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id="toc-Company_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ticknor_and_Allen,_1832" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ticknor_and_Allen,_1832"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ticknor and Allen, 1832</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ticknor_and_Allen,_1832-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions_activities,_2001–" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers_and_acquisitions_activities,_2001–"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mergers and acquisitions activities, 2001–</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions_activities,_2001–-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vivendi_purchase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vivendi_purchase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Vivendi purchase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vivendi_purchase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riverdeep_merger_with_Houghton_Mifflin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riverdeep_merger_with_Houghton_Mifflin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Riverdeep merger with Houghton Mifflin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riverdeep_merger_with_Houghton_Mifflin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harcourt_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harcourt_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Harcourt merger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harcourt_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Houghton Mifflin Harcourt restructuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_round_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_round_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Second round restructuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_round_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recapitalization_in_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recapitalization_in_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Recapitalization in 2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recapitalization_in_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sale_of_publishing_assets_to_HarperCollins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_of_publishing_assets_to_HarperCollins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Sale of publishing assets to HarperCollins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale_of_publishing_assets_to_HarperCollins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_by_Veritas_Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_by_Veritas_Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Acquisition by Veritas Capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_by_Veritas_Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Leadership changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Catalog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" title="Houghton Mifflin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Houghton Mifflin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="هاوتن مفلین هارکورت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاوتن مفلین هارکورت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" title="Houghton Mifflin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Houghton Mifflin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="הוטון מיפלין הארקורט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוטון מיפלין הארקורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹൗട്ടൺ മിഫ്ലിൻ ഹാർകോർട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൗട്ടൺ മിഫ്ലിൻ ഹാർകോർട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q390074#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American publisher of textbooks</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><span class="nowrap">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_(HMH)_logo_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_%28HMH%29_logo_2024.svg/250px-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_%28HMH%29_logo_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_%28HMH%29_logo_2024.svg/375px-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_%28HMH%29_logo_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_%28HMH%29_logo_2024.svg/500px-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_%28HMH%29_logo_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="162" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1832<span class="noprint">; 192 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1832</span>)</span><br />(as Ticknor and Allen)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Self-distributed (US)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Raincoast_Books" title="Raincoast Books">Raincoast Books</a> (Canada trade)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)#Canadian_history" title="Thomas Nelson (publisher)">Nelson</a> (Canada textbooks)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Melia Publishing Services (UK)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette</a> Client Services (Latin America, South America, Asia and Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Peribo (Australia)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data">Jack Lynch (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a> & <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication types</th><td class="infobox-data">Books, software</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprints</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Graphia, Sandpiper, HMH Books for Young Readers, <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Adams" title="John Joseph Adams">John Joseph Adams</a> Books</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1.41 billion (2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veritas_Capital" title="Veritas Capital">Veritas Capital</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of employees</th><td class="infobox-data">4,000+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmhco.com/">www<wbr />.hmhco<wbr />.com</a></span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmhbooks.com/">www<wbr />.hmhbooks<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HOH</span>-tən</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>HMH</b>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publisher</a> of <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a>, instructional