CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Politics of Europe - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8b85110f-5a21-4997-9a09-30e212fccdc8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Politics_of_Europe","wgTitle":"Politics of Europe","wgCurRevisionId":1257552285,"wgRevisionId":1257552285,"wgArticleId":1286372,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use British English from November 2013","Use dmy dates from November 2013","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Politics of Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Politics_of_Europe","wgRelevantArticleId":1286372,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1192040","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.imagemap","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/1200px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="777"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/800px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/640px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="414"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Politics of Europe - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Europe"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Europe"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Politics_of_Europe rootpage-Politics_of_Europe skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Politics+of+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Politics+of+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Politics+of+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Politics+of+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_political_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_political_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Modern political climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_political_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_unions,_organizations_and_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_unions,_organizations_and_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>International unions, organizations and alliances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_unions,_organizations_and_alliances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International unions, organizations and alliances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_unions,_organizations_and_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Council of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Political_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Political_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>European Political Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Political_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_of_Democratic_Choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_of_Democratic_Choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Community of Democratic Choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_of_Democratic_Choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasian_Economic_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasian_Economic_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Eurasian Economic Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasian_Economic_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Commonwealth of Independent States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>North Atlantic Treaty Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secessionist_and_devolutionary_pressures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secessionist_and_devolutionary_pressures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Secessionist and devolutionary pressures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secessionist_and_devolutionary_pressures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secessionist and devolutionary pressures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secessionist_and_devolutionary_pressures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Moldova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="سياسة أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropada_siyas%C9%99t" title="Avropada siyasət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropada siyasət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سیاست اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Eropa" title="Politik Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_Europa" title="Política da Europa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="යුරෝපයේ දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුරෝපයේ දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="การเมืองยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเมืองยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa%27da_siyaset" title="Avrupa'da siyaset – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa'da siyaset" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Політика Європи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика Європи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="歐洲政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐洲政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1192040#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Politics_of_Europe" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Politics_of_Europe" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Politics_of_Europe" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&oldid=1257552285" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Politics_of_Europe&id=1257552285&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolitics_of_Europe"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolitics_of_Europe"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Politics_of_Europe&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Europe" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1192040" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the evolving politics of Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:500px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/500px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/750px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/1000px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="780" usemap="#ImageMap_37433d2f19438e9f" resource="/wiki/File:Supranational_European_Bodies-en.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_37433d2f19438e9f"><area href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" shape="rect" coords="25,8,181,21" alt="European Political Community" title="European Political Community" /><area href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" shape="rect" coords="19,31,95,42" alt="Schengen Area" title="Schengen Area" /><area href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" shape="rect" coords="313,29,407,39" alt="Council of Europe" title="Council of Europe" /><area href="/wiki/European_Union" shape="rect" coords="64,79,147,91" alt="European Union" title="European Union" /><area href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" shape="rect" coords="23,226,48,237" alt="European Economic Area" title="European Economic Area" /><area href="/wiki/Eurozone" shape="rect" coords="68,253,120,264" alt="Eurozone" title="Eurozone" /><area href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" shape="rect" coords="68,293,166,305" alt="European Union Customs Union" title="European Union Customs Union" /><area href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" shape="rect" coords="21,152,52,162" alt="European Free Trade Association" title="European Free Trade Association" /><area href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" shape="rect" coords="93,125,135,147" alt="Nordic Council" title="Nordic Council" /><area href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" shape="rect" coords="147,125,197,149" alt="Visegrád Group" title="Visegrád Group" /><area href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" shape="rect" coords="79,178,162,191" alt="Baltic Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly" /><area href="/wiki/Benelux" shape="rect" coords="98,224,143,235" alt="Benelux" title="Benelux" /><area href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" shape="rect" coords="330,60,365,73" alt="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development" /><area href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" shape="rect" coords="384,102,421,114" alt="Central European Free Trade Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement" /><area href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" shape="rect" coords="353,129,390,152" alt="Open Balkan" title="Open Balkan" /><area href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" shape="rect" coords="461,52,494,62" alt="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation" /><area href="/wiki/Union_State" shape="rect" coords="461,205,494,226" alt="Union State" title="Union State" /><area href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" shape="rect" coords="347,214,407,235" alt="Common Travel Area" title="Common Travel Area" /><area href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" shape="rect" coords="311,286,417,307" alt="International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states" title="International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states" /><area href="/wiki/Switzerland" shape="rect" coords="25,50,50,66" alt="Switzerland" title="Switzerland" /><area href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" shape="rect" coords="25,75,50,91" alt="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein" /><area href="/wiki/Iceland" shape="rect" coords="25,104,50,120" alt="Iceland" title="Iceland" /><area href="/wiki/Norway" shape="rect" coords="25,129,50,145" alt="Norway" title="Norway" /><area href="/wiki/Sweden" shape="rect" coords="66,104,89,120" alt="Sweden" title="Sweden" /><area href="/wiki/Denmark" shape="rect" coords="102,104,125,120" alt="Denmark" title="Denmark" /><area href="/wiki/Finland" shape="rect" coords="66,129,89,145" alt="Finland" title="Finland" /><area href="/wiki/Poland" shape="rect" coords="147,104,172,120" alt="Poland" title="Poland" /><area href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" shape="rect" coords="174,104,199,120" alt="Czech Republic" title="Czech Republic" /><area href="/wiki/Hungary" shape="rect" coords="201,104,226,120" alt="Hungary" title="Hungary" /><area href="/wiki/Slovakia" shape="rect" coords="201,129,226,145" alt="Slovakia" title="Slovakia" /><area