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European Theater of Operations | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
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front over a narrow muddy road in the H眉rtgen Forest" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-11/hurtgen.png?h=484f51ea" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-11/hurtgen.png?h=484f51ea" alt="American tanks move up to the front over a narrow muddy road in the H眉rtgen Forest"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/operation-queen-battle-bulge" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Operation Queen: The Battle before the Bulge</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>If the American forces could break through the H眉rtgen Forest, there was a chance they could reach the Rhine near Cologne, threatening the German industrial region along the Ruhr River and possibly even force a crossing. </p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/operation-queen-battle-bulge" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-123500" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/allied-tactical-airpower-summer-fall-1944"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/allied-tactical-airpower-summer-fall-1944" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="P-47 fighter-bomber pilots at a rough airstrip near St. Mere Eglise" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-10/p47.png?h=a9f472aa" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-10/p47.png?h=a9f472aa" alt="P-47 fighter-bomber pilots at a rough airstrip near St. Mere Eglise"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/allied-tactical-airpower-summer-fall-1944" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Allied Tactical Airpower in the Summer, Fall of 1944</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>From the hedgerows of Normandy across the rivers of northern France and into the dense forests of the H眉rtgen and the Ardennes, Royal Air Force (RAF) and US Army Air Forces (USAAF) aircraft cleared the way for the advance of the Allied ground armies. </p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/allied-tactical-airpower-summer-fall-1944" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-123496" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/appeasement-and-peace-our-time"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/appeasement-and-peace-our-time" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt=" Neville Chamberlain commenting and showing the Anglo-German Declaration" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-10/chamberlain.png?h=484f51ea" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-10/chamberlain.png?h=484f51ea" alt=" Neville Chamberlain commenting and showing the Anglo-German Declaration"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/appeasement-and-peace-our-time" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Appeasement and 'Peace for Our Time'</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>Concessions in diplomatic negotiations were nothing new, but after Munich, appeasement took on a new meaning. </p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/appeasement-and-peace-our-time" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-662" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/douglas-c-47-skytrain"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/douglas-c-47-skytrain" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2017-07/C-47%202002.337.978_1%20.jpg" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2017-07/C-47%202002.337.978_1%20.jpg" alt=""/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/collection" hreflang="en">From the Collection</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/douglas-c-47-skytrain" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>The Douglas C-47 became the mainstay for airborne drops and were used in this role extensively for Operations Overlord, Dragoon, Market Garden, and Varsity.</p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/douglas-c-47-skytrain" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-120395" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/axis-powers-world-war-ii"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/axis-powers-world-war-ii" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="Meeting of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-08/hitler-mussolini.png?h=484f51ea" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-08/hitler-mussolini.png?h=484f51ea" alt="Meeting of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/axis-powers-world-war-ii" rel="bookmark" target="_self">The Axis Powers of World War II</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>World War II was a global conflict involving nearly every country in the world. But who was on each side鈥攁nd why?</p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/axis-powers-world-war-ii" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-118051" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/operation-dragoon-invasion-southern-france"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/operation-dragoon-invasion-southern-france" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="Invasion of Southern France, August 1944. " typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-08/80-G-K-2112.jpeg?h=0bee1906" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-08/80-G-K-2112.jpeg?h=0bee1906" alt="Invasion of Southern France, August 1944. "/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/operation-dragoon-invasion-southern-france" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Operation Dragoon: Invasion of Southern France</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>Originally designated Operation Anvil and intended to support the hammer blow of the Normandy landings two months earlier, the renamed Operation Dragoon fulfilled an American desire for a lodgment in southern France that shifted forces from the strategic cul-de-sac of Italy.