technology materials, assessments, and <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a>. The company is based in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Boston Financial District</a>. It was formerly known as <b>Houghton Mifflin Company</b>, but it changed its name following the 2007 acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt Publishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to March 2010, it was a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/EMPG" title="EMPG">Education Media and Publishing Group</a> Limited, an Irish-owned holding company registered in the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> and formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Riverdeep" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverdeep">Riverdeep</a>. In 2022, it was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Veritas_Capital" title="Veritas Capital">Veritas Capital</a>, a New York-based private-equity firm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_history">Company history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Company history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hmif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Hmif.jpg/220px-Hmif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Hmif.jpg/330px-Hmif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Hmif.jpg/440px-Hmif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Houghton Mifflin Harcourt at 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ticknor_and_Allen,_1832"><span id="Ticknor_and_Allen.2C_1832"></span>Ticknor and Allen, 1832</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ticknor and Allen, 1832"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1832, <a href="/wiki/William_Ticknor" title="William Ticknor">William Ticknor</a> and John Allen purchased a bookselling business in Boston and began to involve themselves in publishing; <a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a> joined as a partner in 1843. Fields and Ticknor gradually gathered an impressive list of writers, including <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duo formed a close relationship with Riverside Press, a Boston printing company owned by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oscar_Houghton" title="Henry Oscar Houghton">Henry Oscar Houghton</a>. Houghton also founded his own publishing company with partner Melancthon Hurd in 1864, with <a href="/wiki/George_H._Mifflin" title="George H. Mifflin">George H. Mifflin</a> joining the partnership in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallou197055,_131_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallou197055,_131-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878, <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_and_Fields" title="Ticknor and Fields">Ticknor and Fields</a>, now under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/James_R._Osgood" title="James R. Osgood">James R. Osgood</a>, found itself in financial difficulties and merged its operations with Hurd and Houghton. The new partnership, named Houghton, Osgood and Company, and based in Boston's <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Square_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop Square (Boston)">Winthrop Square</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held the rights to the literary works of both publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship199522–23_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship199522–23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Osgood left the firm two years later, the business reemerged as Houghton, Mifflin and Company. Despite a lucrative partnership with Lawson Valentine, Houghton, Mifflin and Company still had debt it had inherited from Ticknor and Fields, so it decided to add partners. In 1884, James D. Hurd, the son of Melancthon Hurd, became a partner. In 1888, three others became partners as well: James Murray Kay, Thurlow Weed Barnes, and Henry Oscar Houghton Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallou1970276–278,_303–304_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallou1970276–278,_303–304-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter, the company established an Educational Department, and from 1891 to 1908, sales of educational materials increased by 500 percent. The firm incorporated in 1908, changing its name to Houghton Mifflin Company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallou1970494–495_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallou1970494–495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after 1916, Houghton Mifflin became involved in publishing <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a> and testing materials, working closely with such test developers as E. F. Lindquist. By 1921, the company was the fourth-largest educational publisher in the United States. </p><p>In 1961, Houghton Mifflin famously passed on Julia Child's <i><a href="/wiki/Mastering_the_Art_of_French_Cooking" title="Mastering the Art of French Cooking">Mastering the Art of French Cooking</a></i>, giving it up to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> who published it in 1962. It became an overnight success, and is considered by many to be the bible of French cooking. Houghton Mifflin's strategic error was depicted in the 2009 film <i><a href="/wiki/Julie_%26_Julia" title="Julie & Julia">Julie & Julia</a></i>. </p><p>In 1967, Houghton Mifflin became a publicly traded company on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> under the stock symbol <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">HTN</span>. </p><p>In 1979, Houghton Mifflin acquired the complete catalog of <i>Parnassus Press</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Berkeley, California small press, established in 1957 by Herman Schein, the husband of writer-illustrator Ruth Robbins.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works by authors included: <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Kroeber" title="Theodora Kroeber">Theodora Kroeber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sidjakov" title="Nicolas Sidjakov">Nicolas Sidjakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ormondroyd" title="Edward Ormondroyd">Edward Ormondroyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Zolotow" title="Charlotte Zolotow">Charlotte Zolotow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_B._Fisher" title="Anne B. Fisher">Anne B. Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Say" title="Allen Say">Allen Say</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Cleary" title="Beverly Cleary">Beverly Cleary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Kilian" title="Crawford Kilian">Crawford Kilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Stoutenburg" title="Adrien Stoutenburg">Adrien Stoutenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_DeWitt" title="Sam DeWitt">Sam DeWitt</a>. In 1979, Houghton Mifflin acquired Clarion Books, the children's division of <a href="/wiki/Seabury_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabury Press">Seabury Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Houghton Mifflin acquired the educational publishing operations of <a href="/wiki/Rand_McNally" title="Rand McNally">Rand McNally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under (new from 1991) president <a href="/wiki/Nader_Darehshori" title="Nader Darehshori">Nader F. Darehshori</a> Houghton Mifflin acquired <a href="/wiki/McDougal_Littell" class="mw-redirect" title="McDougal Littell">McDougal Littell</a> in 1994, for $138 million, an educational publisher of secondary school materials,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the following year acquired <a href="/wiki/D.C._Heath_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Heath and Company">D.C. Heath and Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a publisher of supplemental educational resources. In 1995, HMH acquired Chapters Publishing, a publisher of cooking, garden, and craft titles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, HMH created their Great Source Education Group to combine the supplemental material product lines of their School Division, McDougal Littell, and Heath. </p><p>In 1998, HMH announced a sub-brand called LOGAL Software, which was to release a new line of interactive science software called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Gateways&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Gateways (page does not exist)">Science Gateways</a></i>, to support the United States curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is offering the "Logal Science" brand as a licensing opportunity on its website.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, it was announced that Houghton Mifflin Harcourt would be getting involved in TV production with a planned 2019 Netflix series that will revive the <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego" title="Carmen Sandiego">Carmen Sandiego</a></i> franchise.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mergers_and_acquisitions_activities,_2001–"><span id="Mergers_and_acquisitions_activities.2C_2001.E2.80.93"></span>Mergers and acquisitions activities, 2001–</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mergers and acquisitions activities, 2001–"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a> (M&A) activities have had major effects on this company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vivendi_purchase">Vivendi purchase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vivendi purchase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, Houghton Mifflin was acquired by French media giant <a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Universal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivendi Universal">Vivendi Universal</a> for $2.2 billion, including assumed debt. Vivendi Universal already owned the British children's publisher Kingfisher, which became a Houghton Mifflin imprint.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, facing mounting financial and legal pressures, Vivendi sold Houghton to private equity investors <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Lee_Partners" title="Thomas H. Lee Partners">Thomas H. Lee Partners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone Group">Blackstone Group</a> for $1.66 billion, including assumed debt (approximately 25% less than Vivendi had paid a year earlier).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riverdeep_merger_with_Houghton_Mifflin">Riverdeep merger with Houghton Mifflin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Riverdeep merger with Houghton Mifflin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 22, 2006, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Riverdeep" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverdeep">Riverdeep PLC</a> had completed its acquisition of Houghton Mifflin. The new joint enterprise would be called the Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group. Riverdeep paid $1.75 billion in cash and assumed $1.61 billion in debt from the private investment firms Thomas H. Lee Partners, Bain Capital, and Blackstone Group.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tony Lucki, a former non-executive director of Riverdeep, remained in his position as the company's chief executive officer until April 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Houghton Mifflin sold its professional testing unit, Promissor, to <a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company combined its remaining assessment products within Riverside Publishing, including San Francisco-based <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edusoft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edusoft (page does not exist)">Edusoft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harcourt_merger">Harcourt merger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Harcourt merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_logo.svg/200px-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_logo.svg/300px-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_logo.svg/400px-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="86" /></a><figcaption>Logo used from 2010 to 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 16, 2007, Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep announced that it signed a definitive agreement to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Education">Harcourt Education</a>, Harcourt Trade, and Greenwood-Heinemann divisions of <a href="/wiki/Reed_Elsevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed Elsevier">Reed Elsevier</a> for $4 billion. The expanded company would become Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. McDougal Littell was merged with Harcourt's Holt, Rinehart & Winston to form <a href="/wiki/Holt_McDougal" title="Holt McDougal">Holt McDougal</a>. </p><p>In October 2007, Houghton Mifflin sold Kingfisher to <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 3, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a> (formerly Thomson Learning) announced that it had agreed to acquire the assets of the Houghton Mifflin College Division for $750 million, pending regulatory approval. </p><p>On November 25, 2008, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt announced a temporary freeze on acquisition of new trade division titles, allegedly in response to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis of 2008">economic crisis of 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publisher of the trade division resigned, apparently in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many observers familiar with the publishing industry saw the move as a devastating blunder.