href="/wiki/Bulgaria" shape="rect" coords="241,79,266,95" alt="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria" /><area href="/wiki/Romania" shape="rect" coords="241,104,266,120" alt="Romania" title="Romania" /><area href="/wiki/Greece" shape="rect" coords="241,158,266,174" alt="Greece" title="Greece" /><area href="/wiki/Estonia" shape="rect" coords="81,160,106,176" alt="Estonia" title="Estonia" /><area href="/wiki/Latvia" shape="rect" coords="108,160,133,176" alt="Latvia" title="Latvia" /><area href="/wiki/Lithuania" shape="rect" coords="137,160,160,176" alt="Lithuania" title="Lithuania" /><area href="/wiki/Belgium" shape="rect" coords="81,203,106,220" alt="Belgium" title="Belgium" /><area href="/wiki/Netherlands" shape="rect" coords="108,203,133,220" alt="Netherlands" title="Netherlands" /><area href="/wiki/Luxembourg" shape="rect" coords="137,203,160,220" alt="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg" /><area href="/wiki/Italy" shape="rect" coords="176,162,201,181" alt="Italy" title="Italy" /><area href="/wiki/France" shape="rect" coords="176,187,201,203" alt="France" title="France" /><area href="/wiki/Spain" shape="rect" coords="176,210,201,226" alt="Spain" title="Spain" /><area href="/wiki/Austria" shape="rect" coords="208,162,232,181" alt="Austria" title="Austria" /><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="rect" coords="208,187,232,203" alt="Germany" title="Germany" /><area href="/wiki/Portugal" shape="rect" coords="208,210,232,226" alt="Portugal" title="Portugal" /><area href="/wiki/Slovenia" shape="rect" coords="239,187,264,203" alt="Slovenia" title="Slovenia" /><area href="/wiki/Malta" shape="rect" coords="239,210,264,226" alt="Malta" title="Malta" /><area href="/wiki/Croatia" shape="rect" coords="208,245,232,262" alt="Croatia" title="Croatia" /><area href="/wiki/Cyprus" shape="rect" coords="274,187,299,203" alt="Cyprus" title="Cyprus" /><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" shape="rect" coords="276,216,301,232" alt="Republic of Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland" /><area href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" shape="rect" coords="315,216,340,232" alt="United Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Turkey" shape="rect" coords="274,50,299,66" alt="Turkey" title="Turkey" /><area href="/wiki/Monaco" shape="rect" coords="222,289,245,305" alt="Monaco" title="Monaco" /><area href="/wiki/Andorra" shape="rect" coords="249,289,274,305" alt="Andorra" title="Andorra" /><area href="/wiki/San_Marino" shape="rect" coords="276,289,301,305" alt="San Marino" title="San Marino" /><area href="/wiki/Vatican_City" shape="rect" coords="465,289,490,305" alt="Vatican City" title="Vatican City" /><area href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" shape="rect" coords="320,77,342,93" alt="Georgia (country)" title="Georgia (country)" /><area href="/wiki/Ukraine" shape="rect" coords="320,102,342,120" alt="Ukraine" title="Ukraine" /><area href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" shape="rect" coords="351,77,376,93" alt="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan" /><area href="/wiki/Moldova" shape="rect" coords="351,102,376,120" alt="Moldova" title="Moldova" /><area href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" shape="rect" coords="357,185,382,201" alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina" /><area href="/wiki/Armenia" shape="rect" coords="390,77,415,93" alt="Armenia" title="Armenia" /><area href="/wiki/Montenegro" shape="rect" coords="390,185,415,201" alt="Montenegro" title="Montenegro" /><area href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" shape="rect" coords="390,154,415,170" alt="North Macedonia" title="North Macedonia" /><area href="/wiki/Albania" shape="rect" coords="390,131,415,147" alt="Albania" title="Albania" /><area href="/wiki/Serbia" shape="rect" coords="357,154,382,170" alt="Serbia" title="Serbia" /><area href="/wiki/Kosovo" shape="rect" coords="428,185,452,201" alt="Kosovo" title="Kosovo" /><area href="/wiki/Russia" shape="rect" coords="465,158,490,174" alt="Russia" title="Russia" /><area href="/wiki/Belarus" shape="rect" coords="465,185,490,201" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template talk:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>politics of Europe</b> deals with the continually evolving <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> within the continent of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a topic far more detailed than other continents due to a number of factors including the long history of nation states in the region as well as the modern day trend towards increased political unity amongst the European states. </p><p>The current politics of Europe can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">historical events</a> within the continent. Likewise <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">culture</a> have contributed to the current political make-up of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern European politics is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of the Iron Curtain</a> and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the EU expanded eastward to include the former <a href="/wiki/Communist_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist countries">Communist countries</a>. As of 31 January 2020, the EU has 27 member states.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are a number of other international organizations made up predominantly of European nations, or explicitly claiming a European origin, including the 46-nation <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> - the first post-war European organization, regarded as a fore-runner to the European Union - and the 57-nation Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which also includes the United States and Canada, as well as some central Asian states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_political_climate">Modern political climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern political climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg/220px-Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg/330px-Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg/440px-Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Map of European nations coloured by percentage of vote governing party got in last election as of 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite vastly improved relations between Russia and the Western European states since the end of the cold war, recently tensions have risen over the spread of "<a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a>" organizations, particularly the EU and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, eastwards into former USSR states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many European states have either joined or stated their ambition to join the European Union. </p><p>There are few conflicts within Europe, although there remain problems in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Balkans">Western Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 2007 data published in 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, the countries of Europe that cannot be classified <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral democracy">electoral democracies</a> are <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_unions,_organizations_and_alliances"><span id="International_unions.2C_organizations_and_alliances"></span>International unions, organizations and alliances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International unions, organizations and alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EUandGUAMandEurasec.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EUandGUAMandEurasec.png/300px-EUandGUAMandEurasec.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EUandGUAMandEurasec.png/450px-EUandGUAMandEurasec.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EUandGUAMandEurasec.png/600px-EUandGUAMandEurasec.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0082ff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member state</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#84ffff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> member or EU candidate state</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009600; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/GUAM" class="mw-redirect" title="GUAM">GUAM</a> member state</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8242; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">EurAsEC</a> member state</div> </figcaption></figure> <p><i>European states are members of a large number of international organizations, mainly economical, although several are political, or both. The main political unions are detailed below.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Also see: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">Future enlargement of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, or EU, is a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a> of 27 states. It has many activities, the most important being a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">single currency</a> (adopted by 20 of 27 member states),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a>. The European Union also has various initiatives to co-ordinate activities of the member states. </p><p>The EU, considered as a unit, has the second largest economy in the world with a nominal <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of 14.9 <a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">trillion</a> USD in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a trend of moving towards increased co-operation in terms of <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">common defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>. </p><p>The union has evolved over time from a primarily economic union to an increasingly political one. This trend is highlighted by the increasing number of policy areas that fall within EU competence; political power has tended to shift upwards from the member states to the EU. The further development of the political competencies of the EU is the subject of heavy debate within and between some member states.