CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nausea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"eabed593-5b1a-4a2f-9cd6-99106bc28842","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nausea","wgTitle":"Nausea","wgCurRevisionId":1279752557,"wgRevisionId":1279752557,"wgArticleId":18947703,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen","Vomiting"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nausea","wgRelevantArticleId":18947703,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q186889","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/3205_-_Milano%2C_Duomo_-_Giorgio_Bonola_-_Miracolo_di_Marco_Spagnolo_%281681%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2049"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/3205_-_Milano%2C_Duomo_-_Giorgio_Bonola_-_Miracolo_di_Marco_Spagnolo_%281681%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1366"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1093"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nausea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nausea rootpage-Nausea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nausea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nausea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nausea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nausea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gastrointestinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastrointestinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gastrointestinal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastrointestinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Food poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disequilibrium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disequilibrium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Disequilibrium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disequilibrium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gynecologic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gynecologic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Gynecologic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gynecologic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Psychiatric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potentially_serious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potentially_serious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Potentially serious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potentially_serious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comprehensive_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comprehensive_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Comprehensive list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comprehensive_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inside_the_abdomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inside_the_abdomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Inside the abdomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inside_the_abdomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_abdomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_abdomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Outside the abdomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_abdomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications_and_metabolic_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications_and_metabolic_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>Medications and metabolic disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications_and_metabolic_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathophysiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-nausea_pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-nausea_pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-nausea pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-nausea_pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Patient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_exam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_exam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Physical exam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_exam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diagnostic testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medications_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alternative medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nausea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غثيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غثيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansias" title="Ansias – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ansias" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%27ajere" title="Py'ajere – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Py'ajere" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C9%99kbulanma" title="Ürəkbulanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ürəkbulanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Млоснасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Млоснасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Гадене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гадене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Dnina" title="Mučnina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mučnina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0usea" title="Nàusea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nàusea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%90%D1%88_%D0%BF%D3%91%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ӑш пӑтранни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӑш пӑтранни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevolnost" title="Nevolnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nevolnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfog" title="Cyfog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalme" title="Kvalme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvalme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbelkeit" title="Übelkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übelkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiveldus" title="Iiveldus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iiveldus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Седеень човорятома – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Седеень човорятома" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1usea" title="Náusea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Náusea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomemo" title="Vomemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vomemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goragale" title="Goragale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Goragale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B9" title="تهوع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تهوع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naus%C3%A9e" title="Nausée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nausée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1usea" title="Náusea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Náusea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD%EC%A7%88" title="구역질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구역질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Սրտխառնոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սրտխառնոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मतली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मतली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauzeo" title="Nauzeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nauzeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mual" title="Mual – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nausea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="בחילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichefuchefu" title="Kichefuchefu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichefuchefu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nausea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelabums" title="Nelabums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nelabums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykinimas" title="Pykinimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pykinimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഓക്കാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓക്കാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="غممان نفس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غممان نفس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loya" title="Loya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Loya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misselijkheid" title="Misselijkheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Misselijkheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="बुलुबुलु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुलुबुलु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%90%E3%81%8D%E6%B0%97" title="吐き気 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吐き気" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalme_og_brekninger" title="Kvalme og brekninger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvalme og brekninger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalme" title="Kvalme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvalme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%87" title="ଅଇ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଇ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A3" title="ਕਚਿਆਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਚਿਆਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudno%C5%9Bci" title="Nudności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nudności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1usea" title="Náusea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Náusea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Greață – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Greață" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikch%27unayay" title="Wikch'unayay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wikch'unayay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тошнота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тошнота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0usia" title="Nàusia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nàusia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nausea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauzea" title="Nauzea – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nauzea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slabost" title="Slabost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slabost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мучнина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мучнина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Dnina" title="Mučnina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mučnina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahoinvointi" title="Pahoinvointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pahoinvointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illam%C3%A5ende" title="Illamående – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Illamående" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagduduwal" title="Pagduduwal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagduduwal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="குமட்டல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குமட்டல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89" title="คลื่นไส้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลื่นไส้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulant%C4%B1" title="Bulantı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulantı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abofono_-_(Nausea)" title="Abofono - (Nausea) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abofono - (Nausea)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нудота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нудота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غثیان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غثیان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%E1%BB%93n_n%C3%B4n" title="Buồn nôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buồn nôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E5%BF%83" title="恶心 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恶心" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C" title="איבל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איבל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%83%83" title="反胃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="反胃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E5%BF%83" title="恶心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恶心" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186889#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nausea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nausea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nausea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nausea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nausea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&oldid=1279752557" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nausea&id=1279752557&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNausea"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNausea"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nausea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nausea_in_humans" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186889" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical symptom or condition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nausea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nausea (disambiguation)">Nausea (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Nausea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:3205_-_Milano,_Duomo_-_Giorgio_Bonola_-_Miracolo_di_Marco_Spagnolo_(1681)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/3205_-_Milano%2C_Duomo_-_Giorgio_Bonola_-_Miracolo_di_Marco_Spagnolo_%281681%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg/220px-3205_-_Milano%2C_Duomo_-_Giorgio_Bonola_-_Miracolo_di_Marco_Spagnolo_%281681%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/3205_-_Milano%2C_Duomo_-_Giorgio_Bonola_-_Miracolo_di_Marco_Spagnolo_%281681%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A 1681 painting depicting a person <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Nausea</b> is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, abdomen, or back of the throat.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 30 definitions of nausea were proposed in a 2011 book on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-newrev2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newrev2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nausea is a <a href="/wiki/Non-specific_symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-specific symptom">non-specific symptom</a>, which means that it has many possible causes. Some common causes of nausea are <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fainting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting">fainting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood sugar">low blood sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">lack of sleep</a>. Nausea is a side effect of many medications including <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a> in early pregnancy. Nausea may also be caused by <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medications taken to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting are called <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetics</a>. The most commonly prescribed antiemetics in the US are <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, and the newer <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a>. The word nausea is from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>nausea</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ναυσία</span></span> – <i>nausia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ναυτία" – <i>nautia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>, "feeling sick or queasy".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastrointestinal infections</a> (37%) and <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a> are the two most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Side effects from medications (3%) and pregnancy are also relatively frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many causes of chronic nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nausea and vomiting remain undiagnosed in 10% of the cases. Aside from morning sickness, there are no sex differences in complaints of nausea. After childhood, doctor consultations decrease steadily with age. Only a fraction of one percent of doctor visits by those over 65 are due to nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-AFPHelena07_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFPHelena07-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gastrointestinal infection is one of the most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic nausea may be the presentation of many gastrointestinal disorders, occasionally as the major symptom, such as <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">functional dyspepsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biliary_reflux" title="Biliary reflux">biliary reflux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">gastroparesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">upper gastrointestinal</a> malignancy, and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VoltaCaio2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoltaCaio2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncomplicated <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> infection does not cause chronic nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_poisoning">Food poisoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food poisoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">Food poisoning</a> usually causes an abrupt onset of nausea and vomiting one to six hours after ingestion of contaminated food and lasts for one to two days.<sup id="cite_ref-USA07_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is due to toxins produced by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in food.<sup id="cite_ref-USA07_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many medications can potentially cause nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-USA07_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most frequently associated include cytotoxic <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> regimens for cancer and other diseases, and <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthesia" title="General anaesthesia">general anaesthetic agents</a>. An old cure for migraine, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, is well known to cause devastating nausea in some patients; a person using it for the first time will be prescribed an <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetic</a> for relief if needed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nausea or "<a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a>" is common during early <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> but may occasionally continue into the second and third trimesters. In the first trimester nearly 80 % of women have some degree of nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnancy should therefore be considered as a possible cause of nausea in any sexually active woman of child-bearing age.<sup id="cite_ref-USA07_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While usually it is mild and self-limiting, severe cases known as <a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">hyperemesis gravidarum</a> may require treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-preg07_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preg07-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disequilibrium">Disequilibrium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disequilibrium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of conditions involving balance such as <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a> can lead to nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gynecologic">Gynecologic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gynecologic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a> can cause nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychiatric">Psychiatric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Psychiatric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nausea may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghYoon2016table1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghYoon2016table1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potentially_serious">Potentially serious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Potentially serious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most causes of nausea are not serious, some serious conditions are associated with nausea. These include <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_bowel_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Small bowel obstruction">small bowel obstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addisonian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Addisonian crisis">Addisonian crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">intracranial pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_intracranial_hypotension" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous intracranial hypotension">spontaneous intracranial hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comprehensive_list">Comprehensive list</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comprehensive list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inside_the_abdomen">Inside the abdomen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inside the abdomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Obstructing disorders</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_outlet_obstruction" title="Gastric outlet obstruction">Gastric outlet obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Small bowel obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Colonic obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome" title="Superior mesenteric artery syndrome">Superior mesenteric artery syndrome</a></li></ul> <p><b>Enteric infections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral gastroenteritis">Viral infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Bacterial infection</a></li></ul> <p><b>Inflammatory diseases</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">Celiac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></li></ul> <p><b>Sensorimotor dysfunction</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudo-obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">Irritable bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome" title="Cyclic vomiting syndrome">Cyclic vomiting syndrome</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">Non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_colic" title="Biliary colic">Biliary colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">Kidney stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a></li> <li>Abdominal irradiation<sup id="cite_ref-H2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_the_abdomen">Outside the abdomen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outside the abdomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Cardiopulmonary</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Myocardial infarction</a> (heart attack)</li> <li>Paroxysmal cough</li></ul> <p><b>Inner-ear