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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotentin Peninsula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbinsel_Cotentin" title="Halbinsel Cotentin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Halbinsel Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_de_Cotentin" title="Peninsula de Cotentin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peninsula de Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotentin_yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Kotentin yarımadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kotentin yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Катантэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катантэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Котантен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Котантен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Cotentin" title="Península de Cotentin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Península de Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Κοταντέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοταντέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86" title="شبه‌جزیره کوتنتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌جزیره کوتنتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotent%C3%ADn" title="Cotentín – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cotentín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%83%95%ED%83%B1%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="코탕탱반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코탕탱반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կոտանտեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոտանտեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9F" title="קוטנטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוטנטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კოტანტენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოტანტენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotanteno_pusiasalis" title="Kotanteno pusiasalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kotanteno pusiasalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Котантен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Котантен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="कोटेंटिन द्वीपकल्प – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोटेंटिन द्वीपकल्प" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="コタンタン半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コタンタン半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4tentin" title="Côtentin – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Côtentin" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_do_Cotentin" title="Península do Cotentin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Península do Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Cotentin" title="Peninsula Cotentin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peninsula Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Котантен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Котантен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cotentin Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Котентин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Котентин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Котантен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Котантен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Cotentin" title="Bán đảo Cotentin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán đảo Cotentin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%94%90%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="科唐坦半島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科唐坦半島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q463529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peninsula in Normandy, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Cotentin Peninsula">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cotentin+Peninsula%22">"Cotentin Peninsula"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cotentin+Peninsula%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cotentin+Peninsula%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cotentin+Peninsula%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cotentin+Peninsula%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cotentin+Peninsula%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carteroute50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carteroute50.jpg/220px-Carteroute50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carteroute50.jpg/330px-Carteroute50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carteroute50.jpg/440px-Carteroute50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Contentin</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Cotentin Peninsula</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ̃/: nasal 'in' in 'vin blanc'">æ̃</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɔtɑ̃tɛ̃]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>: <i lang="nrf">Cotentîn</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kotɑ̃ˈtẽ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/Jer-Cotentin.ogg\/Jer-Cotentin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jer-Cotentin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Jer-Cotentin.ogg/Jer-Cotentin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jer-Cotentin.ogg" title="File:Jer-Cotentin.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), also known as the <b>Cherbourg Peninsula</b>, is a peninsula in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> that forms part of the northwest coast of France. It extends north-westward into the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, towards Great Britain. To its west lie the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint-Malo" title="Gulf of Saint-Malo">Gulf of Saint-Malo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, and to the southwest lies the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. </p><p>The peninsula lies wholly within the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region</a> of Normandy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cotentin peninsula is part of the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_Massif" title="Armorican Massif">Armorican Massif</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise#Geography" title="Sainte-Mère-Église">Plain</a> lying in the Paris Basin) and lies between the <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vire_(river)" title="Vire (river)">Vire</a> river and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> Bay. It