The reverse transcriptase domain of prime editors contributes to DNA repair in mammalian cells

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data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2025-02-17">17 February 2025</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">The reverse transcriptase domain of prime editors contributes to DNA repair in mammalian cells</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Chunwei-Zheng-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Chunwei-Zheng-Aff1" data-author-search="Zheng, Chunwei">Chunwei Zheng</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2084-5567"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-2084-5567</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gangming-Zhang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Gangming-Zhang-Aff1" data-author-search="Zhang, Gangming">Gangming Zhang</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-2607"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-2607</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lilia_J_-Dean-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Lilia_J_-Dean-Aff1" data-author-search="Dean, Lilia J.">Lilia J. Dean</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0009-0001-2225-6395"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0009-0001-2225-6395</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Erik_J_-Sontheimer-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Erik_J_-Sontheimer-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Sontheimer, Erik J.">Erik J. Sontheimer</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-0310"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-0310</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 5 authors for this article" title="Show all 5 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Wen-Xue-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Wen-Xue-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-search="Xue, Wen" data-corresp-id="c1">Wen Xue<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-8042"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-8042</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nbt" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Biotechnology</i></a> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2025</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">2147 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">25 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/cell-biology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Cell biology</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/gene-therapy" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Gene therapy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Reverse transcriptase (RT) has been shown to play a role in double-strand break repair in bacteria, yet the impact of the RT component of prime editors (PEs) on normal mammalian cellular functions is unclear. Here we show that overexpressed RT or PE increases short insertions and diminishes homology-directed repair following Cas9 cleavage at multiple loci in multiple cell lines. Live-cell imaging shows that RT and PEs are rapidly recruited to laser-induced DNA damage sites and promote endogenous repair, independent of known DNA damage sensors. Interestingly, RT–mCherry partially impairs green fluorescent protein–PARP1 recruitment. A compact PE without an RNase H domain shows reduced DNA repair activity and may therefore be more suitable for clinical application. 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id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>The raw sequencing data have been deposited in the NCBI BioProject database under accession code <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA1209104">PRJNA1209104</a> (ref. <sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 48" title="Zheng, C., Zhang, G., Dean, L., Sontheimer, E. & Xue, W. The reverse transcriptase domain of prime editors contributes to DNA repair in mammalian cells. NCBI BioProject 
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA1209104
 
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The reverse transcriptase domain of prime editors contributes to DNA repair in mammalian cells. <i>NCBI BioProject</i> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA1209104" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA1209104">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA1209104</a> (2025).</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41587-025-02568-1?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>We thank P. Zamore and C. Mello for helpful discussions and E. Haberlin and D. Conte for editing the manuscript. We thank C. Baer and J. McConnell in the University of Massachusetts Chan SCOPE Confocal Imaging Core. The Leica STELLARIS 8 STED microscope was funded by a Massachusetts Life Sciences Center Research Infrastructure grant award to K. Fitzgerald and C. Baer. The SCOPE RRID is SCR_022721. We thank M. Gonzalez-Perez in the University of Massachusetts Chan Mass Spectrometry Core for support and C. Hou for technical assistance. We thank the University of Massachusetts Chan FACS core for cell sorting (NIH 1S10OD028576). This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01CA275945, R01GM150279, P01HL158506 and UH3HL147367), Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="na1"><p>These authors contributed equally: Chunwei Zheng, Gangming Zhang.</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Chunwei Zheng, Gangming Zhang, Lilia J. Dean, Erik J. Sontheimer & Wen Xue</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Erik J. Sontheimer & Wen Xue</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Erik J. Sontheimer & Wen Xue</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Wen Xue</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Chunwei-Zheng-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Chunwei Zheng</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Chunwei%20Zheng" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Chunwei%20Zheng" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Chunwei%20Zheng%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Gangming-Zhang-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Gangming Zhang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Gangming%20Zhang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Gangming%20Zhang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Gangming%20Zhang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Lilia_J_-Dean-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Lilia J. Dean</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Lilia%20J.%20Dean" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Lilia%20J.%20Dean" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Lilia%20J.%20Dean%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Erik_J_-Sontheimer-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Erik J. Sontheimer</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Erik%20J.%20Sontheimer" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Erik%20J.%20Sontheimer" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Erik%20J.