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id="toc-Research_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biological processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assisted_reproductive_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assisted_reproductive_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Assisted reproductive technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assisted_reproductive_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryoconservation_of_plant_and_animal_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryoconservation_of_plant_and_animal_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cryoconservation of plant and animal biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryoconservation_of_plant_and_animal_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossilized_embryos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossilized_embryos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fossilized embryos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossilized_embryos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Embryo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Embrio" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جنين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܥܘܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܘܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embri%C3%B3n" title="Embrión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Embrión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%C3%A3%C3%B1epyr%C5%A9" title="Mitãñepyrũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mitãñepyrũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrion" title="Embrion – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Embrion" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A3" title="ভ্রূণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভ্রূণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoe-thai" title="Phoe-thai – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phoe-thai" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Эмбрыён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эмбрыён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Зародак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зародак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ембрион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ембрион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zametak" title="Zametak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zametak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embri%C3%B3" title="Embrió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Embrió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эмбрион – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эмбрион" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryon" title="Embryon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Embryon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embr%C3%BCo" title="Embrüo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Embrüo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BF" title="Έμβρυο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έμβρυο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embri%C3%B3n" title="Embrión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Embrión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Embrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbrioi" title="Enbrioi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enbrioi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رویان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رویان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryon" title="Embryon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Embryon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suth" title="Suth – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Suth" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embri%C3%B3n" title="Embrión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Embrión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="ХитӀоара – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХитӀоара" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="배 (생물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սաղմնաթաղանթներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաղմնաթաղանթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A3" title="भ्रूण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भ्रूण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zametak" title="Zametak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zametak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embriono" title="Embriono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Embriono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Embrio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrion" title="Embrion – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Embrion" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sturv%C3%ADsir" title="Fósturvísir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fósturvísir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrione" title="Embrione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Embrione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Embrio" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A3" title="ಭ್ರೂಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭ್ರೂಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჩანასახი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩანასახი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эмбрион – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эмбрион" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abriyon" title="Abriyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Abriyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B9%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Түйүлдүк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түйүлдүк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrijs" title="Embrijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Embrijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemalas" title="Gemalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gemalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embri%C3%B3" title="Embrió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Embrió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Зародок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зародок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ഭ്രൂണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭ്രൂണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A3" title="भ्रूण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भ्रूण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Embrio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A3" title="भ्रूण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भ्रूण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%9A" title="胚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrion" title="Embrion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Embrion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miciree" title="Miciree – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Miciree" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrion" title="Embrion – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Embrion" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A3" title="ਭਰੂਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਰੂਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جنين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrion" title="Embrion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Embrion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarodek" title="Zarodek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zarodek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embri%C3%A3o" title="Embrião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Embrião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrion" title="Embrion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Embrion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эмбрион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмбрион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrioni" title="Embrioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Embrioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarodek" title="Zarodek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zarodek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95" title="ئاولەمە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاولەمە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ембрион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ембрион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zametak" title="Zametak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zametak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mbrio" title="Émbrio – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Émbrio" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkio" title="Alkio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Embryo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilig" title="Bilig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bilig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முளையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முளையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgun" title="Amgun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amgun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B)" title="పిండం (ఎంబ్రయో) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పిండం (ఎంబ్రయో)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="เอ็มบริโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอ็มบริโอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ҷанин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embriyo" title="Embriyo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Embriyo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ембріон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ембріон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جنین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbrion" title="Enbrion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Enbrion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B4i" title="Phôi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phôi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryon_(biyolohiya)" title="Embryon (biyolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Embryon (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胚胎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胚胎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胚胎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Embryo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Embryo (disambiguation)">Embryo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:thistle">Embryo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Embryo_7_weeks_after_conception.