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Europe">Council of Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Council of Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div> <p>The Council of Europe brings together 46 European nations - the entire continent with the exception of Russia, which was expelled in 2022 following its invasion of Ukraine, and Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1949, it is the oldest of the European organizations, embodying post-war hopes for peaceful co-operation, and is focused on the three <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Statute of the Council of Europe">statutory</a> aims of promoting human rights, democracy and the rule of law. It does not deal with economic matters or defense. Its main achievement is the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, which binds its 46 contracting parties to uphold the basic human rights of their citizens, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Strasbourg Court</a> which enforces it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Europe is regarded as a classic intergovernmental organization, with a parliamentary arm, and has none of the supranational powers of the EU – thus it could be compared to a regional version of the United Nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Political_Community">European Political Community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European Political Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></div> <p>The European Political Community (EPC) was formed in October 2022 after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-euronews_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euronews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group first met in October 2022 in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, with participants from 44 <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">European countries</a>, as well as representatives of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Russia and Belarus were not invited to the inaugural meeting. It is envisioned that the group will meet twice in plenary session twice each year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_of_Democratic_Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Community of Democratic Choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a></div> <p>The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a> (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a> members of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Forum">Black Sea Forum</a> (BSF) is a closely related organization. Observer countries include <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just like GUAM before it, this forum is largely seen as intending to counteract Russian influence in the area. This is the only international forum centered in the post-Soviet space in which the Baltic states also participate. The other three post-Soviet states in it are all members of GUAM.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasian_Economic_Union">Eurasian Economic Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eurasian Economic Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a> of post-Soviet states. The treaty aiming for the establishment of the EEU was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and came into force on 1 January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treaties aiming for <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>'s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October 2014 and 23 December respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kyrgyzstan's accession treaty did not come into force until May 2015, provided it has been ratified,<sup id="cite_ref-kyrsign_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyrsign-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it will participate in the EEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state.<sup id="cite_ref-WB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DW_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FT_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TT_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> are prospective members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Euronest Parliamentary Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a> is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the national parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> participate and forge closer political and economic ties with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States">Commonwealth of Independent States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commonwealth of Independent States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) is a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> consisting of 12 of the 15 states of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, (the exceptions being the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is more than a purely symbolic organization and possesses coordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking and security. The most significant issue for the CIS is the establishment of a full-fledged free trade zone and economic union between the member states, launched in 2005. It has also promoted co-operation on democratization and cross-border crime prevention. Additionally, six members of the CIS signed on to a collective security treaty known as the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></div> <p>The post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Disputed_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed states">disputed states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> are all members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a> which aims to forge closer integration among the members.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_NATO" title="Foreign relations of NATO">Foreign relations of NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) is a military alliance of mainly European states, together with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The organization was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> measure following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This provision was intended so that if the Soviet Union launched an attack against the European allies of the United States, it would be treated as if it were an attack on the United States itself, which had the biggest military and could thus provide the most significant retaliation. However, the feared Soviet invasion of Europe never came. Instead, the provision was invoked for the first time in the treaty's history on 12 September 2001, in response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">attacks of 11 September</a> on the United States the day before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a> is a regional organization of four <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> states: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. The group was created as a way of countering the influence of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in the area, and it has received backing and encouragement from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though at one point it was generally considered to have stagnated, recent developments have caused speculation on the possible revival of the organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secessionist_and_devolutionary_pressures">Secessionist and devolutionary pressures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secessionist and devolutionary pressures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">List of active separatist movements in Europe</a></div> <p>These movements, seeking either autonomy or independence, vary greatly in their popular support and political profile, from fringe movements to mainstream campaigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of Belgium's political parties, the <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a> and <a href="/wiki/New-Flemish_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="New-Flemish Alliance">New-Flemish Alliance</a>, want Flanders, the northern part of the country, to become independent. Other Flemish parties plead for more regional autonomy. There is also a minor movement aiming at unification of Flanders with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The autonomous <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> has an almost extinct movement seeking unification with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>, one of the two constituent entities in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (the other being the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>), the vast majority of them being ethnic <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, would opt for independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina and unification with <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. Republika Srpska comprises 49% of the territory of Bosnia and functions independently from the rest of the country in many spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though independence is not on the official government agenda, Serbian politicians from the region see a link between a possible future status of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and the status of Republika Srpska. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, who remain a constituent nation of Bosnia and Herzegovina remain united with ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> in a joint entity. Some Bosnian Croat politicians have proposed a separate constituent entity for Croats along the lines of the Republika Srpska.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> territories of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> have very strong independence movements. Greenland's autonomy marks it as a <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of the Kingdom of Denmark">constituent country</a> under the Danish kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland Islands</a> has an autonomy. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Ålandian</a> <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> party <a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Ålands Framtid</a> was formed. There has not been much support for full independence since the <a href="/wiki/Finland%27s_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland's declaration of independence">Independence of Finland</a>, but in the last years the support has slightly grown.