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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Western symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_in_modern_occultism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_modern_occultism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Uses in modern occultism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_modern_occultism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_new_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_new_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Use in new religious movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_new_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religious_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religious_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other religious use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religious_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Satanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serer_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serer_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Serer religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serer_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Other modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geometry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geometry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geometry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Golden ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trigonometric_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trigonometric_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Trigonometric values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trigonometric_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spherical_pentagram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spherical_pentagram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Spherical pentagram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spherical_pentagram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-dimensional_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-dimensional_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Three-dimensional figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-dimensional_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Higher dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentagram_of_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentagram_of_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pentagram of Venus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentagram_of_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_computer_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_computer_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In computer systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_computer_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentagram</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نجمة خماسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجمة خماسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaqramma" title="Pentaqramma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pentaqramma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Пентаграм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пентаграм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pentacle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пентаграмма – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пентаграмма" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramm" title="Pentagramm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pentagramm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramm" title="Pentagramm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pentagramm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πεντάγραμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πεντάγραμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_pentagonal" title="Estrella pentagonal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella pentagonal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramo" title="Pentagramo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pentagramo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagrama_(geometria)" title="Pentagrama (geometria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pentagrama (geometria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="ستاره پنج‌خط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره پنج‌خط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramme" title="Pentagramme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pentagramme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%81%EB%B3%84" title="오각별 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오각별" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="Հնգագիծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնգագիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="पेंटाग्राम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेंटाग्राम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramo" title="Pentagramo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pentagramo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramma_(geometria)" title="Pentagramma (geometria) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pentagramma (geometria)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9D" title="פנטגרם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנטגרם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პენტაგრამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენტაგრამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пентаграмма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пентаграмма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagrammum" title="Pentagrammum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pentagrammum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramma" title="Pentagramma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pentagramma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagrama" title="Pentagrama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pentagrama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramma" title="Pentagramma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pentagramma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Пентаграм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пентаграм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%8A%92%E6%98%9F" title="五芒星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="五芒星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagramma" title="Pentagramma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pentagramma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagrama" title="Pentagrama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pentagrama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram%C4%83" title="Pentagramă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pentagramă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пентаграмма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пентаграмма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95" title="ئەستێرەی پێنجپەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرەی پێنجپەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Пентаграм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пентаграм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagrammi" title="Pentagrammi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pentagrammi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெண்டகிராம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெண்டகிராம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pentagram" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пентаграма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пентаграма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4i_sao_n%C4%83m_c%C3%A1nh" title="Ngôi sao năm cánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôi sao năm cánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A7%92%E6%98%9F" title="五角星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="五角星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pentagram" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pentagram" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pentagram" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&oldid=1258975309" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pentagram&id=1258975309&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPentagram"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPentagram"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pentagram&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Star_pentagon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pentagram" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182186" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram_(geometry)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagram (geometry)">Pentagram (geometry)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Five-pointed star polygon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the shape with intersecting lines. For the shape showing only the outline, see <a href="/wiki/Five-pointed_star" title="Five-pointed star">Five-pointed star</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pentagram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pentagram (disambiguation)">Pentagram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/260px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/390px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/520px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Pentagram</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pentagram</b> (sometimes known as a pentalpha, pentangle, or star pentagon) is a regular five-pointed <a href="/wiki/Star_polygon" title="Star polygon">star polygon</a>, formed from the diagonal <a href="/wiki/Line_segment" title="Line segment">line segments</a> of a convex (or simple, or non-self-intersecting) <a href="/wiki/Regular_pentagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular pentagon">regular pentagon</a>. Drawing a circle around the five points creates a similar symbol referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">pentacle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is used widely by <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>, or as a sign of life and connections. </p><p>The word <i>pentagram</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word πεντάγραμμον (<i>pentagrammon</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from πέντε (<i>pente</i>), "five" + γραμμή (<i>grammē</i>), "line".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word pentagram refers to just the star and the word <a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">pentacle</a> refers to the star within a circle, although there is some overlap in usage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>pentalpha</i> is a 17th-century revival of a post-classical Greek name of the shape.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Early pentagrams have been found on Sumerian pottery from Ur c. 3500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, and the five-pointed star was at various times the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugieia-pentagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hugieia-pentagram.svg/220px-Hugieia-pentagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hugieia-pentagram.svg/330px-Hugieia-pentagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hugieia-pentagram.svg/440px-Hugieia-pentagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>A Pythagorean "Hugieia Pentagram"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Right-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Right-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg/220px-Right-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Right-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg/330px-Right-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Right-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg/440px-Right-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>A right-handed interlaced pentagram, popular with Wiccans and some other neo-pagans. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Flag of Morocco</a> often bears <a href="/wiki/File:Left-handed_interlaced_pentagram.svg" title="File:Left-handed interlaced pentagram.svg">the left-handed version</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pentagram symbols from about 5,000 years ago were found in the <a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pentagram was known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a>, with a depiction on a vase possibly dating back to the 7th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> originated in the 6th century BCE and used the pentagram as a symbol of mutual recognition, of wellbeing, and to recognize good deeds and charity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From around 300–150 BCE the pentagram stood as the symbol of Jerusalem, marked by the 5 Hebrew letters ירשלם spelling its name.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, the pentagram was said to have been used as a symbol or sign of recognition by the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a>, who called the pentagram <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑγιεία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">hugieia</a></i></span> "health"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_symbolism">Western symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pentagram was used in ancient times as a Christian symbol for the five <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">five wounds of Christ</a>. The pentagram plays an important symbolic role in the 14th-century English poem <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i>, in which the symbol decorates the shield of the hero, <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gawain_Poet" title="Gawain Poet">unnamed poet</a> credits the symbol's origin to King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, and explains that each of the five interconnected points represents a virtue tied to a group of five: Gawain is perfect in his <a href="/wiki/Five_senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Five senses">five senses</a> and five fingers, faithful to the Five Wounds of Christ, takes courage from the <a href="/wiki/Five_joys" class="mw-redirect" title="Five joys">five joys</a> that <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> had of Jesus, and exemplifies the five virtues of <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighthood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are generosity, friendship, chastity, chivalry, and piety.