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content="Scheming invaders. Benevolent vegetarians. Climate refugees. As scientific exploration has advanced, so have creative interpretations of the red planet and its potential residents."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="medium" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="guid" content="drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:9a91c23a-7ebe-4783-be0e-509473b023d0"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:site_name" content="Magazine"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="See how people have imagined life on Mars through history"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="Scheming invaders. Benevolent vegetarians. Climate refugees. As scientific exploration has advanced, so have creative interpretations of the red planet and its potential residents."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/see-how-people-have-imagined-life-on-mars-through-history-feature"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0fa355b6-2da0-4f21-ab14-0c5f24305e96/mars-rover-cameras-fantastic-adventures_16x9.jpg?w=1200"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:height" content="674.9024707412224"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="referrer" content="origin"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:audiences" content="General"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:concepts" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:events" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:firstSubject" content="Mars"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:genres" content="Feature"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:locations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:organizations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:otherSubjects" content="Mars Rover, Extraterrestrial Life, Space, Space Exploration"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:people" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:series" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:source" content="Magazine, Science"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:site" content="@NatGeoMag"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:title" content="See how people have imagined life on Mars through history"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:description" content="Scheming invaders. 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sEIlf daWqJ ">See how people have imagined life on Mars through history</span></h1><p class="FRnbR Poyse uieav lqtkC HkWF HfYhe kGyAC iDwRj oMdGk "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ ">Scheming invaders. Benevolent vegetarians. Climate refugees. As scientific exploration has advanced, so have creative interpretations of the red planet and its potential residents.</span></p></div></div><div class="NPyzO iLTd NqeUA UzzHi FuEs "><button class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf bnIxg jIRH wNxoc OJpwZ BOFPn wSPfd ofvJb bMrzT YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN aANqO aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB oxVnu niWVk yayQB vXSTR ENhiS dQa-Du kOEGk WMbJE eVJEc TElCQ ZAqMY enocc pJSQ ABRfR aaksc OKklU ATKRo RfOGv neOGk fuOso DwqSE zLlWU Azhsg wtRmE hajyU Niff NKnwO ijAAn dEuPM vwJ JmUFf sgyq cRbVn sBVbK fCfdG oMkBz aOwuK XsORH EgRXa hMVHb LTwlP jJbTO CnYjj TiUFI qeCAC xqvdn JaQpT dAfv PNgfG fIWCu NewES UJNbG EgBCK UvFHa lCCRi XDQHW spAMS TPSuu sbdDW askuE VsLUC YHsrW TJctN BbTWb " data-testid="prism-newsletter-form-collapse-btn" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu cNBbd "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="32" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><div style="--spacing-top:40px;--spacing-bottom:0px;--spacing-child-top:initial;--spacing-child-bottom:24px;--spacing-firstChild-top:initial;--spacing-firstChild-bottom:initial;--spacing-lastChild-top:initial;--spacing-lastChild-bottom:24px;--spacing-compact-top:24px;--spacing-compact-bottom:0px;--spacing-firstChild-compact-top:initial;--spacing-firstChild-compact-bottom:initial;--spacing-child-compact-top:initial;--spacing-child-compact-bottom:24px;--spacing-lastChild-compact-top:initial;--spacing-lastChild-compact-bottom:24px" class="dHdHP jLREf zXXje aGO eCClZ nTLv jLsYA gmuro TOSFd VmeZt sCkVm hkQai wGrlE MUuGM fciaN qQjt DhNVo Tgcqk IGLAf tWjkv "><div class="QHblV nkdHX mHUQ kvZxL hTosT whbOj " data-testid="prism-byline"><div