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Embryo_7_weeks_after_conception.jpg/250px-Embryo_7_weeks_after_conception.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Embryo_7_weeks_after_conception.jpg/375px-Embryo_7_weeks_after_conception.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Embryo_7_weeks_after_conception.jpg/500px-Embryo_7_weeks_after_conception.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> embryo seven weeks after <a href="/wiki/Conception_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception (biology)">conception</a> (nine weeks <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestational age</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196" class="extiw" title="d:Q33196">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>embryo</b> is the initial stage of development for a <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">reproduce sexually</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a> is the part of the life cycle that begins just after <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> of the female <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cell</a> by the male <a href="/wiki/Sperm_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm cell">sperm cell</a>. The resulting fusion of these two cells produces a single-celled <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> that undergoes many <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">cell divisions</a> that produce <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Blastomere" title="Blastomere">blastomeres</a>. The blastomeres (4-cell stage) are arranged as a solid ball that when reaching a certain size, called a <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">morula</a>, (16-cell stage) takes in fluid to <a href="/wiki/Cavitation_(embryology)" title="Cavitation (embryology)">create a cavity</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Blastocoel" title="Blastocoel">blastocoel</a>. The structure is then termed a <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. </p><p>The mammalian blastocyst <a href="/wiki/Zona_hatching" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona hatching">hatches</a> before <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implantating</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Endometrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endometrial">endometrial</a> lining of the <a href="/wiki/Womb" class="mw-redirect" title="Womb">womb</a>. Once implanted the embryo will continue its development through the next stages of <a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">gastrulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">neurulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">organogenesis</a>. Gastrulation is the formation of the three <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</a> that will form all of the different parts of the body. Neurulation forms the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, and organogenesis is the development of all the various tissues and organs of the body. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">newly developing human</a> is typically referred to as an embryo until the ninth week after conception, when it is then referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. In other multicellular organisms, the word "embryo" can be used more broadly to any early developmental or life cycle stage prior to <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hatchling" title="Hatchling">hatching</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First attested in English in the mid-14c., the word <i>embryon</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>embryo</i>, itself from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμβρυον</span></span> (<i>embruon</i>), lit. "young one",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the neuter of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμβρυος</span></span> (<i>embruos</i>), lit. "growing in",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from ἐν (<i>en</i>), "in"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and βρύω (<i>bruō</i>), "swell, be full";<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the proper <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> form of the Greek term would be <i>embryum</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_embryos">Animal embryos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Animal embryos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_embryonic_development" title="Animal embryonic development">Animal embryonic development</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about is a summary of embryonic development in all types of animals, including humans. For information specific to human embryonic development, see <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Human embryonic development</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv/220px--Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="893" data-mwtitle="Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander,_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander,_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv/Embryonic_development_of_a_salamander%2C_filmed_in_the_1920s.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Embryonic development of salamander, circa the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg/220px-Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Embryos (and one <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpole</a>) of the wrinkled frog (<i>Rana rugosa</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg/220px-Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg/330px-Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg/440px-Mouse_and_Snake_Embryos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> embryos</figcaption></figure> <p>In animals, fertilization begins the process of embryonic development with the creation of a zygote, a single cell resulting from the fusion of gametes (e.g. egg and sperm).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of a zygote into a multicellular embryo proceeds through a series of recognizable stages, often divided into cleavage, blastula, gastrulation, and organogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cleavage is the period of rapid mitotic cell divisions that occur after fertilization. During cleavage, the overall size of the embryo does not change, but the size of individual cells decrease rapidly as they divide to increase the total number of cells.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleavage results in a blastula.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the species, a blastula or <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a> stage embryo can appear as a ball of cells on top of yolk, or as a hollow sphere of cells surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Blastocoel" title="Blastocoel">middle cavity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The embryo's cells continue to divide and increase in number, while molecules within the cells such as RNAs and proteins actively promote key developmental processes such as gene expression, cell fate specification, and polarity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implanting</a> into the uterine wall the embryo is sometimes known as the <i>pre-implantation embryo</i> or <i>pre-implantation conceptus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niakan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niakan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes this is called the <b>pre-embryo</b> a term employed to differentiate from an embryo proper in relation to embryonic stem cell discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gastrulation is the next phase of embryonic development, and involves the development of two or more layers of cells (germinal layers). Animals that form two layers (such as <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>) are called diploblastic, and those that form three (most other animals, from <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a> to humans) are called triploblastic. During gastrulation of triploblastic animals, the three germinal layers that form are called the <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All tissues and organs of a mature animal can trace their origin back to one of these layers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the ectoderm will give rise to the skin epidermis and the nervous system,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mesoderm will give rise to the vascular system, muscles, bone, and connective tissues,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the endoderm will give rise to organs of the digestive system and <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> of the digestive system and respiratory system.