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_Rose_Nord_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amiens_Rose_Nord_1.jpg/170px-Amiens_Rose_Nord_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amiens_Rose_Nord_1.jpg/255px-Amiens_Rose_Nord_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amiens_Rose_Nord_1.jpg/340px-Amiens_Rose_Nord_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>The North rose of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The North rose of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> (built in the 13th century) exhibits a pentagram-based motif. Some sources interpret the unusual downward-pointing star as symbolizing the Holy Spirit descending on people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a> and others perpetuated the popularity of the pentagram as a magic symbol, attributing the five neoplatonic elements to the five points, in typical Renaissance fashion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-19th century, a further distinction had developed amongst occultists regarding the pentagram's orientation. With a single point upwards it depicted spirit presiding over the four elements of matter, and was essentially "good". However, the influential but controversial writer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a>, known for believing that magic was a real science, had called it evil whenever the symbol appeared the other way up: </p> <ul><li>"A reversed pentagram, with two points projecting upwards, is a symbol of evil and attracts sinister forces because it overturns the proper order of things and demonstrates the triumph of matter over spirit. It is the goat of lust attacking the heavens with its horns, a sign execrated by initiates."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The flaming star, which, when turned upside down, is the heirolgyphic [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] sign of the goat of <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a>, whose head may be drawn in the star, the two horns at the top, the ears to the right and left, the beard at the bottom. It is a sign of antagonism and fatality. It is the goat of lust attacking the heavens with its horns."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Let us keep the figure of the Five-pointed Star always upright, with the topmost triangle pointing to heaven, for it is the seat of wisdom, and if the figure is reversed, perversion and evil will be the result."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagram_and_human_body_(Agrippa).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man inscribed in a pentagram, from Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's De occulta philosophia libri tres. The five signs at the pentagram's vertices are astrological."><img alt="Man inscribed in a pentagram, from Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's De occulta philosophia libri tres. The five signs at the pentagram's vertices are astrological." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pentagram_and_human_body_%28Agrippa%29.jpg/118px-Pentagram_and_human_body_%28Agrippa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pentagram_and_human_body_%28Agrippa%29.jpg/177px-Pentagram_and_human_body_%28Agrippa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pentagram_and_human_body_%28Agrippa%29.jpg/236px-Pentagram_and_human_body_%28Agrippa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man inscribed in a pentagram, from <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Books_of_Occult_Philosophy" title="Three Books of Occult Philosophy">De occulta philosophia libri tres</a></i>. The five signs at the pentagram's <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertices</a> are <a href="/wiki/Astrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrological">astrological</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inverted_pentacle.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Another pentagram from Agrippa's book. This one has the Pythagorean letters inscribed around the circle."><img alt="Another pentagram from Agrippa's book. This one has the Pythagorean letters inscribed around the circle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Inverted_pentacle.PNG/120px-Inverted_pentacle.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Inverted_pentacle.PNG/180px-Inverted_pentacle.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Inverted_pentacle.PNG/240px-Inverted_pentacle.PNG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another pentagram from Agrippa's book. This one has the Pythagorean letters inscribed around the circle.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagram_(Levi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The occultist and magician Éliphas Lévi's pentagram, which he considered to be a symbol of the microcosm, or human"><img alt="The occultist and magician Éliphas Lévi's pentagram, which he considered to be a symbol of the microcosm, or human" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pentagram_%28Levi%29.jpg/120px-Pentagram_%28Levi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pentagram_%28Levi%29.jpg/180px-Pentagram_%28Levi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pentagram_%28Levi%29.jpg/240px-Pentagram_%28Levi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (paranormal)">magician</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a>'s pentagram, which he considered to be a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocosm and microcosm">microcosm</a>, or human</div> </li> </ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Star_polygon" title="Star polygon">Star polygons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 1.1em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pentagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagram" title="Hexagram">hexagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptagram" title="Heptagram">heptagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octagram" title="Octagram">octagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_(geometry)" title="Enneagram (geometry)">enneagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decagram_(geometry)" title="Decagram (geometry)">decagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendecagram" title="Hendecagram">hendecagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecagram" title="Dodecagram">dodecagram</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star_polygons" title="Template:Star polygons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Star_polygons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Star polygons (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star_polygons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star polygons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> (protective) use in <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a> of the pentagram symbol (called <i><a href="/wiki/Drudenfuss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drudenfuss">Drudenfuss</a></i> in German) is referred to by <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_One" title="Faust, Part One">Faust</a></i> (1808), where a pentagram prevents <a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> from leaving a room (but did not prevent him from entering by the same way, as the outward pointing corner of the diagram happened to be imperfectly drawn): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Mephistopheles: </p> <dl><dd>I must confess, I'm prevented though</dd> <dd>By a little thing that hinders me,</dd> <dd>The Druid's-foot on your doorsill–</dd></dl> <p>Faust: </p> <dl><dd>The Pentagram gives you pain?</dd> <dd>Then tell me, you Son of Hell,</dd> <dd>If that's the case, how did you gain</dd> <dd>Entry? Are spirits like you cheated?</dd></dl> <p>Mephistopheles: </p> <dl><dd>Look carefully! It's not completed:</dd> <dd>One angle, if you inspect it closely</dd> <dd>Has, as you see, been left a little open.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>Also protective is the use in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic folklore">Icelandic folklore</a> of a gestured or carved rather than painted pentagram (called <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">smèrhnút</i></span> in Icelandic), according to 19th century folklorist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>A butter that comes from the fake vomit is called a fake butter; it looks like something else; but if one makes a sign of a cross over it, or carves a cross on it, or a figure called a buttermilk-knot,<sup>*</sup> it all explodes into small pieces and becomes like a grain of dross, so that nothing remains of it, except only particles, or it subsides like foam. Therefore it seems more prudent, if a person is offered a horrible butter to eat, or as a fee,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make either mark on it, because a fake butter cannot withstand either a cross mark or a butter-knot.</dd> <dd>* The butter-knot is shaped like this: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/15px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/23px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/30px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_in_modern_occultism">Uses in modern occultism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses in modern occultism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on Renaissance-era occultism, the pentagram found its way into the symbolism of modern occultists. Its major use is a continuation of the ancient Babylonian use of the pentagram as an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic charm">apotropaic charm</a> to protect against evil forces.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Éliphas Lévi claimed that "The Pentagram expresses the mind's domination over the elements and it is by this sign that we bind the demons of the air, the spirits of fire, the spectres of water, and the ghosts of earth."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this spirit, the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a> developed the use of the pentagram in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_banishing_ritual_of_the_pentagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser banishing ritual of the pentagram">lesser banishing ritual of the pentagram</a>, which is still used to this day by those who practice Golden Dawn-type magic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> made use of the pentagram in the system of <a href="/wiki/Magick" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick">magick</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>: an adverse or inverted pentagram represents the descent of spirit into matter, according to the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Lon_Milo_DuQuette" title="Lon Milo DuQuette">Lon Milo DuQuette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crowley contradicted his old comrades in the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, who, following Levi, considered this orientation of the symbol <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> and associated it with the triumph of matter over spirit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_new_religious_movements">Use in new religious movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use in new religious movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols" title="Baháʼí symbols">Baháʼí symbols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab-Star-Tablet-Haykal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bab-Star-Tablet-Haykal.jpg/180px-Bab-Star-Tablet-Haykal.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bab-Star-Tablet-Haykal.jpg/270px-Bab-Star-Tablet-Haykal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bab-Star-Tablet-Haykal.jpg/360px-Bab-Star-Tablet-Haykal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>Haykal by the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a> written in his own hand</figcaption></figure> <p>The five-pointed star is a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Baháʼí Faith, the star is known as the <i>Haykal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">"temple"</i>), and it was initiated and established by the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>. The Báb and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> wrote various works in the form of a pentagram.<sup id="cite_ref-Momen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bayat_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bayat-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> is theorized to have begun using both upright and inverted five-pointed stars in <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temple</a> architecture, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Illinois_Temple" title="Nauvoo Illinois Temple">Nauvoo Illinois Temple</a> dedicated on 30 April 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other temples decorated with five-pointed stars in both orientations include the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Temple" title="Salt Lake Temple">Salt Lake Temple</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Logan_Utah_Temple" title="Logan Utah Temple">Logan Utah Temple</a>. These usages come from the symbolism found in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> chapter 12: "And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca">Wicca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacle_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/142px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/213px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/284px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical Neopagan pentagram (circumscribed)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USVA_headstone_emb-37.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USVA_headstone_emb-37.svg/142px-USVA_headstone_emb-37.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USVA_headstone_emb-37.svg/213px-USVA_headstone_emb-37.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USVA_headstone_emb-37.svg/284px-USVA_headstone_emb-37.