is divided into three areas: the headland of <a href="/wiki/Cap_de_la_Hague" title="Cap de la Hague">Cap de la Hague</a>, the Cotentin Pass (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plain_(Manche)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plain (Manche) (page does not exist)">Plain</a>), and the valley of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saire_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saire River (page does not exist)">Saire River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val_de_Saire" title="Val de Saire">Val de Saire</a>). It forms the bulk of the department of Manche. Its southern part, known as "le Marais" (the Marshlands), crosses from east to west from just north west of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lo">Saint Lo</a> and east of <a href="/wiki/Lessay" title="Lessay">Lessay</a> and marks a natural border with the rest of Manche. </p><p>The largest town on the peninsula is <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg-en-Cotentin</a>, a major cross-channel port on the north coast, with a population of approximately 120,000. The population of the peninsula is about 250,000. </p><p>The western coast of the peninsula, known as the <i>Côte des Îles</i> ("Islands Coast"), faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dielette" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielette">Dielette</a>. Off the east coast of the peninsula lies the island of <a href="/wiki/Tatihou" title="Tatihou">Tatihou</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Saint-Marcouf" title="Îles Saint-Marcouf">Îles Saint-Marcouf</a>. </p><p>The oldest stone in France is found in outcroppings on the coast of Cap de la Hague, at the tip of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cotentin was almost an island at one time. Only a small strip of land in the heath of <a href="/wiki/Lessay" title="Lessay">Lessay</a> connected the peninsula with the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to the so-called <i>portes à flot</i> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_des_Marais_du_Cotentin_et_du_Bessin" class="extiw" title="fr:Parc naturel régional des Marais du Cotentin et du Bessin">fr</a>), which close at flood and open at ebb<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which were built in the west coast and in the Baie des Veys, on the east coast, the Cotentin has become a peninsula. </p><p>The <b>Côte des Havres</b> lies between the Cape of Carteret and the Cape of Granville. To the northwest, there are two sand dune systems: one stretching between <a href="/wiki/Siouville-Hague" title="Siouville-Hague">Siouville-Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vauville_(Manche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauville (Manche)">Vauville</a>, the other one stretching between Cap of Carteret and <a href="/wiki/Baubigny,_Manche" title="Baubigny, Manche">Baubigny</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armorica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Armorica.png/220px-Armorica.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Armorica.png/330px-Armorica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Armorica.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Roman Armorica</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Armorica">Roman Armorica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman Armorica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peninsula formed part of the Roman geographical area of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a>. The town known today as <a href="/wiki/Coutances" title="Coutances">Coutances</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Unelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Unelli">Unelli</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaulish</a> tribe, acquired the name of <i>Constantia</i> in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>. The base of the peninsula, called in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> the <i>pagus Constantinus</i>, joined together with the <i>pagus Coriovallensis</i> centred upon Cherbourg to the north, subsequently became known as the Cotentin. Under the <a href="/wiki/Carolingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingians">Carolingians</a> it was administered by <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscounts</a> drawn successively from members of the Saint-Sauveur family, at their seat <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sauveur-de-Pierrepont" title="Saint-Sauveur-de-Pierrepont">Saint-Sauveur</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Douve" title="Douve">Douve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alan_I,_King_of_Brittany" title="Alan I, King of Brittany">King Alan the Great of Brittany</a> (d. 907) waged war successfully on the Norsemen. As a result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included theoretically in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brittany" title="Kingdom of Brittany">Kingdom of Brittany</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Compi%C3%A8gne_(867)" title="Treaty of Compiègne (867)">Treaty of Compiègne (867)</a> with the king of the Franks. The kings of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids, and Brittany lost the Cotentin Peninsula (and <a href="/wiki/Avranchin" title="Avranchin">Avranchin</a> nearby) after only 70 years of political domination. </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> settled on the Cotentin in the ninth and tenth centuries. There are indications of a whaling industry there dating to the ninth century, possibly introduced by Norsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were followed by Anglo-Norse and Anglo-Danish people, who established themselves as farmers. The Cotentin became part of Normandy in the early tenth century. Many placenames there are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse language">Norse language</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a>, from <i>hagi</i> ("meadow" or "enclosure"), and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue" title="Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue">La Hougue</a>, from <i>haugr</i> ("hill" or "mound").