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<li id="toc-Al_Saud_and_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_Saud_and_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Al Saud and ibn Abd al-Wahhab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_Saud_and_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_of_oil_exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_of_oil_exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Era of oil exports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_of_oil_exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-MbS_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-MbS_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pre-MbS era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-MbS_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secular_policy_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_policy_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Secular policy changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_policy_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Impact of COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Salafi_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Salafi_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Non-Salafi Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Salafi_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-Salafi Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Salafi_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sunni Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shi'ism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shi'ism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shi'ism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shi'ism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islamic pilgrimage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Saudi Arabia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإسلام في السعودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في السعودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সৌদি আরবে ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌদি আরবে ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اسلام در عربستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام در عربستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Arabie_saoudite" title="Islam en Arabie saoudite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam en Arabie saoudite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Arab_Saudi" title="Islam di Arab Saudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Arab_Saudi" title="Islam di Arab Saudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Islam in Saoedi-Arabië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islam in Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Ислам в Саудовской Аравии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам в Саудовской Аравии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ئیسلام لە عەرەبستانی سعوودی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسلام لە عەرەبستانی سعوودی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Согуд Гарәбстанында ислам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Согуд Гарәбстанында ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سعودی عرب میں اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سعودی عرب میں اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2743328#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia">Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ka%27ba,_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/300px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/450px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246112391">.mw-parser-output .sb-ibc img{background-color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Islam is the state <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">religion of Saudi Arabia</a>. The kingdom is called the "home of Islam"; it was the birthplace of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, who united and ruled the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_Exposed_p145_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley_Exposed_p145-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the location of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> lived and died, and are now the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">two holiest cities of Islam</a>. The kingdom attracts millions of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrims annually, and thousands of clerics and students who come from across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> to study. The official title of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a> is "<a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a>"—the two being <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Haram">Al-Masjid al-Haram</a> in Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">Al-Masjid al-Nabawi</a> in Medina—which are considered the holiest in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-NYROB_only_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYROB_only-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, a pact between Islamic preacher <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> and a regional emir, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>, brought a revival of Islam (Salafism - that is, following the Quran and Sunnah in light of the intepretation of ‘As Salaf As Salih’) of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> first to the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> region and then to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Referred to by supporters as "<a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>" and by others as "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>", this interpretation of Islam became the state religion and interpretation of Islam espoused by Muhammad bin Saud and his successors (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a> family), who eventually created the <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">modern kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> in 1932. The Saudi government has spent tens of billions of dollars of its petroleum export revenue throughout the Islamic world and elsewhere on building mosques, publishing books, giving scholarships and fellowships,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosting international Islamic organisations, and promoting its form of Islam, sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">petro-Islam</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission to call to Islam the way the Salaf practiced it has been dominant in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> for two hundred years, but in most other parts of the country—Hejaz, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>—it has dominated only since 1913–1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Commins_p77_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commins_p77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the 15 to 20 million Saudi citizens are Sunni Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the eastern regions are populated mostly by Twelver <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, and there are <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> Shia in the southern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-shrefs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrefs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a number of sources, only a minority of Saudis consider themselves Wahhabis, although according to other sources, the Wahhabi affiliation is up to 40%, making it a very dominant minority, at the very least using a native population of 17 million based on "2008–09 estimates".<sup id="cite_ref-al-ahmed-2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-ahmed-2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMW_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the next largest affiliation is with Salafism, which encompasses all of the central principles of Islam, with a number of minor additional accepted principles differentiating the two.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a 2014 survey, conducted for the Boston Consultancy Group report on <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">Saudi youth</a>, it was found that 97% of the young Saudis consider Islam "as the main influence that shapes their identity."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public worship and proselytising by non-Muslims, including the distribution of non-Muslim religious materials (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>), is illegal in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_WR2015_SA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_WR2015_SA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Muslim foreigners attempting to acquire Saudi Arabian nationality must convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in late 2017, under <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a>, dramatic changes have been made in religious policy, including the elimination of the power of <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">the religious police</a>, the lifting of bans on amusement parks, cinemas, concert venues, and driving of motor vehicles by women.<sup id="cite_ref-Boghani-1-10-2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boghani-1-10-2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard-NYT-21-March-2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-NYT-21-March-2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Islamic prophet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in about 570. From the early 7th century, Muhammad united the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">various tribes of the peninsula</a> and created a single Islamic religious polity under his rule. Following his death in 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia and conquered many parts of Asia, Africa and Europe <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">conquering huge swathes of territory</a>. Although Arabia soon became a politically peripheral region as the focus shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">more developed conquered lands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> remained the spiritually most important places in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> requires every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a>, to make a pilgrimage, or <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic month</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a> at least once in his or her lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 9th century, a number of Shia sects developed particularly in the eastern part of Arabia. These included the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili</a> sect led by <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB-T%C4%81hir_Al-Jann%C4%81b%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī">Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī</a> who <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca" title="Sack of Mecca">attacked and sacked Mecca</a> in 930.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_Saud_and_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab">Al Saud and ibn Abd al-Wahhab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Al Saud and ibn Abd al-Wahhab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1744, in the desert region of <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>, founder of the Al Saud dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first "Saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was destroyed by 1818 by the Ottoman viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Mohammed Ali Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1824, a much smaller second "Saudi state", located mainly in Nejd, was established in 1824, but by 1891 its Al Saud rulers were driven into exile in Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, a third attempt was made to conquer this territory by another Al-Saud, Abdulaziz <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>. He gained the support of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism and led by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Najad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan bin Najad">Sultan ibn Bijad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Al-Dawish" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal Al-Dawish">Faisal Al-Dawish</a>, which had grown quickly after its foundation in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the aid of the Ikhwan, Ibn Saud captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Hasa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1913. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Others</span></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>:</span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ibn Saud defeated a rival ruling family and took the title Sultan of Nejd in 1921. By this time the Ottomans had been defeated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia was no more.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of the Ikhwan, the Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this victory however the Ikhwan clashed with Ibn Saud. He opposed their raiding the British protectorates of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>, Iraq and Kuwait, to expand of the Wahhabist realm, and they opposed his policies of allowing some modernization and some non-Muslim foreigners in the country. The Ikhwan were defeated and their leaders executed in 1930 after a two-year struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the <i>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_of_oil_exports">Era of oil exports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Era of oil exports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dammam_No._7" title="Dammam No. 7">Commercial quantities of oil were discovered in the Persian Gulf region of Saudi Arabia in 1938</a>, and the kingdom's oil wells eventually revealed the largest source of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the king, oil revenues became a crucial source of wealth since he no longer had to rely on receipts from pilgrimages to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. This discovery would alter <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> political relations forever. </p><p>During the 1960s and '70s, religious authorities allowed some practices that had previously been forbidden (haram). At the urging of the government and after vigorous debate, religious authorities allowed the use of paper money in 1951, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia#Abolition" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">abolished slavery</a> in 1962, permitted the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's education in Saudi Arabia">education of females</a> in 1964, and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">use of television</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenbeck_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenbeck-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and government modernization policies, economic and social development progressed at an extremely rapid rate, transforming the infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">educational system</a> of the country;<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">foreign policy</a>, close <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">ties with the US</a> were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_136-137_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Rasheed_136-137-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power of the ulema was in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the 1980s and 1990s, this trend was reversed. In 1979, the modernizing monarch of Iran, despite his oil revenues and apparently formidable security apparatus, was overthrown by an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacey_Islamism_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacey_Islamism-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new revolutionary Islamic Republic was across the Persian Gulf from Saudi oil fields and across from where most of Saudi Arabia's <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">minority Shiites</a>—co-religionists of Iran who also often worked in the oil industry—lived. There were several anti-government uprisings in the region in <a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 and 1980</a>. </p><p>Also alarming to the government was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque Seizure">seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Islamist extremists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abir_p21_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abir_p21-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un-Islamic nature of the Saudi government, proclaimed the return of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The takeover and siege of the mosque lasted for nearly two weeks, during which the mosque was severely damaged and several hundred militants, soldiers, and hostages were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the royal family enforced much stricter observances of traditional religious and social norms in the country and gave the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Ulema</a> a greater role in government.