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harcourt Religion was sold to <a href="/wiki/Our_Sunday_Visitor" title="Our Sunday Visitor">Our Sunday Visitor</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_restructuring">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt restructuring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 27, 2009, the <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i> newspaper reported that Houghton Mifflin Harcourt's controlling shareholder <a href="/wiki/EMPG" title="EMPG">EMPG</a> was in the process of a re-structuring negotiations with its unsecured-debt holders that would lead to the conversion of the debt into equity. The news story reported that the unsecured debt holders would receive a 45% equity stake. As a result, the royal family of Dubai via their <a href="/wiki/Istithmar_World" title="Istithmar World">Istithmar World</a> Capital investment vehicle became major stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubai's_royal_family_to_buy_up_stake_in_EMPG_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubai's_royal_family_to_buy_up_stake_in_EMPG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates were that EMPG would cut its debt from $7.3bn to $6.1bn. On August 15, 2009, the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> reported in an interview with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt's CEO at the time, Barry O'Callaghan, that the refinancing had received approval of more than 90% of lenders. The terms included the holding company debt converting into 45% of the fully diluted common equity, an effective 25 percent relaxation of financial covenants, second lien lenders agreeing to convert their holdings into a PIK instrument, reducing annual interest costs by $100m, and a further $50m increase its working capital facility.<sup id="cite_ref-EMPG_refinancing_will_cut_$7.6bn_debt_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMPG_refinancing_will_cut_$7.6bn_debt-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_round_restructuring">Second round restructuring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second round restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further restructuring of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt's debts was confirmed by the company on January 13, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-EMPG_pushes_for_financial_shake-up_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMPG_pushes_for_financial_shake-up-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed restructuring materially impacted the shareholders of <a href="/wiki/EMPG" title="EMPG">EMPG</a>, the former holding company of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.<sup id="cite_ref-Potential_wipe_out_of_EMPG's_shareholders_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potential_wipe_out_of_EMPG's_shareholders-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recapitalization_in_2010">Recapitalization in 2010</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recapitalization in 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 22, 2010, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt announced that EMPG and HMH had reached an agreement to restructure the finances of the company and recapitalize its balance sheet with a substantial fresh cash investment by institutional investors.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_Secures_New_$650-Million_Cash_Investment_and_Recapitalizes_Balance_Sheet_in_Historic_Restructuring_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_Secures_New_$650-Million_Cash_Investment_and_Recapitalizes_Balance_Sheet_in_Historic_Restructuring-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agreement, supported by 100% of HMH's creditors, highlighted a reduction in the senior debt to $3 billion from the current $5 billion, with new equity issued to the senior debt holders (including <a href="/wiki/Paulson_%26_Co." title="Paulson & Co.">Paulson & Co.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Partners" title="Guggenheim Partners">Guggenheim Partners</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_Owner_Restructures_Debt_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton_Owner_Restructures_Debt-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conversion of the $2 billion mezzanine debt into equity and warrant, receipt of $650m of new cash from the sale of new equity. In addition to the key highlights, HMH announced its new $100m Innovation Fund, to invest in the next generation of technology for the education industry. </p><p>The <i>Irish Times</i><sup id="cite_ref-EMPG_agrees_$650m_cash_injection_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMPG_agrees_$650m_cash_injection-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that the investments by the then equity holders of EMPG, including HMH's CEO at the time, <a href="/wiki/Barry_O%27Callaghan" title="Barry O'Callaghan">Barry O'Callaghan</a>, private clients of Davy Stockbrokers, Reed Elsevier, and others of over $3.5 billion would be written down to zero. Additionally, the Irish Independent reported that following the restructuring, the investors of EMPG would have a nominal investment in Houghton Mifflin Harcourt via warrants over 5% of the company if it exceeded the $10 billion valuation<sup id="cite_ref-EMPG_restructuring_an_end_for_old_order_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMPG_restructuring_an_end_for_old_order-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placed on the company at the time of the merger between Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep and Harcourt. In addition to the warrants in HMH, the