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names are typical: all those ending with <i>-tot</i> (Quettetot..) from <i>topt</i> "site of a house" (modern <i>-toft</i>), <i>-bec</i> (Bricquebec, Houlbec..) from <i>bekkr</i> "brook", "stream", etc. </p><p>In 1088 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>, Duke of Normandy, enfeoffed the Cotentin to his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry</a>, who later became king of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin, which lay to the south, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Thar_(river)" title="Thar (river)">River Thar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> landed in the bay of La Hougue, and then went to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son <a href="/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Edward, the Black Prince</a>. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/220px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/330px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/440px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> assault map of Normandy and northwest coastal France</figcaption></figure> <p>The naval <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Barfleur_and_La_Hogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue">Battle of La Hogue</a> in 1692 was fought off <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue" title="Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue">Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue</a> near <a href="/wiki/Barfleur" title="Barfleur">Barfleur</a>. </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Valognes" title="Valognes">Valognes</a> was, until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a provincial social resort for the aristocracy, nicknamed the <i>Versailles of Normandy</i>. The social scene was described in the novels of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly</a> (1808–1889) (himself from the Cotentin). Little now remains of the grand houses and châteaux; they were destroyed by combat there during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The westernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day landings</a> was at <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a>, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula, and was followed by a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg. </p><p>The genetic history of the modern inhabitants of Cotentin Peninsula was studied by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a> in 2015-2016 to determine the extent of Scandinavian ancestry in Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results were inconclusive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peninsula's main economic resource is agriculture. Dairy and vegetable farming are prominent activities, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> of oysters and mussels along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cider and <a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">calvados</a> are produced from locally grown apples and pears. </p><p>The region hosts two important nuclear power facilities. At Flamanville there is a <a href="/wiki/Flamanville_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant">nuclear power plant</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/La_Hague_site" title="La Hague site">La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant</a> is located a few miles to the north, at Beaumont-Hague. The facility stores all <a href="/wiki/High-level_waste" title="High-level waste">high-level waste</a> from the French nuclear power program in one large vault. The nuclear industry provides a substantial portion of jobs in the region. The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>. Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> levels of the cooling water at both these nuclear sites, which is being flushed into the bay of Vauville; however, the emitted radioactivity is several orders of magnitude below natural background levels and does not pose any hazard. </p><p>There are two major naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard Naval Group has built French <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarines</a> since the 1960s. Privately owned <a href="/wiki/Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques_de_Normandie" title="Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie">CMN</a> builds <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East. </p><p>Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> invasion beaches, including <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a> in the Cotentin. At <a href="/wiki/Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise" title="Sainte-Mère-Église">Sainte-Mère-Église</a> a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum commemorating the action of the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Divisions</a>. The <i>Cité de la Mer</i> in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Redoutable_(S611)" title="French submarine Redoutable (S611)"><i>Redoutable</i></a>, the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After quitting political life, the political thinker <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> (1805–1859) retreated to the family estate of <a href="/wiki/Tocqueville,_Manche" title="Tocqueville, Manche">Tocqueville</a>, where he wrote much of his work. </p><p>Due to its comparative isolation, the peninsula is one of the remaining strongholds of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a>, and the local dialect is known as <a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a>. The Norman language poet <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tis-Capel" title="Côtis-Capel">Côtis-Capel</a> (1915–1986) described the environment of the peninsula, while French language poet <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a> made his home at <a href="/wiki/Omonville-la-Petite" title="Omonville-la-Petite">Omonville-la-Petite</a>. The painter <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a> (1814–1875) was also born on the peninsula. </p><p>The Norman language writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rossel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rossel (page does not exist)">Alfred Rossel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rossel" class="extiw" title="fr:Alfred Rossel">fr</a>]</span>, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song <i>Sus la mé</i> ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cotentin%20Peninsula">"Cotentin Peninsula"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Cotentin+Peninsula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FCotentin%2520Peninsula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotentin+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoletJegouzoLedruWyns1994" class="citation book cs1">Rolet, J.; Jegouzo, P.; Ledru, P.; Wyns, R. (1994). "Intracontinental Hercynian Events in the Armorican Massif". <i>Pre-Mesozoic Geology in France and Related Areas</i>. pp. 195–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-84915-2_20">10.1007/978-3-642-84915-2_20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-84917-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-84917-6"><bdi>978-3-642-84917-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intracontinental+Hercynian+Events+in+the+Armorican+Massif&rft.btitle=Pre-Mesozoic+Geology+in+France+and+Related+Areas&rft.pages=195-219&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-84915-2_20&rft.isbn=978-3-642-84917-6&rft.aulast=Rolet&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Jegouzo%2C+P.