class="VZTD mLASH OcxMG oJce "><div class="kKfXc ubAkB VZTD rEPuv "><div class="TQPvQ fVlAg HUcap kxY REjk UamUc WxHIR HhZOB yaUf VOJBn KMpjV XSbaH Umfib ukdDD "><span class="tChGB zbFav ">By</span><span>Nadia Drake</span></div><div class="VZTD mLASH gpiba "><div class="jTKbV zIIsP ZdbeE xAPpq QtiLO JQYD ">February 9, 2021</div><span class="Kizia EATCz OKAOH PSAs " aria-hidden="true">•</span><span class="OcATF jSKRU ">10 min read</span></div></div></div><div class="RwkLV Wowzl FokqZ LhXlJ FjRYD toBqx " data-testid="prism-share"><div class="JpUfa aYoBt "><ul class="MZaCt dUXCH nyWZo RnMws Hdwln WBHfo tAchw UDeQM XMkl NUfbq kqfZ "><li class="WEJto "><button aria-label="Share Story on Facebook" class="theme-EWITS mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf ZXRVe jIRH NoTgg CKnnA uklrk nCmVc qWWFI nMRSd YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN aANqO aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB ihLsD niWVk AAqU fctVp ENhiS kCffO kOEGk WMbJE eVJEc TElCQ ZAqMY enocc pJSQ ABRfR aaksc OKklU ATKRo RfOGv neOGk fuOso DwqSE fnpin ArvQf dUniT Mzjkf Niff NKnwO ijAAn dEuPM vwJ JmUFf sgyq cRbVn sBVbK fCfdG oMkBz aOwuK XsORH EgRXa hMVHb LTwlP jJbTO CnYjj TiUFI qeCAC xqvdn JaQpT dAfv PNgfG fIWCu NewES UJNbG EgBCK UvFHa lCCRi XDQHW spAMS TPSuu sbdDW askuE VsLUC YHsrW pYmVc eHvZI qRTXS UOAZi 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style="--spacing-top:0px;--spacing-bottom:32px;--spacing-child-top:initial;--spacing-child-bottom:24px;--spacing-firstChild-top:initial;--spacing-firstChild-bottom:24px;--spacing-lastChild-top:initial;--spacing-lastChild-bottom:initial;--spacing-compact-top:24px;--spacing-compact-bottom:32px;--spacing-firstChild-compact-top:initial;--spacing-firstChild-compact-bottom:24px;--spacing-child-compact-top:initial;--spacing-child-compact-bottom:24px;--spacing-lastChild-compact-top:initial;--spacing-lastChild-compact-bottom:initial" class="dHdHP jLREf zXXje aGO eCClZ nTLv jLsYA gmuro TOSFd VmeZt sCkVm hkQai wGrlE MUuGM fciaN qQjt DhNVo Tgcqk IGLAf tWjkv "><div class="PrismArticleBody SingleColumn StartsWithInline xvlfx ZRifP TKoO eaKKC EcdEg bOdfO qXhdi NFNeu UyHES " data-testid="prism-article-body"><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><div class="oLzSq MvWXB fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX ebVHC "><div class="SDgng miqYR PMJVQ QtdQF WYbZw hwQoR SkUsC UlTly FxKvG BOli LbgCH nvgXD qZlJZ hdCKb " data-testid="prism-editors-note"><div class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ fIerE gzgIi sbNwD wyNiH oGaak mIoBf HPTnC SyFCf KSVzn EMccI MTazT TWYO pxDKL syqKH AAxjg AGdf YLpQy UPQXr OWaqr MWqqQ rhuiH sYoWw jOwXI GfFUP iLdhU GuqqH UXCTR ExGxl CPrEb ">This story appears in the <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2021/03" target="_blank">March 2021</a> issue of <i>National Geographic</i> magazine.</div></div></div><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">Jupiter is the king,<b class="cXscX "> </b>Uranus is the comedian, Pluto is the underdog. But of all the planetary bodies in our solar system, Mars is clearly the biggest celebrity. Take a visual tour through our evolving fascination with the red planet and see how it has been venerated through the years as a powerful deity, a scientific curiosity, and a pop culture icon.</p></div></div></div><div class="VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:12;--grid-column-span-xs:12;--grid-column-span-sm:12;--grid-column-span-md:24;--grid-column-span-lg:24;--grid-column-span-xl:24;--grid-column-span-xxl:24;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:auto;--grid-column-start-lg:auto;--grid-column-start-xl:auto;--grid-column-start-xxl:auto"><div class="bigVG QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX OLpez "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=374&h=481, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=748&h=962 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=413&h=531, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=826&h=1062 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px) and (max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=718&h=922, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=1436&h=1844 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=718&h=922, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=1436&h=1844 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 1025px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=1280&h=1645, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1a0231fd-ac31-41b2-b89f-a12389fca5cd/mars-rover-cameras-painting.jpg?w=2560&h=3290 