diseases</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">Malignancy</a></li></ul> <p><b>Intracerebral disorders</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">Malignancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">Hemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></li></ul> <p><b>Psychiatric illnesses</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia</a> nervosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Drug withdrawal</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li>Post-operative vomiting<sup id="cite_ref-H2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">Nociception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_activation_syndrome" title="Mast cell activation syndrome">Mast cell activation syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-PMID33261124_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID33261124-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID28262205_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID28262205-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID38948000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID38948000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medications_and_metabolic_disorders">Medications and metabolic disorders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medications and metabolic disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Drugs</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">Digoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-diabetic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-diabetic medication">Oral hypoglycemic medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</a></li></ul> <p><b>Endocrine/metabolic disease</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">Uremia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoacidosis" title="Ketoacidosis">Ketoacidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease" title="Thyroid disease">Thyroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_disease" title="Parathyroid disease">parathyroid</a> disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">Adrenal insufficiency</a></li></ul> <p><b>Toxins</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research on nausea and vomiting has relied on using animal models to mimic the anatomy and neuropharmacologic features of the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physiologic mechanism of nausea is a complex process that has yet to be fully elucidated. There are four general pathways that are activated by specific triggers in the human body that go on to create the sensation of nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a> (CNS): Stimuli can affect areas of the CNS including the cerebral cortex and the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>. These areas are activated by elevated intracranial pressure, irritation of the meninges (i.e. blood or infection), and extreme emotional triggers such as anxiety. The <a href="/wiki/Supratentorial_region" title="Supratentorial region">supratentorial region</a> is also responsible for the sensation of nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-newrev2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newrev2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone" title="Chemoreceptor trigger zone">Chemoreceptor trigger zone</a> (CTZ): The CTZ is located in the <a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">area postrema</a> in the floor of the fourth ventricle within the brain. This area is outside the blood brain barrier, and is therefore readily exposed to substances circulating through the blood and cerebral spinal fluid. Common triggers of the CTZ include metabolic abnormalities, toxins, and medications. Activation of the CTZ is mediated by <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> (D2) receptors, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> (5HT3) receptors, and <a href="/wiki/Neurokinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurokinin">neurokinin</a> receptors (NK1).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a>: This system is activated by disturbances to the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear. These include movements that cause motion sickness and dizziness. This pathway is triggered via <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> (H1) receptors and <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> (ACh) receptors.</li> <li>Peripheral Pathways: These pathways are triggered via chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as other organs such as the heart and kidneys. Common activators of these pathways include toxins present in the gastrointestinal lumen and distension of the gastrointestinal lumen from blockage or dysmotility of the bowels. Signals from these pathways travel via multiple neural tracts including the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">glossopharyngeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Splanchnic" title="Splanchnic">splanchnic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> nerves.</li></ul> <p>Signals from any of these pathways then travel to the brainstem, activating several structures including the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">nucleus of the solitary tract</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">dorsal motor nucleus</a> of the vagus, and <a href="/wiki/Central_pattern_generator" title="Central pattern generator">central pattern generator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These structures go on to signal various downstream effects of nausea and vomiting. The body's motor muscle responses involve halting the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, and in fact causing reversed propulsion of gastric contents towards the mouth while increasing abdominal muscle contraction. Autonomic effects involve increased salivation and the sensation of feeling faint that often occurs with nausea and vomiting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-nausea_pathophysiology">Pre-nausea pathophysiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pre-nausea pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been described that alterations in heart rate can occur as well as the release of <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newrev2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newrev2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patient_history">Patient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Patient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taking a thorough patient history may reveal important clues to the cause of nausea and vomiting. If the patient's symptoms have an acute onset, then drugs, toxins, and infections are likely. In contrast, a long-standing history of nausea will point towards a chronic illness as the culprit. The timing of nausea and vomiting after eating food is an important factor to pay attention to. Symptoms that occur within an hour of eating may indicate an obstruction proximal to the small intestine, such as <a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">gastroparesis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">pyloric stenosis</a>. An obstruction further down in the intestine or colon will cause delayed vomiting. An infectious cause of nausea and vomiting such as gastroenteritis may present several hours to days after the food was ingested.<sup id="cite_ref-H2015_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contents of the emesis is a valuable clue towards determining the cause. Bits of fecal matter in the emesis indicate obstruction in the distal intestine or the colon. Emesis that is of a bilious nature (greenish in color) localizes the obstruction to a point past the stomach. Emesis of undigested food points to an obstruction prior to the gastric outlet, such as <a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">achalasia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a>. If patient experiences reduced abdominal pain after vomiting, then obstruction is a likely etiology. However, vomiting does not relieve the pain brought on by <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H2015_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_exam">Physical exam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Physical exam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is important to watch out for signs of dehydration, such as <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a> and loss of skin <a href="/wiki/Turgor" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgor">turgor</a>. Auscultation of the abdomen can produce several clues to the cause of nausea and vomiting. A high-pitched tinkling sound indicates possible <a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">bowel obstruction</a>, while a splashing "<a href="/wiki/Succussion_splash" title="Succussion splash">succussion</a>" sound is more indicative of gastric outlet obstruction. Eliciting pain on the abdominal exam when pressing on the patient may indicate an inflammatory process. Signs such as papilledema, visual field losses, or focal neurological deficits are red flag signs for elevated intracranial pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-H2015_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnostic_testing">Diagnostic testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diagnostic testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a history and physical exam are not enough to determine the cause of nausea and vomiting, certain diagnostic tests may prove useful. A chemistry panel would be useful for electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liver function tests and lipase would identify pancreaticobiliary diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdominal X-rays showing air-fluid levels indicate bowel obstruction, while an X-ray showing air-filled bowel loops are more indicative of <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">ileus</a>. More advanced imaging and procedures may be necessary, such as a CT scan, upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema, or MRI. Abnormal GI motility can be assessed using specific tests like gastric scintigraphy, wireless motility capsules, and small-intestinal manometry.<sup id="cite_ref-H2015_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If dehydration is present due to loss of fluids from severe vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_replacement" title="Fluid replacement">rehydration</a> with oral electrolyte solutions is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is not effective or possible, intravenous rehydration may be required.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical care is recommended if: a person cannot keep any liquids down, has symptoms more than 2 days, is weak, has a fever, has stomach pain, vomits more than two times in a day or does not urinate for more than 8 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications_2">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous pharmacologic medications are available for the treatment of nausea. There is no medication that is clearly superior to other medications for all cases of nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetic</a> medication may be based on the situation during which the person experiences nausea. For people with motion sickness and vertigo, antihistamines and anticholinergics such as <a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">meclizine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a> are particularly effective.