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> has a significant and growing group calling for independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. There are also movements in the <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> region of northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> who wish to regain independence lost in 1532, and in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> in the south east, which was annexed to France following a disputed referendum in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> cross into France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> declared independence on 28 November 1991, and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> on 23 July 1992. Following the brief <a href="/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 South Ossetia war">2008 South Ossetia war</a>, both entities were <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">partially recognised</a> as independent by several UN member states. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> considers both "occupied territories" within its own borders. Both states participate in the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a>, a party which is especially strong in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liga_Veneta" title="Liga Veneta">Liga Veneta</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lega_Lombarda" title="Lega Lombarda">Lega Lombarda</a>), has promoted either <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> or larger <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Padania" title="Padania">Padania</a>, blaming <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> for siphoning away tax funds and blocking progress. Similar groups are active in Southern Italy, but can rely on a far smaller electoral support. Plenty of autonomist and separatist parties are active in Northern regions: <a href="/wiki/Valdostan_Union" title="Valdostan Union">Valdostan Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">South Tyrolean People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Freiheitlichen" title="Die Freiheitlichen">Die Freiheitlichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino_Tyrolean_Autonomist_Party" title="Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party">Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-East_Union" title="North-East Union">North-East Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto_State" title="Veneto State">Veneto State</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_Freedom" title="South Tyrolean Freedom">South Tyrolean Freedom</a> party, which campaigned for the reunion of the province with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Republic_of_Sardinia" title="Independence Republic of Sardinia">Independence Republic of Sardinia</a> supports outright independence for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mediterranean region is home to many autonomist parties: <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Action_Party" title="Sardinian Action Party">Sardinian Action Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Reformers" title="Sardinian Reformers">Sardinian Reformers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_People%27s_Party" title="Sardinian People's Party">Sardinian People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Sardinians" title="Union of Sardinians">Union of Sardinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Moors" title="Red Moors">Red Moors</a>, etc. </p><p>Autonomist presidents lead four out twenty regions of Italy: <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luca_Zaia" title="Luca Zaia">Luca Zaia</a>, Łiga Veneta), <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Augusto_Rollandin" title="Augusto Rollandin">Augusto Rollandin</a>, Valdostan Union), <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberto_Maroni" title="Roberto Maroni">Roberto Maroni</a>, Lega Lombarda) and <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Dellai" title="Lorenzo Dellai">Lorenzo Dellai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Trentino" title="Union for Trentino">Union for Trentino</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldova">Moldova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Moldova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldovan</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, which has a large ethnic Russian and Ukrainian population,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has declared independence from Moldova on 2 September 1990 and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having no control over the region, the Moldovan government refuses to recognise this claim. There is a significant movement in Moldova and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> aiming at the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">reunification</a> of the two countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Frisian_National_Party" title="Frisian National Party">Frisian National Party</a> seeks more autonomy for <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> without striving for complete independence. The preservation of Frisian culture is an important goal of the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> belonged to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and it contains minorities of ethnic Hungarians who desire regional autonomy in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia's</a> regions have independence movements, mostly in the state's north Caucasus border. The most notable of these are <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, which have well supported guerrilla groups involved in open conflict with the Russian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> people seek independence for the region of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The status of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> is the subject of a long-running political and territorial dispute between the <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> (and previously, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a>) government and Kosovo's largely ethnic-Albanian population. International negotiations began in 2006 to determine final status (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_status_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo status process">Kosovo status process</a></i>). Kosovo declared independence on 17 February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> there are independence movements in some of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous regions</a>, notably the regions that have co-official languages such as <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. These are mostly peaceful but some, such as <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Lliure" title="Terra Lliure">Terra Lliure</a>, have used violent means.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> has been annexed by the Russian Federation. The eastern, majority <a href="/wiki/Russophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophone">Russophone</a> part of the country is divided, and there are calls from some groups for the area to leave Ukraine and join Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> achieve between them around 40% of the vote at elections,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both parties supporting Northern Ireland leaving the United Kingdom and joining Ireland to create a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (SNP), the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Scottish Socialist Party</a> (SSP) and the <a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba Party</a> all support <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SNP won an outright majority at the <a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011 Scottish Parliament election</a> and held the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a>, in the majority of Scottish voters backed remaining part of the United Kingdom by a 55% - 45% margin. There have, however, been revived calls for independence since the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU referendum</a>, which saw both Scotland and Northern Ireland vote to Remain.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Propel_(political_party)" title="Propel (political party)">Propel</a> support <a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a>. Polls generally show support for Welsh independence at around 20-25%.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, there are movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a>, calling for a devolved <a href="/wiki/English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="English Parliament">English Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Regionalists" title="Wessex Regionalists">Wessex Regionalists</a>, calling for devolution of power to the <a href="/wiki/English_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="English regions">English regions</a>. Movements seeking autonomy<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or independence<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include <a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a> in the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 24 June 2016, the United Kingdom officially <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">voted to leave</a> the European Union. It is currently an ongoing process before the process of withdrawing officially begun on 29 March 2019. However, individual constituent countries within the United Kingdom, more specifically Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain in the European Union, prompting calls for another independence referendum in Scotland as well as raising the possibility of Irish reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations in Europe">International organizations in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighborhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovoc">Eurovoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">Future enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">List of conflicts in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Europe-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Europe-related topics">List of Europe-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_countries_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE countries statistics">OSCE countries statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">Democracy in Europe</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/">"The EU - what it is and what it does"</a>. <i>op.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=op.