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="102" data-file-height="102" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_emblems_for_headstones_and_markers" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers">USVA</a> headstone emblem 37</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Because of a perceived association with Satanism and occultism, many United States schools in the late 1990s sought to prevent students from displaying the pentagram on clothing or jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In public schools, such actions by administrators were determined in 2000 to be in violation of students' <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> right to <a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">free exercise of religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The encircled pentagram (referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">pentacle</a> by the plaintiffs) was added to the list of 38 approved religious symbols to be placed on the tombstones of fallen service members at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> on 24 April 2007. The decision was made following ten applications from families of fallen soldiers who practiced <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>. The government paid the families <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$225,000</span> to settle their pending lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religious_use">Other religious use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other religious use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satanism">Satanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Satanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagram4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pentagram4.svg/142px-Pentagram4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pentagram4.svg/213px-Pentagram4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pentagram4.svg/284px-Pentagram4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The inverted pentagram is the most notable and widespread symbol of <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baphomet_Pentagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Baphomet_Pentagram.svg/142px-Baphomet_Pentagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Baphomet_Pentagram.svg/213px-Baphomet_Pentagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Baphomet_Pentagram.svg/284px-Baphomet_Pentagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The goat head of <a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a> forms an inverted pentagram, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Sigil_of_Baphomet" title="Sigil of Baphomet">Sigil of Baphomet</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The inverted pentagram is broadly used in <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, sometimes depicted with the <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>'s head of <a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a>, as popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> since 1968. <a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanists</a> pair the goat head with Hebrew letters at the five points of the pentagram to form the <a href="/wiki/Sigil_of_Baphomet" title="Sigil of Baphomet">Sigil of Baphomet</a>. The Baphomet sigil was adapted for the <a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a> logo, using <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> characters at the five points of the pentagram, reflecting the shape's earliest use in <a href="/wiki/Sumeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeria">Sumeria</a>. The inverted pentagram also appears in <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a> logo, with an alternative depiction of Baphomet's head. Other depictions of the Satanic goat's head resemble the inverted pentagram without its explicit outline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serer_religion">Serer religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Serer religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five-pointed star is a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> of West Africa. Called <i>Yoonir</i> in <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">their language</a>, it symbolizes the universe in the <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a>, and also represents the star <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_modern_use">Other modern use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The pentagram is featured on the national flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Morocco</a> (adopted 1915) and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (adopted 1996 and readopted 2009)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Morocco_(large_stroke).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morocco's flag"><img alt="Morocco's flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Morocco_%28large_stroke%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Morocco_%28large_stroke%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Morocco_%28large_stroke%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Morocco_%28large_stroke%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Morocco_%28large_stroke%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Morocco_%28large_stroke%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>'s flag</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethiopia's flag"><img alt="Ethiopia's flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>'s flag</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a>, an organization (established 1850) associated with <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, uses a pentagram as its symbol, with the five <a href="/wiki/Isosceles_triangle" title="Isosceles triangle">isosceles triangles</a> of the points colored blue, yellow, white, green, and red. In most Grand Chapters the pentagram is used pointing down, but in a few, it is pointing up. Grand Chapter officers often have a pentagon inscribed around the star<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(the emblem shown here is from the Prince Hall Association).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrderEasternStar_logo_from_saucer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Eastern Star emblem"><img alt="Order of the Eastern Star emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/OrderEasternStar_logo_from_saucer.jpg/120px-OrderEasternStar_logo_from_saucer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/OrderEasternStar_logo_from_saucer.jpg/180px-OrderEasternStar_logo_from_saucer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/OrderEasternStar_logo_from_saucer.jpg/240px-OrderEasternStar_logo_from_saucer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a> emblem</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>A pentagram is featured on the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Haaksbergen" title="Haaksbergen">Haaksbergen</a>, as well on its coat of arms.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Haaksbergen"><img alt="Flag of Haaksbergen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg/120px-Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg/180px-Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg/240px-Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Flag of Haaksbergen</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>A pentagram is featured on the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, as well on its emblem.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nagasaki,_Nagasaki.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nagasaki"><img alt="Flag of Nagasaki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki.svg/120px-Flag_of_Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki.svg/180px-Flag_of_Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki.svg/240px-Flag_of_Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Flag of Nagasaki</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometry">Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stellamerlata.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Stellamerlata.gif/220px-Stellamerlata.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Stellamerlata.gif/330px-Stellamerlata.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Stellamerlata.gif/440px-Stellamerlata.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koch_snowflake" title="Koch snowflake">Koch snowflakes</a> drawn with <a href="/wiki/MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a> (in Tartapelago<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagram_Angles_Notation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pentagram_Angles_Notation.svg/220px-Pentagram_Angles_Notation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pentagram_Angles_Notation.svg/330px-Pentagram_Angles_Notation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pentagram_Angles_Notation.svg/440px-Pentagram_Angles_Notation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a pentagram with notations of its angles.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pentagram is the simplest <a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">regular</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_polygon" title="Star polygon">star polygon</a>. The pentagram contains ten points (the five points of the star, and the five vertices of the inner pentagon) and fifteen line segments. It is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol" title="Schläfli symbol">Schläfli symbol</a> {5/2}. Like a regular pentagon, and a regular pentagon with a pentagram constructed inside it, the regular pentagram has as its <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_group" title="Symmetry group">symmetry group</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dihedral_group" title="Dihedral group">dihedral group</a> of order 10. </p><p>It can be seen as a net of a <a href="/wiki/Pentagonal_pyramid" title="Pentagonal pyramid">pentagonal pyramid</a> although with isosceles triangles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pentagram can be constructed by connecting alternate vertices of a <a href="/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon">pentagon</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Pentagon#Construction_of_a_regular_pentagon" title="Pentagon">details of the construction</a>. It can also be constructed as a <a href="/wiki/Stellation" title="Stellation">stellation</a> of a pentagon, by extending the edges of a pentagon until the lines intersect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_ratio">Golden ratio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Golden ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagram-phi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pentagram-phi.svg/220px-Pentagram-phi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pentagram-phi.svg/330px-Pentagram-phi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pentagram-phi.svg/440px-Pentagram-phi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A regular pentagram colored to distinguish its line segments of different lengths. The four lengths are in <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a> to one another.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a>, <i>φ</i> = (1 + <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">5</span></span>) / 2 ≈ 1.618, satisfying: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi =1+2\sin(\pi /10)=1+2\sin 18^{\circ }\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>18</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi =1+2\sin(\pi /10)=1+2\sin 18^{\circ }\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cae8a47ab395fb9fc3b266e6db53f58a1a5cc09f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.315ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi =1+2\sin(\pi /10)=1+2\sin 18^{\circ }\,}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi =1/(2\sin(\pi /10))=1/(2\sin 18^{\circ })\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>18</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi =1/(2\sin(\pi /10))=1/(2\sin 18^{\circ })\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff94e73360f84cf7cedca254082cc8f068a976a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.578ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi =1/(2\sin(\pi /10))=1/(2\sin 18^{\circ })\,}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi =2\cos(\pi /5)=2\cos 36^{\circ }\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>36</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi =2\cos(\pi /5)=2\cos 36^{\circ }\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b7c6d84937fd760d9afbac75facafd1380328f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.658ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi =2\cos(\pi /5)=2\cos 36^{\circ }\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>plays an important role in regular pentagons and pentagrams. Each intersection of edges sections the edges in the golden ratio: the ratio of the length of the edge to the longer segment is <i>φ</i>, as is the length of the longer segment to the shorter. Also, the ratio of the length of the shorter segment to the segment bounded by the two intersecting edges (a side of the pentagon in the pentagram's center) is <i>φ</i>. As the four-color illustration shows: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {red} }{\mathrm {green} }}={\frac {\mathrm {green} }{\mathrm {blue} }}={\frac {\mathrm {blue} }{\mathrm {magenta} }}=\varphi .}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {red} }{\mathrm {green} }}={\frac {\mathrm {green} }{\mathrm {blue} }}={\frac {\mathrm {blue} }{\mathrm {magenta} }}=\varphi .}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27782de1497cd2bba49d8271f68ef34c7a89568c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.486ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {red} }{\mathrm {green} }}={\frac {\mathrm {green} }{\mathrm {blue} }}={\frac {\mathrm {blue} }{\mathrm {magenta} }}=\varphi .