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer_p24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, photographs of women in newspapers were banned, then women on television. Cinemas and music shops were shut down. School curriculum was changed to provide many more hours of religious studies, eliminating classes on subjects like non-Islamic history.<sup id="cite_ref-Abir_p21_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abir_p21-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gender segregation was extended "to the humblest coffee shop". The religious police became more assertive.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer_p24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lacey_p49-52_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacey_p49-52-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greater emphasis was put on religion in the media (increased religious programming on television and radio, and an increase in articles about religion in newspapers), in individual behavior, in government policies, and in mosque sermons. In 1986 King Fahd replaced his title "His Majesty" with "<a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Embassy_jp_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embassy_jp-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2011-04-06_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2011-04-06-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ulema's powers and financial support were strengthened<sup id="cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer_p24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular, they were given greater control over the education system<sup id="cite_ref-Abir_p21_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abir_p21-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowed to enforce stricter observance of Wahhabi rules of moral and social behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer_p24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These policies did not succeed in dampening the growth and strength of religious conservatives dissatisfied with the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi Islamism gained momentum following 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FRD_306_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRD_306-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122–123">: 122–123 </span></sup> The presence of U.S. troops on Saudi soil from 1991 onwards was deeply unpopular with conservative Saudis<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the major issues that has led to <a href="/wiki/List_of_militant_incidents_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of militant incidents in Saudi Arabia">an increase in Islamist terrorism</a> by Saudis inside and out of Saudi Arabia, (the <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> attacks in New York being the most prominent example).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamist terrorist activity increased dramatically in 2003, with the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_compound_bombings" title="Riyadh compound bombings">Riyadh compound bombings</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_militant_incidents_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of militant incidents in Saudi Arabia">other attacks</a>, which prompted the government to take much more stringent action against terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordesman_2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordesman_2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king (<a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah</a>) has also taken steps to rein back the powers of the ulema, for instance transferring their control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Abdullah_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Abdullah-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have complained that the king's dominance over the ulema has weakened the traditional Islamic legitimacy of Saudi throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Okruhlik_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okruhlik-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-MbS_era">Pre-MbS era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-MbS era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_the_state_and_society">Role in the state and society</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role in the state and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koran.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Koran.JPG/300px-Koran.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Koran.JPG/450px-Koran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Koran.JPG/600px-Koran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, declared by the country's <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a> to be Saudi Arabia's constitution<sup id="cite_ref-Gerhard_p791_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhard_p791-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Islam plays a central role in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>, the religious establishment, is all-pervasive.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article one of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">1992 Saudi "Basic Law of Governance"</a> states, </p> <blockquote><p>The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Arab Islamic State. Its religion is Islam. Its constitution is Almighty God's Book, The Holy <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunna</a> (Traditions) of the Prophet (PBUH). Arabic is the language of the Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Unlike most Muslim countries, Saudi Arabia gives the ulema direct involvement in government, and fields a specifically "religious" police force, called the <i>Haia</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> gives the ulema much more influence and also has a religious police.<sup id="cite_ref-FRD_p232-233_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRD_p232-233-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baer" title="Robert Baer">Robert Baer</a>, this power is only over certain sectors of governance. The founder of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, established a division of power (according to Baer) with the Wahhabi religious establishment in 1932. In "return for allowing it control of the mosques, culture, and education", the ulema or religious establishment "would never go near core political issues, such as royal succession, foreign policy, and the armed forces." This agreement has "been more or less respected" since 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians note that in his alliance with the House of Saud, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab called for the state to have an "imam" (religious leader, himself) and an "emir" (military leader, Ibn Saud).<sup id="cite_ref-DeL_ong-Bas_p35_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeL_ong-Bas_p35-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the third head of the House of Saud used the title "Imam", and Saudi kings have served in this role since.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindholm_2002_p115_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindholm_2002_p115-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vogel_p207_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogel_p207-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Senior_Scholars_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Senior Scholars</a>, appointed and paid by the government advises the king on religious matters. The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions,<sup id="cite_ref-meforum.org_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meforum.org-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have a significant role in the judicial and education systems<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassner_p143_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassner_p143-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only is the succession to the throne subject to the approval of the ulema,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_p78_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish_p78-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but so are all new laws (royal decrees).<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_118_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_118-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious police or <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice</a> numbers 3,500-4,000. Members patrol the streets enforcing dress codes, strict separation of men and women, <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> prayer by Muslims during prayer times, investigating reports of witchcraft, and other behavior it believes to be commanded or forbidden by Islam. </p><p>Daily life in Saudi Arabia is dominated by Islamic observance. Five times each day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques scattered throughout the country. Because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims, the weekend begins on Thursday.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> doctrine, only two religious holidays are publicly recognized, <i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></i>. Celebration of other Islamic holidays, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Prophet's birthday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Day of Ashura</a> are tolerated only when celebrated locally and on a small scale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Public observance of non-Islamic religious holidays is prohibited, with the exception of 23 September, which commemorates the unification of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conformity of behavior is highly valued as part of religion, apparent in sameness of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia#Dress" title="Saudi Arabia">dress</a>. Almost all women wear a loose-fitting black <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a> cloak covering all but their eyes and hands, almost all men wear a white <a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">thawb</a> with a red and white checkered headdress.<sup id="cite_ref-net_places_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-net_places-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, or Islamic law, is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">legal system in Saudi Arabia</a>. It is unique not only compared to Western systems, but also compared to other Muslim countries, as (according to its supporters) the Saudi model is closest to the form of law originally developed when Islam became established in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saudi courts impose a number of severe physical punishments.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharia_Inc_p175_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharia_Inc_p175-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death penalty can be imposed for a wide range of offences<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including murder, <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">rape</a>, armed robbery, repeated drug use, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostasy in Saudi Arabia">apostasy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBCexecutioner_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCexecutioner-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adultery,<sup id="cite_ref-FRD_306_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRD_306-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 304">: 304 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Saudi Arabia">witchcraft and sorcery</a><sup id="cite_ref-Miethe_p63_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miethe_p63-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be carried out by beheading with a sword,<sup id="cite_ref-BBCexecutioner_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCexecutioner-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> or firing squad,<sup id="cite_ref-FRD_306_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRD_306-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-Miethe_p63_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miethe_p63-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wahhabism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a></div> <p>Many of the strict and unique practices in Saudi Arabia mentioned above come from Wahhabism, (formerly) the official and dominant form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia, named after the preacher and scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>. (Proponents consider the name derogatory, preferring the term <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafiyya</a>, after the early Muslims known as the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation is often described as 'puritanical', 'intolerant' or 'ultra-conservative', however proponents believe its teachings seek to purify the practise of Islam of any innovations or practices that deviate from the seventh-century teachings of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his companions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one anti-Wahhabi source (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Suleyman_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Suleyman Schwartz">Stephen Schwartz</a>), "no more than" 40% of Saudi nationals consider themselves Wahhabis.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The message of the school was the essential oneness of God (<i>tawhid</i>). The movement is therefore known by its adherents as <i>ad dawa lil tawhid</i> (the call to unity), and those who follow the call are known as <i>ahl at tawhid</i> (the people of unity) or <i>muwahhidun</i> (unitarians).