EMPG shareholders would continue to own a stake in the international investment vehicle, <a href="/wiki/EMPGI" title="EMPGI">EMPGI</a> which has stakes in China, the Middle East and elsewhere. </p><p>The <i>Financial Times</i> reported<sup id="cite_ref-Debt_deal_averts_HMH_bankruptcy_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debt_deal_averts_HMH_bankruptcy-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that no management changes were expected as part of the deal with both the CEO at the time, <a href="/wiki/Barry_O%27Callaghan" title="Barry O'Callaghan">Barry O'Callaghan</a> and the CFO, Michael Muldowney expected to remain in their roles. The Times reported that a new nine-member board was to be created with the CEO the only executive representative, one independent, two representative of Paulson & Co, and one director from each of Apollo, BlackRock, Guggenheim Partners, Fidelity and Avenue Capital. </p><p>On March 10, 2010, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt announced that it had completed its re-capitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_Announces_Successful_Completion_of_Balance_Sheet_Recapitalization_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_Announces_Successful_Completion_of_Balance_Sheet_Recapitalization-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to a new investment of $650 million of equity, the debt levels of the company were reduced by approximately 60% and the annual interest payments by over 75%. According to the Irish State Broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>, the old equity investors based in Ireland has lost all their investment.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Callaghan_firm_completes_debt_deal_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Callaghan_firm_completes_debt_deal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i> reported that the old shareholders were denied a shareholders meeting to vote or discuss the restructuring.<sup id="cite_ref-Shareholder_anger_over_EMPG_deal_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shareholder_anger_over_EMPG_deal-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former shareholders have been left with warrants over 5% of the company, in the case its value recovers to previous levels. </p><p>On September 19, 2011, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Linda_Zecher" title="Linda Zecher">Linda K. Zecher</a> would be replacing Barry O'Callahan as chief executive officer and Director of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt after O'Callahan resigned. In July 2012, Zecher detailed her plans for post-bankruptcy to D.C. Denison at The Boston Globe.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zecher went to HMH from Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, HMH acquired the culinary and reference portfolio of <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, including <a href="/wiki/CliffsNotes" title="CliffsNotes">CliffsNotes</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_Dictionary" title="Webster's New World Dictionary">Webster's New World Dictionary</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HMH went public in November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt sponsored <a href="/wiki/Curious_George_(TV_series)" title="Curious George (TV series)">Curious George (TV series)</a> on <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese" title="Chuck E. Cheese">Chuck E. Cheese</a>. </p><p>On May 13, 2014, HMH bought <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_News" title="Channel One News">Channel One News</a>. In 2015, Houghton Mifflin struggled to find a charity that would accept royalties for <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 15, 2017, John J. ("Jack") Lynch Jr., the former CEO of Renaissance Learning, was named the new CEO of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, HMH sold its Steck-Vaughn adult education titles to Paxen Publishing and its <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Publishing">Riverside</a> test publishing subsidiary to Alpine Investments.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, HMH acquired <a href="/wiki/NWEA" title="NWEA">NWEA</a>, a not-for-profit academic assessment company.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sale_of_publishing_assets_to_HarperCollins">Sale of publishing assets to HarperCollins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sale of publishing assets to HarperCollins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 29, 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, a division of American mass media and publishing company <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a>, had reached a deal to buy HMH Books & Media for US$349 million. The sale includes HMH's trade publishing division and computer video game franchises such as <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego" title="Carmen Sandiego">Carmen Sandiego</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(series)" title="The Oregon Trail (series)">The Oregon Trail</a></i>. The deal would allow HMH to pay down its debt so it could further its digital-first strategy in educational publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was completed on May 10.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquisition_by_Veritas_Capital">Acquisition by Veritas Capital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acquisition by Veritas Capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 22, 2022, a <a href="/wiki/Tender_offer" title="Tender offer">tender offer</a> was announced by <a href="/wiki/Veritas_Capital" title="Veritas Capital">Veritas Capital</a> to acquire HMH at a price of $21 per share, or about $2.8 Billion.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tender deadline was originally April 1, before being extended to April 6 on March 29.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the tender date, the stock generated a lot of hype on internet forum <a href="/wiki/R/wallstreetbets" title="R/wallstreetbets">WallStreetBets</a>, with over 36,000 contracts traded for the June 17 $22.5 strike price <a href="/wiki/Call_option" title="Call option">call options</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many investors purchased call options based on numerous reports from institutional investors with large stakes in the company, claiming that the $21 per share offer was undervaluing the company.