2x"/><img alt="old painting depicting man in armor and naked woman." class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR zFTjo hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" 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yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">PAINTING BY PAOLO VERONESE (PAOLO CALIARI), METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, JOHN STEWART KENNEDY FUND, 1910</span></div></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1570s “Mars and Venus United by Love”</h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">A joining of opposites: Cupid uses a special love knot to bind the Roman god Mars to the goddess Venus in a painting by Paolo Veronese.</p></div></div></div><div class="VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " 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KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1898 <i class=" ">The War of the Worlds</i></h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">A witness recounts an epic battle between Martians and Earthlings in H.G. Wells’s now notorious thriller.</p><div class="oLzSq QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c172b617-47b3-49f5-8793-10aa4f7e6055/nationalgeographic_933129.jpg?w=374&h=447, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c172b617-47b3-49f5-8793-10aa4f7e6055/nationalgeographic_933129.jpg?w=748&h=894 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c172b617-47b3-49f5-8793-10aa4f7e6055/nationalgeographic_933129.jpg?w=413&h=493, 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ARCHIVES</span></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1906 Lowell’s Canals</h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">As he drew on his maps (above) and described in a 1906 book, Percival Lowell believed Mars was a dying world covered in irrigation canals.</p></div></div></div><div class="VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" 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style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><div class="nMMea bNYiy Mjgpa dGwha DDmxa jgKNG RGHCC aBIU PriDW lZur " data-testid="prism-caption"><div class="qinlA IpWvx oqZz tylGM lyWxS nWcVF UhTug PPcLh "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by PICTORIAL PRESS LTD/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO</span></div></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1918 <i class=" ">A Trip to Mars</i></h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">Like many early 20th-century depictions, this Danish silent film focused on Mars’s supposed inhabitants—in this case, benevolent vegetarians.</p></div></div></div><div class="VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:12;--grid-column-span-xs:12;--grid-column-span-sm:12;--grid-column-span-md:24;--grid-column-span-lg:24;--grid-column-span-xl:24;--grid-column-span-xxl:24;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:auto;--grid-column-start-lg:auto;--grid-column-start-xl:auto;--grid-column-start-xxl:auto"><div class="bigVG QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX OLpez "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN 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lqtkC HkWF HfYhe kGyAC " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><div class="nMMea bNYiy Mjgpa dGwha DDmxa jgKNG RGHCC aBIU PriDW lZur " data-testid="prism-caption"><div class="qinlA IpWvx oqZz tylGM lyWxS nWcVF UhTug PPcLh "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by CHRONICLE/ALAMY 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Paul for <i class=" ">Fantastic Adventures, </i>this Martian is telepathic and can retract his eyes and nose to protect them from freezing.</p><div class="oLzSq QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/6118d172-95f2-412e-a06c-22f9b4fa503f/project_mars_book_cover_1-1-.jpg?w=374&h=626, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/6118d172-95f2-412e-a06c-22f9b4fa503f/project_mars_book_cover_1-1-.jpg?w=748&h=1252 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/6118d172-95f2-412e-a06c-22f9b4fa503f/project_mars_book_cover_1-1-.jpg?w=413&h=692, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/6118d172-95f2-412e-a06c-22f9b4fa503f/project_mars_book_cover_1-1-.jpg?w=826&h=1384 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/6118d172-95f2-412e-a06c-22f9b4fa503f/project_mars_book_cover_1-1-.jpg?w=718&h=1202, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/6118d172-95f2-412e-a06c-22f9b4fa503f/project_mars_book_cover_1-1-.jpg?w=1436&h=2404 