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nausea and vomiting associated with migraine headaches respond best to dopamine antagonists such as <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">prochlorperazine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases of gastroenteritis, serotonin antagonists such as <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a> were found to suppress nausea and vomiting, as well as reduce the need for IV fluid resuscitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">doxylamine</a> is the first line treatment for pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a> is an inexpensive and effective over the counter medication for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors to consider when choosing an antiemetic medication include the person's preference, side-effect profile, and cost. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a> is also indicated for this purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain people, <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoids">cannabinoids</a> may be effective in reducing chemotherapy associated nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in the advanced stages of illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hospital settings topical anti-nausea gels are not indicated because of lack of research backing their efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-AAHPMfive_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAHPMfive-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Topical_gels" title="Topical gels">Topical gels</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a> are sometimes used for nausea but are not equivalent to more established therapies.<sup id="cite_ref-AAHPMfive_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAHPMfive-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a> has also been shown to be potentially effective in treating several types of nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-medind_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medind-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ernst-meta_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ernst-meta-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outlook depends on the cause. Most people recover within few hours or a day. While short-term nausea and vomiting are generally harmless, they may sometimes indicate a more serious condition. When associated with prolonged vomiting, it may lead to <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> or dangerous <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> imbalances or both. Repeated intentional vomiting, characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">bulimia</a>, can cause <a href="/wiki/Stomach_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach acid">stomach acid</a> to wear away at the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> present on the teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nausea and or <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> is the main complaint in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-AFPHelena07_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFPHelena07-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only 25% of people with nausea visit their family physician.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, nausea, as opposed to vomiting, occurs most frequently in persons aged 15–24 years, and is less common in other age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-AFPHelena07_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFPHelena07-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" title="Cancer and nausea">Cancer and nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AFP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMetzHebbard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Metz A, Hebbard G (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racgp.org.au/afpbackissues/2007/200709/200709metz.pdf">"Nausea and vomiting in adults--a diagnostic approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Family Physician</i> (Review). <b>36</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_College_of_General_Practitioners" title="Royal Australian College of General Practitioners">Royal Australian College of General Practitioners</a>: <span class="nowrap">688–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885699">17885699</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194653/http://www.racgp.org.au/afpbackissues/2007/200709/200709metz.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Nausea+and+vomiting+in+adults--a+diagnostic+approach&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E688-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885699&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hebbard%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racgp.org.au%2Fafpbackissues%2F2007%2F200709%2F200709metz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=24732">"Nausea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081033/http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=24732">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nausea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fmobileart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D24732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newrev2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newrev2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newrev2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newrev2017_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalabanYates2017" class="citation journal cs1">Balaban CD, Yates BJ (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5203950">"What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views"</a>. <i>Autonomic Neuroscience</i>. <b>202</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2016.07.003">10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5203950">5203950</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27450627">27450627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autonomic+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=What+is+nausea%3F+A+historical+analysis+of+changing+views&rft.volume=202&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5203950%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27450627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2016.07.003&rft.aulast=Balaban&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Yates%2C+BJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5203950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dnausi%2Fa">"ναυσία"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515085710/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dnausi%2Fa">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span> – via Perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dnausi%252Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dnauti%2Fa">"ναυτία"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418100442/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dnauti%2Fa">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span> – via perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dnauti%252Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFPHelena07-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFPHelena07_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPHelena07_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPHelena07_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrittFahridin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Britt H, Fahridin S (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326113722/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf">"Presentations of nausea and vomiting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Family Physician</i>. <b>36</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">682–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885697">17885697</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Presentations+of+nausea+and+vomiting&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E682-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885697&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Fahridin%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racgp.org.au%2Fafp%2F200709%2F200709beach.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoltaCaio2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VoltaCaio2017_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoltaCaioKarunaratneAlaedini2017" class="citation journal cs1">Volta U, Caio G, Karunaratne TB, Alaedini A, De Giorgio R (January 2017). "Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity: advances in knowledge and relevant questions". <i>Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology</i> (Review). <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17474124.2017.1260003">10.1080/17474124.2017.1260003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27852116">27852116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34881689">34881689</a>. <q>A lower proportion of NCG/WS patients (from 30% to 50%) complain of upper gastrointestinal tract manifestations, e.g. vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, aerophagia and aphthous stomatitis. (NCG/WS: Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Gastroenterology+%26+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Non-coeliac+gluten%2Fwheat+sensitivity%3A+advances+in+knowledge+and+relevant+questions&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34881689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27852116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17474124.2017.1260003&rft.aulast=Volta&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Caio%2C+G&rft.au=Karunaratne%2C+TB&rft.au=Alaedini%2C+A&rft.au=De+Giorgio%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA07-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA07_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA07_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA07_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA07_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScorzaWilliamsPhillipsShaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scorza K, Williams A, Phillips JD, Shaw J (July 2007). "Evaluation of nausea and vomiting". <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>76</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17668843">17668843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+nausea+and+vomiting&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17668843&rft.aulast=Scorza&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Williams%2C+A&rft.au=Phillips%2C+JD&rft.au=Shaw%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKochFrissora2003" class="citation journal cs1">Koch KL, Frissora CL (March 2003). "Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy". <i>Gastroenterology Clinics of North America</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>34, vi. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0889-8553%2802%2900070-5">10.1016/S0889-8553(02)00070-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12635417">12635417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Nausea+and+vomiting+during+pregnancy&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E34%2C+vi&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0889-8553%2802%2900070-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12635417&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Frissora%2C+CL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preg07-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-preg07_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan P (September 2007). "Hyperemesis gravidarum--assessment and management". <i>Australian Family Physician</i>. <b>36</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">698–</span>701. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885701">17885701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Hyperemesis+gravidarum--assessment+and+management&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E698-%3C%2Fspan%3E701&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885701&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLackner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lackner, James R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112051">"Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting"</a>. <i>Experimental Brain Research</i>. <b>232</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">2493–</span>2510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00221-014-4008-8">10.1007/s00221-014-4008-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4819">0014-4819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112051">4112051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24961738">24961738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Motion+sickness%3A+more+than+nausea+and+vomiting&rft.volume=232&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2493-%3C%2Fspan%3E2510&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4112051%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0014-4819&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24961738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00221-014-4008-8&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4112051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFP2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsayandeMehulic2014" class="citation journal cs1">Osayande AS, Mehulic S (March 2014). "Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea". <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>89</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24695505">24695505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+initial+management+of+dysmenorrhea&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24695505&rft.aulast=Osayande&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Mehulic%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghYoon2016table1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SinghYoon2016table1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghYoonKuo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Singh P, Yoon SS, Kuo B (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4699282">"Nausea: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutics"</a>. <i>Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology</i> (Review). <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1756283X15618131">10.1177/1756283X15618131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4699282">4699282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26770271">26770271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Advances+in+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Nausea%3A+a+review+of+pathophysiology+and+therapeutics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4699282%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26770271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1756283X15618131&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Yoon%2C+SS&rft.au=Kuo%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4699282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorBradyBrooksDiercks2010" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Egan J, Ghaemmaghami C, et al. (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2Fcirculationaha.110.971028">"Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"</a>. <i>Circulation</i>. <b>122</b> (18 Suppl 3): S787-817. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2Fcirculationaha.110.971028">10.1161/circulationaha.110.971028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20956226">20956226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Part+10%3A+acute+coronary+syndromes%3A+2010+American+Heart+Association+Guidelines+for+Cardiopulmonary+Resuscitation+and+Emergency+Cardiovascular+Care&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=18+Suppl+3&rft.pages=S787-817&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2Fcirculationaha.110.971028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20956226&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Brady%2C+W&rft.au=Brooks%2C+SC&rft.au=Diercks%2C+D&rft.au=Egan%2C+J&rft.au=Ghaemmaghami%2C+C&rft.au=Menon%2C+V&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+BJ&rft.au=Travers%2C+AH&rft.au=Yannopoulos%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252Fcirculationaha.110.971028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H2015_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H2015_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H2015_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H2015_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H2015_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H2015_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasler WL. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. <i>Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e</i>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID33261124-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID33261124_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValentAkinNedoszytko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Valent P, Akin C, Nedoszytko B, et al. (2020-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731385">"Diagnosis, Classification and Management of Mast Cell Activation Syndromes (MCAS) in the Era of Personalized Medicine"</a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>. <b>21</b> (23): 3 f. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms21239030">10.3390/ijms21239030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731385">7731385</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33261124">33261124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Diagnosis%2C+Classification+and+Management+of+Mast+Cell+Activation+Syndromes+%28MCAS%29+in+the+Era+of+Personalized+Medicine&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=3+f.&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7731385%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33261124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms21239030&rft.aulast=Valent&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Akin%2C+C&rft.au=Nedoszytko%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7731385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID28262205-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID28262205_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAfrinSelfMenkLazarchick2017" class="citation journal cs1">Afrin LB, Self S, Menk J, Lazarchick J (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5341697">"Characterization of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome"</a>. <i>The American Journal of the Medical Science</i>. <b>353</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjms.2016.12.013">10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5341697">5341697</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28262205">28262205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+the+Medical+Science&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+Mast+Cell+Activation+Syndrome&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5341697%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28262205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjms.2016.12.013&rft.aulast=Afrin&rft.aufirst=LB&rft.au=Self%2C+S&rft.au=Menk%2C+J&rft.au=Lazarchick%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5341697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID38948000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID38948000_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖzdemirKasımoğluBak2024" class="citation journal cs1">Özdemir Ö, Kasımoğlu G, Bak A, et al. (2024-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11212760">"Mast cell activation syndrome: An up-to-date review of literature"</a>. <i>World J Clin Pediatr</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5409%2Fwjcp.v13.i2.92813">10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.92813</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11212760">11212760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38948000">38948000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+J+Clin+Pediatr&rft.atitle=Mast+cell+activation+syndrome%3A+An+up-to-date+review+of+literature&rft.date=2024-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11212760%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38948000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5409%2Fwjcp.v13.i2.92813&rft.aulast=%C3%96zdemir&rft.aufirst=%C3%96&rft.au=Kas%C4%B1mo%C4%9Flu%2C+G&rft.au=Bak%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11212760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsHorn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Andrews PL, Horn CC (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autonomicneuroscience.com/article/S1566-0702(06)00011-7/abstract">"Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases"</a>. <i>Autonomic Neuroscience</i>. <b>125</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">100–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2006.01.008">10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658708">2658708</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16556512">16556512</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110182734/https://www.autonomicneuroscience.com/article/S1566-0702(06)00011-7/abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autonomic+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Signals+for+nausea+and+emesis%3A+Implications+for+models+of+upper+gastrointestinal+diseases&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2658708%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16556512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2006.01.008&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Horn%2C+CC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonomicneuroscience.com%2Farticle%2FS1566-0702%2806%2900011-7%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLien2012" class="citation book cs1">Lien, C (2012). <i>Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine</i>. New York, NY: McGraw HIll. pp. Chapter 217: Domains of Care: Physical Aspects of Care.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Hospital+Medicine&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=Chapter+217%3A+Domains+of+Care%3A+Physical+Aspects+of+Care&rft.pub=McGraw+HIll&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lien&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBashashatiMcCallum2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bashashati M, McCallum RW (January 2014). "Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies in managing nausea and vomiting related to cyclic vomiting syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders". <i>European Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>722</b>: <span class="nowrap">79–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2013.09.075">10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24161560">24161560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Neurochemical+mechanisms+and+pharmacologic+strategies+in+managing+nausea+and+vomiting+related+to+cyclic+vomiting+syndrome+and+other+gastrointestinal+disorders&rft.volume=722&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2013.09.075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24161560&rft.aulast=Bashashati&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=McCallum%2C+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328235736/http://www.med.unc.edu/gi/faculty-staff-website/patient-education/patient-education/8IiiNausauVomitingOverviewACG.pdf">"Nausea and Vomiting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Med.unc.edu</i>. American College of Gastroenterology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.unc.edu/gi/faculty-staff-website/patient-education/patient-education/8IiiNausauVomitingOverviewACG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Med.unc.edu&rft.atitle=Nausea+and+Vomiting&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.unc.edu%2Fgi%2Ffaculty-staff-website%2Fpatient-education%2Fpatient-education%2F8IiiNausauVomitingOverviewACG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000122.htm">"When you have nausea and vomiting: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. Nlm.nih.