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+EU+-+what+it+is+and+what+it+does&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fop.europa.eu%2Fwebpub%2Fcom%2Feu-what-it-is%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/fall-of-communism">"Milestones: 1989–1992 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1989%E2%80%931992+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1989-1992%2Ffall-of-communism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/167/the-enlargement-of-the-union">"The Enlargement of the Union | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"</a>. <i>www.europarl.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+Enlargement+of+the+Union+%7C+Fact+Sheets+on+the+European+Union+%7C+European+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Ffactsheets%2Fen%2Fsheet%2F167%2Fthe-enlargement-of-the-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/">"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Osce.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Osce.org">osce.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osce.org&rft.atitle=Organization+for+Security+and+Co-operation+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartsonakiWolff2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kartsonaki, Argyro; Wolff, Stefan (3 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2015.1021242">"The EU's Responses to Conflicts in its Wider Neighbourhood: Human or European Security?"</a>. <i>Global Society</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 199–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13600826.2015.1021242">10.1080/13600826.2015.1021242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-0826">1360-0826</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143843477">143843477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Society&rft.atitle=The+EU%27s+Responses+to+Conflicts+in+its+Wider+Neighbourhood%3A+Human+or+European+Security%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-226&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143843477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-0826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13600826.2015.1021242&rft.aulast=Kartsonaki&rft.aufirst=Argyro&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13600826.2015.1021242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2008">freedomhouse.org: Map of Freedom in the World</a>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/adoption/euro_area/index_en.htm">"What is the euro area?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+euro+area%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Feuro%2Fadoption%2Feuro_area%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/economy_en">"Economy"</a>. <i>european-union.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=european-union.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fprinciples-countries-history%2Fkey-facts-and-figures%2Feconomy_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/division-of-competences-within-the-european-union.html">"EUR-Lex - ai0020 - EN - EUR-Lex"</a>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUR-Lex+-+ai0020+-+EN+-+EUR-Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FEN%2Flegal-content%2Fsummary%2Fdivision-of-competences-within-the-european-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe">"The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe - Portal - publi.coe.int"</a>. <i>Portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Federation+is+excluded+from+the+Council+of+Europe+-+Portal+-+publi.coe.int&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2F-%2Fthe-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-convention">"European Convention on Human Rights - The European Convention on Human Rights - publi.coe.int"</a>. <i>The European Convention on Human Rights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=European+Convention+on+Human+Rights+-+The+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights+-+publi.coe.int&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fhuman-rights-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euronews-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euronews_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidey2022" class="citation news cs1">Tidey, Alice (5 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/10/05/what-we-know-and-dont-know-about-the-european-political-community">"What we know and don't know about the new European Political Community"</a>. <i>euronews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=What+we+know+and+don%27t+know+about+the+new+European+Political+Community&rft.date=2022-10-05&rft.aulast=Tidey&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2022%2F10%2F05%2Fwhat-we-know-and-dont-know-about-the-european-political-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeuch2008" class="citation news cs1">Peuch, Jean-Christophe (8 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1063461.html">"Ukraine: Regional Leaders Set Up Community Of Democratic Choice"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+Regional+Leaders+Set+Up+Community+Of+Democratic+Choice&rft.date=2008-04-08&rft.aulast=Peuch&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1063461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/guam-still-relevant-regional-actor/">"GUAM: Still Relevant Regional Actor?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GUAM%3A+Still+Relevant+Regional+Actor%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasian-research.org%2Fpublication%2Fguam-still-relevant-regional-actor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201013526/http://economy.gov.ru/wps/wcm/connect/bb840de1-a37b-4e00-8c62-6e13a59485d1/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5.docx?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=bb840de1-a37b-4e00-8c62-6e13a59485d1">"Договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economy.gov.ru/wps/wcm/connect/bb840de1-a37b-4e00-8c62-6e13a59485d1/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5.docx?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=bb840de1-a37b-4e00-8c62-6e13a59485d1">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%BE+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomy.gov.ru%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fbb840de1-a37b-4e00-8c62-6e13a59485d1%2F%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%2B%25D0%25BE%2B%25D0%2595%25D0%25B2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%2B%25D1%258D%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%2B%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D1%258E%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5.docx%3FMOD%3DAJPERES%26CACHEID%3Dbb840de1-a37b-4e00-8c62-6e13a59485d1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДмитрий" class="citation web cs1">Дмитрий. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.customs-code.ru/pravovbaza/18429-dogovor-arm">"ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)"</a>. <i>customs-code.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=customs-code.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A0+%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%9A+%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A3+%D0%9E+%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%98%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C+%D0%AD%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%AE%D0%97%D0%95+%D0%9E%D0%A2+29+%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%AF+2014+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%90+%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C+10+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29&rft.au=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.customs-code.ru%2Fpravovbaza%2F18429-dogovor-arm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyrsign-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kyrsign_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armradio.am/en/2014/12/23/finalization-of-ratification-procedures-on-armenias-accession-to-eeu-to-be-declared-in-moscow-today/">"Finalization of ratification procedures on Armenia's accession to EEU to be declared in Moscow today"</a>. <i>Public Radio of Armenia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+of+Armenia&rft.atitle=Finalization+of+ratification+procedures+on+Armenia%27s+accession+to+EEU+to+be+declared+in+Moscow+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armradio.am%2Fen%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2Ffinalization-of-ratification-procedures-on-armenias-accession-to-eeu-to-be-declared-in-moscow-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WB_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/151539/kyrgyzstan-armenia-officially-enter-eurasian-economic-union">"Kyrgyzstan, Armenia officially enter Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. World Bulletin. 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Signed agreement opens up new possibilities for Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, starting from 1st January 2015</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan%2C+Armenia+officially+enter+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbulletin.net%2Fnews%2F151539%2Fkyrgyzstan-armenia-officially-enter-eurasian-economic-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LN-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LN_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifenews.ru/news/147572">"Putin said the accession of Kyrgyzstan to the EAEC"</a> (in Russian). Life News. 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Kyrgyzstan is among the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC). Kyrgyzstan will participate in the governing bodies of the EAEC since the start of the Union - from 1 January 2015.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin+said+the+accession+of+Kyrgyzstan+to+the+EAEC&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifenews.ru%2Fnews%2F147572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7/a-18148811">"EAEC: stillborn union?"