2x"/><img alt="" class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR zFTjo hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/6118d172-95f2-412e-a06c-22f9b4fa503f/project_mars_book_cover_1-1-.jpg" id="project_mars_book_cover_1-1"/></picture></div><button aria-label="Open Fullscreen" class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf XbEWk jIRH nkbp OJpwZ hUQGO wSPfd ofvJb lIDy YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN gWRci aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB hswTp sXtkB AAqU fctVp ENhiS xjUSk NatTH NqeUA dZTKY QMxMQ LpcJi wardV kcRqD fhCRd MYLFX RkJsE iEOQC yaNWn ZUpvj HoXXr " data-testid="prism-ImageViewer_ExpandButton" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="1em" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" data-icon="view-fullscreenEnter"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.48 11.24V16h3.04V9.52H16V6.48H6.48v4.76M32 8v1.52h6.48V16h3.04V6.48H32V8M6.48 36.76v4.76H16v-3.04H9.52V32H6.48v4.76m32-1.52v3.24H32v3.04h9.52V32h-3.04v3.24"/></svg></span></button><figcaption><div class="nMMea bNYiy Mjgpa dGwha DDmxa jgKNG RGHCC aBIU PriDW lZur " data-testid="prism-caption"><div class="qinlA IpWvx oqZz tylGM lyWxS nWcVF UhTug PPcLh "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph from Apogee/Photofest</span></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1948 <i class=" ">Project Mars</i></h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">In 1948 German rocket engineer Wernher von Braun penned speculative fiction about a human mission to Mars. His work was translated into English and reprinted (sans fictional elements) as <i class=" ">The Mars Project</i>, a 1953 book with a stunningly prescient mission concept.</p><div class="oLzSq QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a0a94313-9a44-41af-ae0e-e1f3d57b7eac/mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama.jpg?w=374&h=705, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a0a94313-9a44-41af-ae0e-e1f3d57b7eac/mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama.jpg?w=748&h=1410 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a0a94313-9a44-41af-ae0e-e1f3d57b7eac/mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama.jpg?w=413&h=778, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a0a94313-9a44-41af-ae0e-e1f3d57b7eac/mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama.jpg?w=826&h=1556 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a0a94313-9a44-41af-ae0e-e1f3d57b7eac/mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama.jpg?w=718&h=1353, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a0a94313-9a44-41af-ae0e-e1f3d57b7eac/mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama.jpg?w=1436&h=2706 2x"/><img alt="movie poster." class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR zFTjo hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a0a94313-9a44-41af-ae0e-e1f3d57b7eac/mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama.jpg" id="mars-rover-cameras-sci-fi-drama"/></picture></div><button aria-label="Open Fullscreen" class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf XbEWk jIRH nkbp OJpwZ hUQGO wSPfd ofvJb lIDy YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN gWRci aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB hswTp sXtkB AAqU fctVp ENhiS xjUSk NatTH NqeUA dZTKY QMxMQ LpcJi wardV kcRqD fhCRd MYLFX RkJsE iEOQC yaNWn ZUpvj HoXXr " data-testid="prism-ImageViewer_ExpandButton" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="1em" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" data-icon="view-fullscreenEnter"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.48 11.24V16h3.04V9.52H16V6.48H6.48v4.76M32 8v1.52h6.48V16h3.04V6.48H32V8M6.48 36.76v4.76H16v-3.04H9.52V32H6.48v4.76m32-1.52v3.24H32v3.04h9.52V32h-3.04v3.24"/></svg></span></button><figcaption><div class="nMMea bNYiy Mjgpa dGwha DDmxa jgKNG RGHCC aBIU PriDW lZur " data-testid="prism-caption"><div class="qinlA IpWvx oqZz tylGM lyWxS nWcVF UhTug PPcLh "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by PICTORIAL PRESS LTD/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO</span></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1951 <i class=" ">Flight to Mars</i></h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">In this sci-fi drama, scientists arrive on Mars to find a planet populated by a subterranean, dying race similar to humans—who may be plotting a desperate invasion of Earth.