<sup id="cite_ref-L_of_C_Country_Studies_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L_of_C_Country_Studies-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school puts an emphasis on following of the <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> school of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_p333_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito_p333-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, was influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> and questioned the philosophical interpretations of Islam within the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> schools, claiming to rely on the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> without speculative philosophy so as to not transgress beyond the limits of the early Muslims known as the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_p333_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito_p333-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab attacked a "perceived moral decline and political weakness" in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and condemned what he perceived as <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, the popular cult of saints, and shrine and tomb visitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_p333_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito_p333-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, Saudi leadership did not emphasize its identity as inheritor of the Wahhabi legacy as such, nor did the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, the Al ash Shaykh, continue to hold the highest posts in the religious bureaucracy. Wahhabi influence in Saudi Arabia, however, remained tangible in the physical conformity in dress, in public deportment, and in public prayer. Most significantly, the Wahhabi legacy was manifest in the social ethos that presumed government responsibility for the collective moral ordering of society, from the behavior of individuals, to institutions, to businesses, to the government itself.<sup id="cite_ref-L_of_C_Country_Studies_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L_of_C_Country_Studies-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_MbS_era_(2017–present)"><span id="New_MbS_era_.282017.E2.80.93present.29"></span>New MbS era (2017–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New MbS era (2017–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Salman">Muhammad bin Salman</a> (MbS), (who became Crown Prince in June 2017 and is the de facto ruler of the Kingdom), dramatic changes have been made whereby activities once allowed are now forbidden and others forbidden in the name of religion (i.e. Wahhabism) are allowed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secular_policy_changes">Secular policy changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secular policy changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formerly powerful <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">religious police</a>, who busied themselves enforcing strict rules on everything from <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> (which in Saudi Arabia meant covering all of the body except the hands and eyes), <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">segregation of the sexes</a>, and daily prayer attendance;<sup id="cite_ref-Encyl_Islam_3rd_ed_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyl_Islam_3rd_ed-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to preventing the sale of dogs and cats,<sup id="cite_ref-Cats_and_dogs_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cats_and_dogs-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbie" title="Barbie">Barbie</a> dolls,<sup id="cite_ref-barbie_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbie-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-North_2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> gifts,<sup id="cite_ref-red_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are now banned "from pursuing, questioning, asking for identification, arresting and detaining anyone suspected of a crime".<sup id="cite_ref-Bashraheel_2019-09_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashraheel_2019-09-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The punishments of flogging<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the death penalty for crimes committed by minors are no longer allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the bans lifted are on <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">women driving motor vehicles</a> (June 2018), (some) activities by women without the permission of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_anti_male-guardianship_campaign#Moves_toward_equality" title="Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign">male-guardians</a> (August 2019), cinemas,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> musical performances—including public concerts by female singers, admission of women to sports stadiums,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employment of women in many parts of the workforce, and international tourism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theology">Theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MbS has stated, "in Islamic law, the head of the Islamic establishment is <i>wali al-amr</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-2019_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-2019-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Arabic:ولي الأمر) the ruler."<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the ruling kings (and Crown Princes) of Saudi Arabia "have historically stayed away from religion", and "outsourced" issues of theology and religious law to "the big beards", (traditionally conservative and orthodox religious scholars), MbS has "a law degree from <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a>". He is "probably the only leader in the Arab world who knows anything about Islamic epistemology and jurisprudence", according to (secular) scholar of Islamic law, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Bernard Haykel</a>. In an interview televised in Saudi Arabia on April 25, 2021, MbS criticized the devotion of Saudi religious leaders to <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> (i.e. to the doctrines based on 18th century preacher <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>) "in language never before used by a Saudi monarch", saying, "there are no fixed schools of thought and there is no infallible person."<sup id="cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottaway-wilson-2021-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But MbS has gone beyond criticism of Wahhabism to question the basis of orthodox Islamic law. <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwas</a> (legal rulings on points of Islamic law), he says "should be based on the time, place and mindset in which they are issued", rather than regarded as immutable.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottaway-wilson-2021-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In interviews with Wood, MbS </p> <blockquote><p>explained that <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> is based on two textual sources: the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, or the example of the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, gathered in many tens of thousands of fragments from the Prophet's life and sayings. Certain rules—not many—come from the unambiguous legislative content of the Quran, he said, and he cannot do anything about them even if he wants to. But those sayings of the Prophet (called <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>), he explained, do not all have equal value as sources of law,<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Chiara Pellegrino, </p> <blockquote><p>MBS specified that in the Kingdom "a punishment must be applied only in the presence of a clear Qur'anic stipulation or a <i><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith#Use_of_limited_set_of_mutawatir_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">mutawātir hadīth</a></i>," i.e., a saying of the Prophet of Islam, transmitted over the centuries through an uninterrupted and numerically significant chain of transmitters. As the prince explains, these hadīths are binding, unlike <i>ahādī hadīth</i> (i.e., transmitted by single narrators), which become binding only when they are corroborated by Qur'anic verse, and <i>khabar hadīth</i> (stories whose core is identical across different versions but that vary in their details and formulation), whose authenticity is doubtful and which therefore cannot be invoked as sources of law, even if they can be useful for personal edification.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellegrino-2021_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellegrino-2021-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wood estimates that this will mean "about 95 percent" of traditional Islamic law is "chuck[ed] into the sandpit of Saudi history", and leave MbS free to use his discretion "to determine what is in the interest of the Muslim community." According to Haykel this short-circuits centuries of Islamic legal tradition, but is done "in an Islamic way."<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One part of the fallout is in legal code. Unlike most countries, Saudi "does not have any penal and civil code" and "judges rule on the basis of Islamic jurisprudence with a high level of discretion in some contexts".<sup id="cite_ref-Pellegrino-2021_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellegrino-2021-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as of early 2021, MbS has "ordered a codification of Saudi laws" that would take this power away from judges.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottaway-wilson-2021-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions">Reactions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policies of MbS have been called a "sidelining of Islamic law" that will "drastically" change the Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to David Ottaway of the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a>, MbS has sidelined Saudi Arabia's Wahhabi scholars and preachers "who still command millions of followers in the country and beyond", and this presents a "particularly risky" move.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottaway-wilson-2021-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Graeme Wood</a> who traveled in Saudi Arabia and interviewed MbS, noted that <a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a>, "a preacher with a massive following", appears to have originally been imprisoned for expressing the relatively benign hope that MbS and the ruler of Qatar (Emir Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a>), reconcile—"May God harmonize between their hearts, for the good of their people." al-Ouda remains in prison facing execution despite the fact that MbS and Al Thani did reconcile.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many conservative clerics strongly appear to have taken heed, succumbing to "good old-fashioned intimidation", reversing their religious positions and supporting the government line on issues such as "the opening of cinemas and mass layoffs of Wahhabi imams".<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> reported in 2019 that Saudi Islamic scholars <a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Awad_bin_Mohammed_Al-Qarni" title="Arrest of Awad bin Mohammed Al-Qarni">Awad al-Qarni</a>, were all incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-KAEF-Reforms-4-2019_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAEF-Reforms-4-2019-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Khaled Abou El Fadl laments the pressure MbS has placed on senior Islamic scholars such as Abdelaziz Al-Shaykh, and the capitulation of the scholars. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What has been coming out of some Saudi scholars and the Saudi Permanent Council of Senior Scholars is a reversal on a wide variety of issues. The most obvious one is the example of Abdelaziz Al-Shaykh who once described women driving as “the worst kind of evil,” and now says there is no problem with it. The issue here is that he does not even address his previous fatwa (ruling). The same, of course, goes for music and singing.<sup id="cite_ref-KAEF-Reforms-4-2019_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAEF-Reforms-4-2019-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>But it also "isn't clear how quickly" the modernization of MbS "is catching on", and that in some instances ordinary police "have stood up" to take the place of religious police, while in at least the very conservative parts of the country, genders still spontaneously segregate themselves in large gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_of_COVID-19_pandemic">Impact of COVID-19 pandemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia">COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj</a></div> <p>As a result of mass shutdowns on in-person business triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, merchants and buyers of <a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Islamic animal sacrifice</a> livestock in the Kingdom shifted much of their business to new emerging online e-commerce platforms, in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> in July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Salafi_Islam">Non-Salafi Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-Salafi Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wahhabi mission has been dominant in most of the central region of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>—its "heartland"—for two hundred years, but in most other parts of the country it has dominated only since 1913–1925. The eastern region has many Twelver Shias, the southern regions of Saudi Arabia has many <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> Shias.<sup id="cite_ref-shrefs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrefs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hijaz region has long had a more pluralistic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Commins_p77_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commins_p77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southwest region of Asir is known for its followers of a local leader, Idris, revered by many as a Sufi saint, a concept which Wahhbism opposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_Exposed_p58_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley_Exposed_p58-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two critics of Wahhabism (Ali Al-Ahmed and Stephen Schwartz), also give a relatively high estimate of the non-Wahhabi population of Saudi Arabia—over 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-al-ahmed-2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-ahmed-2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMW_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_Islam">Sunni Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sunni Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Wahabism is a strand of Sunni Islam, the promotion of non-Salafi-Sunnism is somewhat restricted but not by the law.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shi'ism"><span id="Shi.27ism"></span>Shi'ism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shi'ism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <p>An estimated 5–10%<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nasr2006_p._236_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr2006_p._236-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of citizens in Saudi Arabia are Shia Muslims, most of whom are adherents to <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shia Islam. Twelvers are predominantly represented by the <a href="/wiki/Baharna" title="Baharna">Baharna</a> community living in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a>, with the largest concentrations in <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>, and half the population in <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Hasa</a>. In addition there is a small Twelver Shia minority in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Nakhawila" title="Nakhawila">Nakhawila</a>). Sizable and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> communities also live in <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> along the border with <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. </p><p>Shia, human rights groups and other observers have complained of "systematic discrimination" of Shia in Saudi Arabia "in religion, education, justice, and employment".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other countries with sizable Shia populations (such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> has no Shia cabinet ministers, <a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">mayors</a> or police chiefs. Shia are kept out of "critical jobs" in the armed forces and the security services, and not one of the three hundred Shia girls schools in the Eastern Province has a Shia principal.