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<li id="toc-Premodern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premodern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Premodern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premodern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_profession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_profession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment of profession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Veterinary workers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veterinary_workers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Veterinary workers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veterinary_physicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_physicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Veterinary physicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_physicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraveterinary_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraveterinary_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Paraveterinary workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraveterinary_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Allied professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Veterinary research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veterinary_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Veterinary research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clinical_veterinary_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_veterinary_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clinical veterinary research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_veterinary_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introductory_textbooks_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductory_textbooks_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Introductory textbooks and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductory_textbooks_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monographs_and_other_speciality_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs_and_other_speciality_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Monographs and other speciality texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs_and_other_speciality_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_nursing,_ophthalmology,_and_pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_nursing,_ophthalmology,_and_pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_nursing,_ophthalmology,_and_pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Related fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary medicine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="طب بيطري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب بيطري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albeiter%C3%ADa" title="Albeitería – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Albeitería" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անասնաբուժութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անասնաբուժութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_veterinaria" title="Medicina veterinaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Medicina veterinaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রাণি চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণি চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B9-i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Siù-i-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siù-i-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ветеринария – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ветеринария" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ветэрынарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ветэрынарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вэтэрынарыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэтэрынарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ветеринарна медицина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ветеринарна медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarska_medicina" title="Veterinarska medicina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veterinarska medicina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A0ria" title="Veterinària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veterinària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_l%C3%A9ka%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Veterinární lékařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veterinární lékařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiermedizin" title="Tiermedizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tiermedizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinaaria" title="Veterinaaria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veterinaaria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_veterinaria" title="Medicina veterinaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medicina veterinaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinara_medicino" title="Veterinara medicino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Veterinara medicino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaitaritza" title="Albaitaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albaitaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="دام‌پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دام‌پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decine_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire" title="Médecine vétérinaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médecine vétérinaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9idliacht" title="Tréidliacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tréidliacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheataireachd" title="Bheataireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bheataireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinaria" title="Veterinaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Veterinaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="수의학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անասնաբուժություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անասնաբուժություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पशु चिकित्सा विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पशु चिकित्सा विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterina" title="Veterina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veterina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarala_medicino" title="Veterinarala medicino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Veterinarala medicino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran_hewan" title="Kedokteran hewan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedokteran hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_veterinari" title="Medicina veterinari – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Medicina veterinari" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_veterinaria" title="Medicina veterinaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medicina veterinaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רפואה וטרינרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואה וטרינרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვეტერინარია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვეტერინარია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weterinarn%C3%B4_medicyna" title="Weterinarnô medicyna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Weterinarnô medicyna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ветеринария – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ветеринария" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ветеринария – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ветеринария" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_veterinaria" title="Medicina veterinaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medicina veterinaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C4%81rmedic%C4%ABna" title="Veterinārmedicīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veterinārmedicīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarija" title="Veterinarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veterinarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinaria" title="Veterinaria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Veterinaria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ветерина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ветерина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മൃഗവൈദ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൃഗവൈദ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubatan_veterinar" title="Perubatan veterinar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perubatan