</p><div class="oLzSq QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bf0bb338-e2e3-4c10-a132-fedd08f1662b/1954_mars_slipher.jpg?w=374&h=378, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bf0bb338-e2e3-4c10-a132-fedd08f1662b/1954_mars_slipher.jpg?w=748&h=756 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bf0bb338-e2e3-4c10-a132-fedd08f1662b/1954_mars_slipher.jpg?w=413&h=418, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bf0bb338-e2e3-4c10-a132-fedd08f1662b/1954_mars_slipher.jpg?w=826&h=836 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bf0bb338-e2e3-4c10-a132-fedd08f1662b/1954_mars_slipher.jpg?w=718&h=726, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bf0bb338-e2e3-4c10-a132-fedd08f1662b/1954_mars_slipher.jpg?w=1436&h=1452 2x"/><img alt="blurry photo in reddish color with dark spots." class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR zFTjo hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bf0bb338-e2e3-4c10-a132-fedd08f1662b/1954_mars_slipher.jpg" id="mars-rover-cameras-color-photo-mars"/></picture></div><button aria-label="Open Fullscreen" class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf XbEWk jIRH nkbp OJpwZ hUQGO wSPfd ofvJb lIDy YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN gWRci aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB hswTp sXtkB AAqU fctVp ENhiS xjUSk NatTH NqeUA dZTKY QMxMQ LpcJi wardV kcRqD fhCRd MYLFX RkJsE iEOQC yaNWn ZUpvj HoXXr " data-testid="prism-ImageViewer_ExpandButton" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="1em" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" data-icon="view-fullscreenEnter"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.48 11.24V16h3.04V9.52H16V6.48H6.48v4.76M32 8v1.52h6.48V16h3.04V6.48H32V8M6.48 36.76v4.76H16v-3.04H9.52V32H6.48v4.76m32-1.52v3.24H32v3.04h9.52V32h-3.04v3.24"/></svg></span></button><figcaption><div class="nMMea bNYiy Mjgpa dGwha DDmxa jgKNG RGHCC aBIU PriDW lZur " data-testid="prism-caption"><div class="qinlA IpWvx oqZz tylGM lyWxS nWcVF UhTug PPcLh "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by E.C. SLIPHER, LOWELL OBSERVATORY ARCHIVES</span></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1954 Full Color</h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">Astronomer E.C. Slipher took this image from South Africa; he published his <i class=" ">Photographic Story of Mars (1905- 1961) </i>in 1962.</p><div class="oLzSq QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/921d43e4-d71a-4291-bf2a-055343a6d56b/mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface.jpg?w=374&h=342, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/921d43e4-d71a-4291-bf2a-055343a6d56b/mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface.jpg?w=748&h=684 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/921d43e4-d71a-4291-bf2a-055343a6d56b/mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface.jpg?w=413&h=378, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/921d43e4-d71a-4291-bf2a-055343a6d56b/mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface.jpg?w=826&h=756 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/921d43e4-d71a-4291-bf2a-055343a6d56b/mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface.jpg?w=718&h=657, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/921d43e4-d71a-4291-bf2a-055343a6d56b/mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface.jpg?w=1436&h=1314 2x"/><img alt="b&W blurry photo of planet surface." class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR zFTjo hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/921d43e4-d71a-4291-bf2a-055343a6d56b/mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface.jpg" id="mars-rover-cameras-blurry-photo-surface"/></picture></div><button aria-label="Open Fullscreen" class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf XbEWk jIRH nkbp OJpwZ hUQGO wSPfd ofvJb lIDy YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN gWRci aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB hswTp sXtkB AAqU fctVp ENhiS xjUSk NatTH NqeUA dZTKY QMxMQ LpcJi wardV kcRqD fhCRd MYLFX RkJsE iEOQC yaNWn ZUpvj HoXXr " data-testid="prism-ImageViewer_ExpandButton" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="1em" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" data-icon="view-fullscreenEnter"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.48 11.24V16h3.04V9.52H16V6.48H6.48v4.76M32 8v1.52h6.48V16h3.04V6.48H32V8M6.48 36.76v4.76H16v-3.04H9.52V32H6.48v4.76m32-1.52v3.24H32v3.04h9.52V32h-3.04v3.24"/></svg></span></button><figcaption><div class="nMMea bNYiy Mjgpa dGwha DDmxa jgKNG RGHCC aBIU PriDW lZur " data-testid="prism-caption"><div class="qinlA IpWvx oqZz tylGM lyWxS nWcVF UhTug PPcLh "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by NASA</span></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1965 Mariner 4</h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">When this spacecraft flew by Mars, it snapped images of a planet that looked disappointingly like the moon: cratered and sterile, without any signs of alien life.