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr2006_p._236_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr2006_p._236-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lacey_Shia_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacey_Shia-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eastern provinces of Saudi Arabia there are Shia courts who deal with cases such as marriage, divorce and inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia demonstrations in Qatif have sometimes led to conflict with Sunni Saudi religious authorities who disapprove of Shia commemorations marking the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">martyrdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a>. There also Shias living in Southern Saudi Arabia, who are mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-shrefs_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrefs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_pilgrimage">Islamic pilgrimage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islamic pilgrimage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></div> <p>Saudi Arabia, and specifically <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the cradle of Islam, and the pilgrimage destinations for large numbers of Muslims from across the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the King's titles is <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a>, the two mosques being Al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, which contains Islam's most sacred place (the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina which contains Muhammad's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hajj, or pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, occurs annually between the first and tenth days of the last month of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Muslim year</a>, Dhul Hajj. The Hajj represents the culmination of the Muslim's spiritual life. For many, it is a lifelong ambition. From the time of embarking on the journey to make the Hajj, pilgrims often experience a spirit of exaltation and excitement; the meeting of so many Muslims of all races, cultures, and stations in life in harmony and equality moves many people deeply. Certain rites of pilgrimage may be performed any time, and although meritorious, these constitute a lesser pilgrimage, known as <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">umrah</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/330px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/495px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/660px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Pilgrims in the annual Hajj at the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ministry of Pilgrimage Affairs and Religious Trusts handles the immense logistical and administrative problems generated by such a huge international gathering. The government issues special pilgrimage visas that permit the pilgrim to visit Mecca and to make the customary excursion to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> to visit the Prophet's tomb. Care is taken to assure that pilgrims do not remain in the kingdom after the Hajj to search for work. </p><p>An elaborate guild of specialists assists the Hajjis. Guides (mutawwifs) who speak the pilgrim's language make the necessary arrangements in Mecca and instruct the pilgrim in the proper performance of rituals; assistants (wakils) provide subsidiary services. Separate groups of specialists take care of pilgrims in Medina and Jiddah. Water drawers (zamzamis) provide water drawn from the sacred well. </p><p>Since the late 1980s, the Saudis have been particularly energetic in catering to the needs of pilgrims. In 1988, a US$15 billion traffic improvement scheme for the holy sites was launched. The improvement initiative resulted partly from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> charges that the Saudi government was incompetent to guard the holy sites after a <a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 clash</a> between demonstrating Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police left 400 people dead. <a href="/wiki/1990_Mecca_tunnel_tragedy" title="1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy">A further disaster occurred in 1990</a>, when 1,426 pilgrims suffocated or were crushed to death in one of the new air-conditioned pedestrian tunnels built to shield pilgrims from the heat. The incident resulted from the panic that erupted in the overcrowded and inadequately ventilated tunnel, and further fueled Iranian claims that the Saudis did not deserve to be in sole charge of the holy places. In 1992, however, 114,000 Iranian pilgrims, close to the usual level, participated in the Hajj. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam_and_politics">Islam and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Islam and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_legitimacy">Islamic legitimacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islamic legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The religious establishment in Saudi Arabia, led by the <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Al ash-Sheikh</a>, which influences almost every aspect of social life, is deeply involved in politics. It has long been fractured into at least two distinct groups, with the senior ulema closely tied to the political agenda of the House of Saud. A younger generation of ulema, who are less firmly established and more radical in tone, have openly criticized the senior ulema and the government in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-stratfor.com_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stratfor.com-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Fractures between the government and this younger generation deepened in May 2003, when Riyadh fired or suspended thousands of them.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were to be "re-educated," while others were simply ousted from the religious establishment. The move did little to endear the government to an already frustrated and religiously radical cadre of clerics.</p></blockquote><p>The Islamic legitimacy of the modern Saudi state has been questioned by many radical Islamist groups and individuals including Al-Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi Arabia's grand <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a>, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_ibn_Abdullah_Al_ash-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh">Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh</a>, has defended the religious establishment's legitimacy in a public forum, while responding to mounting criticism of the religious leadership's close political alliance with the ruling House of Saud.<sup id="cite_ref-stratfor.com_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stratfor.com-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a question-and-answer session with members of the public and the media, Al Al-Sheikh denied that the government influenced fatwas (religious rulings) and said accusations to the contrary within the media were false: </p> <blockquote><p>Both the criticism and the public response to it indicate a deepening level of dissent, not only within the kingdom's religious establishment, but also among the public. It is significant that the question was asked and answered in a public forum, and then reprinted in the media—including the Arabic and English language newspapers. Similar questions of legitimacy will arise in coming months, with the kingdom's religious, political and perhaps military leaderships becoming the focal points for increasingly intense criticism. That Al Al-Sheikh answered the question about government influence over fatwas so openly is a clear indicator that the public has growing concerns about the legitimacy of religious leaders. Also, that the statements were reprinted in the press signals that the Saudi government—which wields enormous influence over the local press—is moving to respond to the charges of undue influence and corruption and illegitimacy.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mosques in Saudi Arabia">List of mosques in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bradley_Exposed_p145-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_Exposed_p145_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad"><i>Saudi Arabia Exposed : Inside a Kingdom in Crisis</i></a></span>. Palgrave. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403964335" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403964335"><bdi>978-1403964335</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'home of Islam' as the 1930s geopolitical construct of Saudi Arabia is ... referred to "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed+%3A+Inside+a+Kingdom+in+Crisis&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYROB_only-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYROB_only_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodenbeck2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rodenbeck, Max (October 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17477">"Unloved in Arabia (Book Review)"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. <b>51</b> (16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106062352/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2004/10/21/unloved-in-arabia-2/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2014</span>. <q>This is, after all, the birthplace of Muhammad and of the Arabic language, the locus of Muslim holy cities, the root of tribal Arab trees, and also, historically, a last redoubt against foreign incursions into Arab and Muslim lands. The kingdom is in many ways a unique experiment. It is the only modern Muslim state to have been created by jihad,[10] the only one to claim the Koran as its constitution, and [the only Arab-]Muslim countries to have escaped European imperialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Unloved+in+Arabia+%28Book+Review%29&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft.aulast=Rodenbeck&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F17477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i>. trans. Anthony F. Roberts, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepel (2002), pp. 69–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commins_p77-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commins_p77_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commins_p77_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). <i>The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 77. <q>The region had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries and consequently its religious culture was pluralistic, with the four Sunni legal schools, various Sufi orders and a tiny Shia community around Medina.... Hijazis naturally regarded the reintroduction of Saudi rule with much apprehension, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108134953/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2114?_hi=0&_pos=2">"Saudi Arabia, Islam in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2114?_hi=0&_pos=2">the original</a> on 2019-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+Islam+in&rft.pub=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2114%3F_hi%3D0%26_pos%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrefs-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shrefs_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrefs_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrefs_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitelbaum2010" class="citation book cs1">Teitelbaum, Joshua (2010). <i>Saudi Arabia and the New Strategic Landscape</i>. Hoover Institution. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+New+Strategic+Landscape&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Teitelbaum&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-ahmed-2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-ahmed-2002_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-ahmed-2002_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Ahmed2002" class="citation web cs1">Al-Ahmed, Ali (4 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050724092545/http:/lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/TESTIMONY+OF+ALI+AL-AHMED.htm">"Human Rights in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Women, Congressional Human Rights Caucus, Testimony of Ali Al-Ahmed, Director of the Saudi Institute"</a>. <i>Lantos.house.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/TESTIMONY+OF+ALI+AL-AHMED.htm">the original</a> on 24 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Saudi Arabia is a glaring example of religious apartheid. The religious institutions from government clerics to judges, to religious curriculum, and all religious instructions in media are restricted to the Wahhabi understanding of Islam, adhered to by less than 40% of the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lantos.house.gov&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+The+Role+of+Women%2C+Congressional+Human+Rights+Caucus%2C+Testimony+of+Ali+Al-Ahmed%2C+Director+of+the+Saudi+Institute&rft.date=2002-06-04&rft.aulast=Al-Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flantos.house.gov%2FHoR%2FCA12%2FHuman%2BRights%2BCaucus%2FBriefing%2BTestimonies%2FTESTIMONY%2BOF%2BALI%2BAL-AHMED.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sullivan-county.com/immigration/schwartz.htm">"Q&A with Stephen Schwartz on Wahhabism"</a>. National Review Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828032245/http://www.sullivan-county.com/immigration/schwartz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-17</span></span>. <q>... although no more than 40 percent of Saudi subjects, at the most, consider themselves Wahhabis, the Wahhabi clergy has controlled education in the kingdom ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%26A+with+Stephen+Schwartz+on+Wahhabism&rft.pub=National+Review+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sullivan-county.com%2Fimmigration%2Fschwartz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMW-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMW_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMW_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Islam and the Muslim World v. 2</i>. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 729. <q>Wahhabi doctrines have governed much of the legal and cultural life of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia since its founding in 1932, even though followers of Wahhabism may be a minority within the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Muslim+World+v.+2&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2019" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mark (2019). <i>Being Young, Male and Saudi: Identity and Politics in a Globalized Kingdom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Young%2C+Male+and+Saudi%3A+Identity+and+Politics+in+a+Globalized+Kingdom&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW_WR2015_SA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_WR2015_SA_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/saudi-arabia">"World Report 2015: Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>hrw.