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705050123/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000122.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+you+have+nausea+and+vomiting%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Nlm.nih.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Fpatientinstructions%2F000122.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFurykMeekEgerton-Warburton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Furyk JS, Meek RA, Egerton-Warburton D (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517141">"Drugs for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in adults in the emergency department setting"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>9</b> (9): CD010106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd010106.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd010106.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517141">6517141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26411330">26411330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Drugs+for+the+treatment+of+nausea+and+vomiting+in+adults+in+the+emergency+department+setting&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD010106&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6517141%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26411330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd010106.pub2&rft.aulast=Furyk&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Meek%2C+RA&rft.au=Egerton-Warburton%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6517141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlakeLinnHornecker2015" class="citation journal cs1">Flake ZA, Linn BS, Hornecker JR (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0301/p293.html">"Practical selection of antiemetics in the ambulatory setting"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>91</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822385">25822385</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140726/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0301/p293.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Practical+selection+of+antiemetics+in+the+ambulatory+setting&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25822385&rft.aulast=Flake&rft.aufirst=ZA&rft.au=Linn%2C+BS&rft.au=Hornecker%2C+JR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F2015%2F0301%2Fp293.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrankeMorinRoewerEberhart2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, Eberhart LH (March 2002). "Dimenhydrinate for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". <i>Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">238–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1399-6576.2002.t01-1-460303.x">10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.t01-1-460303.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11939912">11939912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22229281">22229281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Anaesthesiologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Dimenhydrinate+for+prophylaxis+of+postoperative+nausea+and+vomiting%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22229281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11939912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1399-6576.2002.t01-1-460303.x&rft.aulast=Kranke&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Morin%2C+AM&rft.au=Roewer%2C+N&rft.au=Eberhart%2C+LH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTramèrCarrollCampbellReynolds2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Campbell FA, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34325">"Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>323</b> (7303): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7303.16">10.1136/bmj.323.7303.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34325">34325</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11440936">11440936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Cannabinoids+for+control+of+chemotherapy+induced+nausea+and+vomiting%3A+quantitative+systematic+review&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=7303&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34325%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11440936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7303.16&rft.aulast=Tram%C3%A8r&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Carroll%2C+D&rft.au=Campbell%2C+FA&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+DJ&rft.au=Moore%2C+RA&rft.au=McQuay%2C+HJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrug_Policy_Alliance2001" class="citation web cs1">Drug Policy Alliance (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805041622/http://drugpolicy.org/marijuana/medical/challenges/litigators/medical/conditions/nausea.cfm">"Medicinal Uses of Marijuana: Nausea, Emesis and Appetite Stimulation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugpolicy.org/marijuana/medical/challenges/litigators/medical/conditions/nausea.cfm">the original</a> on 2007-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Uses+of+Marijuana%3A+Nausea%2C+Emesis+and+Appetite+Stimulation&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Drug+Policy+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugpolicy.org%2Fmarijuana%2Fmedical%2Fchallenges%2Flitigators%2Fmedical%2Fconditions%2Fnausea.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/alcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours/drugs-psychoactive/cannabis">"Cannabis"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213171022/https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/cannabis/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Cannabis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fteams%2Fmental-health-and-substance-use%2Falcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours%2Fdrugs-psychoactive%2Fcannabis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitingWolffDeshpandeDi_Nisio2015" class="citation journal cs1">Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, Di Nisio M, Duffy S, Hernandez AV, et al. (2015-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2015.6358">"Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>313</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">2456–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2015.6358">10.1001/jama.2015.6358</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10757%2F558499">10757/558499</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26103030">26103030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Cannabinoids+for+Medical+Use%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2456-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10757%2F558499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26103030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2015.6358&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=PF&rft.au=Wolff%2C+RF&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+S&rft.au=Di+Nisio%2C+M&rft.au=Duffy%2C+S&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+AV&rft.au=Keurentjes%2C+JC&rft.au=Lang%2C+S&rft.au=Misso%2C+K&rft.au=Ryder%2C+S&rft.au=Schmidlkofer%2C+S&rft.au=Westwood%2C+M&rft.au=Kleijnen%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2015.6358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAHPMfive-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAHPMfive_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAHPMfive_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Academy_of_Hospice_and_Palliative_Medicine" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Hospice_and_Palliative_Medicine" title="American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine">American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-academy-of-hospice-palliative-medicine/">"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Choosing_Wisely" title="Choosing Wisely">Choosing Wisely</a>: an initiative of the <a href="/wiki/ABIM_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="ABIM Foundation">ABIM Foundation</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Hospice_and_Palliative_Medicine" title="American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine">American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901101934/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-academy-of-hospice-palliative-medicine/">archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%3A+an+initiative+of+the+ABIM+Foundation&rft.atitle=Five+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft.au=American+Academy+of+Hospice+and+Palliative+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-academy-of-hospice-palliative-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span>, which cites <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithRitterPoklisFletcher2012" class="citation journal cs1">Smith TJ, Ritter JK, Poklis JL, Fletcher D, Coyne PJ, Dodson P, Parker G (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpainsymman.2011.05.017">"ABH gel is not absorbed from the skin of normal volunteers"</a>. <i>Journal of Pain and Symptom Management</i>. <b>43</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">961–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpainsymman.2011.05.017">10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.05.017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22560361">22560361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pain+and+Symptom+Management&rft.atitle=ABH+gel+is+not+absorbed+from+the+skin+of+normal+volunteers&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E961-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpainsymman.2011.05.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22560361&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Ritter%2C+JK&rft.au=Poklis%2C+JL&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+D&rft.au=Coyne%2C+PJ&rft.au=Dodson%2C+P&rft.au=Parker%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jpainsymman.2011.05.017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeschules2005" class="citation journal cs1">Weschules DJ (December 2005). "Tolerability of the compound ABHR in hospice patients". <i>Journal of Palliative Medicine</i>. <b>8</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1135–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjpm.2005.8.1135">10.1089/jpm.2005.8.1135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16351526">16351526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palliative+Medicine&rft.atitle=Tolerability+of+the+compound+ABHR+in+hospice+patients&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1135-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjpm.2005.8.1135&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16351526&rft.aulast=Weschules&rft.aufirst=DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-medind-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-medind_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarxTeleniMcCarthyVitetta2013" class="citation journal cs1">Marx WM, Teleni L, McCarthy AL, Vitetta L, McKavanagh D, Thomson D, Isenring E (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507235752/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59091/2/Ginger_Article_Nutrition_Reviews_Accepted_Version_%28Recovered%29.pdf">"Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic literature review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nutrition