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 6, 57% of $HMHC shares were put up for tender, leading to the tender offer going through and HMH going private.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the sale was completed, the stock of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt was delisted from Nasdaq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_changes">Leadership changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leadership changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 22, 2016, Zecher resigned from HMH and was replaced by Interim CEO and Board Member L. Gordon Crovitz. Crovitz is a former publisher of the <i>Wall Street Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 15, 2017, John J. "Jack" Lynch Jr., the former CEO of Renaissance Learning, was named the new CEO of HMH.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lynch brought former employee Jim O'Neill back to the company to lead the core division as GM and EVP.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catalog">Catalog</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catalog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HMH is also formerly home to media brands like Carmen Sandiego and The Oregon Trail; and brands including The Whole30; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_American_Series" title="The Best American Series">The Best American Series</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_Dictionary" title="Webster's New World Dictionary">Webster's New World Dictionaries</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Better_Homes_and_Gardens_(magazine)" title="Better Homes and Gardens (magazine)">Better Homes and Gardens</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Cook_Everything" title="How to Cook Everything">How to Cook Everything</a></i>; the <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Field_Guides" title="Peterson Field Guides">Peterson Field Guides</a>; <a href="/wiki/CliffsNotes" title="CliffsNotes">CliffsNotes</a>; and many children's books, including the "<a href="/wiki/Curious_George" title="Curious George">Curious George</a>" series and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a></i>; as well as publishing the works of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> for United States distribution. </p><p>Some other noted books include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> (1987) (<a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">E-book</a> version)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_publishing_companies" title="Category:Educational publishing companies">Educational publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">Books in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>. <q>A beacon of publishing and children's literature on the West Coast, the complete catalog of the Parnassus Press were sold to Houghton Mifflin in 1979.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Archive+of+California&rft.atitle=Finding+Aid+to+the+Parnassus+Press+records%2C+1930-1989+%28bulk+1955-1978%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fk61v5bw1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/publisher.cgi?367">"Publisher: Parnassus Press"</a>. <i>isfdb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E2D6103FF932A05753C1A9649C8B63">Market Place; Vivendi Is Said To Be Near Sale Of Houghton</a>." <i>New York Times</i>, October 31, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E2DC133FF932A35752C0A9659C8B63">COMPANY NEWS; VIVENDI FINISHES SALE OF HOUGHTON MIFFLIN TO INVESTORS</a>." <i>New York Times</i>, January 1, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookdownloading.com/article/detail/irish-company-completes-houghton-mifflin-acquisition/">"Irish company completes Houghton Mifflin acquisition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909143218/http://www.bookdownloading.com/article/detail/irish-company-completes-houghton-mifflin-acquisition/">Archived</a> September 9, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bookdownloading.com, December 22, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew and Peter Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/8d158afe-63c5-11db-bc82-0000779e2340.html">"Riverdeep in talks over $3.5bn takeover of Houghton Mifflin"</a>, <i>Financial Times</i>, October 25, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/01/23/daily3.html">"Houghton Mifflin sells Promissor unit for $42M"</a>. <i>www.bizjournals.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.businesswire.com&rft.atitle=Expiration+Date+of+Tender+Offer+for+Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Extended+to+April+6%2C+2022&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20220329005578%2Fen%2FExpiration-Date-of-Tender-Offer-for-Houghton-Mifflin-Harcourt-Extended-to-April-6-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhales2022" class="citation web cs1">Whales, Unusual (April 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/a-review-of-unusual-options-activity-in-houghton-mifflin-harcourt-co-hmhc-ishares-global">"A Review of Unusual Options Activity in Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co (HMHC), iShares Global Clean Energy ETF. (ICLN), and Cenovus Energy Inc. (CVE)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+Unusual+Options+Activity+in+Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Co+%28HMHC%29%2C+iShares+Global+Clean+Energy+ETF.+%28ICLN%29%2C+and+Cenovus+Energy+Inc.+%28CVE%29&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.aulast=Whales&rft.aufirst=Unusual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasdaq.com%2Farticles%2Fa-review-of-unusual-options-activity-in-houghton-mifflin-harcourt-co-hmhc-ishares-global&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220306005045/en/Significant-Shareholder-Prasad-Phatak-Sends-Letter-to-Houghton-Mifflin-Harcourt-Company-Board-of-Directors-Opposing-Veritas-Capital-Transaction">"Significant Shareholder Prasad Phatak Sends Letter to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company Board of Directors Opposing Veritas Capital Transaction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Significant+Shareholder+Prasad+Phatak+Sends+Letter+to+Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Company+Board+of+Directors+Opposing+Veritas+Capital+Transaction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20220306005045%2Fen%2FSignificant-Shareholder-Prasad-Phatak-Sends-Letter-to-Houghton-Mifflin-Harcourt-Company-Board-of-Directors-Opposing-Veritas-Capital-Transaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/houghton-mifflin-harcourt-successfully-completes-110000469.html">"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Successfully Completes Sale to Veritas Capital"</a>. <i>finance.yahoo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finance.