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 29 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106062407/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrw.org&rft.atitle=World+Report+2015%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2015%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/saudi-arabia">World Report 2018: Saudi Arabia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116230054/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> 2018-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/121c03004d4bb7c98e2cdfbed7ca8368/EN_saudi_nationality_system.pdf?MOD=AJPERES">"Saudi Arabian Citizenship System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Interior</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922022045/https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/121c03004d4bb7c98e2cdfbed7ca8368/EN_saudi_nationality_system.pdf?MOD=AJPERES">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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PBS Frontline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219110626/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-paradox-of-saudi-arabias-social-reforms/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Paradox+of+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Social+Reforms&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.aulast=Boghani&rft.aufirst=Priyanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Farticle%2Fthe-paradox-of-saudi-arabias-social-reforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard-NYT-21-March-2020-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard-NYT-21-March-2020_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2020" class="citation news cs1">Hubbard, Ben (21 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/21/world/middleeast/mohammed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia.html">"MBS: The Rise of a Saudi Prince"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228082042/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/21/world/middleeast/mohammed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MBS%3A+The+Rise+of+a+Saudi+Prince&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F21%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fmohammed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, James E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/33"><i>Daily life in the medieval Islamic world</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313322708" title="Special:BookSources/0313322708"><bdi>0313322708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+life+in+the+medieval+Islamic+world&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0313322708&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (5th ed.), pp. 145–147 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812018530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812018530">978-0812018530</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html">"Mecca"</a>. Infoplease.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mecca&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fworld%2FA0832430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2007" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne H. (2007). <i>The history of Saudi Arabia</i>. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313340123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313340123"><bdi>978-0313340123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=69-70&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313340123&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Wayne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisMews,_StuartMorris,_PaulShepherd,_John1992" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian; Mews, Stuart; Morris, Paul; Shepherd, John (1992). <i>Contemporary Religions: A World Guide</i>. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582086951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582086951"><bdi>978-0582086951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&rft.pages=369&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0582086951&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Mews%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Morris%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaksh1997" class="citation book cs1">Faksh, Mahmud A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89"><i>The Future of Islam in the Middle East</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89">89–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275951283" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275951283"><bdi>978-0275951283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Islam+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=89-90&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0275951283&rft.aulast=Faksh&rft.aufirst=Mahmud+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofislaminm0000faks%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/art/nypost-dg6apr03.htm">"Reining in Riyadh"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210050256/http://www.jcpa.org/art/nypost-dg6apr03.htm">Archived</a> 2019-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by D. Gold, 6 April 2003, NYpost (JCPA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316131703/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">Archived</a> 2017-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Library of Congress Country Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_history-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia">"History of Arabia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503091224/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Arabia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31568%2Fhistory-of-Arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekmejian1994" class="citation book cs1">Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminrevolutio00dekm/page/131"><i>Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminrevolutio00dekm/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815626350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815626350"><bdi>978-0815626350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Revolution%3A+Fundamentalism+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0815626350&rft.aulast=Dekmejian&rft.aufirst=R.+Hrair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminrevolutio00dekm%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2005" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert (2005). <i>A History of the Arab Peoples</i>. pp. 315–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571226641" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571226641"><bdi>978-0571226641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.pages=315-319&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0571226641&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandtGerges,_Fawaz_A.2010" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James; Gerges, Fawaz A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/182"><i>A Brief History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816078769" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816078769"><bdi>978-0816078769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=182&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0816078769&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gerges%2C+Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofsa0000wynb%2Fpage%2F182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2009). <i>Inside the Kingdom</i>. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099539056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099539056"><bdi>978-0099539056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0099539056&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030405214018/http://www.time.com/time/80days/380303.html">"80 Days That Changed The World"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/80days/380303.html">the original</a> on April 5, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=80+Days+That+Changed+The+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2F80days%2F380303.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodenbeck-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodenbeck_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Rodenbeck2004" class="citation journal cs1">Max Rodenbeck (October 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2004/oct/21/unloved-in-arabia-2/?pagination=false">"Unloved in Arabia"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <b>51</b> (16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016194119/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2004/oct/21/unloved-in-arabia-2/?pagination=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Unloved+in+Arabia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft.au=Max+Rodenbeck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2004%2Foct%2F21%2Funloved-in-arabia-2%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Rasheed_136-137-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_136-137_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rasheed2010" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). <i>A History of Saudi Arabia</i>. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521747547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521747547"><bdi>978-0521747547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=136-137&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521747547&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola1986" class="citation book cs1">Viola, Joy Winkie (1986). <i>Human Resources Development in Saudi Arabia: Multinationals and Saudization</i>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887460708" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887460708"><bdi>978-0887460708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Resources+Development+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Multinationals+and+Saudization&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0887460708&rft.aulast=Viola&rft.aufirst=Joy+Winkie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1987" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1987). <i>Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration</i>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0709951292" title="Special:BookSources/978-0709951292"><bdi>978-0709951292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+in+the+oil+era%3A+regime+and+elites%3A+conflict+and+collaboration&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0709951292&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacey_Islamism-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacey_Islamism_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0"><i>Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia</i></a></span>. Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0/page/n78">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670021185" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670021185"><bdi>978-0670021185</bdi></a>. <q>An apparently impregnable, westernizing autocrat, smiled on by America, with a huge army, an efficient secret police, and burgeoning oil revenues, had been brought down without a serious shot being fired—all the Shah's modernization had proved helpless against the supposedly outmoded power of religion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom+%3A+Kings%2C+Clerics%2C+Modernists%2C+Terrorists%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0670021185&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidekingdomkin00lace_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abir_p21-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abir_p21_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abir_p21_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abir_p21_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1993" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1993). <i>Saudi Arabia: government, society, and the Gulf crisis</i>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415093255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415093255"><bdi>978-0415093255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+government%2C+society%2C+and+the+Gulf+crisis&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0415093255&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Toby Craig (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desertkingdomhow00jone"><i>Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desertkingdomhow00jone/page/n226">218</a>–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674049857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674049857"><bdi>978-0674049857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Kingdom%3A+How+Oil+and+Water+Forged+Modern+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=218-219&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0674049857&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Toby+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesertkingdomhow00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse,_Karen_Elliott2012" class="citation book cs1">House, Karen Elliott (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/On_Saudi_Arabia" title="On Saudi Arabia">On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future</a></i>. Knopf. p. 20. <q>This incident [Mecca Grand Mosque takeover which lasted] for nearly two weeks, severely damaging the mosque ... claimed at least 1000 lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Its+People%2C+past%2C+Religion%2C+Fault+Lines+and+Future&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.au=House%2C+Karen+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegghammer_p24-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer_p24_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegghammer2010" class="citation book cs1">Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadsaudiarabia00hegg"><i>Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadsaudiarabia00hegg/page/n35">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521732369" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521732369"><bdi>978-0521732369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Violence+and+Pan-Islamism+Since+1979&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521732369&rft.aulast=Hegghammer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihadsaudiarabia00hegg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacey_p49-52-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacey_p49-52_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0"><i>Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia</i></a></span>. Viking. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0/page/49">49–52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670021185" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670021185"><bdi>978-0670021185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom+%3A+Kings%2C+Clerics%2C+Modernists%2C+Terrorists%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=49-52&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0670021185&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidekingdomkin00lace_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embassy_jp-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_jp_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120070401/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm">"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm">the original</a> on January 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Custodian+of+the+Two+Holy+Mosques+King+Abdullah+bin+Abdulaziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.or.jp%2FEn%2FSA%2Fcustodian2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2011-04-06-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2011-04-06_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Paul (August 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4734505.stm">"Life and legacy of King Fahd"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218101538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4734505.stm">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Life+and+legacy+of+King+Fahd&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4734505.