</a> (in Russian). Deutsche Welle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Eurasian Economic Union added December 23 Armenia and Kyrgyzstan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EAEC%3A+stillborn+union%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2F%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D1%258D%25D1%2581-%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9-%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D1%258E%25D0%25B7%2Fa-18148811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FT_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarchy2014" class="citation news cs1">Farchy, Jack (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b08c2e4e-8ab2-11e4-8e24-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3MvV5Evn1">"Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands"</a>. The Financial Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed a treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union, expanding the membership of Moscow-led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eurasian+unity+under+strain+even+as+bloc+expands&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Farchy&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fb08c2e4e-8ab2-11e4-8e24-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz3MvV5Evn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetrumpet.com/article/12307.19.0.0/eurasian-economic-union-to-launch-on-january-1">"Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on January 1"</a>. The Trumpet. 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eurasian+Economic+Union+to+Launch+on+January+1&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetrumpet.com%2Farticle%2F12307.19.0.0%2Feurasian-economic-union-to-launch-on-january-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615013815/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/77332/-initial-agreement-reached-to-establish-parliamentary-assembly-of-european-parliament-s-eastern-neighbors-.html">"Initial Agreement Reached To Establish Parliamentary Assembly Of European Parliament's Eastern Neighbors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/77332/-initial-agreement-reached-to-establish-parliamentary-assembly-of-european-parliament-s-eastern-neighbors-.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Initial+Agreement+Reached+To+Establish+Parliamentary+Assembly+Of+European+Parliament%27s+Eastern+Neighbors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2Fnews%2F77332%2F-initial-agreement-reached-to-establish-parliamentary-assembly-of-european-parliament-s-eastern-neighbors-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/commonwealth-independent-states-cis/">"Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)"</a>. <i>The Nuclear Threat Initiative</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nuclear+Threat+Initiative&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Independent+States+%28CIS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Feducation-center%2Ftreaties-and-regimes%2Fcommonwealth-independent-states-cis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMag2016" class="citation web cs1">Mag, Melange (1 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melangemagazine.biz/afro-eurasian-economic-trade-blocs-accelerate-business-activities/">"Afro – Eurasian economic & trade blocs accelerate business activities"</a>. <i>Melange Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Melange+Magazine&rft.atitle=Afro+%E2%80%93+Eurasian+economic+%26+trade+blocs+accelerate+business+activities&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft.aulast=Mag&rft.aufirst=Melange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melangemagazine.biz%2Fafro-eurasian-economic-trade-blocs-accelerate-business-activities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html">"News Article"</a>. <i>css.ethz.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=css.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=News+Article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcss.ethz.ch%2Fen%2Fservices%2Fdigital-library%2Farticles%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato">"Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1945%E2%80%931952+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1945-1952%2Fnato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guam-organization.org/en/">"Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"</a>. <i>GUAM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GUAM&rft.atitle=Organization+for+Democracy+and+Economic+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguam-organization.org%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes" class="citation web cs1">Times, The Brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/236054/far-right-vlaams-belang-party-wants-to-declare-flemish-sovereignty-in-2029">"Far-right Vlaams Belang party wants to declare Flemish sovereignty in 2029"</a>. <i>www.brusselstimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brusselstimes.com&rft.atitle=Far-right+Vlaams+Belang+party+wants+to+declare+Flemish+sovereignty+in+2029&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=The+Brussels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselstimes.com%2F236054%2Ffar-right-vlaams-belang-party-wants-to-declare-flemish-sovereignty-in-2029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeil2017" class="citation journal cs1">Keil, Soeren (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26593793">"The Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Kosovo"</a>. <i>European Review of International Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (2+3): 39–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3224%2Feris.v4i2-3.03">10.3224/eris.v4i2-3.03</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-6923">2196-6923</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26593793">26593793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Serbs+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%2C+Croatia%2C+and+Kosovo&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2%2B3&rft.pages=39-58&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=2196-6923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26593793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3224%2Feris.v4i2-3.03&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Soeren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26593793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Magnusson, Kjell (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socgod1207037m">"What kind of state?: Views of Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs on the character of Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. <i>Socioloski Godisnjak</i> (7): 37–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5937%2Fsocgod1207037m">10.5937/socgod1207037m</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1840-1538">1840-1538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142342062">142342062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socioloski+Godisnjak&rft.atitle=What+kind+of+state%3F%3A+Views+of+Bosniaks%2C+Croats%2C+and+Serbs+on+the+character+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=37-62&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142342062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1840-1538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5937%2Fsocgod1207037m&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Kjell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5937%2Fsocgod1207037m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKočíBaar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kočí, Adam; Baar, Vladimír (8 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2021.1951837">"Greenland and the Faroe Islands: Denmark's autonomous territories from postcolonial perspectives"</a>. <i>Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 189–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00291951.2021.1951837">10.1080/00291951.2021.1951837</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-1951">0029-1951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237714542">237714542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Geografisk+Tidsskrift+-+Norwegian+Journal+of+Geography&rft.atitle=Greenland+and+the+Faroe+Islands%3A+Denmark%27s+autonomous+territories+from+postcolonial+perspectives&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=189-202&rft.date=2021-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237714542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0029-1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00291951.2021.1951837&rft.aulast=Ko%C4%8D%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Baar%2C+Vladim%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00291951.2021.1951837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://um.fi/the-special-status-of-the-aland-islands">"The special status of the Åland Islands"</a>. <i>Ministry for Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+special+status+of+the+%C3%85land+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fum.fi%2Fthe-special-status-of-the-aland-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.university-world.com/europe/europe_government.html">"Europe Government"</a>. <i>www.university-world.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.university-world.com&rft.atitle=Europe+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.university-world.com%2Feurope%2Feurope_government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/georgia/249-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia-time-talk-trade">"Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Time to Talk Trade"</a>. <i>www.crisisgroup.org</i>. 24 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crisisgroup.org&rft.atitle=Abkhazia+and+South+Ossetia%3A+Time+to+Talk+Trade&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Feurope-central-asia%2Fcaucasus%2Fgeorgia%2F249-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia-time-talk-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://identityhunters.org/2021/10/24/two-leagues-one-lega-salvinis-party-and-its-nationalism/">"Two Leagues, One Lega: Salvini's Party and its Nationalism"</a>. <i>Identity Hunters</i>. 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Identity+Hunters&rft.atitle=Two+Leagues%2C+One+Lega%3A+Salvini%27s+Party+and+its+Nationalism&rft.date=2021-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidentityhunters.org%2F2021%2F10%2F24%2Ftwo-leagues-one-lega-salvinis-party-and-its-nationalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.it/20180118/political-cheat-sheet-understanding-italys-northern-league/">"Political cheat sheet: Understanding Italy's League party"</a>. <i>The Local Italy</i>. 