</p></div></div></div><div class="NYwzQ vUYNV glxIO ilAoG HPkGR "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="GpQCA lZur gIjeL " data-testid="prism-ratio-frame"><div class="FvQLF iLTd NqeUA UzzHi iWsMV "><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=374&h=256, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=748&h=512 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=413&h=283, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=826&h=566 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px) and (max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=767&h=525, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=1534&h=1050 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=1024&h=701, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=2048&h=1402 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 1025px) and (max-width: 1440px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=1260&h=863, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=2520&h=1726 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 1441px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=1440&h=986, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg?w=2880&h=1972 2x"/><img alt="painting of vegetation on Mars." class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR SjwtZ hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/df1c8bab-a96e-4a18-844e-89bd30cb470b/mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants.jpg" id="mars-rover-cameras-martians-plants"/></picture></div></div></div><button aria-label="Open Fullscreen" class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf XbEWk jIRH nkbp OJpwZ hUQGO wSPfd ofvJb lIDy YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN gWRci aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB hswTp sXtkB AAqU fctVp ENhiS xjUSk NatTH NqeUA dZTKY QMxMQ LpcJi wardV kcRqD fhCRd MYLFX RkJsE iEOQC yaNWn ZUpvj HoXXr " data-testid="prism-ImageViewer_ExpandButton" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="1em" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" data-icon="view-fullscreenEnter"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.48 11.24V16h3.04V9.52H16V6.48H6.48v4.76M32 8v1.52h6.48V16h3.04V6.48H32V8M6.48 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yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph from NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION</span></div></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1967 Sagan’s Vision</h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">For <i class=" ">National Geographic, </i><a class="zZygg UbGlr iFzkS qdXbA WCDhQ DbOXS tqUtK GpWVU iJYzE " data-testid="prism-linkbase" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/explore-space-carl-sagan-mars-martian-archive" target="_blank">Carl Sagan imagined</a> radiation-resistant Martians shielded by glassy shells, eating cabbage-like plants that fold up at night.</p></div></div></div><div class="NYwzQ vUYNV glxIO ilAoG HPkGR "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="GpQCA lZur " style="padding-bottom:50%" data-testid="prism-ratio-frame"><div class="FvQLF iLTd NqeUA UzzHi iWsMV "><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=374&h=133, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=748&h=266 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=413&h=147, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=826&h=294 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px) and (max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=767&h=273, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=1534&h=546 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=1024&h=364, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=2048&h=728 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 1025px) and (max-width: 1440px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=1260&h=448, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=2520&h=896 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 