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman2003" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord"><i>Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/n201">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275980917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275980917"><bdi>978-0275980917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Enters+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=174&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0275980917&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaenter0000cord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabasaBenard,_CherylChalk,_Peterand_Fair2005" class="citation book cs1">Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl; Chalk, Peter; and Fair; Christine (2005). <i>The Muslim world after 9/11</i>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0833037121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0833037121"><bdi>978-0833037121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+world+after+9%2F11&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0833037121&rft.aulast=Rabasa&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft.au=Benard%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Chalk%2C+Peter&rft.au=and+Fair&rft.au=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRD_306-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRD_306_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRD_306_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRD_306_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004" class="citation book cs1">Federal Research Division (2004). <i>Saudi Arabia A Country Study</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1419146213" title="Special:BookSources/978-1419146213"><bdi>978-1419146213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+A+Country+Study&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1419146213&rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegghammer2010" class="citation book cs1">Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadsaudiarabia00hegg"><i>Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadsaudiarabia00hegg/page/n42">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521732369" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521732369"><bdi>978-0521732369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Violence+and+Pan-Islamism+Since+1979&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521732369&rft.aulast=Hegghammer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihadsaudiarabia00hegg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Christopher (2009). <i>Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations</i>. United States Congressional Research Service. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Background+and+U.S.+Relations&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=United+States+Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordesman_2009-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cordesman_2009_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman2009" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H. (2009). <i>Saudi Arabia: national security in a troubled region</i>. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313380761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313380761"><bdi>978-0313380761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+national+security+in+a+troubled+region&rft.pages=50-52&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0313380761&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Abdullah-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Abdullah_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud/index.html">"Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 29 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727045836/http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Abdullah%2C+King+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftopics%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fa%2Fabdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okruhlik-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okruhlik_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkruhlik2009" class="citation book cs1">Okruhlik, Gwenn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmmVMCBej8oC&q=ibn+abd+al-Wahhab+fatwa+al-Saud&pg=PA193">"Empowering Civility Through Nationalism"</a>. In Robert W. Hefner (ed.). <i>Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 190, 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400826391" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400826391"><bdi>978-1400826391</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118181813/https://books.google.com/books?id=MmmVMCBej8oC&q=ibn+abd+al-Wahhab+fatwa+al-Saud&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-28</span></span>. <q>al-Saud historically based their right to rule largely on Isolamic legitimacy....<br />Today, the 'alliance' between the regime and official clergy is much contested by dissidents because the parties no longer serve as 'checks' on each other. The official clergy are said to be dependent upon the al-Saud for their existence. They regularly issue fatwas ... that justify the policies of the al-Saud in Islamic volcabulary, even when such policies are deplored by the people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Empowering+Civility+Through+Nationalism&rft.btitle=Remaking+Muslim+Politics%3A+Pluralism%2C+Contestation%2C+Democratization&rft.pages=190%2C+193&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400826391&rft.aulast=Okruhlik&rft.aufirst=Gwenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmmVMCBej8oC%26q%3Dibn%2Babd%2Bal-Wahhab%2Bfatwa%2Bal-Saud%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerhard_p791-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerhard_p791_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbers2007" class="citation book cs1">Robbers, Gerhard (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 2</i>. p. 791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816060788" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816060788"><bdi>978-0816060788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+constitutions%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=791&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0816060788&rft.aulast=Robbers&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoranyDessouki,_Ali_E._Hillal2010" class="citation book cs1">Korany, Bahgat; Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal (2010). <i>The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization</i>. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774163609" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774163609"><bdi>978-9774163609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policies+of+Arab+States%3A+The+Challenge+of+Globalization&rft.pages=358&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9774163609&rft.aulast=Korany&rft.aufirst=Bahgat&rft.au=Dessouki%2C+Ali+E.+Hillal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323165604/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/laws/The_Basic_Law_Of_Governance.aspx">"About Saudi Arabia. The Basic Law of Governance"</a>. <i>Decreed 1 March 1992</i>. Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/laws/The_Basic_Law_Of_Governance.aspx">the original</a> on 23 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decreed+1+March+1992&rft.atitle=About+Saudi+Arabia.+The+Basic+Law+of+Governance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fabout%2Fcountry-information%2Flaws%2FThe_Basic_Law_Of_Governance.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRD_p232-233-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FRD_p232-233_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004" class="citation book cs1">Federal Research Division (2004). <i>Saudi Arabia A Country Study</i>. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1419146213" title="Special:BookSources/978-1419146213"><bdi>978-1419146213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=232-233&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1419146213&rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baer-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baer_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Baer, Robert (August 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/114468/why-saudi-arabia-helping-crush-muslim-brotherhood">"Why Saudi Arabia is Helping Crush the Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. <i>New Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227172518/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114468/why-saudi-arabia-helping-crush-muslim-brotherhood">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>When King Abdullah's father Ibn Saud founded Saudi Arabia in 1932, he came to a non-negotiable agreement with the Wahhabi religious establishment that, in return for allowing it control of the mosques, culture, and education, they would never go near core political issues, such as royal succession, foreign policy, and the armed forces. It's a deal that's been more or less respected for the last 80 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Republic&rft.atitle=Why+Saudi+Arabia+is+Helping+Crush+the+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F114468%2Fwhy-saudi-arabia-helping-crush-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeL_ong-Bas_p35-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeL_ong-Bas_p35_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwX_UJ-p2rsC&q=imam+religious+leader+ibn+wahhab&pg=PA35"><i>Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845113223" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845113223"><bdi>978-1845113223</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118181813/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwX_UJ-p2rsC&q=imam+religious+leader+ibn+wahhab&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1845113223&rft.aulast=DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwX_UJ-p2rsC%26q%3Dimam%2Breligious%2Bleader%2Bibn%2Bwahhab%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindholm_2002_p115-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindholm_2002_p115_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindholm2002" class="citation book cs1">Lindholm, Charles (2002) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CyXh-qSNzywC&q=imam+religious+leader+ibn+wahhab&pg=PA115"><i>The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and Change</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470695425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470695425"><bdi>978-0470695425</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Middle+East%3A+Tradition+and+Change&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0470695425&rft.aulast=Lindholm&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCyXh-qSNzywC%26q%3Dimam%2Breligious%2Bleader%2Bibn%2Bwahhab%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogel_p207-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vogel_p207_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2000" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Frank E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PfDuvnHMGoC&q=Islamic+Law+and+Legal+System%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia+imam+emir&pg=PA170"><i>Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Leiben: Brill. pp. 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110623" title="Special:BookSources/9004110623"><bdi>9004110623</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118181813/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PfDuvnHMGoC&q=Islamic+Law+and+Legal+System%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia+imam+emir&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>The first two Saudi rulers were referred to as Amir, meaning commander, prince. After them, the term imam came into use for the ruler, and it is applied retrospectively to the first two rulers. Use of the title imam, implying as it does that the holder of the office is legitimate under the fiqh theory of the imamate, was proper given Wahhabi endorsement of Ibn Taymiyya's lenient position as to religious suitability for that office.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law+and+Legal+System%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Leiben&rft.pages=207-208&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004110623&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PfDuvnHMGoC%26q%3DIslamic%2BLaw%2Band%2BLegal%2BSystem%253A%2BStudies%2Bof%2BSaudi%2BArabia%2Bimam%2Bemir%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meforum.org-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meforum.org_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawaf_E._Obaid1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nawaf E. Obaid (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders">"The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders"</a>. <i>Middle East Quarterly</i>. <b>VI</b> (3): 51–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806023223/http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Islamic+Leaders&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=1999-09&rft.au=Nawaf+E.+Obaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F482%2Fthe-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarsy1992" class="citation book cs1">Farsy, Fouad (1992). <i>Modernity and tradition: the Saudi equation</i>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1874132035" title="Special:BookSources/978-1874132035"><bdi>978-1874132035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+tradition%3A+the+Saudi+equation&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1874132035&rft.aulast=Farsy&rft.aufirst=Fouad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassner_p143-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassner_p143_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassner2009" class="citation book cs1">Hassner, Ron Eduard (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass"><i>War on sacred grounds</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass/page/n166">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801448065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801448065"><bdi>978-0801448065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+on+sacred+grounds&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0801448065&rft.aulast=Hassner&rft.aufirst=Ron+Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaronsacredgroun00hass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish_p78-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_p78_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2007" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse"><i>World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula</i></a></span>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761475712" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761475712"><bdi>978-0761475712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0761475712&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein_118-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_118_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinBrown-FosterWalton2010" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Natalie; Brown-Foster; Walton (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionstate0000gold"><i>Religion and the State</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionstate0000gold/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816080908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816080908"><bdi>978-0816080908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+State&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0816080908&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Brown-Foster&rft.au=Walton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionstate0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525348/Saudi-Arabia">"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Saudi Arabia"</a>. Britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429201340/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525348/Saudi-Arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F525348%2FSaudi-Arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span> no mention of holidays</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sulaiman, Tosin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article697051.ece">Bahrain changes the weekend in efficiency drive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612091951/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article697051.ece">Archived</a> 2011-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Times</i>, 2 August 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2008. Turkey has a weekend on Saturday and Sunday</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-net_places-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-net_places_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp" class="citation web cs1">Sharp, Arthur G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321022500/http://www.netplaces.com/middle-east-guide/saudi-arabia-crossroads-of-islam/whats-a-wahhabi.htm">"What's a Wahhabi?"