 21 to 30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 21 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Serra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Serra (page does not exist)">Joaquim Serra</a>): <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a> ► <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Alencar" title="Mário de Alencar">Mário de Alencar</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Oleg%C3%A1rio_Mariano" title="Olegário Mariano">Olegário Mariano</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_Moreira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Álvaro Moreira (page does not exist)">Álvaro Moreira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Adonias_Filho" title="Adonias Filho">Adonias Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Dias_Gomes" title="Dias Gomes">Dias Gomes</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Oliveira_Campos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto de Oliveira Campos">Roberto Campos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a> 22 (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_the_Younger" title="José Bonifácio the Younger">José Bonifácio the Younger</a>): <a href="/wiki/Medeiros_e_Albuquerque" title="Medeiros e Albuquerque">Medeiros e Albuquerque</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Os%C3%B3rio_de_Almeida" title="Miguel Osório de Almeida">Miguel Osório de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Viana_Filho" title="Luís Viana Filho">Luís Viana Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pitanguy" title="Ivo Pitanguy">Ivo Pitanguy</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Almino" title="João Almino">João Almino</a> 23 (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a>): <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Rodrigues_Pereira" title="Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira">Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Pujol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Pujol (page does not exist)">Alfredo Pujol</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_Mangabeira" title="Otávio Mangabeira">Otávio Mangabeira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9lia_Gattai" title="Zélia Gattai">Zélia Gattai</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Paulo_Horta" title="Luiz Paulo Horta">Luiz Paulo Horta</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Torres (page does not exist)">Antônio Torres</a> 24 (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Ribeiro" title="Júlio Ribeiro">Júlio Ribeiro</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_Redondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garcia Redondo (page does not exist)">Garcia Redondo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Guimar%C3%A3es_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Guimarães Filho (page does not exist)">Luís Guimarães Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bandeira" title="Manuel Bandeira">Manuel Bandeira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Cyro_dos_Anjos" title="Cyro dos Anjos">Cyro dos Anjos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1bato_Magaldi" title="Sábato Magaldi">Sábato Magaldi</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Carneiro" title="Geraldo Carneiro">Geraldo Carneiro</a> 25 (<a href="/wiki/Junqueira_Freire" title="Junqueira Freire">Junqueira Freire</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_D%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Dória (page does not exist)">Franklin Dória</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Orlando_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Orlando da Silva (page does not exist)">Artur Orlando da Silva</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataulfo_de_Paiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataulfo de Paiva (page does not exist)">Ataulfo de Paiva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lins_do_Rego" title="José Lins do Rego">José Lins do Rego</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Arinos_de_Melo_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco">Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Venancio_Filho" title="Alberto Venancio Filho">Alberto Venancio Filho</a> 26 (<a href="/wiki/Laurindo_Rabelo" title="Laurindo Rabelo">Laurindo Rabelo</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guimar%C3%A3es_Passos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guimarães Passos (page does not exist)">Guimarães Passos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_do_Rio" title="João do Rio">João do Rio</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Const%C3%A2ncio_Alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constâncio Alves (page does not exist)">Constâncio Alves</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribeiro_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribeiro Couto (page does not exist)">Ribeiro Couto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilberto_Amado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilberto Amado (page does not exist)">Gilberto Amado</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauro_Mota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauro Mota (page does not exist)">Mauro Mota</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Vila%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Vilaça (page does not exist)">Marcos Vilaça</a> 27 (<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Peregrino_Maciel_Monteiro,_2nd_Baron_of_Itamarac%C3%A1" title="Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro, 2nd Baron of Itamaracá">Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro</a>): <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Dantas_Barreto" title="Dantas Barreto">Dantas Barreto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg%C3%B3rio_da_Fonseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregório da Fonseca (page does not exist)">Gregório da Fonseca</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Levi_Carneiro" title="Levi Carneiro">Levi Carneiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_de_Faria" title="Otávio de Faria">Otávio de Faria</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Portella" title="Eduardo Portella">Eduardo Portella</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cicero" title="Antonio Cicero">Antonio Cicero</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgard_Telles_Ribeiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgard Telles Ribeiro (page does not exist)">Edgard Telles Ribeiro</a> 28 (<a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a>): <a href="/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_de_Sousa" title="Inglês de Sousa">Inglês de Sousa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Marques" title="Xavier Marques">Xavier Marques</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Menotti_Del_Picchia" title="Menotti Del Picchia">Menotti Del Picchia</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Dias_Correia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Dias Correia (page does not exist)">Oscar Dias Correia</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%ADcio_Proen%C3%A7a_Filho" title="Domício Proença Filho">Domício Proença Filho</a> 29 (<a href="/wiki/Martins_Pena" title="Martins Pena">Martins Pena</a>): <a href="/wiki/Artur_Azevedo" title="Artur Azevedo">Artur Azevedo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_de_Carvalho_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente de Carvalho (writer) (page does not exist)">Vicente de Carvalho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A1udio_de_Sousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cláudio de Sousa (page does not exist)">Cláudio de Sousa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Josu%C3%A9_Montello" title="Josué Montello">Josué Montello</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mindlin" title="José Mindlin">José Mindlin</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Holanda_Cavalcanti" title="Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti">Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti</a> 30 (<a href="/wiki/Pardal_Mallet" title="Pardal Mallet">Pardal Mallet</a>): <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rabelo" title="Pedro Rabelo">Pedro Rabelo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Her%C3%A1clito_Gra%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heráclito Graça (page does not exist)">Heráclito Graça</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Austreg%C3%A9silo_Rodrigues_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues de Lima (page does not exist)">Antônio