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on: February 19th, 2014 - Posted by: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/author/various-writers/">Various Writers</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-2"> <img class="pull-right" alt="popularity" title="popularity" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437im_/http://semiengineering.com/wp-content/themes/semieng2/images/pop_ratings/pop_rating_lev1.png"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="loop_post_wrapper"> <div class="loop_post"> </div> <div class="social_sharing"> <div class="social_sharing_panel"> <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style"> <a fb:like:layout="button_count" class="addthis_button_facebook_like" addthis:url="http://semiengineering.com/impact-of-illumination-on-model-based-sraf-placement-for-contact-patterning/" addthis:title="Impact Of Illumination On Model-Based SRAF Placement For Contact Patterning"></a> </div> </div> <div class="social_sharing_panel"> <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style" addthis:url="http://semiengineering.com/impact-of-illumination-on-model-based-sraf-placement-for-contact-patterning/" addthis:title="Impact Of Illumination On Model-Based SRAF Placement For Contact Patterning"> <a class="addthis_button_tweet"></a> </div> </div> <div class="social_sharing_panel"> <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style"> <a class="addthis_button_email" addthis:url="http://semiengineering.com/impact-of-illumination-on-model-based-sraf-placement-for-contact-patterning/" addthis:title="Impact Of Illumination On Model-Based SRAF Placement For Contact Patterning"></a> <a class="addthis_button_linkedin" addthis:url="http://semiengineering.com/impact-of-illumination-on-model-based-sraf-placement-for-contact-patterning/" addthis:title="Impact Of Illumination On Model-Based SRAF Placement For Contact Patterning"></a> <a class="addthis_button_google_plusone" addthis:url="http://semiengineering.com/impact-of-illumination-on-model-based-sraf-placement-for-contact-patterning/" addthis:title="Impact Of Illumination On Model-Based SRAF Placement For Contact Patterning"></a> <a class="addthis_counter addthis_pill_style" addthis:url="http://semiengineering.com/impact-of-illumination-on-model-based-sraf-placement-for-contact-patterning/" addthis:title="Impact Of Illumination On Model-Based SRAF Placement For Contact Patterning"></a> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="excerpt"> <p>A comparison of various illumination schemes in model-based sub-resolution assist feature placement and their effect on process windows.</p> </div> <div class="post_cnt"> <p>Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAFs) have been used extensively to improve the process latitude for isolated and semi-isolated features in conjunction with off-axis illumination. These SRAFs have typically been inserted based upon rules which assign a global SRAF size and proximity to target shapes. Additional rules govern the relationship of assist features to one another, and for random logic contact layers, the overall ruleset can become rather complex. It has been shown that model-based placement of SRAFs for contact layers can result in better worst-case process window than that obtained with rules, and various approaches have been applied to affect such placement. The model comprehends the specific illumination being used, and places assist features according to that model in the optimum location for each contact hole. This paper examines the impact of various illumination schemes on model-based SRAF placement, and compares the resulting process windows. Both standard illumination schemes and more elaborate pixel-based illumination pupil fills are considered.</p> <p>To view this white paper, click <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://www.mentor.com/products/ic-manufacturing/request?selected=56120&null&fmpath=/products/ic-manufacturing/techpubs/requestpubs&id=56120">here</a>. </p> <br/> <br/> <div class="tag_list"> <em><i class="icon-tag"></i> Tags:</em> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/tag/illumination/" rel="tag">illumination</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/tag/manufacturing/" rel="tag">manufacturing</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/tag/mentor-graphics/" rel="tag">Mentor Graphics</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/tag/sraf/" rel="tag">SRAF</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/tag/sub-resolution-assist-features/" rel="tag">sub-resolution assist features</a> </div> </div> <br/> </div> <div> <h3 class="header_underlined">Related posts</h3> <br/> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/more-simplicity-next-year/">More Simplicity Next Year</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/designing-and-testing-finfet-based-ic-designs/">Designing And Testing FinFET-based IC Designs</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/root-cause-deconvolution/">Root Cause Deconvolution</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134437/http://semiengineering.com/is-the-definition-of-ic-reliability-changing/">Is The Definition Of IC Reliability Changing?