}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The pentagram includes ten <a href="/wiki/Isosceles_triangle" title="Isosceles triangle">isosceles triangles</a>: five <a href="/wiki/Acute_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute triangle">acute</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Obtuse_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Obtuse triangle">obtuse</a> isosceles triangles. In all of them, the ratio of the longer side to the shorter side is <i>φ</i>. The acute triangles are <a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(mathematics)" title="Golden triangle (mathematics)">golden triangles</a>. The obtuse isosceles triangle highlighted via the colored lines in the illustration is a <a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(mathematics)" title="Golden triangle (mathematics)">golden gnomon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trigonometric_values">Trigonometric values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trigonometric values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exact_trigonometric_values" title="Exact trigonometric values">Exact trigonometric values</a></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\sin 18^{\circ }={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}={\frac {\varphi -1}{2}}={\frac {1}{2\varphi }}\\[5pt]\cos {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\cos 18^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {2(5+{\sqrt {5}})}}{4}}\\[5pt]\tan {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\tan 18^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {5(5-2{\sqrt {5}})}}{5}}\\[5pt]\cot {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\cot 18^{\circ }={\sqrt {5+2{\sqrt {5}}}}\\[5pt]\sin {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\sin 36^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {2(5-{\sqrt {5}})}}{4}}\\[5pt]\cos {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\cos 36^{\circ }={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{4}}={\frac {\varphi }{2}}\\[5pt]\tan {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\tan 36^{\circ }={\sqrt {5-2{\sqrt {5}}}}\\[5pt]\cot {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\cot 36^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {5(5+2{\sqrt {5}})}}{5}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="0.8em 0.8em 0.8em 0.8em 0.8em 0.8em 0.8em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>10</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>18</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>φ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>10</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>18</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>10</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>18</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>cot</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>10</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>cot</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>18</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>36</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>36</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>φ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>36</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>cot</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>cot</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mn>36</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\sin 18^{\circ }={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}={\frac {\varphi -1}{2}}={\frac {1}{2\varphi }}\\[5pt]\cos {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\cos 18^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {2(5+{\sqrt {5}})}}{4}}\\[5pt]\tan {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\tan 18^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {5(5-2{\sqrt {5}})}}{5}}\\[5pt]\cot {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\cot 18^{\circ }={\sqrt {5+2{\sqrt {5}}}}\\[5pt]\sin {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\sin 36^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {2(5-{\sqrt {5}})}}{4}}\\[5pt]\cos {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\cos 36^{\circ }={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{4}}={\frac {\varphi }{2}}\\[5pt]\tan {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\tan 36^{\circ }={\sqrt {5-2{\sqrt {5}}}}\\[5pt]\cot {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\cot 36^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {5(5+2{\sqrt {5}})}}{5}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/617d763508332673e70ff432476f3b0988117be7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -30.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.257ex; width:44.49ex; height:62.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\sin 18^{\circ }={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}={\frac {\varphi -1}{2}}={\frac {1}{2\varphi }}\\[5pt]\cos {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\cos 18^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {2(5+{\sqrt {5}})}}{4}}\\[5pt]\tan {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\tan 18^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {5(5-2{\sqrt {5}})}}{5}}\\[5pt]\cot {\frac {\pi }{10}}&=\cot 18^{\circ }={\sqrt {5+2{\sqrt {5}}}}\\[5pt]\sin {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\sin 36^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {2(5-{\sqrt {5}})}}{4}}\\[5pt]\cos {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\cos 36^{\circ }={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}+1}{4}}={\frac {\varphi }{2}}\\[5pt]\tan {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\tan 36^{\circ }={\sqrt {5-2{\sqrt {5}}}}\\[5pt]\cot {\frac {\pi }{5}}&=\cot 36^{\circ }={\frac {\sqrt {5(5+2{\sqrt {5}})}}{5}}\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>As a result, in an isosceles triangle with one or two angles of 36°, the longer of the two side lengths is <i>φ</i> times that of the shorter of the two, both in the case of the acute as in the case of the obtuse triangle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spherical_pentagram">Spherical pentagram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Spherical pentagram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pentagramma_mirificum" title="Pentagramma mirificum">Pentagramma mirificum</a></div> <p>A pentagram can be drawn as a <a href="/wiki/Star_polygon" title="Star polygon">star polygon</a> on a sphere, composed of five great circle arcs, whose all internal angles are right angles. This shape was described by <a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> in his 1614 book <i>Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio</i> (Description of the wonderful rule of logarithms) along with rules that link the values of trigonometric functions of five parts of a right spherical triangle (two angles and three sides). It was studied later by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-dimensional_figures">Three-dimensional figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Three-dimensional figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Uniform_polyhedron#Icosahedral_symmetry" title="Uniform polyhedron">Uniform polyhedron: Icosahedral symmetry</a></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Polyhedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyhedra">polyhedra</a> incorporate pentagrams: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagrammic_prism.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pentagrammic prism"><img alt="Pentagrammic prism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pentagrammic_prism.png/120px-Pentagrammic_prism.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pentagrammic_prism.png/180px-Pentagrammic_prism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pentagrammic_prism.png/240px-Pentagrammic_prism.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pentagrammic_prism" title="Pentagrammic prism">Pentagrammic prism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagrammic_antiprism.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pentagrammic antiprism"><img alt="Pentagrammic antiprism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pentagrammic_antiprism.png/120px-Pentagrammic_antiprism.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pentagrammic_antiprism.png/180px-Pentagrammic_antiprism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pentagrammic_antiprism.png/240px-Pentagrammic_antiprism.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pentagrammic_antiprism" title="Pentagrammic antiprism">Pentagrammic antiprism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagrammic_crossed_antiprism.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pentagrammic crossed-antiprism"><img alt="Pentagrammic crossed-antiprism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pentagrammic_crossed_antiprism.png/120px-Pentagrammic_crossed_antiprism.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pentagrammic_crossed_antiprism.png/180px-Pentagrammic_crossed_antiprism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pentagrammic_crossed_antiprism.png/240px-Pentagrammic_crossed_antiprism.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pentagrammic_crossed-antiprism" title="Pentagrammic crossed-antiprism">Pentagrammic crossed-antiprism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_stellated_dodecahedron.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Small stellated dodecahedron"><img alt="Small stellated dodecahedron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Small_stellated_dodecahedron.png/114px-Small_stellated_dodecahedron.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Small_stellated_dodecahedron.png/171px-Small_stellated_dodecahedron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Small_stellated_dodecahedron.png/227px-Small_stellated_dodecahedron.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Small_stellated_dodecahedron" title="Small stellated dodecahedron">Small stellated dodecahedron</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_stellated_dodecahedron.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Great stellated dodecahedron"><img alt="Great stellated dodecahedron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Great_stellated_dodecahedron.png/120px-Great_stellated_dodecahedron.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Great_stellated_dodecahedron.png/180px-Great_stellated_dodecahedron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Great_stellated_dodecahedron.png/240px-Great_stellated_dodecahedron.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_stellated_dodecahedron" title="Great stellated dodecahedron">Great stellated dodecahedron</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron"><img alt="Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron.png/120px-Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron.png/180px-Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron.png/240px-Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Small_ditrigonal_icosidodecahedron" title="Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron">Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodecadodecahedron.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dodecadodecahedron"><img alt="Dodecadodecahedron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dodecadodecahedron.png/120px-Dodecadodecahedron.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dodecadodecahedron.png/180px-Dodecadodecahedron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dodecadodecahedron.png/240px-Dodecadodecahedron.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dodecadodecahedron" title="Dodecadodecahedron">Dodecadodecahedron</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_dimensions">Higher dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Higher dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthogonal projections of higher dimensional polytopes can also create pentagrammic figures: </p> <table class="wikitable" width="720"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">4D </th> <th colspan="2">5D </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4-simplex_t0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/4-simplex_t0.svg/180px-4-simplex_t0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/4-simplex_t0.svg/270px-4-simplex_t0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/4-simplex_t0.svg/360px-4-simplex_t0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br />The regular <a href="/wiki/5-cell" title="5-cell">5-cell</a> (4-<a href="/wiki/Simplex" title="Simplex">simplex</a>) has five vertices and 10 edges. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4-simplex_t1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/4-simplex_t1.svg/180px-4-simplex_t1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/4-simplex_t1.svg/270px-4-simplex_t1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/4-simplex_t1.svg/360px-4-simplex_t1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Rectified_5-cell" title="Rectified 5-cell">rectified 5-cell</a> has 10 vertices and 30 edges. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5-simplex_t1_A4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/5-simplex_t1_A4.svg/180px-5-simplex_t1_A4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/5-simplex_t1_A4.svg/270px-5-simplex_t1_A4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/5-simplex_t1_A4.svg/360px-5-simplex_t1_A4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Rectified_5-simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectified 5-simplex">rectified 5-simplex</a> has 15 vertices, seen in this orthogonal projection as three nested pentagrams. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5-simplex_t2_A4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/5-simplex_t2_A4.svg/180px-5-simplex_t2_A4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/5-simplex_t2_A4.svg/270px-5-simplex_t2_A4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/5-simplex_t2_A4.svg/360px-5-simplex_t2_A4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Birectified_5-simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Birectified 5-simplex">birectified 5-simplex</a> has 20 vertices, seen in this orthogonal projection as four overlapping pentagrams. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All ten 4-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Regular_4-polytope#Regular_star_(Schläfli–Hess)_4-polytopes" title="Regular 4-polytope">Schläfli–Hess 4-polytopes</a> have either pentagrammic faces or <a href="/wiki/Vertex_figure" title="Vertex figure">vertex figure</a> elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pentagram_of_Venus">Pentagram of Venus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pentagram of Venus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_(pentagram).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg/220px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg/330px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg/440px-Venus_geocentric_orbit_curve_simplified_Line_%28pentagram%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The pentagram of Venus</figcaption></figure> <p>The pentagram of Venus is the apparent path of the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> as observed from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Successive <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)#Superior_and_inferior" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">inferior conjunctions</a> of Venus repeat with an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> of approximately 13:8—that is, Venus orbits the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> approximately 13 times for every eight orbits of Earth—shifting 144° at each inferior conjunction.