</a>. net places. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netplaces.com/middle-east-guide/saudi-arabia-crossroads-of-islam/whats-a-wahhabi.htm">the original</a> on 21 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>Wahhabis desire to see unity in issues of faith and conformity in areas of practice. In their view, outward appearances and expressions are directly connected to one's inward state. In other words, clothing styles, mannerisms, and specific actions prove whether or not one is a "true" Muslim.<br />One striking example of Wahhabism's outward influence on Saudi society is the widespread uniformity of men and women's apparel. In other parts of the Middle East, you will find a mix of traditional and modern clothing styles. You will also discover great variety among those who sport time-honored robes, headdresses, and veils. But in Wahhabist Saudi Arabia, nearly everyone dresses the same.<br />For women, a long black head covering (concealing all but the eyes) flows over a loose-fitting black outer garment that covers the entire body. This ensemble is usually accompanied by black gloves and sunglasses, covering any remaining skin. For men, a red-and-white checkered headdress (sometimes exchanged for an all-white head covering) is neatly creased at the front and held in place by two black camel-hair rings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+a+Wahhabi%3F&rft.pub=net+places&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Arthur+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netplaces.com%2Fmiddle-east-guide%2Fsaudi-arabia-crossroads-of-islam%2Fwhats-a-wahhabi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2010" class="citation book cs1">Otto, Jan Michiel (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto"><i>Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto/page/n172">172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087280574" title="Special:BookSources/978-9087280574"><bdi>978-9087280574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharia+Incorporated%3A+A+Comparative+Overview+of+the+Legal+Systems+of+Twelve+Muslim+Countries+in+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=172&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9087280574&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Jan+Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshariaincorporat00otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharia_Inc_p175-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharia_Inc_p175_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2010" class="citation book cs1">Otto, Jan Michiel (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto"><i>Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat00otto/page/n175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087280574" title="Special:BookSources/978-9087280574"><bdi>978-9087280574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharia+Incorporated%3A+A+Comparative+Overview+of+the+Legal+Systems+of+Twelve+Muslim+Countries+in+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=175&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9087280574&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Jan+Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshariaincorporat00otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2003" class="citation news cs1">Whitaker, Brian (9 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/09/saudiarabia.brianwhitaker">"Saudi system condemned"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827062504/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/09/saudiarabia.brianwhitaker">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+system+condemned&rft.date=2003-08-09&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Faug%2F09%2Fsaudiarabia.brianwhitaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCexecutioner-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCexecutioner_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCexecutioner_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2966790.stm">"Saudi executioner tells all"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401233508/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2966790.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+executioner+tells+all&rft.date=2003-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F2966790.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miethe_p63-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miethe_p63_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miethe_p63_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMietheLu,_Hong2004" class="citation book cs1">Miethe, Terance D.; Lu, Hong (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punishmentcompar00miet_924"><i>Punishment: a comparative historical perspective</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punishmentcompar00miet_924/page/n76">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521605168" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521605168"><bdi>978-0521605168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punishment%3A+a+comparative+historical+perspective&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521605168&rft.aulast=Miethe&rft.aufirst=Terance+D.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpunishmentcompar00miet_924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&article_id=121904#axzz17dQMsZEu">The Daily Star</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127003849/http://dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&Article_id=121904#axzz17dQMsZEu">Archived</a> 2010-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lamine Chikhi. 27 11 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21695.pdf">'The Islamic Traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiyya'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134431/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21695.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US Congressional Research Service Report, 2008, by Christopher M. Blanchard available from the Federation of American Scientists website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sullivan-county.com/immigration/schwartz.htm">"Stephen Schwartz Discusses Wahhabism"</a>. <i>sullivan-county.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929204400/https://sullivan-county.com/immigration/schwartz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sullivan-county.com&rft.atitle=Stephen+Schwartz+Discusses+Wahhabism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsullivan-county.com%2Fimmigration%2Fschwartz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L_of_C_Country_Studies-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L_of_C_Country_Studies_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L_of_C_Country_Studies_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology"</a>. <i>December 1992</i>. Library of Congress Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041107123733/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sa0044%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=December+1992&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia.+Wahhabi+Theology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%2Bsa0044%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito_p333-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_p333_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_p333_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_p333_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195125584" title="Special:BookSources/0195125584"><bdi>0195125584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001&rft.isbn=0195125584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyl_Islam_3rd_ed-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyl_Islam_3rd_ed_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThielmann2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thielmann, Jörn (2017). "Ḥisba (modern times)". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_30485">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4isba+%28modern+times%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_30485&rft.aulast=Thielmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cats_and_dogs-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cats_and_dogs_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14738358">"Cats and dogs banned by Saudi religious police"</a>, NBC News, 18 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barbie-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barbie_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/category/us/religion/islam">"Islam"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. September 29, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929204359/https://www.foxnews.com/category/us/religion/islam">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Islam&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fcategory%2Fus%2Freligion%2Fislam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_2009-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-North_2009_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="HT2009" class="citation book cs1">Tripp, Harvey; North, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CultureShockSaudiArabia/Culture%20Shock!%20Saudi%20Arabia_djvu.txt"><i>CultureShock! A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Saudi Arabia</i></a> (3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette.+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=North%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCultureShockSaudiArabia%2FCulture%2520Shock%21%2520Saudi%2520Arabia_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-red-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-red_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125003928/http://www.smh.com.au/world/saudi-religious-police-see-red-over-valentines-day-20100212-nvik.html">"Saudi religious police see red over Valentine's Day"</a>. <i>Syney Morning Herald</i>. 12 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/saudi-religious-police-see-red-over-valentines-day-20100212-nvik.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>Each year, the religious police mobilise ahead of 14 February and descend on gift and flower shops, confiscating all red items, including flowers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Saudi+religious+police+see+red+over+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fsaudi-religious-police-see-red-over-valentines-day-20100212-nvik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bashraheel_2019-09-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bashraheel_2019-09_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashraheel2019" class="citation news cs1">Bashraheel, Aseel (22 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1558176/saudi-arabia">"Rise and fall of the Saudi religious police"</a>. Arab News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203061724/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1558176/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rise+and+fall+of+the+Saudi+religious+police&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft.aulast=Bashraheel&rft.aufirst=Aseel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1558176%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/25/saudi-arabia-to-end-flogging-as-a-form-of-punishment">"Saudi Arabia to end flogging as a form of punishment"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 25 April 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429200213/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/25/saudi-arabia-to-end-flogging-as-a-form-of-punishment">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+end+flogging+as+a+form+of+punishment&rft.date=2020-04-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fapr%2F25%2Fsaudi-arabia-to-end-flogging-as-a-form-of-punishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/27/saudi-arabia-ends-death-penalty-for-minors">"Saudi Arabia ends death penalty for crimes committed by minors"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 27 April 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429224448/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/27/saudi-arabia-ends-death-penalty-for-minors">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+ends+death+penalty+for+crimes+committed+by+minors&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fapr%2F27%2Fsaudi-arabia-ends-death-penalty-for-minors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllyat2018" class="citation news cs1">Ellyat, Holly (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/18/saudi-arabia-reopens-movie-theaters-with-black-panther.html">"Saudi Arabia brings back movie theaters – and 'staggering' demand is expected"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143906/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/18/saudi-arabia-reopens-movie-theaters-with-black-panther.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+brings+back+movie+theaters+%E2%80%93+and+%27staggering%27+demand+is+expected&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.aulast=Ellyat&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F04%2F18%2Fsaudi-arabia-reopens-movie-theaters-with-black-panther.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2018/01/12/saudi-arabia-to-allow-women-to-enter-stadiums-to-watch-soccer/">"Saudi Arabia to allow women to enter stadiums to watch soccer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Post">The New York Post</a></i>. January 12, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002344/https://nypost.com/2018/01/12/saudi-arabia-to-allow-women-to-enter-stadiums-to-watch-soccer/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+allow+women+to+enter+stadiums+to+watch+soccer&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2018%2F01%2F12%2Fsaudi-arabia-to-allow-women-to-enter-stadiums-to-watch-soccer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-2019-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown-2019_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Nathan J. (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3346372">"Who or What Is the Wali al Amr: the Unposed Question"</a>. <i>SSRN</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3346372">3346372</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305161447/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3346372">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN&rft.atitle=Who+or+What+Is+the+Wali+al+Amr%3A+the+Unposed+Question&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3346372%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3346372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-power-Atlantic-3-2022_88-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Wood, Graeme (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/04/mohammed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia-palace-interview/622822/">"Absolute Poer"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803173155/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/04/mohammed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia-palace-interview/622822/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Absolute+Poer&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2022%2F04%2Fmohammed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia-palace-interview%2F622822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottaway-wilson-2021-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottaway-wilson-2021_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttaway2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ottaway, David (6 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/saudi-crown-prince-lambasts-his-kingdoms-wahhabi-establishment">"Saudi Crown Prince Lambasts His Kingdom's Wahhabi Establishment"</a>. <i>Wilson Center, Viewpoint