</a></li> <li><a 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data-alternative-spellings="CL">Chile</option> <option value="China" data-relevancy-booster="3.5" data-alternative-spellings="CN Zhongguo Zhonghua Peoples Republic 中国/中华">China</option> <option value="Christmas Island" data-alternative-spellings="CX" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Christmas Island</option> <option value="Cocos (Keeling) Islands" data-alternative-spellings="CC" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option> <option value="Colombia" data-alternative-spellings="CO">Colombia</option> <option value="Comoros" data-alternative-spellings="KM جزر القمر">Comoros</option> <option value="Congo" data-alternative-spellings="CG">Congo</option> <option value="Congo, the Democratic Republic of the" data-alternative-spellings="CD Congo-Brazzaville Repubilika ya Kongo">Congo, the Democratic Republic of the</option> <option value="Cook Islands" data-alternative-spellings="CK" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Cook Islands</option> <option value="Costa Rica" data-alternative-spellings="CR">Costa Rica</option> <option value="Côte d'Ivoire" data-alternative-spellings="CI Cote dIvoire">Côte d'Ivoire</option> <option value="Croatia" data-alternative-spellings="HR Hrvatska">Croatia</option> <option value="Cuba" data-alternative-spellings="CU">Cuba</option> <option value="Curaçao" data-alternative-spellings="CW Curacao">Curaçao</option> <option value="Cyprus" data-alternative-spellings="CY Κύπρος Kýpros Kıbrıs">Cyprus</option> <option value="Czech Republic" data-alternative-spellings="CZ Česká Ceska">Czech Republic</option> <option value="Denmark" data-alternative-spellings="DK Danmark" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Denmark</option> <option value="Djibouti" data-alternative-spellings="DJ جيبوتي‎ Jabuuti Gabuuti">Djibouti</option> <option value="Dominica" data-alternative-spellings="DM Dominique" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Dominica</option> <option value="Dominican Republic" data-alternative-spellings="DO">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="Ecuador" data-alternative-spellings="EC">Ecuador</option> <option value="Egypt" data-alternative-spellings="EG" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Egypt</option> <option value="El Salvador" data-alternative-spellings="SV">El Salvador</option> <option value="Equatorial Guinea" data-alternative-spellings="GQ">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="Eritrea" data-alternative-spellings="ER إرتريا ኤርትራ">Eritrea</option> <option value="Estonia" data-alternative-spellings="EE Eesti">Estonia</option> <option value="Ethiopia" data-alternative-spellings="ET ኢትዮጵያ">Ethiopia</option> <option value="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)" data-alternative-spellings="FK" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option> <option value="Faroe Islands" data-alternative-spellings="FO Føroyar Færøerne" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Faroe Islands</option> <option value="Fiji" data-alternative-spellings="FJ Viti फ़िजी">Fiji</option> <option value="Finland" data-alternative-spellings="FI Suomi">Finland</option> <option value="France" data-alternative-spellings="FR République française" data-relevancy-booster="2.5">France</option> <option value="French Guiana" data-alternative-spellings="GF">French Guiana</option> <option value="French Polynesia" data-alternative-spellings="PF Polynésie française">French Polynesia</option> <option value="French Southern Territories" data-alternative-spellings="TF">French Southern Territories</option> <option value="Gabon" data-alternative-spellings="GA République Gabonaise">Gabon</option> <option value="Gambia" data-alternative-spellings="GM">Gambia</option> <option value="Georgia" data-alternative-spellings="GE საქართველო">Georgia</option> <option value="Germany" data-alternative-spellings="DE Bundesrepublik Deutschland" data-relevancy-booster="3">Germany</option> <option value="Ghana" data-alternative-spellings="GH">Ghana</option> <option value="Gibraltar" data-alternative-spellings="GI" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Gibraltar</option> <option value="Greece" data-alternative-spellings="GR Ελλάδα" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Greece</option> <option value="Greenland" data-alternative-spellings="GL grønland" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Greenland</option> <option value="Grenada" data-alternative-spellings="GD">Grenada</option> <option value="Guadeloupe" data-alternative-spellings="GP">Guadeloupe</option> <option value="Guam" data-alternative-spellings="GU">Guam</option> <option value="Guatemala" data-alternative-spellings="GT">Guatemala</option> <option value="Guernsey" data-alternative-spellings="GG" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Guernsey</option> <option value="Guinea" data-alternative-spellings="GN">Guinea</option> <option value="Guinea-Bissau" data-alternative-spellings="GW">Guinea-Bissau</option> <option value="Guyana" data-alternative-spellings="GY">Guyana</option> <option value="Haiti" data-alternative-spellings="HT">Haiti</option> <option value="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" data-alternative-spellings="HM">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</option> <option