Reviews</i>. <b>71</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnure.12016">10.1111/nure.12016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23550785">23550785</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19187673">19187673</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59091/2/Ginger_Article_Nutrition_Reviews_Accepted_Version_%28Recovered%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Ginger+%28Zingiber+officinale%29+and+chemotherapy-induced+nausea+and+vomiting%3A+a+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19187673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23550785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnure.12016&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=Teleni%2C+L&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+AL&rft.au=Vitetta%2C+L&rft.au=McKavanagh%2C+D&rft.au=Thomson%2C+D&rft.au=Isenring%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F59091%2F2%2FGinger_Article_Nutrition_Reviews_Accepted_Version_%2528Recovered%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ernst-meta-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ernst-meta_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErnstPittler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ernst E, Pittler MH (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bja.a013442">"Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials"</a>. <i>British Journal of Anaesthesia</i>. <b>84</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">367–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bja.a013442">10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013442</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10793599">10793599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=Efficacy+of+ginger+for+nausea+and+vomiting%3A+a+systematic+review+of+randomized+clinical+trials&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bja.a013442&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10793599&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Pittler%2C+MH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.bja.a013442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725072924/http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/bulimia-nervosa/bulimia-nervosa-topic-overview">"Bulimia Nervosa-Topic Overview"</a>. <i>WebMD</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/bulimia-nervosa/bulimia-nervosa-topic-overview">the original</a> on 25 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Bulimia+Nervosa-Topic+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fmental-health%2Fbulimia-nervosa%2Fbulimia-nervosa-topic-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANausea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nausea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/nausea" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/nausea"><i>nausea</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186889" class="extiw" title="d:Q186889">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R11.0">R11.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=787.03">787.03</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009325">D009325</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm">003117</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template talk:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_disease" title="Esophageal disease">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">Esophagitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Candidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetiform_esophagitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetiform esophagitis">Herpetiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Rupture</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Boerhaave syndrome">Boerhaave syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">Esophageal motility disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">Nutcracker esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_junction_outflow_obstruction" title="Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction">Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_inlet_patch" title="Esophageal inlet patch">Inlet patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">Megaesophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_intramural_pseudodiverticulosis" title="Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis">Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis" title="Acute esophageal necrosis">Acute esophageal necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis" title="Atrophic gastritis">Atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease" title="Ménétrier's disease">Ménétrier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (gastric) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushing_ulcer" title="Cushing ulcer">Cushing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion" title="Dieulafoy's lesion">Dieulafoy's lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">Achlorhydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroptosis" title="Gastroptosis">Gastroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy" title="Portal hypertensive gastropathy">Portal hypertensive gastropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia" title="Gastric antral vascular ectasia">Gastric antral vascular ectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric dumping syndrome">Gastric dumping syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_volvulus" title="Gastric volvulus">Gastric volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome" title="Buried bumper syndrome">Buried bumper syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome" title="Zollinger–Ellison syndrome">Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Enteropathy" title="Enteropathy">Enteropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">Enteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">Duodenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunitis" title="Jejunitis">Jejunitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">Ileitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (duodenal) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer" title="Curling's ulcer">Curling's ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">Malabsorption</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">Tropical sprue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome" title="Blind loop syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" title="Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Milroy disease">Milroy disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption" title="Bile acid malabsorption">Bile acid malabsorption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">Appendix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">Colitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">Dysentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional colonic disease">Functional colonic disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudoobstruction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome" title="Ogilvie syndrome">Ogilvie syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacolon" title="Megacolon">Megacolon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxic_megacolon" title="Toxic megacolon">Toxic megacolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">Diverticulosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis" title="Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis">SCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large and/or small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocolitis" title="Enterocolitis">Enterocolitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis" title="Gastroenterocolitis">Gastroenterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">IBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_angina" title="Abdominal angina">Abdominal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Mesenteric ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">Angiodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">Intussusception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">Volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constipation" title="Functional constipation">Functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Infectious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">Intestinal adhesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_rectal_prolapse" title="Internal rectal prolapse">Internal rectal prolapse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anismus" title="Anismus">Anismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture" title="Rectal stricture">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">Anal fissure</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">Anal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal abscess">Anal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_dysplasia" title="Anal dysplasia">Anal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">Anal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">GI bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">Melena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Viral hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">PBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">Fatty liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease" title="Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease">MASLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutmeg liver">Nutmeg liver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">Liver abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess" title="Pyogenic liver abscess">Pyogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome" title="Hepatorenal syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis" title="Peliosis hepatis">Peliosis hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">Hemochromatosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstone / Cholelithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder" title="Cholesterolosis of gallbladder">Cholesterolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyomatosis" title="Adenomyomatosis">Adenomyomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">Postcholecystectomy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">Porcelain gallbladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a>/ <br /> Other <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholangitis">Cholangitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Primary sclerosing cholangitis">Primary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Secondary sclerosing cholangitis">Secondary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">Ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">Cholestasis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">Biliary fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemobilia" title="Haemobilia">Haemobilia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choledocholithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choledocholithiasis">Choledocholithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_dyskinesia" title="Biliary dyskinesia">Biliary dyskinesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction" title="Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction">Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">Pancreatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_pancreatitis" title="Hereditary pancreatitis">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_abscess" title="Pancreatic abscess">Pancreatic abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">Pancreatic pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency" title="Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency">Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula" title="Pancreatic fistula">Pancreatic fistula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hernia43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">Diaphragmatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect inguinal hernia">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inguinal hernia">Direct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_hernia" title="Umbilical hernia">Umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraumbilical_hernia" title="Paraumbilical hernia">Paraumbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia" title="Femoral hernia">Femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_hernia" title="Obturator