veterinar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diergeneeskunde" title="Diergeneeskunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diergeneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="獣医学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="獣医学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A6rmedisin" title="Veterinærmedisin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Veterinærmedisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinariya" title="Veterinariya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Veterinariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84" title="د څارويو درمل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د څارويو درمل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medycyna_weterynaryjna" title="Medycyna weterynaryjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medycyna weterynaryjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_veterin%C3%A1ria" title="Medicina veterinária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicina veterinária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin%C4%83_veterinar%C4%83" title="Medicină veterinară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medicină veterinară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywana_hampiy" title="Uywana hampiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uywana hampiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ветеринария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ветеринария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinaria" title="Veterinaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veterinaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veterinary medicine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A1rna_medic%C3%ADna" title="Veterinárna medicína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veterinárna medicína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarska_medicina" title="Veterinarska medicina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veterinarska medicina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95%DA%B5" title="پزیشکیی ئاژەڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پزیشکیی ئاژەڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ветеринарска медицина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ветеринарска медицина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarska_medicina" title="Veterinarska medicina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veterinarska medicina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4inl%C3%A4%C3%A4ketiede" title="Eläinlääketiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläinlääketiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterin%C3%A4rmedicin" title="Veterinärmedicin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veterinärmedicin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விலங்கு மருத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்கு மருத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamadrsgnaft" title="Tamadrsgnaft – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamadrsgnaft" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ветеринария – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ветеринария" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Домпизишкӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Домпизишкӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteriner_t%C4%B1p" title="Veteriner tıp – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veteriner tıp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ветеринария – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ветеринария" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ветеринарія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ветеринарія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جانوروں کی ادویات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جانوروں کی ادویات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA_y" title="Thú y – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thú y" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4j%C3%A4arstitiid%C3%BCs" title="Eläjäarstitiidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eläjäarstitiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rtisyince" title="Årtisyince – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Årtisyince" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarya" title="Veterinarya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Veterinarya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="兽医学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="兽医学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%B8%E9%86%AB%E7%A7%91" title="獸醫科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="獸醫科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1b%C3%AA_veterineri" title="Tıbê veterineri – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tıbê veterineri" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Animal hospital" redirects here. For the BBC television show, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_Hospital" title="Animal Hospital"><i>Animal Hospital</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Veterinary sciences" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Sciences_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary Sciences (journal)"><i>Veterinary Sciences</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veterinary_Outreach_Hawaye_Kebele_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Veterinary_Outreach_Hawaye_Kebele_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Veterinary_Outreach_Hawaye_Kebele_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Veterinary_Outreach_Hawaye_Kebele_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Veterinary_Outreach_Hawaye_Kebele_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Veterinary_Outreach_Hawaye_Kebele_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Veterinary_Outreach_Hawaye_Kebele_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A veterinary technician in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> shows the owner of an ailing donkey how to sanitize the site of infection.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Veterinary medicine</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> that deals with the prevention, management, <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, disorder, and <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> in non-human <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">domesticated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild</a>, with a wide range of conditions that can affect different species. </p><p>Veterinary medicine is widely practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinary physician</a> (also known as a veterinarian, veterinary surgeon, or "vet"), but also by <a href="/wiki/Paraveterinary_worker" title="Paraveterinary worker">paraveterinary workers</a>, such as veterinary nurses, veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatty_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatty-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialties, such as animal <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapy">physiotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, and species-relevant roles such as <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farriers</a>. </p><p>Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> transmitted from nonhuman animals to humans), food safety, and through human applications via medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment, and mental health by keeping pets healthy and long-living. Veterinary scientists often collaborate with <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologists</a> and other health or natural scientists, depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are usually obliged to look after <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. Veterinarians diagnose, treat, and help keep animals safe and healthy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premodern_era">Premodern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Premodern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archeological evidence, in the form of a cow skull upon which <a href="/wiki/Trepanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trepanation">trepanation</a> had been performed, shows that people were performing veterinary procedures in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (3400–3000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PKahun_LV2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PKahun_LV2.jpg/300px-PKahun_LV2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PKahun_LV2.jpg/450px-PKahun_LV2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PKahun_LV2.jpg/600px-PKahun_LV2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Fragments of the <i>Kahun Papyrus</i> on <a href="/wiki/Veterinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary">veterinary</a> medicine, early second millennium BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <i>Papyrus of Kahun</i> (<a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a>) is the first extant record of veterinary medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrusfield20072_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrusfield20072-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shalihotra_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalihotra Samhita">Shalihotra Samhita</a></i>, dating from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, is an early Indian veterinary treatise. The <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Edicts of Asoka">edicts of Asoka</a> read: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (<a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a>) made two kinds of medicine (चिकित्सा) available, medicine for people, and medicine for animals. Where no <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">healing herbs</a> for people and animals were available, he ordered that they be bought and planted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinger200112_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg/170px-HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg/255px-HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg/340px-HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript page of <i><a href="/wiki/Hippiatrica" title="Hippiatrica">Hippiatrica</a></i> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hippiatrica" title="Hippiatrica">Hippiatrica</a></i> is a Byzantine compilation of hippiatrics, dated to the fifth or sixth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, farriers combined their work in <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">horseshoeing</a> with the more general task of "horse doctoring". The Arabic tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">Bayṭara</a></i>, or <i>Shiyāt al-Khayl</i>, originates with the treatise of Ibn Akhī Hizām (fl. late ninth century). </p><p>In 1356, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Picard_(Lord_Mayor)" title="Henry Picard (Lord Mayor)">Sir Henry Picard</a>, concerned at the poor standard of care given to horses in the city, requested that all farriers operating within a 7-mile (11-km) radius of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> form a "fellowship" to regulate and improve their practices. This ultimately led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers" title="Worshipful Company of Farriers">Worshipful Company of Farriers</a> in 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ruini" title="Carlo Ruini">Carlo Ruini</a>'s book <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Anatomia del Cavallo</i></span> (<i>Anatomy of the Horse</i>) was published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a nonhuman species.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg/220px-Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg/330px-Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Page from an 18th-century manuscript of <i><a href="/wiki/Shalihotra" title="Shalihotra">Shalihotra Samhita</a></i>, showing an eye operation on a horse</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_profession">Establishment of profession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment of profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourgelat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bourgelat.png/200px-Bourgelat.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bourgelat.png/300px-Bourgelat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bourgelat.png/400px-Bourgelat.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bourgelat" title="Claude Bourgelat">Claude Bourgelat</a> established the earliest veterinary school in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1762.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first veterinary school was founded in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France, in 1762 by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bourgelat" title="Claude Bourgelat">Claude Bourgelat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lupton,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after observing the devastation being caused by <a href="/wiki/Cattle_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle plague">cattle plague</a> to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in founding a veterinary school in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school received immediate international recognition in the 18th century and its pedagogical model drew on the existing fields of human medicine, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish veterinary education received funding 1774, and was officially started May 8th 1775 when the king Gustaf III signed the document.<sup id="cite_ref-Riksarkivet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riksarkivet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hernquist" class="extiw" title="sv:Peter Hernquist">Peter Hernquist</a>, who had studied for <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl von Linné</a> in Uppsala, and also studied in Lyon with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bourgelat" title="Claude Bourgelat">Claude Bourgelat</a>, was head of school and is considered father of veterinary medicine in Sweden. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Odiham_Agricultural_Society" title="Odiham Agricultural Society">Odiham Agricultural Society</a> was founded in 1783 in England to promote <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. A founding member, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burgess_(bishop,_born_1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756)">Thomas Burgess</a>, began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1785 society meeting resolved to "promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles." </p><p>Physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled <i>Prevention of Disease</i> in which he argued for the professionalization of the veterinary trade, and the establishment of veterinary colleges. This was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of <a href="/wiki/Granville_Penn" title="Granville Penn">Granville Penn</a>, who persuaded Frenchman Benoit Vial de St. Bel to accept the professorship of the newly established veterinary college in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons">Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions from Sir John McFadyean, credited by many as having been the founder of modern veterinary research.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, New York City, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. In 1879, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Agricultural_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Agricultural College">Iowa Agricultural College</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Land_grant_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grant college">land-grant college</a> to establish a school of veterinary medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_workers">Veterinary workers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Veterinary workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_physicians">Veterinary physicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Veterinary physicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">Veterinarian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veterinarian_performing_surgery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Veterinarian_performing_surgery.jpg/220px-Veterinarian_performing_surgery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Veterinarian_performing_surgery.jpg/330px-Veterinarian_performing_surgery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Veterinarian_performing_surgery.jpg/440px-Veterinarian_performing_surgery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2529" /></a><figcaption>Surgery on a dog</figcaption></figure> <p>Veterinary care and management are usually led by a veterinary physician (usually called a veterinarian, veterinary surgeon or "vet") who has received their doctor of veterinary medicine degree. This role is the equivalent of a physician or surgeon (medical doctor) in <a href="/wiki/Human_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Human medicine">human medicine</a>, and involves postgraduate study and qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many countries, the local nomenclature for a vet is a protected term, meaning that people without the prerequisite qualifications and/or registration are not able to use the title, and in many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a vet (such as animal treatment or surgery) are restricted only to those people who are registered as vet. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may be performed only by registered vets (with a few designated exceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Paraveterinary_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraveterinary workers">paraveterinary workers</a>), calling oneself a vet without being registered or performing any treatment is illegal. </p><p>Most vets work in clinical settings, treating animals directly. They may be involved in a general practice, treating animals of all types; may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">companion animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, laboratory animals, <a href="/wiki/Zoological_medicine" title="Zoological medicine">zoo animals</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>; or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as veterinary surgery, dermatology, cardiology, neurology, laboratory animal medicine, internal medicine, and more. </p><p>As healthcare professionals, vets face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. Current debates within the profession include the <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_ethics" title="Veterinary ethics">veterinary ethics</a> of purely cosmetic procedures on animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Onychectomy" title="Onychectomy">declawing</a> of cats, <a href="/wiki/Docking_(dog)" title="Docking (dog)">docking of tails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(animal)" title="Cropping (animal)">cropping of ears</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devocalization" title="Devocalization">debarking</a> on dogs. </p><p>A wide range of surgeries and operations is performed on various types of animals, but not all of them are carried out by vets. In a case in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, for instance, an eye surgeon managed to perform a successful cataract surgery on a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a> for the first time in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraveterinary_workers">Paraveterinary workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paraveterinary workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_and_South_African_Army_Vet_Technicians_Prepare_Dog_for_Spaying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_and_South_African_Army_Vet_Technicians_Prepare_Dog_for_Spaying.jpg/220px-US_and_South_African_Army_Vet_Technicians_Prepare_Dog_for_Spaying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_and_South_African_Army_Vet_Technicians_Prepare_Dog_for_Spaying.jpg/330px-US_and_South_African_Army_Vet_Technicians_Prepare_Dog_for_Spaying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_and_South_African_Army_Vet_Technicians_Prepare_Dog_for_Spaying.jpg/440px-US_and_South_African_Army_Vet_Technicians_Prepare_Dog_for_Spaying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>US and South African army veterinary technicians prepare a dog for spaying.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paraveterinary_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraveterinary workers">Paraveterinary workers</a></div> <p>Paraveterinary workers, including veterinary nurses, veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants,<sup id="cite_ref-Beatty_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatty-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either assist vets in their work, or may work within their own scope of practice, depending on skills and qualifications, including in some cases, performing minor surgery. </p><p>The role of paraveterinary workers is less homogeneous globally than that of a vet, and qualification levels, and the associated skill mix, vary widely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_professions">Allied professions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allied professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of professions exist within the scope of veterinary medicine, but may not necessarily be performed by vets or veterinary nurses. This includes those performing roles which are also found in human medicine, such as practitioners dealing with <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal">musculoskeletal</a> disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">osteopaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiropractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiropractor">chiropractors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapist">physiotherapists</a>. </p><p>Some roles are specific to animals, but which have parallels in human society, such as animal grooming and animal massage. Some roles are specific to a species or group of animals, such as farriers, who are involved in the shoeing of horses, and in many cases have a major role to play in ensuring the medical fitness of horses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_research">Veterinary research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Veterinary research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitten_check_up_at_Guantanamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kitten_check_up_at_Guantanamo.jpg/220px-Kitten_check_up_at_Guantanamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kitten_check_up_at_Guantanamo.jpg/330px-Kitten_check_up_at_Guantanamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kitten_check_up_at_Guantanamo.jpg/440px-Kitten_check_up_at_Guantanamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An eye examination of a kitten is underway prior to the kitten's adoption.</figcaption></figure> <p>Veterinary research includes prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of animals, and basic biology, welfare, and care of animals. Veterinary research transcends species boundaries and includes the study of spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced models of both human and animal diseases and research at human-animal interfaces, such as food safety, wildlife and ecosystem health, <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic disease">zoonotic diseases</a>, and public policy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By value the most important Animal Health pharmaceutical supplier worldwide is by far Zoetis (United States).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_veterinary_research">Clinical veterinary research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clinical veterinary research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in medicine, <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a> also are fundamental in veterinary medicine to establish the effectiveness of a treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical veterinary research is far behind human medical research, though, with fewer randomized controlled trials, that have a lower quality and are mostly focused on research animals.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible improvement consists in creation of networks for inclusion of private veterinary practices in randomized controlled trials. Although the FDA approves drugs for use in humans, the FDA keeps a separate "Green Book", which lists drugs approved specifically for veterinary medicine (about half of which are separately approved for use in humans).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502">[1]</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No studies exist on the effect of community animal health services on improving household wealth and the health status of low-income farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded use of regenerative <a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">stem-cell therapy</a> to treat lesions in a wild animal occurred in 2011 in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-CFMV_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFMV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that occasion, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo_Bras%C3%ADlia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoo Brasília (page does not exist)">Zoo Brasília</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardim_Zool%C3%B3gico_de_Bras%C3%ADlia" class="extiw" title="pt:Jardim Zoológico de Brasília">pt</a>]</span> used <a href="/wiki/Stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cells">stem cells</a> to treat a <a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">maned wolf</a> who had been run over by a car, which was later returned, fully recovered, to nature.