value="Holy See (Vatican City State)" data-alternative-spellings="VA" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Holy See (Vatican City State)</option> <option value="Honduras" data-alternative-spellings="HN">Honduras</option> <option value="Hong Kong" data-alternative-spellings="HK 香港">Hong Kong</option> <option value="Hungary" data-alternative-spellings="HU Magyarország">Hungary</option> <option value="Iceland" data-alternative-spellings="IS Island">Iceland</option> <option value="India" data-alternative-spellings="IN भारत गणराज्य Hindustan" data-relevancy-booster="3">India</option> <option value="Indonesia" data-alternative-spellings="ID" data-relevancy-booster="2">Indonesia</option> <option value="Iran, Islamic Republic of" data-alternative-spellings="IR ایران">Iran, Islamic Republic of</option> <option value="Iraq" data-alternative-spellings="IQ العراق‎">Iraq</option> <option value="Ireland" data-alternative-spellings="IE Éire" data-relevancy-booster="1.2">Ireland</option> <option value="Isle of Man" data-alternative-spellings="IM" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Isle of Man</option> <option value="Israel" data-alternative-spellings="IL إسرائيل ישראל">Israel</option> <option value="Italy" data-alternative-spellings="IT Italia" data-relevancy-booster="2">Italy</option> <option value="Jamaica" data-alternative-spellings="JM">Jamaica</option> <option value="Japan" data-alternative-spellings="JP Nippon Nihon 日本" data-relevancy-booster="2.5">Japan</option> <option value="Jersey" data-alternative-spellings="JE" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Jersey</option> <option value="Jordan" data-alternative-spellings="JO الأردن">Jordan</option> <option value="Kazakhstan" data-alternative-spellings="KZ Қазақстан Казахстан">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="Kenya" data-alternative-spellings="KE">Kenya</option> <option value="Kiribati" data-alternative-spellings="KI">Kiribati</option> <option value="Korea, Democratic People's Republic of" data-alternative-spellings="KP North Korea">Korea, Democratic People's Republic of</option> <option value="Korea, Republic of" data-alternative-spellings="KR South Korea" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Korea, Republic of</option> <option value="Kuwait" data-alternative-spellings="KW الكويت">Kuwait</option> <option value="Kyrgyzstan" data-alternative-spellings="KG Кыргызстан">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="Lao People's Democratic Republic" data-alternative-spellings="LA">Lao People's Democratic Republic</option> <option value="Latvia" data-alternative-spellings="LV Latvija">Latvia</option> <option value="Lebanon" data-alternative-spellings="LB لبنان">Lebanon</option> <option value="Lesotho" data-alternative-spellings="LS">Lesotho</option> <option value="Liberia" data-alternative-spellings="LR">Liberia</option> <option value="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" data-alternative-spellings="LY ليبيا">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</option> <option value="Liechtenstein" data-alternative-spellings="LI">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="Lithuania" data-alternative-spellings="LT Lietuva">Lithuania</option> <option value="Luxembourg" data-alternative-spellings="LU">Luxembourg</option> <option value="Macao" data-alternative-spellings="MO">Macao</option> <option value="Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of" data-alternative-spellings="MK Македонија">Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of</option> <option value="Madagascar" data-alternative-spellings="MG Madagasikara">Madagascar</option> <option value="Malawi" data-alternative-spellings="MW">Malawi</option> <option value="Malaysia" data-alternative-spellings="MY">Malaysia</option> <option value="Maldives" data-alternative-spellings="MV">Maldives</option> <option value="Mali" data-alternative-spellings="ML">Mali</option> <option value="Malta" data-alternative-spellings="MT">Malta</option> <option value="Marshall Islands" data-alternative-spellings="MH" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="Martinique" data-alternative-spellings="MQ">Martinique</option> <option value="Mauritania" data-alternative-spellings="MR الموريتانية">Mauritania</option> <option value="Mauritius" data-alternative-spellings="MU">Mauritius</option> <option value="Mayotte" data-alternative-spellings="YT">Mayotte</option> <option value="Mexico" data-alternative-spellings="MX Mexicanos" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Mexico</option> <option value="Micronesia, Federated States of" data-alternative-spellings="FM">Micronesia, Federated States of</option> <option value="Moldova, Republic of" data-alternative-spellings="MD">Moldova, Republic of</option> <option value="Monaco" data-alternative-spellings="MC">Monaco</option> <option value="Mongolia" data-alternative-spellings="MN Mongγol ulus Монгол улс">Mongolia</option> <option value="Montenegro" data-alternative-spellings="ME">Montenegro</option> <option value="Montserrat" data-alternative-spellings="MS" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Montserrat</option> <option value="Morocco" data-alternative-spellings="MA