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many visible changes in embryonic structure happen throughout gastrulation as the cells that make up the different germ layers migrate and cause the previously round embryo to fold or invaginate into a cup-like appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past gastrulation, an embryo continues to develop into a mature multicellular organism by forming structures necessary for life outside of the womb or egg. As the name suggests, organogenesis is the stage of embryonic development when organs form. During organogenesis, molecular and cellular interactions prompt certain populations of cells from the different germ layers to differentiate into organ-specific cell types.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in neurogenesis, a subpopulation of cells from the ectoderm segregate from other cells and further specialize to become the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The embryonic period varies from species to species. In human development, the term fetus is used instead of embryo after the ninth week after conception,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in <a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">zebrafish</a>, embryonic development is considered finished when a bone called the <a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">cleithrum</a> becomes visible.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In animals that hatch from an egg, such as birds, a young animal is typically no longer referred to as an embryo once it has hatched. In <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous</a> animals (animals whose offspring spend at least some time developing within a parent's body), the offspring is typically referred to as an embryo while inside of the parent, and is no longer considered an embryo after birth or exit from the parent. However, the extent of development and growth accomplished while inside of an egg or parent varies significantly from species to species, so much so that the processes that take place after hatching or birth in one species may take place well before those events in another. Therefore, according to one textbook, it is common for scientists to interpret the scope of <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a> broadly as the study of the development of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_embryos">Plant embryos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plant embryos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_embryonic_development" title="Plant embryonic development">Plant embryonic development</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg/220px-Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg/330px-Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg/440px-Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>The inside of a <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i> seed, showing the embryo</figcaption></figure> <p>Flowering plants (<a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a>) create embryos after the fertilization of a haploid <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>. The DNA from the ovule and pollen combine to form a diploid, single-cell zygote that will develop into an embryo.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zygote, which will divide multiple times as it progresses throughout embryonic development, is one part of a <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>. Other seed components include the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>, which is tissue rich in nutrients that will help support the growing plant embryo, and the seed coat, which is a protective outer covering. The first cell division of a zygote is <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_cell_division" title="Asymmetric cell division">asymmetric</a>, resulting in an embryo with one small cell (the apical cell) and one large cell (the basal cell).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small, apical cell will eventually give rise to most of the structures of the mature plant, such as the stem, leaves, and roots.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger basal cell will give rise to the suspensor, which connects the embryo to the endosperm so that nutrients can pass between them.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant embryo cells continue to divide and progress through developmental stages named for their general appearance: globular, heart, and torpedo. In the globular stage, three basic tissue types (dermal, ground, and vascular) can be recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dermal tissue will give rise to the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> or outer covering of a plant,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ground tissue will give rise to inner plant material that functions in <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, resource storage, and physical support,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vascular tissue will give rise to connective tissue like the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> that transport fluid, nutrients, and minerals throughout the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In heart stage, one or two <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a> (embryonic leaves) will form. <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristems</a> (centers of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> activity) develop during the torpedo stage, and will eventually produce many of the mature tissues of the adult plant throughout its life.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of embryonic growth, the seed will usually go dormant until germination.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the embryo begins to <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germinate</a> (grow out from the seed) and forms its first true leaf, it is called a <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a> or plantlet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants that produce <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> instead of seeds, like <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, also produce embryos. In these plants, the embryo begins its existence attached to the inside of the <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonium</a> on a parental <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> from which the egg cell was generated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner wall of the archegonium lies in close contact with the "foot" of the developing embryo; this "foot" consists of a bulbous mass of cells at the base of the embryo which may receive nutrition from its parent gametophyte.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure and development of the rest of the embryo varies by group of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since all land plants create embryos, they are collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a> (or by their scientific name, Embryophyta). This, along with other characteristics, distinguishes land plants from other types of plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, which do not produce embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_technology">Research and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_processes">Biological processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Embryos from numerous plant and animal species are studied in biological research laboratories across the world to learn about topics such as <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolution and development</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of scientific discoveries made while studying embryos that were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Spemann-Mangold_organizer" title="Spemann-Mangold organizer">Spemann-Mangold organizer</a>, a group of cells originally discovered in amphibian embryos that give rise to neural tissues,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and genes that give rise to <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">body segments</a> discovered in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a></i> fly embryos by <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric Wieschaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assisted_reproductive_technology">Assisted reproductive technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assisted reproductive technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Creating and/or manipulating embryos via <a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">assisted reproductive technology</a> (ART) is used for addressing fertility concerns in humans and other animals, and for <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> in agricultural species. Between the years 1987 and 2015, ART techniques including <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilization</a> (IVF) were responsible for an estimated one million human births in the United States alone.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other clinical technologies include <a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a> (PGD), which can identify certain serious genetic abnormalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">aneuploidy</a>, prior to selecting embryos for use in IVF.