<sup id="cite_ref-CFMV_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFMV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animal_diseases" title="Lists of animal diseases">Lists of animal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Office_of_Animal_Health" title="National Office of Animal Health">National Office of Animal Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Health" title="One Health">One Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_orthotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pet orthotics">Pet orthotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_veterinary_medicine" title="Technology in veterinary medicine">Technology in veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiVet" title="WikiVet">WikiVet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom">Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Veterinary medicine in the United States">Veterinary medicine in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_veterinary_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines">History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Council_of_India" title="Veterinary Council of India">Veterinary Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Council_of_Ireland" title="Veterinary Council of Ireland">Veterinary Council of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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"A cabinet of the ordinary: domesticating veterinary education, 1766–1799". <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 239–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087418000274">10.1017/S0007087418000274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29665887">29665887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4947361">4947361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=A+cabinet+of+the+ordinary%3A+domesticating+veterinary+education%2C+1766%E2%80%931799&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-260&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4947361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29665887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007087418000274&rft.aulast=Heintzman&rft.aufirst=Kit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riksarkivet-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riksarkivet_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/12930">"Peter (Pehr) Hernquist"</a>. <i>Riksarkivet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riksarkivet&rft.atitle=Peter+%28Pehr%29+Hernquist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2Fsbl%2Fmobil%2FArtikel%2F12930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slu.se/om-slu/orter/skara/hernquistdagen2/om-hernquist/">"Om Hernquist"</a>. <i>SLU.SE</i> (in Swedish). 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(24 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502">"A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine"</a>. <i>Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>63</b> (24): 15449–15482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.0c01502">10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2623">0022-2623</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33125236">33125236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226218045">226218045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+Structural+Analysis+of+the+FDA+Green+Book-Approved+Veterinary+Drugs+and+Roles+in+Human+Medicine&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=15449-15482&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft.issn=0022-2623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226218045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33125236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.0c01502&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Kevin+A.&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+M.+Haziq&rft.au=Cox%2C+Philip+B.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Christopher+M.&rft.au=Bellaire%2C+Bailey+C.&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+Michael&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Bradey+A.+R.&rft.au=Njardarson%2C+Jon+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.0c01502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_CurranMacLehose2006" class="citation journal cs1">Martin Curran, Marina; MacLehose, Harriet (19 April 2006). Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532712">"Community animal health services for improving household wealth and health status of low income farmers"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2006</b> (2): CD003049. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003049.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD003049.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532712">6532712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16625568">16625568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Community+animal+health+services+for+improving+household+wealth+and+health+status+of+low+income+farmers&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD003049&rft.date=2006-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16625568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003049.pub2&rft.aulast=Martin+Curran&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=MacLehose%2C+Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFMV-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFMV_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFMV_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfmv.gov.br/tratamento/comunicacao/noticias/2011/01/11/">Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária</a>: "Tratamento", 11 January 2011, (in portuguese). Retrieved 4 May 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductory_textbooks_and_references">Introductory textbooks and references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Introductory textbooks and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspinallCappelloBowden2009" class="citation cs2">Aspinall, Victoria; Cappello, Melanie; Bowden, Sally (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQcWZ8DWencC"><i>Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook</i></a>, Jeffery, Andrea (forward), Elsevier Health Sciences, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2938-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2938-7"><bdi>978-0-7020-2938-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Veterinary+Anatomy+and+Physiology+Textbook&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-2938-7&rft.aulast=Aspinall&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Cappello%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Bowden%2C+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQcWZ8DWencC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodenWest1998" class="citation cs2">Boden, Edward; West, Geoffrey Philip (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAD2cWqYI0C"><i>Black's veterinary dictionary</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-21017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-21017-7"><bdi>978-0-389-21017-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+veterinary+dictionary&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-389-21017-7&rft.aulast=Boden&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=West%2C+Geoffrey+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxAD2cWqYI0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDone1996" class="citation cs2">Done, Stanley H. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPzNxjVfAk8C"><i>Color atlas of veterinary anatomy: The dog & cat</i></a>, Elsevier Health Sciences, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7234-2441-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7234-2441-3"><bdi>978-0-7234-2441-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+atlas+of+veterinary+anatomy%3A+The+dog+%26+cat&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7234-2441-3&rft.aulast=Done&rft.aufirst=Stanley+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPzNxjVfAk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyceSackWensing2010" class="citation cs2">Dyce, Keith M.; Sack, Wolfgang O.; Wensing, Cornelis Johannes Gerardus (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb1BXjgb0McC"><i>Textbook of veterinary anatomy</i></a>, Saunders, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6607-1"><bdi>978-1-4160-6607-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+veterinary+anatomy&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-6607-1&rft.aulast=Dyce&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rft.au=Sack%2C+Wolfgang+O.&rft.au=Wensing%2C+Cornelis+Johannes+Gerardus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHb1BXjgb0McC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenner2000" class="citation cs2">Fenner, William R. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ziEbRYWNbwC"><i>Quick reference to veterinary medicine</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-51608-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-51608-7"><bdi>978-0-397-51608-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quick+reference+to+veterinary+medicine&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-397-51608-7&rft.aulast=Fenner&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ziEbRYWNbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawheadBaker2009" class="citation cs2">Lawhead, James B.; Baker, MeeCee (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuuMWGmOGBsC"><i>Introduction to veterinary science</i></a>, Cengage Learning, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4283-1225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4283-1225-8"><bdi>978-1-4283-1225-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+veterinary+science&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4283-1225-8&rft.aulast=Lawhead&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft.au=Baker%2C+MeeCee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuuMWGmOGBsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2009" class="citation cs2">Pfeiffer, Dirk (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62T3xPDXhA0C"><i>Veterinary Epidemiology: An Introduction</i></a>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7694-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-7694-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Epidemiology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7694-1&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62T3xPDXhA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadostitsGayBloodArundel2000" class="citation cs2">Radostits, O. M.; Gay, C. C.; Blood, D. C.; Arundel, J. H.; Hinchcliff, Kenneth W (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqw2gCZFfhoC"><i>Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses</i></a> (9th ed.), Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 1877, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2604-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2604-1"><bdi>978-0-7020-2604-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Medicine%3A+A+Textbook+of+the+Diseases+of+Cattle%2C+Sheep%2C+Pigs%2C+Goats+and+Horses&rft.pages=1877&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-2604-1&rft.aulast=Radostits&rft.aufirst=O.+M.&rft.au=Gay%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Blood%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Arundel%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Hinchcliff%2C+Kenneth+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKqw2gCZFfhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monographs_and_other_speciality_texts">Monographs and other speciality texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Monographs and other speciality texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlopMalbert2004" class="citation cs2">Dunlop, Robert H.; Malbert, Charles-Henri (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWI4UoxAkGgC"><i>Veterinary pathophysiology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2826-8"><bdi>978-0-8138-2826-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+pathophysiology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-2826-8&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Malbert%2C+Charles-Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWI4UoxAkGgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurellEurellFrappierDellman2006" class="citation cs2">Eurell, Jo Ann Coers; Eurell, Jo Ann; Frappier, Brian L.; Dellman, Horst-Dieter (25 May 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnS4uiOlRT0C"><i>Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4148-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4148-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-4148-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dellmann%27s+textbook+of+veterinary+histology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4148-4&rft.aulast=Eurell&rft.aufirst=Jo+Ann+Coers&rft.au=Eurell%2C+Jo+Ann&rft.au=Frappier%2C+Brian+L.&rft.au=Dellman%2C+Horst-Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnS4uiOlRT0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeytForeyt2001" class="citation cs2">Foreyt, William J.; Foreyt, Bill (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paZZ6k_fOi4C"><i>Veterinary parasitology reference manual</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2419-2"><bdi>978-0-8138-2419-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+parasitology+reference+manual&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-2419-2&rft.aulast=Foreyt&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Foreyt%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpaZZ6k_fOi4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2007" class="citation cs2">Gupta, Ramesh Chandra (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgMX__L3q40C"><i>Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles</i></a>, Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370467-2"><bdi>978-0-12-370467-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+toxicology%3A+basic+and+clinical+principles&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-370467-2&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgMX__L3q40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirshMaclachlanWalker2004" class="citation cs2">Hirsh, Dwight C.; Maclachlan, Nigel James; Walker, Richard L. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYdWYCUOFxsC"><i>Veterinary microbiology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0379-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0379-1"><bdi>978-0-8138-0379-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+microbiology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-0379-1&rft.aulast=Hirsh&rft.aufirst=Dwight+C.&rft.au=Maclachlan%2C+Nigel+James&rft.au=Walker%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYdWYCUOFxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2004" class="citation cs2">Hunter, Pamela (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLyFllgGgu0C"><i>Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources</i></a>, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 611, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4053-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-4053-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Medicine%3A+A+Guide+to+Historical+Sources&rft.pages=611&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4053-0&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTLyFllgGgu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerck2007" class="citation cs2">Merck, Melinda D. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNYWGcQ4L5oC"><i>Veterinary forensics: animal cruelty investigations</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1501-5"><bdi>978-0-8138-1501-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+forensics%3A+animal+cruelty+investigations&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1501-5&rft.aulast=Merck&rft.aufirst=Melinda+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNYWGcQ4L5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1999" class="citation cs2">Murphy, Frederick A. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xWOGoP2RMC"><i>Veterinary virology</i></a>, Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-511340-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-511340-3"><bdi>978-0-12-511340-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+virology&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-12-511340-3&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Frederick+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw6xWOGoP2RMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2009" class="citation cs2">Nicholas, Frank W. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12AddRR_wu8C"><i>Introduction to Veterinary Genetics</i></a>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6832-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-6832-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Veterinary+Genetics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6832-8&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12AddRR_wu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonHuxtable2004" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Wayne F.; Huxtable, Clive R. R. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9DZRAkV25QC"><i>Clinicopathologic Principles for Veterinary Medicine</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 452, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54813-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54813-7"><bdi>978-0-521-54813-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinicopathologic+Principles+for+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54813-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Wayne+F.&rft.au=Huxtable%2C+Clive+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9DZRAkV25QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlatter2002" class="citation cs2">Slatter, Douglas H. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_nh6zSr4wUC"><i>Textbook of small animal surgery</i></a>, Elsevier Health Sciences, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-8607-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-8607-3"><bdi>978-0-7216-8607-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+small+animal+surgery&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-8607-3&rft.aulast=Slatter&rft.aufirst=Douglas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB_nh6zSr4wUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2010" class="citation cs2">Kahn, Cynthia M., ed. (2010), <a href="/wiki/The_Merck_Veterinary_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The Merck Veterinary Manual"><i>The Merck Veterinary Manual</i></a>, Whitehouse Station, N.J., Merck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-93-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-93-3"><bdi>978-0-911910-93-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merck+Veterinary+Manual&rft.pub=Whitehouse+Station%2C+N.J.