18 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local+Italy&rft.atitle=Political+cheat+sheet%3A+Understanding+Italy%27s+League+party&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.it%2F20180118%2Fpolitical-cheat-sheet-understanding-italys-northern-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.future-globalist.org/regions/how-lega-nord-became-part-of-the-italian-political-system-a-little-reminder-of-an-almost-forgotten-piece-of-history">"How Lega Nord Became Part of the Italian Political System: A Little Reminder of an Almost Forgotten Piece of History"</a>. <i>FUTURE GLOBALIST</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FUTURE+GLOBALIST&rft.atitle=How+Lega+Nord+Became+Part+of+the+Italian+Political+System%3A+A+Little+Reminder+of+an+Almost+Forgotten+Piece+of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.future-globalist.org%2Fregions%2Fhow-lega-nord-became-part-of-the-italian-political-system-a-little-reminder-of-an-almost-forgotten-piece-of-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/south-tyrol-from-secessionist-to-european-dreams/">"South Tyrol: from secessionist to European dreams"</a>. <i>openDemocracy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=South+Tyrol%3A+from+secessionist+to+European+dreams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fcan-europe-make-it%2Fsouth-tyrol-from-secessionist-to-european-dreams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2022" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Benjamin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/419/article/851412">"Unrecognized Republic, Recognizable Consequences: Russian Troops in "Frozen" Transnistria"</a>. <i>Journal of Advanced Military Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 168–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21140%2Fmcuj.2022SIstratcul010">10.21140/mcuj.2022SIstratcul010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2164-4217">2164-4217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247608388">247608388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Unrecognized+Republic%2C+Recognizable+Consequences%3A+Russian+Troops+in+%22Frozen%22+Transnistria&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=168-188&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247608388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2164-4217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21140%2Fmcuj.2022SIstratcul010&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F419%2Farticle%2F851412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce57c.html">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Transnistria (unrecognised state)"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+Transnistria+%28unrecognised+state%29&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4954ce57c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Trianon">"Treaty of Trianon | World War I [1920] | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Trianon+%7C+World+War+I+%5B1920%5D+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FTreaty-of-Trianon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38d12.html">"Refworld | Chronology for Chechens in Russia"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Chronology+for+Chechens+in+Russia&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F469f38d12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38d434.html">"Refworld | Chronology for Tatars in Russia"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Chronology+for+Tatars+in+Russia&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F469f38d434.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Kosovo-conflict">"Kosovo conflict | Summary & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Kosovo+conflict+%7C+Summary+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FKosovo-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabadGunther1982" class="citation journal cs1">Shabad, Goldie; Gunther, Richard (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/421632">"Language, Nationalism, and Political Conflict in Spain"</a>. <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 443–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F421632">10.2307/421632</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4159">0010-4159</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/421632">421632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Political+Conflict+in+Spain&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-477&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0010-4159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F421632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F421632&rft.aulast=Shabad&rft.aufirst=Goldie&rft.au=Gunther%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F421632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-crisis-in-Crimea-and-eastern-Ukraine">"Ukraine - The crisis in Crimea and eastern Ukraine | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ukraine+-+The+crisis+in+Crimea+and+eastern+Ukraine+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine%2FThe-crisis-in-Crimea-and-eastern-Ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2007/nielection/html/main.stm">Northern Ireland election overview</a> BBC News, 13 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/election/ni2017/results">"Northern Ireland Assembly election 2017 results - BBC News"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Assembly+election+2017+results+-+BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Felection%2Fni2017%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaillot2005" class="citation book cs1">Maillot, Agnès. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54853257"><i>The new Sinn Féin : Irish republicanism in the twenty-first century</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32196-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32196-4"><bdi>0-415-32196-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54853257">54853257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Sinn+F%C3%A9in+%3A+Irish+republicanism+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54853257&rft.isbn=0-415-32196-4&rft.aulast=Maillot&rft.aufirst=Agn%C3%A8s.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54853257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting2017" class="citation web cs1">Whiting, Matthew (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/explaining-sinn-feins-electoral-success/">"One step closer to a united Ireland? Explaining Sinn Féin's electoral success"</a>. <i>British Politics and Policy at LSE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Politics+and+Policy+at+LSE&rft.atitle=One+step+closer+to+a+united+Ireland%3F+Explaining+Sinn+F%C3%A9in%27s+electoral+success&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fpoliticsandpolicy%2Fexplaining-sinn-feins-electoral-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation web cs1">James, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/05/10/scot-m10.html">"Scottish National Party's fourth election win threatens UK breakup"</a>. <i>World Socialist Web Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Scottish+National+Party%27s+fourth+election+win+threatens+UK+breakup&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2021%2F05%2F10%2Fscot-m10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest2021" class="citation web cs1">Forrest, Adam (4 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit/scottish-independence-rejoin-eu-sturgeon-b1841276.html">"Could an independent Scotland re-join the EU by 2031?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Could+an+independent+Scotland+re-join+the+EU+by+2031%3F&rft.date=2021-05-04&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fbrexit%2Fscottish-independence-rejoin-eu-sturgeon-b1841276.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfitt2021" class="citation web cs1">Langfitt, Frank (3 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/05/03/993205349/behind-the-surge-in-support-for-welsh-independence">"Behind The Surge In Support For Welsh Independence"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Behind+The+Surge+In+Support+For+Welsh+Independence&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft.aulast=Langfitt&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F05%2F03%2F993205349%2Fbehind-the-surge-in-support-for-welsh-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604044721/http://www.englishdemocrats.org.uk/policies-english-parliament.html">"English Parliament"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishdemocrats.org.uk/policies-english-parliament.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishdemocrats.org.uk%2Fpolicies-english-parliament.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4792120.stm">"No English parliament - Falconer"</a>. 10 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+English+parliament+-+Falconer&rft.date=2006-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F4792120.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornishassembly.org/about.htm">"About the Campaign for a Cornish Assembly"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Campaign+for+a+Cornish+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornishassembly.org%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mebyonkernow.org/policies/">"Policies - Mebyon Kernow"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policies+-+Mebyon+Kernow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mebyonkernow.org%2Fpolicies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2002" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Steven (19 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jan/19/humanities.britishidentity">"How three Cornish men and a raid on King Arthur's castle rocked English Heritage"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+three+Cornish+men+and+a+raid+on+King+Arthur%27s+castle+rocked+English+Heritage&rft.date=2002-01-19&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2002%2Fjan%2F19%2Fhumanities.britishidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inyourarea.co.uk/news/cornwalls-independent-party-is-celebrating-its-70-anniversary/">"Cornwall's independence party Mebyon Kernow celebrates its 70th anniversary"</a>. <i>InYourArea.co.uk</i>. 5 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InYourArea.co.uk&rft.atitle=Cornwall%27s+independence+party+Mebyon+Kernow+celebrates+its+70th+anniversary&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inyourarea.