&rft.au=Ledru%2C+P.&rft.au=Wyns%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotentin+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etab.ac-caen.fr/discip/geologie/precamb/lahagueEcalgrain/ecalgrain.htm">Bay of Écalgrain and Bay of Cul-Rond<i></i></a><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819194049/http://www.etab.ac-caen.fr/discip/geologie/precamb/lahagueEcalgrain/ecalgrain.htm">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Website "Lithothèque de <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandie</a>"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Les Parcs Naturels Régionaux. Editions Gallimard. Page 176. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-74-240573-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-74-240573-9">2-74-240573-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parc-cotentin-bessin.fr/fr/patrimoine-hydraulique---les-portes-a-flot-gc195.html?PHPSESSID=6d238cd74624ddf82733fc1399590958">hydraulic heritage : les portes à flot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140329181445/http://www.parc-cotentin-bessin.fr/fr/patrimoine-hydraulique---les-portes-a-flot-gc195.html?PHPSESSID=6d238cd74624ddf82733fc1399590958">Archived</a> 2014-03-29 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (französisch)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Chesnel, <i>Le Cotentin et l'Avranchin sous les ducs de Normandie, 911-1204</i>, 1912, noted in <a href="/wiki/C._Warren_Hollister" title="C. Warren Hollister">C. Warren Hollister</a>, <i>Henry I</i> (Yale English Monarchs), 2001:51ff and map, xviii; there were two brief interludes when it was declared a <a href="/wiki/Countship" class="mw-redirect" title="Countship">countship</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSmet1981" class="citation book cs1">DeSmet, W.M.A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKaUpfo2XCUC&q=An+early+17th+century+record+of+the+California+gray+whale+in+Icelandic+waters"><i>Mammals in the Seas: General papers and large cetaceans. Whaling During the Middle Ages</i></a>. Food & Agriculture Org. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789251005132" title="Special:BookSources/9789251005132"><bdi>9789251005132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+in+the+Seas%3A+General+papers+and+large+cetaceans.+Whaling+During+the+Middle+Ages.&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9789251005132&rft.aulast=DeSmet&rft.aufirst=W.M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKaUpfo2XCUC%26q%3DAn%2Bearly%2B17th%2Bcentury%2Brecord%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCalifornia%2Bgray%2Bwhale%2Bin%2BIcelandic%2Bwaters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotentin+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rex.iutcaen.unicaen.fr/Vikings/gbtopo01.html">Twelve essential old Scandinavian words (old Norse) in placenames of Normandy (R. Lepelley. Caen University)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721022846/http://rex.iutcaen.unicaen.fr/Vikings/gbtopo01.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollister 2001: ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/did-normans-descend-vikings-what-genetics-tell-us-about-viking-legacy-1560298">"The Historical Genetics of the Cotentin Peninsula"</a>. <i>The Impact of Diasporas on the Making of Britain (University of Leicester)</i>. University of Leicester. 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Impact+of+Diasporas+on+the+Making+of+Britain+%28University+of+Leicester%29&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Genetics+of+the+Cotentin+Peninsula&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fdid-normans-descend-vikings-what-genetics-tell-us-about-viking-legacy-1560298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotentin+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Berra2013" class="citation web cs1">Catherine Berra (29 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/normandie/2013/05/29/basse-normandie-le-developpement-de-l-aquaculture-l-etude-260209.html">"Basse-Normandie : le développement de l'aquaculture à l'étude"</a>. <i>France 3 Normandie</i>. FranceInfo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+3+Normandie&rft.atitle=Basse-Normandie+%3A+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+l%27aquaculture+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.au=Catherine+Berra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrance3-regions.francetvinfo.fr%2Fnormandie%2F2013%2F05%2F29%2Fbasse-normandie-le-developpement-de-l-aquaculture-l-etude-260209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotentin+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotentin_Peninsula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/28px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/42px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/56px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Renaud, Jean: <i>Les Vikings et la Normandie</i> (Ouest-France. 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7373-0258-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-7373-0258-7">2-7373-0258-7</a></li> <li>Renaud, Jean: <i>Les dieux des Vikings</i> (Ouest-France. 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7373-1468-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7373-1468-2">2-7373-1468-2</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cotentin_Peninsula&params=49_30_N_1_30_W_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.500°N 1.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.500; -1.500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246607433">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4230235-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cotentin (Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128973&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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