</p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/operation-dragoon-invasion-southern-france" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-117944" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/james-allen-ward-pilot-who-risked-it-all-save-his-crew"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/james-allen-ward-pilot-who-risked-it-all-save-his-crew" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="Sergeant James Allan Ward" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-07/jamesallenward.png?h=484f51ea" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-07/jamesallenward.png?h=484f51ea" alt="Sergeant James Allan Ward"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/james-allen-ward-pilot-who-risked-it-all-save-his-crew" rel="bookmark" target="_self">James Allen Ward: The Pilot Who Risked It All to Save His Crew</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>A young New Zealander airman receives a Victoria Cross for his daring feats. </p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/james-allen-ward-pilot-who-risked-it-all-save-his-crew" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-117938" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/frank-kameny-wwii-veteran-patriot-and-lgbtq-activist"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/frank-kameny-wwii-veteran-patriot-and-lgbtq-activist" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="Private First Class Frank Kameny" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/kameny.png?h=484f51ea" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/kameny.png?h=484f51ea" alt="Private First Class Frank Kameny"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/profiles-0" hreflang="en">Profile</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/frank-kameny-wwii-veteran-patriot-and-lgbtq-activist" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Frank Kameny: WWII Veteran, Patriot, and LGBTQ+ Activist</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>Frank Kameny saw combat in Europe during the war, only to return home to face discrimination from the very country he served.</p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/frank-kameny-wwii-veteran-patriot-and-lgbtq-activist" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-117936" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/jewish-resistance-amsterdam"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/jewish-resistance-amsterdam" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="A group of Dutch resistance members and hidden Jews crowded into a room," typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/782595.jpg?h=4656bb00" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/782595.jpg?h=4656bb00" alt="A group of Dutch resistance members and hidden Jews crowded into a room,"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/jewish-resistance-amsterdam" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Jewish Resistance in Amsterdam</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>Though they resisted in many ways, Amsterdam鈥檚 Jewish population suffered immensely in World War II. </p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/jewish-resistance-amsterdam" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-117904" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/garland-kerlecs-fuse-pin-diary"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/garland-kerlecs-fuse-pin-diary" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="Cotter pins" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/fusepins_resize.png?h=484f51ea" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/fusepins_resize.png?h=484f51ea" alt="Cotter pins"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/collection" hreflang="en">From the Collection</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/garland-kerlecs-fuse-pin-diary" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Garland Kerlec鈥檚 Fuse Pin Diary</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>Technical Sergeant Garland Kerlec used the bomb fuse tags to make a sort of diary of his combat flights, recording the date, target, as well as some commentary on the nature of the mission.</p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/garland-kerlecs-fuse-pin-diary" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-117903" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/about-us/notes-museum/beyond-beaches-d1-and-battle-normandy"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/about-us/notes-museum/beyond-beaches-d1-and-battle-normandy" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="Beyond the Beaches" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/24-0480%20Beyond%20the%20Beaches%20D-Day%20Symposium%20Livestream%20Graphics_Symposium_0.jpg?h=37a4c5f6" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2024-06/24-0480%20Beyond%20the%20Beaches%20D-Day%20Symposium%20Livestream%20Graphics_Symposium_0.jpg?h=37a4c5f6" alt="Beyond the Beaches"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-blog-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/51" hreflang="en">Event Recap</a></div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/about-us/notes-museum/beyond-beaches-d1-and-battle-normandy" rel="bookmark" target="_self">Beyond the Beaches: D+1 and the Battle for Normandy</a></h3> <div class="f--date"><time datetime="2024-06-07T12:00:00Z">June 07 12:00 PM</time> </div> <div class="f--desc"> <p>At this free daylong public symposium, guests heard from leading historians on the challenges, battles, and victories that followed the June 6 Allied landings and made the liberation of Europe from Nazi oppression possible.</p> </div> <a href="/about-us/notes-museum/beyond-beaches-d1-and-battle-normandy" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> <li class="col-item"> <article id="node-117855" class="view-mode--teaser flex-grid effect--view-mode effect--no-border view-mode--sr-from-left cf" about="/war/articles/airborne-invasion-normandy"> <div class="col-first col-image col-flex--1 gap--sm"> <div class="img-ratio--wide bg--very-light-grey"> <a href="/war/articles/airborne-invasion-normandy" target="_self"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif" width="400" height="290" alt="Eisenhower_DDay" typeof="foaf:Image" class="b-lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2018-10/3.%20eisenhower%20d-day.png?h=99f39d93" /> <noscript><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2018-10/3.%20eisenhower%20d-day.png?h=99f39d93" alt="Eisenhower_DDay"/></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-second col-flex--2"> <div class="f--label f--uppercase"> <div class="field field--name-field-article-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Article Type</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/war/articles" hreflang="en">Article</a></div> </div> </div> <h3 class="f--title f--tertiary"><a href="/war/articles/airborne-invasion-normandy" rel="bookmark" target="_self">The Airborne Invasion of Normandy</a></h3> <div class="f--desc"> <p>On June 5, 13,400 American paratroopers boarded C-47 aircraft for the largest airborne operation in history. Problems began as they crossed into France. </p> </div> <a href="/war/articles/airborne-invasion-normandy" target="_self" class="btn solid teal"><span>Learn More</span></a> </div> </article></li> </ul> </div> <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="js-pager__items"> <li> Page 1 </li> <li class="next"> <a href="/war/topics/european-theater-operations?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Previous</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </main> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> <footer id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="block-donatecalloutblock" class="block p-bundle p-bundle--full-width-callout bg--light-grey"> <div class="bg-img parallax" style="background-image: url('/sites/default/files/styles/hero_large/public/2017-07/media-dday-anniversary-lg03.jpg');"></div> <span 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