hernia">Obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spigelian_hernia" title="Spigelian hernia">Spigelian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar hernia">Lumbar</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit%27s_hernia" title="Petit's hernia">Petit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grynfeltt%E2%80%93Lesshaft_hernia" title="Grynfeltt–Lesshaft hernia">Grynfeltt–Lesshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Undefined location</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incisional_hernia" title="Incisional hernia">Incisional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_hernia" title="Internal hernia">Internal hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%27s_hernia" title="Richter's hernia">Richter's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal disease">Peritoneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">Peritonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis" title="Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis">Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoperitoneum" title="Hemoperitoneum">Hemoperitoneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum" title="Pneumoperitoneum">Pneumoperitoneum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_human_digestive_system_or_abdomen178" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_human_digestive_system_or_abdomen178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal<br />tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">Vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">Heartburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophagia" title="Aerophagia">Aerophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichophagia" title="Trichophagia">Trichophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagophagia" title="Pagophagia">Pagophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_dysphagia" title="Oropharyngeal dysphagia">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia" title="Esophageal dysphagia">esophageal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">Odynophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">Bad breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Xerostomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersalivation" title="Hypersalivation">Hypersalivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burping" title="Burping">Burping</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodsall%27s_rule" title="Goodsall's rule">Goodsall's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilaiditi_syndrome" title="Chilaiditi syndrome">Chilaiditi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance%27s_sign" title="Dance's sign">Dance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_sign" title="Aaron's sign">Aaron's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapov%27s_contracture" title="Arapov's contracture">Arapov's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markle%27s_sign" title="Markle's sign">Markle's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McBurney%27s_point" title="McBurney's point">McBurney's point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherren%27s_triangle" title="Sherren's triangle">Sherren's triangle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Radiologic_sign" title="Radiologic sign">Radiologic signs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hampton%27s_line" title="Hampton's line">Hampton's line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemm%27s_sign" title="Klemm's sign">Klemm's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Councilman_body" title="Councilman body">Councilman body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory_body" title="Mallory body">Mallory body</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>biliary:</i> <a href="/wiki/Boas%27_sign" title="Boas' sign">Boas' sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courvoisier%27s_law" title="Courvoisier's law">Courvoisier's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%27s_cholangitis_triad" title="Charcot's cholangitis triad">Charcot's cholangitis triad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_pentad" title="Reynolds' pentad">Reynolds' pentad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_sign" title="Murphy's sign">Murphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pine%27s_sign" title="Lépine's sign">Lépine's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardi_test" title="Nardi test">Nardi test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">Flatulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">Fecal incontinence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encopresis" title="Encopresis">encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_urgency" title="Fecal urgency">Fecal urgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">Fecal occult blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus" title="Rectal tenesmus">Rectal tenesmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_defecation" title="Obstructed defecation">Obstructed defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_discharge" title="Rectal discharge">Rectal discharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abdomen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_abdomen" title="Acute abdomen">Acute abdomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Baby colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_guarding" title="Abdominal guarding">Abdominal guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumberg%27s_sign" title="Blumberg's sign">Blumberg's sign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_distension" title="Abdominal distension">Abdominal distension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">Bloating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympany" title="Tympany">Tympany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_dullness" title="Shifting dullness">Shifting dullness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_wave_test" title="Fluid wave test">Fluid wave test</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_mass" title="Abdominal mass">Abdominal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatosplenomegaly" title="Hepatosplenomegaly">Hepatosplenomegaly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">Hepatomegaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">Splenomegaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">Jaundice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallet-Guy%27s_sign" title="Mallet-Guy's sign">Mallet-Guy's sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddle_sign" title="Puddle sign">Puddle sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballance%27s_sign" title="Ballance's sign">Ballance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic insufficiency">Aortic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell%27s_sign" title="Castell's sign">Castell's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehr%27s_sign" title="Kehr's sign">Kehr's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign" title="Cullen's sign">Cullen's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign" title="Grey Turner's sign">Grey Turner's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howship%E2%80%93Romberg_sign" title="Howship–Romberg sign">Howship–Romberg sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannington-Kiff_sign" title="Hannington-Kiff sign">Hannington-Kiff sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoas_sign" title="Psoas sign">Psoas sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_sign" title="Obturator sign">Obturator sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovsing%27s_sign" title="Rovsing's sign">Rovsing's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_sign" title="Hamburger sign">Hamburger sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel_tap_sign" title="Heel tap sign">Heel tap sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aure-Rozanova%27s_sign" title="Aure-Rozanova's sign">Aure-Rozanova's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunphy%27s_sign" title="Dunphy's sign">Dunphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder%27s_sign" title="Alder's sign">Alder's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockwood%27s_sign" title="Lockwood's sign">Lockwood's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstein%27s_sign" title="Rosenstein's sign">Rosenstein's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_sign" title="Cupola sign">Cupola sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fothergill%27s_sign" title="Fothergill's sign">Fothergill's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnett%27s_sign" title="Carnett's sign">Carnett's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massouh%27s_sign" title="Massouh's sign">Massouh's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Mary_Joseph_nodule" title="Sister Mary Joseph nodule">Sister Mary Joseph nodule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumer%27s_shelf" title="Blumer's shelf">Blumer's shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186889#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061361-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nausea"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090324">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nausée"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12493982c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nausée"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12493982c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000308880&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560760105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nausea&oldid=1279752557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nausea&oldid=1279752557</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symptoms_and_signs:_Digestive_system_and_abdomen" title="Category:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen">Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vomiting" title="Category:Vomiting">Vomiting</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 March 2025, at 10:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nausea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nausea</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>67 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-zdnsg","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.629","walltime":"0.784","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4168,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":177855,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2708,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":176394,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 637.104 1 -total"," 36.98% 235.589 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.68% 163.620 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.39% 98.034 8 Template:Navbox"," 12.04% 76.720 1 Template:Lang"," 10.49% 66.856 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 9.29% 59.216 2 Template:Short_description"," 8.35% 53.181 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 6.32% 40.248 2 Template:Hlist"," 6.12% 38.992 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.386","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17624267,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-pczv8","timestamp":"20250405212938","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nausea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nausea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q186889","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q186889","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-17T21:28:55Z","dateModified":"2025-03-10T10:59:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/3205_-_Milano%2C_Duomo_-_Giorgio_Bonola_-_Miracolo_di_Marco_Spagnolo_%281681%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg","headline":"medical symptom or condition"}</script> </body> </html>