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have proposed (or even attempted - see <a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair" title="He Jiankui affair">He Jiankui affair</a>) <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic editing</a> of human embryos via <a href="/wiki/CRISPR/Cas9-mediated_genome_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing">CRISPR-Cas9</a> as a potential avenue for preventing disease;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this has been met with widespread condemnation from the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ART techniques are also used to improve the profitability of agricultural animal species such as cows and pigs by enabling selective breeding for desired traits and/or to increase numbers of offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when allowed to breed naturally, cows typically produce one calf per year, whereas IVF increases offspring yield to 9–12 calves per year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IVF and other ART techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a> via interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also used in attempts to increase the numbers of endangered or vulnerable species, such as <a href="/wiki/Northern_white_rhinoceros" title="Northern white rhinoceros">Northern white rhinos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryoconservation_of_plant_and_animal_biodiversity">Cryoconservation of plant and animal biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cryoconservation of plant and animal biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cryoconservation_of_animal_genetic_resources" title="Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources">Cryoconservation of genetic resources</a> involves collecting and storing the reproductive materials, such as embryos, seeds, or gametes, from animal or plant species at low temperatures in order to preserve them for future use.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some large-scale animal species cryoconservation efforts include "<a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">frozen zoos</a>" in various places around the world, including in the UK's <a href="/wiki/Frozen_Ark" title="Frozen Ark">Frozen Ark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife (BCEAW) in the United Arab Emirates,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a> Institute for Conservation in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, there were approximately 1,700 seed banks used to store and protect plant biodiversity, particularly in the event of mass extinction or other global emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a> in Norway maintains the largest collection of plant reproductive tissue, with more than a million samples stored at −18 °C (0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossilized_embryos">Fossilized embryos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fossilized embryos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_embryos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil embryos">Fossil embryos</a></div> <p>Fossilized animal embryos are known from the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>, and are found in great numbers during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> period. Even fossilized <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> embryos have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_loss" title="Embryo loss">Embryo loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">In vitro fertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-embryo" title="Pre-embryo">Pre-embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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But doomsday might already be here"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2018-03-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032059/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/seed-vault-doomsday-svalbard-norway-milennium-kew-biodiversity-bank-gene-a8237221.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crop+Trust&rft.atitle=Svalbard+Global+Seed+Vault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.croptrust.org%2Four-work%2Fsvalbard-global-seed-vault%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbryo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelle,_Rebecca" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Morelle" title="Rebecca Morelle">Morelle, Rebecca</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22085535">"Dinosaur embryo fossils reveal life inside the egg"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135744/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22085535">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Embryo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Embryo">Embryo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Main_Page">UNSW Embryology - Educational website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206140431/http://raven.zoology.washington.edu/embryos/">A Comparative Embryology Gallery</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Animal development</a> </b><br />Embryo </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatchling" title="Hatchling">Hatchling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">Larva</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cognition" title="Plant cognition">Plant neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Plant_embryos">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_embryonic_development_in_the_first_three_weeks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Embryology" title="Template:Embryology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Embryology" title="Template talk:Embryology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Embryology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Embryology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_embryonic_development_in_the_first_three_weeks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Human embryonic development</a> in the first three weeks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Week 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_activation" title="Oocyte activation">Oocyte activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomere" title="Blastomere">Blastomere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morula" class="mw-redirect" title="Morula">Morula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavitation_(embryology)" title="Cavitation (embryology)">Cavitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocoel" title="Blastocoel">Blastocoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">Blastocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_cell_mass" title="Inner cell mass">Inner cell mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophoblast" title="Trophoblast">Trophoblast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Week 2 <br />(<a href="/wiki/Bilaminar_embryonic_disc" title="Bilaminar embryonic disc">Bilaminar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoblast" title="Hypoblast">Hypoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiblast" title="Epiblast">Epiblast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Week 3 <br />(<a href="/wiki/Trilaminar_blastocyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilaminar blastocyst">Trilaminar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">Germ layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archenteron" title="Archenteron">Archenteron</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primitive_streak" title="Primitive streak">Primitive streak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive pit">Primitive pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_node" title="Primitive node">Primitive node</a>/<a href="/wiki/Blastopore" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastopore">Blastopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive groove">Primitive groove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">Gastrula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">Gastrulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional specification">Regional specification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">Ectoderm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_ectoderm" title="Surface ectoderm">Surface ectoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroectoderm" title="Neuroectoderm">Neuroectoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Somatopleuric mesenchyme">Somatopleuric mesenchyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">Neurulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">Neural crest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">Endoderm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splanchnopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme">Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">Mesoderm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_mesoderm" title="Axial mesoderm">Axial mesoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxial_mesoderm" title="Paraxial mesoderm">Paraxial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">Somite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somitomere" title="Somitomere">Somitomere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm" title="Intermediate mesoderm">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_plate_mesoderm" title="Lateral plate mesoderm">Lateral plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraembryonic_coelom" title="Intraembryonic coelom">Intraembryonic coelom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splanchnopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme">Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Somatopleuric mesenchyme">Somatopleuric mesenchyme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_the_human_body" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_development" title="Template:Human development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_development" title="Template talk:Human development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Development_of_the_human_body" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Development of the human body</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before birth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> 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