1441px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=1440&h=512, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg?w=2880&h=1024 2x"/><img alt="hi-res b&w photo of Mars surface with visible part part of rover" class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR SjwtZ hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2d4fb8cb-4e10-4f80-ac60-71ac10baf096/mars-rover-cameras-viking.jpg" id="mars-rover-cameras-viking"/></picture></div></div></div><button aria-label="Open Fullscreen" class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf XbEWk jIRH nkbp OJpwZ hUQGO wSPfd ofvJb lIDy YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN gWRci aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB hswTp sXtkB AAqU fctVp ENhiS xjUSk NatTH NqeUA dZTKY QMxMQ LpcJi wardV kcRqD fhCRd MYLFX RkJsE iEOQC yaNWn ZUpvj HoXXr " data-testid="prism-ImageViewer_ExpandButton" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="1em" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" data-icon="view-fullscreenEnter"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.48 11.24V16h3.04V9.52H16V6.48H6.48v4.76M32 8v1.52h6.48V16h3.04V6.48H32V8M6.48 36.76v4.76H16v-3.04H9.52V32H6.48v4.76m32-1.52v3.24H32v3.04h9.52V32h-3.04v3.24"/></svg></span></button><figcaption><div class="VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><div class="nMMea bNYiy Mjgpa dGwha DDmxa jgKNG RGHCC aBIU PriDW lZur " data-testid="prism-caption"><div class="qinlA IpWvx oqZz tylGM lyWxS nWcVF UhTug PPcLh "><span class="gtOSm FbbUW tUtYa vOCwz EQwFq yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by NASA</span></div></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1976 Mars Vikings</h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">NASA’s Viking mission included two orbiters and two landers, the first to take high-resolution images of Mars from its desolate surface.</p></div></div></div><div class="NYwzQ vUYNV glxIO ilAoG HPkGR "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="undefined"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="undefined"/><source media="(min-width: 414px) and (max-width: 767px)" srcSet="undefined"/><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px)" srcSet="undefined"/><source media="(min-width: 1025px) and (max-width: 1440px)" srcSet="undefined"/><source media="(min-width: 1441px)" srcSet="undefined"/><img alt="an alien with huge head in glass helmet." class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR zFTjo hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false"/></picture></div><button aria-label="Open Fullscreen" class="mLASH egFzk qXWHA ScoIf XbEWk jIRH nkbp OJpwZ hUQGO wSPfd ofvJb lIDy YIauu gGlNh ARCOA kyjTO xqlN gWRci aNnIu GDslh LjPJo RpDvg YYtC rTpcz EDgo UVTAB hswTp sXtkB AAqU fctVp ENhiS xjUSk NatTH NqeUA dZTKY QMxMQ LpcJi wardV kcRqD fhCRd MYLFX RkJsE iEOQC yaNWn ZUpvj HoXXr " data-testid="prism-ImageViewer_ExpandButton" type="button"><span class="CSJky pdAzW JSFPu "><svg aria-hidden="true" class=" " data-testid="prism-iconography" height="1em" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" data-icon="view-fullscreenEnter"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.48 11.24V16h3.04V9.52H16V6.48H6.48v4.76M32 8v1.52h6.48V16h3.04V6.48H32V8M6.48 36.76v4.76H16v-3.04H9.52V32H6.48v4.76m32-1.52v3.24H32v3.04h9.52V32h-3.04v3.24"/></svg></span></button><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">1996 <i class=" ">Mars Attacks!</i></h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">Directed by Tim Burton, this film poked fun at 1950s science fiction movies. In it, murderous Martians terrorize Earth until they’re defeated by a country song.</p></div></div></div><div class="VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:12;--grid-column-span-xs:12;--grid-column-span-sm:12;--grid-column-span-md:24;--grid-column-span-lg:24;--grid-column-span-xl:24;--grid-column-span-xxl:24;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:auto;--grid-column-start-lg:auto;--grid-column-start-xl:auto;--grid-column-start-xxl:auto"><div class="bigVG QrHMO fnRUo pvsTF EhJPu vPlOC zNYgW OsTsW RMeqy daRVX ISNQ sKyCY eRftA acPPc MENS nFwaT MCnQE mEeeY SmBjI xegrY rPLsU iulOd NIuqO zzscu lzDCc aHUBM IEgzD OjMNy eQqcx SVqKB GQmdz jaoD VWDdR ONJdw vrZxD OnRTz gbbfF roDbV GPGwb oMlSS gfNzt oJhud eXZcf zhVlX OLpez "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="lZur " data-testid="prism-copyright-wrapper"><picture data-testid="prism-picture"><source media="(max-width: 