Series</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507055319/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/saudi-crown-prince-lambasts-his-kingdoms-wahhabi-establishment">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Center%2C+Viewpoint+Series&rft.atitle=Saudi+Crown+Prince+Lambasts+His+Kingdom%27s+Wahhabi+Establishment&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fsaudi-crown-prince-lambasts-his-kingdoms-wahhabi-establishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pellegrino-2021-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pellegrino-2021_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellegrino-2021_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellegrino2021" class="citation web cs1">Pellegrino, Chiara (14 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/saudi-vision2030-and-mutawatir-hadith-an-unexpected-combination">"Saudi Vision 2030 and Mutawātir Hadīth: an Unexpected Combination"</a>. <i>Oasis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305194226/https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/saudi-vision2030-and-mutawatir-hadith-an-unexpected-combination">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oasis&rft.atitle=Saudi+Vision+2030+and+Mutaw%C4%81tir+Had%C4%ABth%3A+an+Unexpected+Combination&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.aulast=Pellegrino&rft.aufirst=Chiara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oasiscenter.eu%2Fen%2Fsaudi-vision2030-and-mutawatir-hadith-an-unexpected-combination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAEF-Reforms-4-2019-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KAEF-Reforms-4-2019_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KAEF-Reforms-4-2019_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliKhaled_Abou_El_Fadl2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Ali; Khaled Abou El Fadl, Khaled (17 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themaydan.com/2019/04/how-mbss-reforms-are-impacting-saudi-scholars-interview-with-khaled-abou-el-fadl/">"How MBS's "Reforms" Are Impacting Saudi Scholars: Interview with Khaled Abou El Fadl"</a>. <i>Maydan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maydan&rft.atitle=How+MBS%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CReforms%E2%80%9D+Are+Impacting+Saudi+Scholars%3A+Interview+with+Khaled+Abou+El+Fadl&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Khaled+Abou+El+Fadl%2C+Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemaydan.com%2F2019%2F04%2Fhow-mbss-reforms-are-impacting-saudi-scholars-interview-with-khaled-abou-el-fadl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFareed2021" class="citation news cs1">Fareed, Saleh (July 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1897546/amp">"Saudi dealers make livestock purchase easier through e-sales and apps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+dealers+make+livestock+purchase+easier+through+e-sales+and+apps&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.aulast=Fareed&rft.aufirst=Saleh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1897546%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley_Exposed_p58-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_Exposed_p58_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad"><i>Saudi Arabia Exposed : Inside a Kingdom in Crisis</i></a></span>. Palgrave. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403964335" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403964335"><bdi>978-1403964335</bdi></a>. <q>Most people of Asir are deeply pious and know by heart a particular Hadith … to the effect that the final triumph of Islam will be brought about by the people of southern Arabia. However, historically even the stricter preachers among them have not been Wahhabis. The fact that many in Asir followed the local leader, Idris, and revered him as a saint, should in and of itself guard against any characterization, since of course, Wahhabism does not recognize such concepts of sainthood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed+%3A+Inside+a+Kingdom+in+Crisis&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBang" class="citation web cs1">Bang, Anne K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://org.uib.no/smi/publications/bang-p.html">"The Idrisi state in 'Asir, 1906–1934"</a>. Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies: University of Bergen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915025045/http://org.uib.no/smi/publications/bang-p.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Idrisi+state+in+%27Asir%2C+1906%E2%80%931934&rft.pub=Centre+for+Middle+Eastern+and+Islamic+Studies%3A+University+of+Bergen&rft.aulast=Bang&rft.aufirst=Anne+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forg.uib.no%2Fsmi%2Fpublications%2Fbang-p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Murray Thomas <i>Religion in Schools: Controversies Around the World</i> Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275990619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275990619">978-0275990619</a> p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm">Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407072038/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm">Archived</a> 2010-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| bbc|by Anees al-Qudaihi | 24 March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html">Council on Foreign Relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411123648/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html">Archived</a> 2010-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Author: Lionel Beehner| June 16, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr2006_p._236-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr2006_p._236_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr2006_p._236_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, Vali, <i>The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future</i>, W.W. Norton & Company; 2006, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/09/02/saudi-arabia-treat-shia-equally">Saudi Arabia: Treat Shia Equally</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405205423/https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/09/02/saudi-arabia-treat-shia-equally">Archived</a> 2015-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>|hrw.org| 2009/09/02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacey_Shia-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacey_Shia_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also: (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0"><i>Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia</i></a></span>. Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670021185" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670021185"><bdi>978-0670021185</bdi></a>. <q>... the modern Saudi state had treated the members of its Shia community as second-class citizens. Out on the oil rigs, Shia made up the drilling gangs, but usually worked to the orders of a Sunni foreman. There were at that time no Shia diplomats in the Saudi foreign service, no Shia pilots in the national airline—and certainly none in the air force. They could not become head teachers or even deputy heads in local schools, where, if they did teach, they were expected to follow a syllabus that scornfully denigrated Shia history and beliefs. Local zoning rules even banned them from building dens or basement areas beneath their homes, for fear they might use them as secret husayniyas for subversive worship and for their alleged sexual congresses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom+%3A+Kings%2C+Clerics%2C+Modernists%2C+Terrorists%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0670021185&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidekingdomkin00lace_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Saudi Arabia, Precarious Justice": Volume 20, p. 133, Human Rights Watch – 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/arabia/arabia_cradle_islam.pdf">Arabia: the Cradle of Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052030/http://www.muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/arabia/arabia_cradle_islam.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1900, S.M. Zwemmer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur; Lawrence Davidson (2005). <i>A Concise History of the Middle East</i> (8th ed.), p. 48 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813342757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813342757">978-0813342757</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/Islam/">Saudi Embassy (US) website – Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306030014/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/Islam/">Archived</a> 2015-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 20 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/Islam/guardian_of_the_Holy_Places.aspx">Saudi Embassy (US) website – Guardian of the Holy Places</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322203338/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/Islam/guardian_of_the_Holy_Places.aspx">Archived</a> 2015-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 20 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stratfor.com-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stratfor.com_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stratfor.com_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratfor.com/saudi_arabia_grand_mufti_defends_legitimacy">"Saudi Arabia: Grand Mufti Defends Legitimacy"</a>. <i>Stratfor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214080715/http://www.stratfor.com/saudi_arabia_grand_mufti_defends_legitimacy">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stratfor&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Grand+Mufti+Defends+Legitimacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratfor.com%2Fsaudi_arabia_grand_mufti_defends_legitimacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stratfor.com/dissident_saudi_clerics_weaken_riyadh">http://www.stratfor.com/dissident_saudi_clerics_weaken_riyadh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118181825/https://worldview.stratfor.com/">Archived</a> 2023-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> dead link</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Video: As-Sahab media, "Knowledge is for acting upon"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225131108/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2114?_hi=0&_pos=2">Islam in Saudi Arabia in Oxford Islamic Studies Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216024026/http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_Terrorism_In_KSA.pdf">The Ideology of Terrorism and Violence in Saudi Arabia: Origins, Reasons and Solution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiFTn8iR_aw">Saudi Rehab in Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datarabia.com/islam/home.do">Datarabia: Islamic Community Directory</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Demographics of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:Demographics of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Edit 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Arabia">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Saudi Arabia">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Protestantism in Saudi Arabia">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hinduism in Saudi Arabia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi people">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon_(ethnicity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedoon (ethnicity)">Bedoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashaida_people" title="Rashaida people">Rashaida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Immigration_to_Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Immigration to Saudi Arabia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Bangladeshis in Saudi Arabia">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Filipinos in Saudi Arabia">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Saudi Arabia">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Indonesians in Saudi Arabia">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Iraqis in Saudi Arabia">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreans in Saudi Arabia">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nepalis in Saudi Arabia">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Syrians in Saudi Arabia">Syrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Turks in Saudi Arabia">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_living_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Americans living in Saudi Arabia">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Australians in Saudi Arabia">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system#Saudi_Arabia" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saudi_Arabia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saudi_Arabia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Early Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Borders of Saudi Arabia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of earthquakes in Saudi Arabia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith (secret police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.95em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Elections in Saudi Arabia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Mutaween (religious police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_passport" title="Saudi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visa policy of Saudi Arabia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Saudi Arabia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army" title="Saudi Arabian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense">Air Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force" title="Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force">Strategic Missile Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chairman of the General Staff">Chairman of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Presidency" title="General Staff Presidency">General Staff Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">General Intelligence Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian military ranks">Military ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of companies of Saudi Arabia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Market_Authority_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)">Capital Market Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_and_Development_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Economic and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">History of the oil industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Riyal (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Economic_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia">Supreme Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rail transport in Saudi Arabia">rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Society of Saudi Arabia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_racial_discrimination_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and racial discrimination in Saudi Arabia">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Libraries in Saudi Arabia">libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Polygamy in Saudi Arabia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prostitution in Saudi Arabia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Response of Saudi Arabia to ISIL">response to ISIL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visual arts in Saudi Arabia">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Public holidays in Saudi Arabia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Football in Saudi Arabia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Saudi Arabia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Heritage in Saudi Arabia">Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National symbols of Saudi Arabia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Saudi Arabia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Outline of Saudi Arabia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Saudi Arabia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Islam in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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