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Successfully+Completes+Sale+to+Veritas+Capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fhoughton-mifflin-harcourt-successfully-completes-110000469.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmhco.com/media-center/press-releases/2016/september/hmh-management-news">"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Announces Management Change"</a>. September 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Announces+Management+Change&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmhco.com%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-releases%2F2016%2Fseptember%2Fhmh-management-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConti2017" class="citation web cs1">Conti, Katheleen (February 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/02/15/houghton-mifflin-names-new-ceo/KhVCWqDx1XKK5IZFVVhTyM/story.html">"Houghton Mifflin names new CEO"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Houghton+Mifflin+names+new+CEO&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.aulast=Conti&rft.aufirst=Katheleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2017%2F02%2F15%2Fhoughton-mifflin-names-new-ceo%2FKhVCWqDx1XKK5IZFVVhTyM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar2017" class="citation web cs1">Molnar, Michele (October 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/houghton-mifflin-harcourt-launches-new-leadership-team/">"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Launches New Leadership Team"</a>. <i>Market Brief</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Market+Brief&rft.atitle=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Launches+New+Leadership+Team&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarketbrief.edweek.org%2Fmarketplace-k-12%2Fhoughton-mifflin-harcourt-launches-new-leadership-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/The-Handmaids-Tale/9780547345666">"The Handmaid's Tale"</a>. <i>Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118044248/https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/The-Handmaids-Tale/9780547345666">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.atitle=The+Handmaid%27s+Tale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmhbooks.com%2Fshop%2Fbooks%2FThe-Handmaids-Tale%2F9780547345666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood1986" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Margaret (February 17, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrsVZKWJg4UC"><i>The Handmaid's Tale - Margaret Atwood</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0547345666" title="Special:BookSources/0547345666"><bdi>0547345666</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714234908/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrsVZKWJg4UC">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handmaid%27s+Tale+-+Margaret+Atwood&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1986-02-17&rft.isbn=0547345666&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrsVZKWJg4UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallou1970" class="citation book cs1">Ballou, Ellen B. (1970). <i>The Building of the House: Houghton Mifflin's Formative Years</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Building+of+the+House%3A+Houghton+Mifflin%27s+Formative+Years&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ballou&rft.aufirst=Ellen+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoughton+Mifflin+Harcourt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works published by or about: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Houghton,_Mifflin_%26_Co." class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Houghton, Mifflin & Co.">Houghton, Mifflin & Co.</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmhco.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078911">Finding aid to the Houghton Mifflin Company letters (1859–1860) at Columbia University. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Template:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Template talk:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CliffsNotes" title="CliffsNotes">CliffsNotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMPG" title="EMPG">EMPG</a></li> <li>Great Source</li> <li>Harcourt School Supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_McDougal" title="Holt McDougal">Holt McDougal</a></li> <li>Rigby (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_math" title="Saxon math">Saxon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt_Learning_Technology" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Learning Technology">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Learning Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Company" title="The Learning Company">The Learning Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broderbund" title="Broderbund">Broderbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmark" title="Edmark">Edmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Blackstone" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blackstone_Companies" title="Template:Blackstone Companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blackstone_Companies" title="Template talk:Blackstone Companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blackstone_Companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blackstone Companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Blackstone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone Inc">Blackstone</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman" title="Stephen A. Schwarzman">Stephen A. Schwarzman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baratta" title="Joseph Baratta">Joseph Baratta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blitzer" title="David Blitzer">David Blitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Gray" title="Jonathan D. Gray">Jonathan D. Gray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Altman" title="Roger Altman">Roger Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Fink" title="Larry Fink">Larry Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_E._James" title="Hamilton E. James">Hamilton E. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">David Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Studzinski" title="John J. Studzinski">John J. Studzinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tosi" title="Laurence Tosi">Laurence Tosi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Credit" title="Blackstone Credit">Blackstone Credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">Blackrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJT_Partners" title="PJT Partners">PJT Partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investment holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMS_Computers" title="CMS Computers">CMS Computers</a></li> <li>RGIS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunGard" title="SunGard">SunGard</a> (minority shareholder)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumer/retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Michaels_Companies" title="The Michaels Companies">The Michaels Companies</a> (Joint control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Foods" title="Pinnacle Foods">Pinnacle Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Biscuits" title="United Biscuits">United Biscuits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IT services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mphasis" title="Mphasis">Mphasis</a> (56.12%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BankUnited" title="BankUnited">BankUnited</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corebridge_Financial" title="Corebridge Financial">Corebridge Financial</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HealthMarkets" title="HealthMarkets">HealthMarkets</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Guaranty_Insurance_Company" title="Financial Guaranty Insurance Company">FGIC</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refinitiv" title="Refinitiv">Refinitiv</a> (minority stake)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomet" title="Biomet">Biomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emcure_Pharmaceuticals" title="Emcure Pharmaceuticals">Emcure Pharmaceuticals</a> (investment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Health_Systems" title="Vanguard Health Systems">Vanguard Health Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale</a> (Joint Control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%B6ckner_Pentaplast" title="Klöckner Pentaplast">Klöckner Pentaplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRW_Automotive" title="TRW Automotive">TRW Automotive</a> (Control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essel_Propack" title="Essel Propack">Essel Propack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media/telecom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MNRK_Music_Group" title="MNRK Music Group">MNRK Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dualtone_Records" title="Dualtone Records">Dualtone Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Gang_Records" title="Last Gang Records">Last Gang Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Records" title="Light Records">Light Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SESAC" title="SESAC">SESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAccess" class="mw-redirect" title="EAccess">eAccess</a> (investment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings" title="Nielsen Holdings">Nielsen Holdings</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axtel" title="Axtel">Axtel</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDC_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="TDC Group">TDC Group</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">The Weather Channel</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">International Data Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel & leisure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide" title="Hilton Worldwide">Hilton Worldwide</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_Dining_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Casual Dining Group">Casual Dining Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Parcs_Europe" title="Center Parcs Europe">Center Parcs Europe</a> (freehold)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Parcs_UK_and_Ireland" title="Center Parcs UK and Ireland">Center Parcs UK and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Entertainment_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesars Entertainment Corporation">Caesars Entertainment Corporation</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Resorts" title="Crown Resorts">Crown Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wolf_Resorts" title="Great Wolf Resorts">Great Wolf Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Entertainments" title="Merlin Entertainments">Merlin Entertainments</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaWorld_Parks_%26_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment">SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelport" title="Travelport">Travelport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_Leisure" title="Bourne Leisure">Bourne Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Hotel_Club" title="Village Hotel Club">Village Hotel Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Real estate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Stay_America" title="Extended Stay America">Extended Stay America</a> (minority stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EQ_Office" title="EQ Office">EQ Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Quinta_Inns_%26_Suites" title="La Quinta Inns & Suites">La Quinta Inns & Suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Ryde_City" title="Top Ryde City">Top Ryde City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390074#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Houghton Mifflin Company"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121960375">ISNI</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159556432">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5514375-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79073908">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Houghton Mifflin Company"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003163504&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Houghton, Mifflin and Company"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003163505&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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