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tips of the five loops at the center of the figure have the same geometric relationship to one another as the five <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertices</a>, or points, of a pentagram, and each group of five <a href="/wiki/Intersection" title="Intersection">intersections</a> <a href="/wiki/Equidistant" title="Equidistant">equidistant</a> from the figure's center have the same geometric relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_computer_systems">In computer systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In computer systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a></div> <p>The pentagram has these <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> code points that enable them to be included in documents: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+26E4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⛤</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PENTAGRAM</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+26E5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⛥</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RIGHT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+26E6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⛦</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LEFT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+26E7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⛧</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">INVERTED PENTAGRAM</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abe_no_Seimei" title="Abe no Seimei">Abe no Seimei</a> – Japanese mystic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a> – Use of symbols, including archetypes, acts, artwork or events, by Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_at_Sea_insignia" title="Command at Sea insignia">Command at Sea insignia</a> – Badge in the US military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_(geometry)" title="Enneagram (geometry)">Enneagram (geometry)</a> – Nine-pointed star polygon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-pointed_star" title="Five-pointed star">Five-pointed star</a> – Common ideogram in modern culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptagram" title="Heptagram">Heptagram</a> – Star polygon with 7 sides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagram" title="Hexagram">Hexagram</a> – Six-pointed star polygon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute_of_Pythagoras" title="Lute of Pythagoras">Lute of Pythagoras</a> – Self-similar geometric figure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> – Highest award in the United States Armed Forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentachoron" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentachoron">Pentachoron</a> – the 4-<a href="/wiki/Simplex" title="Simplex">simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagram_map" title="Pentagram map">Pentagram map</a> – Discrete dynamical system on the moduli space of polygons in the projective plane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentalpha" title="Pentalpha">Pentalpha</a> – Puzzle involving stones and a pentagram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_graph" title="Petersen graph">Petersen graph</a> – Cubic graph with 10 vertices and 15 edges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a> – Relates the 4 sides and 2 diagonals of a quadrilateral with vertices on a common circle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a> – Signet ring attributed to the Israelite king Solomon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_polygons_in_art_and_culture" title="Star polygons in art and culture">Star polygons in art and culture</a> – Polygons as symbolic elements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_(heraldry)" title="Star (heraldry)">Star (heraldry)</a> – Heraldic symbol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellation#Stellating_polygons" title="Stellation">Stellated polygons</a> – Extending the elements of a polytope to form a new figure</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGene_Brownn.d." class="citation web cs1">Gene Brown (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-pentagram-and-pentacle/">"Difference Between Pentagram and Pentacle"</a>. <i>Difference Between</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Difference+Between&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+Pentagram+and+Pentacle&rft.au=Gene+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.differencebetween.net%2Fmiscellaneous%2Fdifference-between-pentagram-and-pentacle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpenta%2Fgrammon">πεντάγραμμον</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus; a noun form of adjectival πεντάγραμμος (<i>pentagrammos</i>) or πεντέγραμμος (<i>pentegrammos</i>), a word meaning roughly "five-lined" or "five lines"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpe%2Fnte">πέντε</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus; Satan all 3 names mentioned before daylight full <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dgrammh%2F">γραμμή</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this usage is borne out by the Oxford English Dictionary, although that work specifies that a circumscription makes the form of a five-pointed star and its etymon post-classical Latin <i>pentaculum </i> [...] A pentagram, esp. one enclosed in a circle; a talisman or magical symbol in the shape of or inscribed with a pentagram. Also, in extended use: any similar magical symbol (freq. applied to a hexagram formed by two intersecting or interlaced equilateral triangles)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">πένταλφα, "five Alphas", interpreting the shape as five Α shapes overlapping at 72-degree angles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge1968" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Sir E. A. Wallis (1968). <i>Amulets and Talismans</i>. p. 433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amulets+and+Talismans&rft.pages=433&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Sir+E.+A.+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2006" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Dustin Jon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://djonscott.com/pent-hist.html">"History of the Pentagram"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Pentagram&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Dustin+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdjonscott.com%2Fpent-hist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allman, G. J., <i>Greek Geometry From Thales to Euclid</i> (1889), p.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF馬愛平2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">馬愛平 (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fashion.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/23/WS5d885fd5a31099ab995e19ea.html">"距今5000年！良渚文物中發現最古老五角星圖案"</a> (in Chinese). China Daily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A5000%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%81%E8%89%AF%E6%B8%9A%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%AD%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%8F%A4%E8%80%81%E4%BA%94%E8%A7%92%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%96%E6%A1%88&rft.pub=China+Daily&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.au=%E9%A6%AC%E6%84%9B%E5%B9%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffashion.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201909%2F23%2FWS5d885fd5a31099ab995e19ea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coxeter, H.S.M.; <i>Regular Polytopes</i>, 3rd edn, Dover, 1973, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, W. W. Rouse and Coxeter, H. S. M.; <i>Mathematical Recreations and Essays</i>, 13th Edn., Dover, 1987, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutjewishpeople.com/star-of-david-vs-pentagram/">"Star of David vs. Pentagram: Everything You Need to Know"</a>. 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+of+David+vs.+Pentagram%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutjewishpeople.com%2Fstar-of-david-vs-pentagram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allman, G. J., <i>Greek Geometry From Thales to Euclid</i>, part I (1877), in <i>Hermathena</i> 3.5, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greekgeometryfro00allmuoft#page/n31/mode/2upp.">183</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greekgeometryfro00allmuoft#page/n45/mode/2up">197</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> and the Scholiast on Aristophanes. The pentagram was said to have been so called from Pythagoras himself having written the letters Υ, Γ, Ι, Θ (= /ei/), Α on its vertices.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christian Symbols Ancient and Modern</i>, Child, Heather and Dorothy Colles. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7135-1960-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7135-1960-6">0-7135-1960-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Gerald (1979). "The Significance of the Pentangle Symbolism in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Modern Language Review</i>. <b>74</b> (4): 769–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3728227">10.2307/3728227</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3728227">3728227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+Pentangle+Symbolism+in+%22Sir+Gawain+and+the+Green+Knight%22&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=769-790&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3728227&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3728227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</i>, lines 619–665</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévi1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Lévi, Éliphas</a> (1999) [1896 (translated), 1854 (first published)]. <i>Transcendental Magic, its Doctrine and Ritual</i> [<i>Dogme et rituel de la haute magie</i>]. Trans. by <a href="/wiki/A._E._Waite" title="A. E. Waite">A. E. Waite</a>. <a href="/wiki/York_Beach,_Maine" title="York Beach, Maine">York Beach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Red_Wheel/Weiser/Conari" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Wheel/Weiser/Conari">Weiser</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263626874">263626874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendental+Magic%2C+its+Doctrine+and+Ritual&rft.place=York+Beach&rft.pub=Weiser&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263626874&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi&rft.aufirst=%C3%89liphas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Lévi, Éliphas</a> (2002) [1939 (translated), 1859 (first published)]. <i>The Key of the Mysteries</i> [<i>la Clef des grands mystères suivant Hénoch, Abraham, Hermès Trismégiste et Salomon</i>]. Trans. by <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Red_Wheel/Weiser/Conari" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Wheel/Weiser/Conari">Weiser</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49053462">49053462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+of+the+Mysteries&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Weiser&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49053462&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi&rft.aufirst=%C3%89liphas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hartmann" title="Franz Hartmann">Hartmann, Franz</a> (1895) [1886]. <i>Magic, White and Black</i> (5th ed.). New York: The Path. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476635673">476635673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%2C+White+and+Black&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=The+Path&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476635673&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/German/FaustIScenesItoIII.php">"Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832) - Faust, Part I: Scenes I to III"</a>. <i>www.poetryintranslation.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.poetryintranslation.com&rft.atitle=Goethe%2C+Johann+Wolfgang+von+%281749%E2%80%931832%29+-+Faust%2C+Part+I%3A+Scenes+I+to+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryintranslation.com%2FPITBR%2FGerman%2FFaustIScenesItoIII.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrnason1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Árnason, Jón</a> (1862). "<span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Töfrabrogð</i></span> [Magic trick]". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baekur.is/bok/d1007e0b-6463-47a4-9e8d-ce48e82042e7/1/472/Islenzkar_thjodsogur_og#page/n471/mode/1up"><i>Íslenzkar Þjoðsögur og Æfintýri</i></a> [<i>Icelandic Folktales and Legends</i>] (in Icelandic). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: J. C. Hinrich's Bookstore. p. 432. <q><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Smèr það, er verður af tilberaspýunni, er kallað tilberasmèr; er það útlits sem annað smèr; en gjöri maður krossmark yfir því, eða risti á það kross, eða mynd þá, er smèrhnútur heitir,<sup>*</sup> springur það alt í smámola og verður eins og draflakyrníngur, svo ekki sèst eptir af því, nema agnir einar, eða það hjaðnar niður sem froða. Þykir það því varlegra, ef manni er boðið óhrjálegt smèr að borða, eða í gjöld, að gjóra annaðhvort þetta mark á það, því tilberasmèr þolir hvorki krossmark né smjörhnút. / * Smèrhnútur er svo í lögun: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/15px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/23px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/30px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Icelandic-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22is%22%3ET%C3%B6frabrog%C3%B0%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Icelandic-language+text+%5BMagic+trick%5D&rft.btitle=%C3%8Dslenzkar+%C3%9Ejo%C3%B0s%C3%B6gur+og+%C3%86fint%C3%BDri&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=J.+C.+Hinrich%27s+Bookstore&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=%C3%81rnason&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaekur.is%2Fbok%2Fd1007e0b-6463-47a4-9e8d-ce48e82042e7%2F1%2F472%2FIslenzkar_thjodsogur_og%23page%2Fn471%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Middle Ages, butter was used for payment, e.g. rent. See:<br />• <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2003" class="citation book cs1">Sexton, Regina (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ5qBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT259">"The Role and Function of Butter in the Diet of the Monk and Penitent in Early Medieval Ireland"</a>. In Walker, Harlan (ed.). <i>The Fat of the Land: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2002</i>. Bristol: Footwork. pp. 253–269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+and+Function+of+Butter+in+the+Diet+of+the+Monk+and+Penitent+in+Early+Medieval+Ireland&rft.btitle=The+Fat+of+the+Land%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cooking+2002&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=253-269&rft.pub=Footwork&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJ5qBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchouten1968" class="citation book cs1">Schouten, Jan (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwAlAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Pentagram as Medical Symbol: An Iconological Study</i></a>. Hes & De Graaf. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6004-166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6004-166-6"><bdi>978-90-6004-166-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagram+as+Medical+Symbol%3A+An+Iconological+Study&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Hes+%26+De+Graaf&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-90-6004-166-6&rft.aulast=Schouten&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwAlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite1886" class="citation book cs1">Waite, Arthur Edward (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jX9BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136"><i>The Mysteries of Magic: A Digest of the Writings of Eliphas Lévi</i></a>. London: George Redway. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysteries+of+Magic%3A+A+Digest+of+the+Writings+of+Eliphas+L%C3%A9vi&rft.place=London&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=George+Redway&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjX9BAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuQuette2003" class="citation book cs1">DuQuette, Lon Milo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-07yFC31j6wC&pg=PA93"><i>The Magick of Aleister Crowley: A Handbook of the Rituals of Thelema</i></a>. Weiser Books. pp. 93, 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-299-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-299-2"><bdi>978-1-57863-299-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magick+of+Aleister+Crowley%3A+A+Handbook+of+the+Rituals+of+Thelema&rft.pages=93%2C+247&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57863-299-2&rft.aulast=DuQuette&rft.aufirst=Lon+Milo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-07yFC31j6wC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/DG/dg-141.html.utf8">"Bahá'í Reference Library - Directives from the Guardian, Pages 51-52"</a>. <i>reference.bahai.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reference.bahai.org&rft.atitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Reference+Library+-+Directives+from+the+Guardian%2C+Pages+51-52&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fse%2FDG%2Fdg-141.html.utf8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/uhj_nine_pointed_star">"The Nine-Pointed Star"</a>. <i>bahai-library.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bahai-library.com&rft.atitle=The+Nine-Pointed+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fuhj_nine_pointed_star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Momen_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Momen,_Moojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Momen, Moojan">Moojan Momen</a> (2019). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2019/10/the-star-tablet-of-the-bab.html">The Star Tablet of the Bab</a>.</i> British Library Blog.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bayat-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bayat_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayat, Mohamad Ghasem (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/bayat_surat_haykal">An Introduction to the Súratu'l-Haykal (Discourse of The Temple)</a></i> in Lights of Irfan, Book 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.marshall.edu/~brown/nauvoo/nt-parent.html">Nauvoo Temple</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517215640/http://users.marshall.edu/~brown/nauvoo/nt-parent.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website discussing its architecture, and particularly the page on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.marshall.edu/~brown/nauvoo/symbols.html">Nauvoo Temple exterior symbolism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517215640/http://users.marshall.edu/~brown/nauvoo/nt-parent.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Brown" title="Matthew B. Brown">Brown, Matthew B</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229073604/http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/Stars.pdf">"Inverted Stars on LDS Temples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FAIRLDS.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/Stars.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAIRLDS.org&rft.atitle=Inverted+Stars+on+LDS+Temples&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairlds.org%2Fpubs%2FStars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/sch_clot5.htm">"Religious Clothing in School"</a>, Robinson, B.A., Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 20 August 1999, updated 29 April 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031108123215/http://aclumich.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=26">"ACLU Defends Honor Student Witch Pentacle"</a> (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan. 10 February 1999. Archived from the original on 8 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACLU+Defends+Honor+Student+Witch+Pentacle&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union+of+Michigan&rft.date=1999-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faclumich.org%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/magazine/20000927witch2.asp">"Witches and wardrobes: Boy says he was suspended from school for wearing magical symbol"</a> Rouvalis, Cristina; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 27 September 2000. Retrieved 10 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swap.stanford.edu/20140330195413/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/federal-judge-upholds-indiana-students-right-to-wear-wiccan-symbols">"Federal judge upholds Indiana students' right to wear Wiccan symbols"</a>. Associated Press. 1 May 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/federal-judge-upholds-indiana-students-right-to-wear-wiccan-symbols">the original</a> on 30 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+judge+upholds+Indiana+students%27+right+to+wear+Wiccan+symbols&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Ffederal-judge-upholds-indiana-students-right-to-wear-wiccan-symbols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426075801/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/04/23/wiccan.grave.ap/index.html">"Wiccan symbol OK for soldiers' graves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN.com</a>. Associated Press. 23 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/04/23/wiccan.grave.ap/index.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wiccan+symbol+OK+for+soldiers%27+graves&rft.date=2007-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2007%2FUS%2F04%2F23%2Fwiccan.grave.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cem.va.gov/hmm/emblems.asp">"Burial and Memorials: Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a>. 3 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burial+and+Memorials%3A+Available+Emblems+of+Belief+for+Placement+on+Government+Headstones+and+Markers&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Veterans+Affairs&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cem.va.gov%2Fhmm%2Femblems.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravrand1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a> (1990). <i>La civilisation Sereer, Volume II: Pangool</i>. Nouvelles éditions Africaines du Sénégal (in French). Dakar, Senegal. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1"><bdi>2-7236-1055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+civilisation+Sereer%2C+Volume+II%3A+Pangool&rft.place=Dakar%2C+Senegal&rft.series=Nouvelles+%C3%A9ditions+Africaines+du+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=2-7236-1055-1&rft.aulast=Gravrand&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadiya1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mentine_Nzuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Clémentine Nzuji">Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji</a> (1996). <i>Tracing Memory: A Glossary of Graphic Signs and Symbols in African Art and Culture</i>. Mercury series, no. 71. Hull, Québec: Canadian Museum of Civilization. pp. 27, 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1"><bdi>0-660-15965-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Memory%3A+A+Glossary+of+Graphic+Signs+and+Symbols+in+African+Art+and+Culture&rft.place=Hull%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.series=Mercury+series%2C+no.+71&rft.pages=27%2C+155&rft.pub=Canadian+Museum+of+Civilization&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-660-15965-1&rft.aulast=Madiya&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9mentine+Fa%C3%AFk-Nzuji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritual of the Order of the Eastern Star, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrocola2005" class="citation web cs1">Pietrocola, Giorgio (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pietrocola.eu/maecla/tartapelago/frattali/index.htm">"Tartapelago. Exposure of fractals"</a>. <i>Maecla</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maecla&rft.atitle=Tartapelago.+Exposure+of+fractals&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pietrocola&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pietrocola.eu%2Fmaecla%2Ftartapelago%2Ffrattali%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaez2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Baez" title="John C. Baez">Baez, John</a> (4 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214005503/https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2014/01/04/the-pentagram-of-venus/">"The Pentagram of Venus"</a>. <i>Azimuth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2014/01/04/the-pentagram-of-venus">the original</a> on 14 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azimuth&rft.atitle=The+Pentagram+of+Venus&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=Baez&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohncarlosbaez.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F01%2F04%2Fthe-pentagram-of-venus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Becker, Udo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumencyclo00beck/page/230">"Pentagram"</a>. <i>The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols</i>. Translated by Garmer, Lance W. New York City: Continuum Books. pp. 230ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0644-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0644-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-0644-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentagram&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Symbols&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=230ff&rft.pub=Continuum+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0644-6&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontinuumencyclo00beck%2Fpage%2F230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">Conway, John Horton</a>; Burgiel, Heidi; Goodman-Strauss, Chaim (April 2008). "Chapter 26, Higher Still: Regular Star-Polytopes". <i>The Symmetries of Things</i>. Wellesley, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-220-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-220-5"><bdi>978-1-56881-220-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+26%2C+Higher+Still%3A+Regular+Star-Polytopes&rft.btitle=The+Symmetries+of+Things&rft.place=Wellesley%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=A.+K.+Peters&rft.date=2008-04&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-220-5&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=John+Horton&rft.au=Burgiel%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Goodman-Strauss%2C+Chaim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, George Wells (1966) [1954]. <i>Signs and Symbols in Christian Art</i>. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65081051">65081051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+and+Symbols+in+Christian+Art&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65081051&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=George+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Branko_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Branko Grünbaum">Grünbaum, Branko</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Colin_Shephard" title="Geoffrey Colin Shephard">Shephard, Geoffrey Colin</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0716711931"><i>Tilings and Patterns</i></a>. New York: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1193-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1193-3"><bdi>978-0-7167-1193-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tilings+and+Patterns&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1193-3&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnbaum&rft.aufirst=Branko&rft.au=Shephard%2C+Geoffrey+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0716711931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Branko_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Branko Grünbaum">Grünbaum, Branko</a> (1994). "Polyhedra with Hollow Faces". In Bisztriczky, T.; <a href="/wiki/Peter_McMullen" title="Peter McMullen">McMullen, P.</a>; Schneider, A.; Weiss, A. Ivić (eds.). <i>Polytopes: Abstract, Convex and Computational</i>. NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Vol. 440. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 43–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-0924-6_3">10.1007/978-94-011-0924-6_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-4398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-4398-4"><bdi>978-94-010-4398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polyhedra+with+Hollow+Faces&rft.btitle=Polytopes%3A+Abstract%2C+Convex+and+Computational&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=NATO+ASI+Series+C%3A+Mathematical+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.pages=43-70&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-0924-6_3&rft.isbn=978-94-010-4398-4&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnbaum&rft.aufirst=Branko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pentagram" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pentagram">Pentagram</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pentagrams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pentagrams">Pentagrams</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="citation mathworld" id="Reference-Mathworld-Pentagram"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein" title="Eric W. Weisstein">Weisstein, Eric W.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pentagram.html">"Pentagram"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MathWorld&rft.atitle=Pentagram&rft.au=Weisstein%2C+Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FPentagram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentagram" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/PP.html">The Pythagorean Pentacle</a> from the Biblioteca Arcana.