%2C+Merck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-911910-93-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrusfield2007" class="citation cs2">Thrusfield, Michael (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZfevagYF4YC"><i>Veterinary epidemiology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5627-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-5627-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+epidemiology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5627-1&rft.aulast=Thrusfield&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZfevagYF4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZajacConboyAmerican_Association_of_Veterinary_Parasitologists2006" class="citation cs2">Zajac, A.; Conboy, Gary A.; American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FF6EqlL64RcC"><i>Veterinary clinical parasitology</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1734-7"><bdi>978-0-8138-1734-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+clinical+parasitology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1734-7&rft.aulast=Zajac&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Conboy%2C+Gary+A.&rft.au=American+Association+of+Veterinary+Parasitologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFF6EqlL64RcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_nursing,_ophthalmology,_and_pharmacology"><span id="Veterinary_nursing.2C_ophthalmology.2C_and_pharmacology"></span>Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation cs2">Adams, H. Richard (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CUbc0RXvb8C"><i>Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1743-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1743-9"><bdi>978-0-8138-1743-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+pharmacology+and+therapeutics&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1743-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=H.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CUbc0RXvb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2010" class="citation cs2">Bryant, Susan (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUFnykeagBEC"><i>Anesthesia for Veterinary Technicians</i></a>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0586-3"><bdi>978-0-8138-0586-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anesthesia+for+Veterinary+Technicians&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-0586-3&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUFnykeagBEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonHijfte2006" class="citation cs2">Cannon, Marthaxcx; Hijfte, Myra Forster-van (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv_AG8XJ_ZEC"><i>Feline medicine: a practical guide for veterinary nurses and technicians</i></a>, Elsevier Health Sciences, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8827-7"><bdi>978-0-7506-8827-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feline+medicine%3A+a+practical+guide+for+veterinary+nurses+and+technicians&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8827-7&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Marthaxcx&rft.au=Hijfte%2C+Myra+Forster-van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJv_AG8XJ_ZEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrispin2005" class="citation cs2">Crispin, Sheila M. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYo9NbW62HgC"><i>Notes on veterinary ophthalmology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-06416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-06416-8"><bdi>978-0-632-06416-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+veterinary+ophthalmology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-632-06416-8&rft.aulast=Crispin&rft.aufirst=Sheila+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYo9NbW62HgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelatt2000" class="citation cs2">Gelatt, Kirk N. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGJwfJWCc-kC"><i>Essentials of veterinary ophthalmology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30077-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30077-2"><bdi>978-0-683-30077-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+veterinary+ophthalmology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-683-30077-2&rft.aulast=Gelatt&rft.aufirst=Kirk+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGJwfJWCc-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneCooper2003" class="citation cs2">Lane, D. R.; Cooper, B. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=driJ1awa180C"><i>Veterinary nursing</i></a>, Elsevier Health Sciences, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5525-5"><bdi>978-0-7506-5525-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+nursing&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5525-5&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdriJ1awa180C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattengale2004" class="citation cs2">Pattengale, Paula (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGsG8IB04FYC"><i>Tasks for the veterinary assistant</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4243-6"><bdi>978-0-7817-4243-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tasks+for+the+veterinary+assistant&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4243-6&rft.aulast=Pattengale&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGsG8IB04FYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivierePapich2009" class="citation cs2">Riviere, Jim E.; Papich, Mark G. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ievLulSqwBAC"><i>Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics</i></a>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2061-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2061-3"><bdi>978-0-8138-2061-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+pharmacology+and+therapeutics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-2061-3&rft.aulast=Riviere&rft.aufirst=Jim+E.&rft.au=Papich%2C+Mark+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DievLulSqwBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyUniversity_of_Pennsylvania._University_Museum1984" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David; University of Pennsylvania. University Museum (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZZzqGoI0U0C"><i>Man and animals: living, working, and changing together : in celebration of the 100th anniversary, the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania</i></a>, UPenn Museum of Archaeology, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-68-4"><bdi>978-0-934718-68-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+animals%3A+living%2C+working%2C+and+changing+together+%3A+in+celebration+of+the+100th+anniversary%2C+the+School+of+Veterinary+Medicine%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=UPenn+Museum+of+Archaeology&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-934718-68-4&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=University+of+Pennsylvania.+University+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZZzqGoI0U0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatanzaro1998" class="citation cs2">Catanzaro, Thomas E. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRocAzFFFkAC"><i>Building the Successful Veterinary Practice: Innovation and creativity</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2984-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2984-5"><bdi>978-0-8138-2984-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Successful+Veterinary+Practice%3A+Innovation+and+creativity&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-2984-5&rft.aulast=Catanzaro&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRocAzFFFkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinger2001" class="citation cs2">Finger, Stanley (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GMeW9E1IB4C"><i>Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514694-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514694-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514694-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+neuroscience%3A+a+history+of+explorations+into+brain+function&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514694-3&rft.aulast=Finger&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GMeW9E1IB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollin2006" class="citation cs2">Rollin, Bernard E. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_fETw54VmB4C"><i>An introduction to veterinary medical ethics: theory and cases</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0399-9"><bdi>978-0-8138-0399-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+veterinary+medical+ethics%3A+theory+and+cases&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-0399-9&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Bernard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fETw54VmB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2002" class="citation cs2">Sherman, David M. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ax_lLPG634AC"><i>Tending animals in the global village: a guide to international veterinary medicine</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-18051-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-18051-0"><bdi>978-0-683-18051-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tending+animals+in+the+global+village%3A+a+guide+to+international+veterinary+medicine&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-683-18051-0&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dax_lLPG634AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilcockStutchfield2003" class="citation cs2">Shilcock, Maggie; Stutchfield, Georgina (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAv-mSUcex8C"><i>Veterinary practice management: a practical guide</i></a>, Elsevier Health Sciences, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2696-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2696-6"><bdi>978-0-7020-2696-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+practice+management%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-2696-6&rft.aulast=Shilcock&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Stutchfield%2C+Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAv-mSUcex8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithKelly2008" class="citation cs2">Smith, Gary; Kelly, Alan M., eds. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAh_mgEudl8C"><i>Food Security in a Global Economy: Veterinary Medicine and Public Health</i></a>, Phila.: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 176, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2044-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2044-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-2044-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Security+in+a+Global+Economy%3A+Veterinary+Medicine+and+Public+Health&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Phila.%3A+University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2044-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAh_mgEudl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwabe1999" class="citation cs2">Swabe, Joanna (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Mjf4TWp1CcC"><i>Animals, Disease, and Human Society: Human-animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine</i></a>, Routledge, p. 243, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18193-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18193-8"><bdi>978-0-415-18193-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals%2C+Disease%2C+and+Human+Society%3A+Human-animal+Relations+and+the+Rise+of+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18193-8&rft.aulast=Swabe&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Mjf4TWp1CcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwopeRigby2001" class="citation cs2">Swope, Robert E.; Rigby, Julie (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFtmTlxY5e4C"><i>Opportunities in veterinary medicine careers</i></a>, McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 151, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-658-01055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-658-01055-2"><bdi>978-0-658-01055-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opportunities+in+veterinary+medicine+careers&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-658-01055-2&rft.aulast=Swope&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFtmTlxY5e4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwabe1999" class="citation cs2">Swabe, Joanna (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208054859/https://www.veritasdvm.com/"><i>Veterinary Courses and CE.</i></a>, Routledge, p. 244, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18193-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18193-8"><bdi>978-0-415-18193-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veritasdvm.com">the original</a> on 8 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Courses+and+CE.&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18193-8&rft.aulast=Swabe&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veritasdvm.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyZoetis2014" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David; Zoetis (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208054859/https://www.veritasdvm.com/"><i>VeritasDVM</i></a>, Dr. Donal Smith, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-68-4"><bdi>978-0-934718-68-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veritasdvm.com">the original</a> on 8 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VeritasDVM&rft.pub=Dr.+Donal+Smith&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-934718-68-4&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Zoetis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veritasdvm.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeterinary+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/veterinary_medicine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/veterinary medicine"><i>veterinary 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href="/wiki/Template:Veterinary_medicine" title="Template:Veterinary medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veterinary_medicine" title="Template talk:Veterinary medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veterinary_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veterinary medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veterinary_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veterinary medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practitioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">Veterinarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraveterinary_worker" title="Paraveterinary worker">Paraveterinary worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pharmacist" title="Veterinary pharmacist">Veterinary pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veterinarians" title="List of veterinarians">List of veterinarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_education" title="Veterinary education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_veterinary_medicine" title="List of schools of veterinary medicine">List of schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_education_in_France" title="Veterinary education in France">Veterinary education in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinarian%27s_Oath" title="Veterinarian's Oath">Veterinarian's Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Medical_College_Application_Service" title="Veterinary Medical College Application Service">Veterinary Medical College Application Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons">Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Veterinarians_of_Ontario" title="College of Veterinarians of Ontario">College of Veterinarians of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-Based_Veterinary_Medicine_Association" title="Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association">Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_specialties" title="Veterinary specialties">Specialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_anesthesia" title="Veterinary anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_veterinarian" title="Avian veterinarian">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_dentistry" title="Veterinary dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_ethics" title="Veterinary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_animal_veterinarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic animal veterinarian">Exotic animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_medicine" title="Fish medicine">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_nutrition" title="Animal nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_obstetrics" title="Veterinary obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_oncology" title="Veterinary oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_parasitology" title="Veterinary parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pathology" title="Veterinary pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_public_health" title="Veterinary public health">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgery" title="Veterinary surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriogenology" title="Theriogenology">Theriogenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_virology" title="Veterinary virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Veterinary_Corps" title="United States Army Veterinary Corps">Veterinary Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_Indonesia" title="Veterinary medicine in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Veterinary medicine in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_veterinary_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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