374px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=374&h=249, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=748&h=498 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=413&h=275, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=826&h=550 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 414px) and (max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=718&h=479, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=1436&h=958 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=718&h=479, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=1436&h=958 2x"/><source media="(min-width: 1025px)" srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=1280&h=853, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b587be07-9308-4059-9797-c206200fd631/mars-rover-cameras-matt-damon.jpg?w=2560&h=1706 2x"/><img alt="man in space suit sitting on send." class="hsDdd vBqtr KrDt itslR zFTjo hakZw HlUVI UbGlr " data-testid="prism-image" draggable="false" 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yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by GENRE FILMS/INTERNATIONAL TRADERS/MID ATLANTIC FILMS/20TH CENTURY/ALBUM, ALAMY STOCK PHOTO</span></div></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">2015 <i class=" ">The Martian</i></h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC TjIXL aGjvy ">In Andy Weir’s futuristic survival tale, astronaut Mark Watney, played by Matt Damon, is abandoned on Mars after crewmates mistake him for dead.</p></div></div></div><div class="NYwzQ vUYNV glxIO ilAoG HPkGR "><div><div class="InlineImage GpQCA lZur asrEW " data-testid="prism-inline-image"><figure class="kzIjN GNmeK pYrtp dSqFO " data-testid="prism-figure"><div class="GpQCA lZur gIjeL " 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yCufu eEak Qmvg nyTIa SRXVc vzLa jgBfc WXDas CiUCW kqbG zrdEG txGfn ygKVe BbezD UOtxr CVfpq xijV soGRS XgdC sEIlf daWqJ YNujN JGtjI aZFDu rkKLh ">Photograph by LOREN ELLIOTT, GETTY IMAGES</span></div></div></div></div></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_main_group_wrapper VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs iJVrZ " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" style="--grid-column-span-xxs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-xs:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-sm:var(--grid-columns);--grid-column-span-md:20;--grid-column-span-lg:16;--grid-column-span-xl:16;--grid-column-span-xxl:14;--grid-column-start-xxs:auto;--grid-column-start-xs:auto;--grid-column-start-sm:auto;--grid-column-start-md:3;--grid-column-start-lg:5;--grid-column-start-xl:5;--grid-column-start-xxl:6"><h2 class="RxNCg ykkUm PvZ nIjPJ PMXYp LmsHF SfAHY mNgye lNbol LBPRq ">2019 Starship</h2><p class="EkqkG IGXmU nlgHS yuUao lqtkC eTIW sUzSN ">If SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has his way, a version of the retro-looking launch vehicle seen here being built in Texas will one day shuttle humans to the moon, Mars, and beyond.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="FITT_Article_end "><div class="VZTD UeCOM jIRH oimqG DjbQm UwdmX Xmrlz ReShI KaJdY lqtkC ssImf HfYhe RTHNs " data-testid="prism-GridContainer"><div class="Kiog kNVGM nvpSA qwdi bmjsw " data-testid="prism-GridRow"><div class="theme-e oBTii mrzah " data-testid="prism-GridColumn" 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Wells’s now notorious thriller."]},{"type":"inline","content":{"name":"Image","props":{"link":{},"caption":{"title":"","credit":"Photograph by LOWELL OBSERVATORY ARCHIVES","source":"","text":"","lines":3,"showMoreText":"Read More","showLess":false},"image":{"id":"mars-rover-cameras-mars-map-canals","showCopyright":"Please be respectful of copyright. 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Paul for ",{"type":"i","content":["Fantastic Adventures, "]},"this Martian is telepathic and can retract his eyes and nose to protect them from freezing."]},{"type":"inline","content":{"name":"Image","props":{"link":{},"caption":{"title":"","credit":"Photograph from Apogee/Photofest","source":"","text":"","lines":3,"showMoreText":"Read More","showLess":false},"image":{"id":"project_mars_book_cover_1-1","showCopyright":"Please be respectful of copyright. 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SLIPHER, LOWELL OBSERVATORY ARCHIVES","source":"","text":"","lines":3,"showMoreText":"Read More","showLess":false},"image":{"id":"mars-rover-cameras-color-photo-mars","showCopyright":"Please be respectful of copyright. 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