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polygons_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polygons" title="Template:Polygons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polygons" title="Template talk:Polygons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polygons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polygons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polygons_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">Polygons</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_polygons" title="List of polygons">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">Triangles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_and_obtuse_triangles" title="Acute and obtuse triangles">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilateral_triangle" title="Equilateral triangle">Equilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_triangle" title="Ideal triangle">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosceles_triangle" title="Isosceles triangle">Isosceles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_triangle" title="Kepler triangle">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_and_obtuse_triangles" title="Acute and obtuse triangles">Obtuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_triangle" title="Right triangle">Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral" title="Quadrilateral">Quadrilaterals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiparallelogram" title="Antiparallelogram">Antiparallelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicentric_quadrilateral" title="Bicentric quadrilateral">Bicentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed_quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossed quadrilateral">Crossed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_quadrilateral" title="Cyclic quadrilateral">Cyclic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equidiagonal_quadrilateral" title="Equidiagonal quadrilateral">Equidiagonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-tangential_quadrilateral" title="Ex-tangential quadrilateral">Ex-tangential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_quadrilateral" title="Harmonic quadrilateral">Harmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosceles_trapezoid" title="Isosceles trapezoid">Isosceles trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_(geometry)" title="Kite (geometry)">Kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodiagonal_quadrilateral" title="Orthodiagonal quadrilateral">Orthodiagonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelogram" title="Parallelogram">Parallelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangle" title="Rectangle">Rectangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_kite" title="Right kite">Right kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_trapezoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Right trapezoid">Right trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomboid" title="Rhomboid">Rhomboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhombus" title="Rhombus">Rhombus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square" title="Square">Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_quadrilateral" title="Tangential quadrilateral">Tangential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_trapezoid" title="Tangential trapezoid">Tangential trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">Trapezoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By number <br />of sides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–10 sides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogon" title="Monogon">Monogon (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digon" title="Digon">Digon (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">Triangle (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral" title="Quadrilateral">Quadrilateral (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon">Pentagon (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">Hexagon (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptagon" title="Heptagon">Heptagon (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">Octagon (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonagon" title="Nonagon">Nonagon/Enneagon (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decagon" title="Decagon">Decagon (10)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11–20 sides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendecagon" title="Hendecagon">Hendecagon (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecagon" title="Dodecagon">Dodecagon (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridecagon" title="Tridecagon">Tridecagon (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetradecagon" title="Tetradecagon">Tetradecagon (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadecagon" title="Pentadecagon">Pentadecagon (15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecagon" title="Hexadecagon">Hexadecagon (16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptadecagon" title="Heptadecagon">Heptadecagon (17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octadecagon" title="Octadecagon">Octadecagon (18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icosagon" title="Icosagon">Icosagon (20)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">>20 sides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icositrigon" title="Icositrigon">Icositrigon (23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icositetragon" title="Icositetragon">Icositetragon (24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triacontagon" title="Triacontagon">Triacontagon (30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/257-gon" title="257-gon">257-gon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiliagon" title="Chiliagon">Chiliagon (1000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriagon" title="Myriagon">Myriagon (10,000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65537-gon" title="65537-gon">65537-gon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megagon" title="Megagon">Megagon (1,000,000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeirogon" title="Apeirogon">Apeirogon (∞)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_polygon" title="Star polygon">Star polygons</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagram" title="Hexagram">Hexagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptagram" title="Heptagram">Heptagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octagram" title="Octagram">Octagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_(geometry)" title="Enneagram (geometry)">Enneagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decagram_(geometry)" title="Decagram (geometry)">Decagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendecagram" title="Hendecagram">Hendecagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecagram" title="Dodecagram">Dodecagram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concave_polygon" title="Concave polygon">Concave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convex_polygon" title="Convex polygon">Convex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_polygon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic polygon">Cyclic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equiangular_polygon" title="Equiangular polygon">Equiangular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilateral_polygon" title="Equilateral polygon">Equilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_skew_polygon" title="Infinite skew polygon">Infinite skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogonal_figure" title="Isogonal figure">Isogonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotoxal_figure" title="Isotoxal figure">Isotoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_polygon" title="Magic polygon">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotriangle" title="Pseudotriangle">Pseudotriangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_polygon" title="Rectilinear polygon">Rectilinear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhardt_polygon" title="Reinhardt polygon">Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_polygon" title="Simple polygon">Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_polygon" title="Skew polygon">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star-shaped_polygon" title="Star-shaped polygon">Star-shaped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_polygon" title="Tangential polygon">Tangential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakly_simple_polygon" title="Weakly simple polygon">Weakly simple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Serer_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serer_topics" title="Template:Serer topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serer_topics" title="Template talk:Serer topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serer_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serer topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serer_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_people" title="Category:Serer people">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seex_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seex people (page does not exist)">Seex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cii%C9%97_(Serer_religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciiɗ (Serer religion) (page does not exist)">Ciiɗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Classical Ndut teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criticism of Serer religion (page does not exist)">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Serer_festivals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Serer festivals (page does not exist)">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaaniiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaaniiw (page does not exist)">Jaaniiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">Junjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadax (page does not exist)">Sadax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_symbolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer symbolism (page does not exist)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_women_in_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of women in Serer religion (page does not exist)">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_deities" title="Category:Serer deities">Supreme deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokh_Kox" title="Kokh Kox">Kokh Kox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koox" class="mw-redirect" title="Koox">Koox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog (main)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumba_Njaay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumba Njaay (page does not exist)">Kumba Njaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiurakh" title="Tiurakh">Tiurakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_holy_places" title="Category:Serer holy places">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_River" title="Sine River">Sine River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine-Saloum" title="Sine-Saloum">Sine-Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somb" title="Somb">Somb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar" title="Point of Sangomar">Point of Sangomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaguine" title="Tattaguine">Tattaguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboyabo" title="Yaboyabo">Yaboyabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_history" title="Category:Serer history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Godomat" title="Amar Godomat">Amar Godomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekeen_Tumuli" title="Cekeen Tumuli">Cekeen Tumuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasso" title="Khasso">Khasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Kingdom of Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biffeche" title="Biffeche">Kingdom of Biffeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">kingdom of Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Kingdom of Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_Serer_Lamanes" title="States headed by Serer Lamanes">States headed by Serer Lamanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" title="Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logand%C3%A8me" title="Battle of Logandème">Battle of Logandème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_country" title="Category:Serer country">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Gambia" title="Demographics of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer country (page does not exist)">Serer country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_language" title="Category:Serer language">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laalaa_language" title="Laalaa language">Lehar/Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_language" title="Ndut language">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_language" title="Noon language">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_language" title="Palor language">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safen_language" title="Safen language">Safen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth in Serer society (page does not exist)">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiere" title="Thiere">Saadj (or Chere or saay)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death in Serer society (page does not exist)">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inheritance_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inheritance in Serer society (page does not exist)">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Serer society (page does not exist)">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">Sabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassu (page does not exist)">Tassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Njom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_royalty" title="Category:Serer royalty">Royalty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maad" title="Category:Maad">Kings</a> (<i>Maad</i>) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Lamane" title="Category:Lamane">Lamanes</a> (ancient kings / landowners)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane_Jegan_Joof" title="Lamane Jegan Joof">Lamane Jegan Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Fa_Ndeb_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Maysa_Wali_Jaxateh_Manneh" title="Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh">Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Ama_Joof_Gnilane_Faye_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof">Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Ndaah_Njemeh_Joof" title="Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof">Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="Maad Semou Njekeh Joof">Maad Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lingeer" title="Category:Lingeer">Queens & Queen Mothers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Lingeer Fatim Beye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Lingeer Ndoye Demba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ngon%C3%A9_Di%C3%A8ye" title="Lingeer Ngoné Dièye">Lingeer Ngoné Dièye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingeer_Selbeh_Ndoffene_Joof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (page does not exist)">Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans" title="Serer maternal clans">Serer maternal clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dynasties and<br />royal houses</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos Maternal Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Boureh_Gnilane_Joof" title="The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof">The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Jogo_Siga_Joof" title="The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof">The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof">The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_families" title="Category:Serer