Austregésilo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_Buarque_de_Holanda_Ferreira" title="Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira">Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9lida_Pi%C3%B1on" title="Nélida Piñon">Nélida Piñon</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Helo%C3%ADsa_Teixeira" title="Heloísa Teixeira">Heloísa Teixeira</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 31 to 40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 31 (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lu%C3%ADs_Pereira_de_Sousa" title="Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa">Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa</a>): <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Caetano_Pereira_Guimar%C3%A3es_J%C3%BAnior" title="Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior">Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_Ribeiro_de_Andrade_Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes (page does not exist)">João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Paulo Setúbal">Paulo Setúbal</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Cassiano_Ricardo" title="Cassiano Ricardo">Cassiano Ricardo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Carvalho" title="José Cândido de Carvalho">José Cândido de Carvalho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geraldo_Fran%C3%A7a_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geraldo França de Lima (page does not exist)">Geraldo França de Lima</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Moacyr_Scliar" title="Moacyr Scliar">Moacyr Scliar</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Merval_Pereira" title="Merval Pereira">Merval Pereira</a> 32 (<a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre</a>): <a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Laet" title="Carlos de Laet">Carlos de Laet</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Ramiz Galvão">Ramiz Galvão</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Viriato_Correia" title="Viriato Correia">Viriato Correia</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joracy_Camargo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joracy Camargo (page does not exist)">Joracy Camargo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genolino_Amado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genolino Amado (page does not exist)">Genolino Amado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Suassuna" title="Ariano Suassuna">Ariano Suassuna</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Zuenir_Ventura" title="Zuenir Ventura">Zuenir Ventura</a> 33 (<a href="/wiki/Raul_Pompeia" title="Raul Pompeia">Raul Pompeia</a>): <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%ADcio_da_Gama" title="Domício da Gama">Domício da Gama</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Fernando Magalhães">Fernando Magalhães</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Edmundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Edmundo (page does not exist)">Luís Edmundo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afr%C3%A2nio_Coutinho" title="Afrânio Coutinho">Afrânio Coutinho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Evanildo_Bechara" title="Evanildo Bechara">Evanildo Bechara</a> 34 (<a href="/wiki/Sousa_Caldas" title="Sousa Caldas">Sousa Caldas</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel_Pereira_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Manuel Pereira da Silva (page does not exist)">João Manuel Pereira da Silva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">José Maria da Silva Paranhos Jr.</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lauro_M%C3%BCller" title="Lauro Müller">Lauro Müller</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Aquino_Correia" title="Francisco de Aquino Correia">Aquino Correia</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimundo_Magalh%C3%A3es_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimundo Magalhães Júnior (page does not exist)">Magalhães Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Castelo_Branco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Castelo Branco (page does not exist)">Carlos Castelo Branco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ubaldo_Ribeiro" title="João Ubaldo Ribeiro">João Ubaldo Ribeiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Zuenir_Ventura" title="Zuenir Ventura">Zuenir Ventura</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Evaldo_Cabral_de_Mello" title="Evaldo Cabral de Mello">Evaldo Cabral de Mello</a> 35 (<a href="/wiki/Aureliano_C%C3%A2ndido_Tavares_Bastos" title="Aureliano Cândido Tavares Bastos">Tavares Bastos</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ot%C3%A1vio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Otávio (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Otávio</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ot%C3%A1vio_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Otávio Filho (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Otávio Filho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Hon%C3%B3rio_Rodrigues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Honório Rodrigues (page does not exist)">José Honório Rodrigues</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celso_Ferreira_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celso Ferreira da Cunha (page does not exist)">Celso Cunha</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Mendes_de_Almeida_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cândido Mendes de Almeida (writer) (page does not exist)">Cândido Mendes de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Godofredo_de_Oliveira_Neto" title="Godofredo de Oliveira Neto">Godofredo de Oliveira Neto</a> 36 (<a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Dias" title="Teófilo Dias">Teófilo Dias</a>): <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Celso_de_Assis_Figueiredo_J%C3%BAnior" title="Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo Júnior">Afonso Celso</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clementino_Fraga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clementino Fraga (page does not exist)">Clementino Fraga</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Carneiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Carneiro (page does not exist)">Paulo Carneiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" title="José Guilherme Merquior">José Guilherme Merquior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_de_Scantimburgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João de Scantimburgo (page does not exist)">João de Scantimburgo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> 37 (<a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Ant%C3%B3nio_Gonzaga" title="Tomás António Gonzaga">Tomás António Gonzaga</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_J%C3%BAlio_da_Silva_Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Júlio da Silva Ramos (page does not exist)">José Júlio da Silva Ramos</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara_Machado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José de Alcântara Machado (page does not exist)">José de Alcântara Machado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Assis_Chateaubriand" title="Assis Chateaubriand">Assis Chateaubriand</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto" title="João Cabral de Melo Neto">João Cabral de Melo Neto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Junqueira" title="Ivan Junqueira">Ivan Junqueira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ferreira_Gullar" title="Ferreira Gullar">Ferreira Gullar</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Wehling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Wehling (page does not exist)">Arno Wehling</a> 38 (<a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Tobias Barreto</a>): <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Aranha" title="Graça Aranha">Graça Aranha</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Celso_Vieira_(writer)" title="Celso Vieira (writer)">Celso Vieira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Am%C3%A9rico_de_Almeida" title="José Américo de Almeida">José Américo de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> 39 (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen,_Viscount_of_Porto_Seguro" title="Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro">Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen</a>): <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Oliveira_Lima" title="Manuel de Oliveira Lima">Manuel de Oliveira Lima</a> ► <a 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