المغرب">Morocco</option> <option value="Mozambique" data-alternative-spellings="MZ Moçambique">Mozambique</option> <option value="Myanmar" data-alternative-spellings="MM">Myanmar</option> <option value="Namibia" data-alternative-spellings="NA Namibië">Namibia</option> <option value="Nauru" data-alternative-spellings="NR Naoero" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Nauru</option> <option value="Nepal" data-alternative-spellings="NP नेपाल">Nepal</option> <option value="Netherlands" data-alternative-spellings="NL Holland Nederland" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Netherlands</option> <option value="New Caledonia" data-alternative-spellings="NC" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">New Caledonia</option> <option value="New Zealand" data-alternative-spellings="NZ Aotearoa">New Zealand</option> <option value="Nicaragua" data-alternative-spellings="NI">Nicaragua</option> <option value="Niger" data-alternative-spellings="NE Nijar">Niger</option> <option value="Nigeria" data-alternative-spellings="NG Nijeriya Naíjíríà" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Nigeria</option> <option value="Niue" data-alternative-spellings="NU" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Niue</option> <option value="Norfolk Island" data-alternative-spellings="NF" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Norfolk Island</option> <option value="Northern Mariana Islands" data-alternative-spellings="MP" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Northern Mariana Islands</option> <option value="Norway" data-alternative-spellings="NO Norge Noreg" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Norway</option> <option value="Oman" data-alternative-spellings="OM عمان">Oman</option> <option value="Pakistan" data-alternative-spellings="PK پاکستان" data-relevancy-booster="2">Pakistan</option> <option value="Palau" data-alternative-spellings="PW" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Palau</option> <option value="Palestinian Territory, Occupied" data-alternative-spellings="PS فلسطين">Palestinian Territory, Occupied</option> <option value="Panama" data-alternative-spellings="PA">Panama</option> <option value="Papua New Guinea" data-alternative-spellings="PG">Papua New Guinea</option> <option value="Paraguay" data-alternative-spellings="PY">Paraguay</option> <option value="Peru" data-alternative-spellings="PE">Peru</option> <option value="Philippines" data-alternative-spellings="PH Pilipinas" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Philippines</option> <option value="Pitcairn" data-alternative-spellings="PN" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Pitcairn</option> <option value="Poland" data-alternative-spellings="PL Polska" data-relevancy-booster="1.25">Poland</option> <option value="Portugal" data-alternative-spellings="PT Portuguesa" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Portugal</option> <option value="Puerto Rico" data-alternative-spellings="PR">Puerto Rico</option> <option value="Qatar" data-alternative-spellings="QA قطر">Qatar</option> <option value="Réunion" data-alternative-spellings="RE Reunion">Réunion</option> <option value="Romania" data-alternative-spellings="RO Rumania Roumania România">Romania</option> <option value="Russian Federation" data-alternative-spellings="RU Rossiya Российская Россия" data-relevancy-booster="2.5">Russian Federation</option> <option value="Rwanda" data-alternative-spellings="RW">Rwanda</option> <option value="Saint Barthélemy" data-alternative-spellings="BL St. Barthelemy">Saint Barthélemy</option> <option value="Saint Helena" data-alternative-spellings="SH St.">Saint Helena</option> <option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis" data-alternative-spellings="KN St.">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option> <option value="Saint Lucia" data-alternative-spellings="LC St.">Saint Lucia</option> <option value="Saint Martin (French Part)" data-alternative-spellings="MF St.">Saint Martin (French Part)</option> <option value="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" data-alternative-spellings="PM St.">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option> <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" data-alternative-spellings="VC St.">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option> <option value="Samoa" data-alternative-spellings="WS">Samoa</option> <option value="San Marino" data-alternative-spellings="SM">San Marino</option> <option value="Sao Tome and Principe" data-alternative-spellings="ST">Sao Tome and Principe</option> <option value="Saudi Arabia" data-alternative-spellings="SA السعودية">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="Senegal" data-alternative-spellings="SN Sénégal">Senegal</option> <option value="Serbia" data-alternative-spellings="RS Србија Srbija">Serbia</option> <option value="Seychelles" data-alternative-spellings="SC" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Seychelles</option> <option value="Sierra Leone" data-alternative-spellings="SL">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="Singapore" data-alternative-spellings="SG Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு 新加坡共和国">Singapore</option> <option value="Sint Maarten (Dutch Part)" data-alternative-spellings="SX">Sint Maarten (Dutch Part)</option> <option value="Slovakia" data-alternative-spellings="SK Slovenská Slovensko">Slovakia</option> <option value="Slovenia" data-alternative-spellings="SI Slovenija">Slovenia</option> <option value="Solomon Islands" data-alternative-spellings="SB">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="Somalia" data-alternative-spellings="SO الصومال">Somalia</option> <option value="South Africa" data-alternative-spellings="ZA RSA Suid-Afrika">South Africa</option> <option value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" data-alternative-spellings="GS">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</option> <option value="South Sudan" data-alternative-spellings="SS">South Sudan</option> <option value="Spain" data-alternative-spellings="ES España" data-relevancy-booster="2">Spain</option> <option value="Sri Lanka" data-alternative-spellings="LK ශ්‍රී ලංකා இலங்கை Ceylon">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="Sudan" data-alternative-spellings="SD السودان">Sudan</option> <option value="Suriname" data-alternative-spellings="SR शर्नम् Sarnam Sranangron">Suriname</option> <option value="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" data-alternative-spellings="SJ" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Svalbard and Jan Mayen</option> <option value="Swaziland" data-alternative-spellings="SZ weSwatini Swatini Ngwane">Swaziland</option> <option value="Sweden" data-alternative-spellings="SE Sverige" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Sweden</option> <option value="Switzerland" data-alternative-spellings="CH Swiss Confederation Schweiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Switzerland</option> <option value="Syrian Arab Republic" data-alternative-spellings="SY Syria سورية">Syrian Arab Republic</option> <option value="Taiwan, Province of China" data-alternative-spellings="TW 台灣臺灣">Taiwan, Province of China</option> <option value="Tajikistan" data-alternative-spellings="TJ Тоҷикистон Toçikiston">Tajikistan</option> <option value="Tanzania, United Republic of" data-alternative-spellings="TZ">Tanzania, United Republic of</option> <option value="Thailand" data-alternative-spellings="TH ประเทศไทย Prathet Thai">Thailand</option> <option value="Timor-Leste" data-alternative-spellings="TL">Timor-Leste</option> <option value="Togo" data-alternative-spellings="TG Togolese">Togo</option> <option value="Tokelau" data-alternative-spellings="TK" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Tokelau</option> <option value="Tonga" data-alternative-spellings="TO">Tonga</option> <option value="Trinidad and Tobago" data-alternative-spellings="TT">Trinidad and Tobago</option> <option value="Tunisia" data-alternative-spellings="TN تونس">Tunisia</option> <option value="Turkey" data-alternative-spellings="TR Türkiye Turkiye">Turkey</option> <option value="Turkmenistan" data-alternative-spellings="TM Türkmenistan">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="Turks and Caicos Islands" data-alternative-spellings="TC" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Turks and Caicos Islands</option> <option value="Tuvalu" data-alternative-spellings="TV" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Tuvalu</option> <option value="Uganda" data-alternative-spellings="UG">Uganda</option> <option value="Ukraine" data-alternative-spellings="UA Ukrayina Україна">Ukraine</option> <option value="United Arab Emirates" data-alternative-spellings="AE UAE الإمارات">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="United Kingdom" data-alternative-spellings="GB Great Britain England UK Wales Scotland Northern Ireland" data-relevancy-booster="2.5">United Kingdom</option> <option value="United States Minor Outlying Islands" data-alternative-spellings="UM">United States Minor Outlying Islands</option> <option value="Uruguay" data-alternative-spellings="UY">Uruguay</option> <option value="Uzbekistan" data-alternative-spellings="UZ Ўзбекистон O'zbekstan O‘zbekiston">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="Vanuatu" data-alternative-spellings="VU">Vanuatu</option> <option value="Venezuela" data-alternative-spellings="VE">Venezuela</option> <option value="Vietnam" data-alternative-spellings="VN Việt Nam" data-relevancy-booster="1.5">Vietnam</option> <option value="Virgin Islands, British" data-alternative-spellings="VG" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Virgin Islands, British</option> <option value="Virgin Islands, U.S." data-alternative-spellings="VI" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Virgin Islands, U.S.</option> <option value="Wallis and Futuna" data-alternative-spellings="WF" data-relevancy-booster="0.5">Wallis and Futuna</option> <option value="Western Sahara" data-alternative-spellings="EH لصحراء الغربية">Western Sahara</option> <option value="Yemen" data-alternative-spellings="YE اليمن">Yemen</option> <option value="Zambia" data-alternative-spellings="ZM">Zambia</option> <option value="Zimbabwe" data-alternative-spellings="ZW">Zimbabwe</option> </select></p> <p>Interests:<br> <input type="checkbox" name="usrinterest[]" value="SLD"> System-Level Design<br> <input 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