families">Families</a> and<br />royal titles</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer">Lingeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad" title="Maad">Maad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngum_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngum family (page does not exist)">Ngum family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Njie_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njie family (page does not exist)">Njie family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarr_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarr family (page does not exist)">Sarr family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sene_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sene family (page does not exist)">Sene family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigne" title="Teigne">Teigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thelema" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thelema_series" title="Template:Thelema series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thelema_series" title="Template talk:Thelema series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thelema" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternitas_Saturni" title="Fraternitas Saturni">Fraternitas Saturni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">O∴A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn">Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Ordo_Templi_Orientis" class="mw-redirect" title="Society Ordo Templi Orientis">Society Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelemic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn">Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thelemites" title="List of Thelemites">List of Thelemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu_i" title="Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu i">Ankh-af-na-khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anger" title="Kenneth Anger">Kenneth Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Allan Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Butts" title="Mary Butts">Mary Butts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Cameron" title="Marjorie Cameron">Marjorie Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_Milo_DuQuette" title="Lon Milo DuQuette">Lon Milo DuQuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Robert_Foster" title="Jeanne Robert Foster">Jeanne Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Germer" title="Karl Germer">Karl Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant" title="Kenneth Grant">Kenneth Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frieda_Harris" title="Lady Frieda Harris">Lady Frieda Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Hirsig" title="Leah Hirsig">Leah Hirsig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hyatt" title="Christopher Hyatt">Christopher Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stansfeld_Jones" title="Charles Stansfeld Jones">Charles Stansfeld Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cecil_Jones" title="George Cecil Jones">George Cecil Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kaczynski" title="Richard Kaczynski">Richard Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Edith_Kelly" title="Rose Edith Kelly">Rose Edith Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">James Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grady_Louis_McMurtry" title="Grady Louis McMurtry">Grady Louis McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogg_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogg Morgan">Mogg Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Ramos_Motta" title="Marcelo Ramos Motta">Marcelo Ramos Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nema_Andahadna" title="Nema Andahadna">Nema Andahadna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Neuburg_(poet)" title="Victor Neuburg (poet)">Victor Neuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Northrup_Hollister" title="Sara Northrup Hollister">Sara Northrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Parsons" title="Jack Parsons">Jack Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Parsons_Smith" title="Helen Parsons Smith">Helen Parsons Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Reuss" title="Theodor Reuss">Theodor Reuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Russell" title="C. F. Russell">C. F. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Seckler" title="Phyllis Seckler">Phyllis Seckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Talbot_Smith" title="Wilfred Talbot Smith">Wilfred Talbot Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Waddell" title="Leila Waddell">Leila Waddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wasserman" title="James Wasserman">James Wasserman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Webster_(writer)" title="Sam Webster (writer)">Sam Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wolfe" title="Jane Wolfe">Jane Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thelemic_texts" title="Category:Thelemic texts">Thelemic texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley_bibliography" title="Aleister Crowley bibliography">Aleister Crowley bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lies_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Lies (Crowley)">The Book of Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law"><i>The Book of the Law</i> (<i>Liber AL vel Legis</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Thoth" title="The Book of Thoth">The Book of Thoth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clouds_without_Water" title="Clouds without Water">Clouds without Water</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Works_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="Collected Works of Aleister Crowley">Collected Works</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="The Confessions of Aleister Crowley">Confessions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Drug_Fiend" title="The Diary of a Drug Fiend">The Diary of a Drug Fiend</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Lectures_on_Yoga" title="Eight Lectures on Yoga">Eight Lectures on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equinox" title="The Equinox">The Equinox</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Equinox" title="The Blue Equinox">The Blue Equinox</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equinox_of_the_Gods" title="The Equinox of the Gods">The Equinox of the Gods</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Books_of_Thelema" title="The Holy Books of Thelema">The Holy Books of Thelema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konx_Om_Pax" title="Konx Om Pax">Konx Om Pax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_is_for_All" title="The Law is for All">The Law is for All</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/777_and_Other_Qabalistic_Writings_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="777 and Other Qabalistic Writings of Aleister Crowley">Liber 777</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Aleph" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Aleph">Liber Aleph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_OZ" title="Liber OZ">Liber OZ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Resh" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Resh">Liber Resh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Trigrammaton" title="Liber Trigrammaton">Liber Trigrammaton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Essays_Toward_Truth" title="Little Essays Toward Truth">Little Essays Toward Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magick_(Book_4)" title="Magick (Book 4)">Magick (Book 4)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magick_Without_Tears" title="Magick Without Tears">Magick Without Tears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonchild_(novel)" title="Moonchild (novel)">Moonchild</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Star_in_Sight" title="One Star in Sight">One Star in Sight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stratagem_and_other_Stories" title="The Stratagem and other Stories">The Stratagem and other Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoth_Tarot" title="Thoth Tarot">Thoth Tarot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_and_the_Voice" title="The Vision and the Voice">The Vision and the Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Stains" title="White Stains">White Stains</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelema#93" title="Thelema">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyss_(Thelema)" title="Abyss (Thelema)">Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Thelema)" title="Aeon (Thelema)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">English Qaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Work_(Thelema)" title="Great Work (Thelema)">Great Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel#Thelema" title="Guardian angel">Holy Guardian Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Pan" title="Night of Pan">Night of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu" title="Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu">Stele of Revealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Stellar wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Will" title="True Will">True Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magick</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahadabra" title="Abrahadabra">Abrahadabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian_magic" title="Enochian magic">Enochian magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroto-comatose_lucidity" title="Eroto-comatose lucidity">Eroto-comatose lucidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah_and_wanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Obeah and wanga">Obeah and wanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremony and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Resh_vel_Helios" title="Liber Resh vel Helios">Liber Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagram_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagram ritual">Pentagram Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornless_Ritual" title="Bornless Ritual">Bornless Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_XV,_The_Gnostic_Mass" title="Liber XV, The Gnostic Mass">Gnostic Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Eleusis" title="Rites of Eleusis">Rites of Eleusis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Godforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuit" title="Nuit">Nuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit">Hadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ra-ha" title="Heru-ra-ha">Heru-ra-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiwass" title="Aiwass">Aiwass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therion_(Thelema)" title="Therion (Thelema)">Therion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalon" title="Babalon">Babalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)#Greco-Roman_tradition" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the beast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cross" title="Rose Cross">Rose Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicursal_hexagram" title="Unicursal hexagram">Unicursal hexagram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Thelema" title="Abbey of Thelema">Abbey of Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abramelin_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abramelin oil">Abramelin oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_Lodge" title="Agape Lodge">Agape Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boleskine_House" title="Boleskine House">Boleskine House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Abramelin" title="The Book of Abramelin">Book of Abramelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_of_Light" title="Cake of Light">Cake of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choronzon" title="Choronzon">Choronzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianism" title="Dianism">Dianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPSOS" title="IPSOS">IPSOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_alphabet" title="Magical alphabet">Magical alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Solar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Lodge" title="Solar Lodge">Solar Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_paganism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#c1c1c1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopaganism" title="Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopaganism" title="Template talk:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_paganism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">Eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/50px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/75px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/100px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Arts and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-pagan_festivals_and_events" title="List of neo-pagan festivals and events">Festivals and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_music" title="Modern pagan music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_temples" title="List of modern pagan temples">Temples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">By country or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_South_Africa" title="Neopaganism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Minnesota" title="Neopaganism in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Movements (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian (Berber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian-Scythian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Wicca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Daco-Thracian (Romanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith_organisations" title="List of Slavic Native Faith organisations">Rodnovery (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">RUNVira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turko-Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interfaith: <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christo-Paganism" title="Christo-Paganism">Christo-Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Priapus" title="Temple of Priapus">Temple of Priapus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">LGBTQ+ and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_modern_paganism" title="List of writers on modern paganism">Writers on modern paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a 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