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcornwalls-independent-party-is-celebrating-its-70-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh-Hewitson2021" class="citation web cs1">Leigh-Hewitson, Nadia (29 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/why-cornish-independence-could-be-no-joke">"Why Cornish independence could be no joke"</a>. <i>Prospect Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prospect+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+Cornish+independence+could+be+no+joke&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft.aulast=Leigh-Hewitson&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2Fwhy-cornish-independence-could-be-no-joke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton2020" class="citation web cs1">Wharton, Jane (31 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/31/what-does-brexit-mean-for-scotland-and-northern-ireland-12162534/">"What does Brexit mean for Scotland and Northern Ireland?"</a>. <i>Metro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=What+does+Brexit+mean+for+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland%3F&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2020%2F01%2F31%2Fwhat-does-brexit-mean-for-scotland-and-northern-ireland-12162534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark" title="Politics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Monaco" title="Politics of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_San_Marino" title="Politics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Politics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_%C3%85land" title="Politics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Politics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Politics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Politics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Europe_templates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Europe_templates" title="Template:Politics of Europe templates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Europe_templates" title="Template talk:Politics of Europe templates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Europe_templates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Europe templates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Europe_templates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Europe</a> templates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Albania" title="Template:Politics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Andorra" title="Template:Politics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Template:Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Austria" title="Template:Politics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Belarus" title="Template:Politics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Belgium" title="Template:Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Template:Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Politics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Croatia" title="Template:Politics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Template:Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template:Politics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Denmark" title="Template:Politics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Estonia" title="Template:Politics of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Finland" title="Template:Politics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_France" title="Template:Politics of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template:Politics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Greece" title="Template:Politics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Hungary" title="Template:Politics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Iceland" title="Template:Politics of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Italy" title="Template:Politics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Latvia" title="Template:Politics of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Template:Politics of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Politics of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Politics of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Malta" title="Template:Politics of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Moldova" title="Template:Politics of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Monaco" title="Template:Politics of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Template:Politics of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template:Politics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Norway" title="Template:Politics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Poland" title="Template:Politics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Portugal" title="Template:Politics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Romania" title="Template:Politics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Russia" title="Template:Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_San_Marino" title="Template:Politics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Serbia" title="Template:Politics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Template:Politics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Template:Politics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template:Politics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Sweden" title="Template:Politics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Template:Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Politics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_England" title="Template:Politics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Template:Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Template:Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Wales" title="Template:Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Politics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Template:Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Politics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Template:Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_South_Ossetia" title="Template:Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Template:Politics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_%C3%85land" title="Template:Politics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Template:Politics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Template:Politics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Guernsey" title="Template:Politics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Template:Politics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Jersey" title="Template:Politics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Template:Politics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Politics of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_relations_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Europe" title="Template:Foreign relations of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_relations_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Foreign relations of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Andorra" title="Foreign relations of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Denmark" title="Foreign relations of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iceland" title="Foreign relations of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liechtenstein" title="Foreign relations of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lithuania" title="Foreign relations of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Moldova" title="Foreign relations of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Monaco" title="Foreign relations of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Montenegro" title="Foreign relations of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Macedonia" title="Foreign relations of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_San_Marino" title="Foreign relations of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Serbia" title="Foreign relations of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovakia" title="Foreign relations of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovenia" title="Foreign relations of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192040#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045733">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558081705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&oldid=1257552285">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&oldid=1257552285</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Europe" title="Category:Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2013" title="Category:Use British English from November 2013">Use British English from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2013" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2013">Use dmy dates from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 14:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Europe&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-44nch","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.326","walltime":"1.654","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37314,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":301341,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40404,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":268814,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1381.407 1 -total"," 30.46% 420.741 6 Template:Navbox"," 30.37% 419.525 3 Template:Europe_topic"," 27.69% 382.500 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.67% 354.630 147 Template:Iso2country"," 17.75% 245.188 42 Template:Cite_web"," 11.71% 161.724 1 Template:Foreign_relations_of_Europe"," 10.17% 140.449 1 Template:Europefooter"," 10.08% 139.263 1 Template:Politics_of_Europe"," 9.90% 136.729 1 Template:Region_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.593","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8011429,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-psbgh","timestamp":"20241124031436","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Politics of Europe","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Europe","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1192040","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1192040","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-16T20:53:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T14:31:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6a\/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg","headline":"overview of the evolving politics of Europe"}</script> </body> </html>