%20Sontheimer%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Wen-Xue-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Wen Xue</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Wen%20Xue" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Wen%20Xue" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Wen%20Xue%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>C.Z., G.Z., E.J.S. and W.X. designed the research. C.Z. performed experiments, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. G.Z. and L.J.D. performed experiments. All authors reviewed, edited and approved the manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:wen.xue@umassmed.edu">Wen Xue</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar4">Competing interests</h3> <p>E.J.S. is a cofounder and scientific advisor of Intellia Therapeutics and a Scientific Advisory Board member at Tessera Therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Peer review"><div class="c-article-section" id="peer-review-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="peer-review">Peer review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="peer-review-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">Peer review information</h3> <p><i>Nature Biotechnology</i> thanks John van der Oost and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Extended data"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec22-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec22">Extended data</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec22-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig5"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 1 profiling dna repair outcomes" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/5" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig5_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 1 Profiling DNA repair outcomes after RT overexpression.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> The frequencies of each outcome relative to total reads at <i>PRNP</i> locus. Diagrams show indels occurring with a frequency higher than 0.2% (left). Heatmaps show frequencies of each outcome relative to total reads (right), each with three experimental replicates for different groups. <b>b</b> RT participates in DNA repair in a dose-dependent manner. HEK293T cells were transfected with Cas9 nuclease and an sgRNA targeting the <i>PRNP</i> locus, along with increasing amounts of RT to assess potential dose-dependent effects (n = 4). <b>c</b> Profiling DNA repair outcomes in A549 cells. Frequencies of Cas9-induced indels at <i>PRNP</i> locus in A549 cells. <b>d</b> - <b>e</b> The impact of RT on the frequencies of Cas9-induced indels at <i>PRNP</i> locus in human IMR-90 primary lung fibroblasts (<b>d</b>) and H9 embryonic stem cells (<b>e</b>). Results were obtained from three independent experiments (n = 3), shown as mean ± s.d. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig6"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 2 rt alters dna repair outcomes" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/6" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig6_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 2 RT alters DNA repair outcomes at multiple loci.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> Visualization of the Cas9-induced indel classes at the <i>PAH</i> locus in HEK293T cells. The frequency of G, TG, and TGTG insertions is increased after RT overexpression. <b>b</b> Visualization of the Cas9-induced indel classes at the <i>VEGFA</i> locus in HEK293T cells. The frequency of A insertions is increased after RT overexpression.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig7"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 3 the dna repair activity of va" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/7" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig7_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 3 The DNA repair activity of various RT orthologues.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> Tf1 RT alters DNA repair outcomes at <i>PAH</i> locus. <b>b</b> - <b>c</b> Ec48 RT alters DNA repair outcomes at <i>PRNP</i> (<b>b</b>) and <i>PAH</i> (<b>c</b>) loci. <b>d</b> The lentivirus was packaged by co-transfecting HEK293T cells with a transfer plasmid (encoding mCherry), Delta 8.2 (encoding Gag, Pol, Rev, Tat), and VSV-G. Delta 8.2 with a catalytically inactive Pol (dPol) was used as a negative control. HEK293T cells were transfected with Cas9 and sgRNA targeting the <i>PRNP</i> locus, and 12 hours later, these cells were transduced with the lentivirus. Results were obtained from at least three independent experiments, shown as mean ± s.d. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test; ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig8"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 4 rt alters dna repair outcomes" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/8" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig8_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 4 RT alters DNA repair outcomes.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> RT reduced the frequency of HDR at <i>VEGFA</i> locus. The relative frequencies of HDR and A insertion at the <i>VEGFA</i> locus. <b>b</b> Long deletion at the <i>PRNP</i> locus was detected by Nanopore sequencing. <b>c</b> The impact of RT on DSB repair induced by Cas12a at the <i>GRIN2B</i> and <i>VEGFA</i> loci. Results were obtained from three independent experiments (n = 3), shown as mean ± s.d. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test; ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig9"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 5 rt shows similar activities t" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/9" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig9_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 5 RT shows similar activities to human DNA repair polymerase λ.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> Structural organization of DNA polymerase λ and RT. Pol, DNA polymerase. <b>b</b> Knockout of POLL. Expression of POLL was detected by western blot. <b>c</b> Heatmaps show relative frequencies of indels in <i>POLL</i> (Pol λ) KO cells (n = 3). <b>d</b> Knockout of POLQ was detected by genomic PCR. Sanger sequencing shows deletion between two sgRNAs. <b>e</b> Visualization of the indel classes at the <i>PRNP</i> locus in HEK293T cells (left). Diagrams show the indels occurring with a frequency higher than 0.2%. Heatmaps show frequencies of each outcome relative to total indels. Results were obtained from two independent experiments (n = 2).</p><p><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1#MOESM3">Source data</a></p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig10"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 6 rapid accumulation of rt." href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/10" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig10_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 6 Rapid accumulation of RT.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> U2OS cells were infected with lentivirus mCherry following laser microirradiation as a negative control. Representative data from three experimental replicates are shown. Scale bars, 10 μm. <b>b</b> Silencing of MRE11 or Ku80 by shRNA. Expression of MRE11 (n = 4 biological replicates) or Ku80 (n = 3 biological replicates) was detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in control (gray) and shRNA (blue) groups. Mean ± s.d. shown. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.<b>c</b> Recruitment time course of RT-mCherry in shControl (n = 4 cells in 2 biological replicates) or shKu80 (n = 4 cells in 2 biological replicates) U2OS cells. <b>d</b> Recruitment time course of RT-mCherry in shControl (n = 5 cells in 2 biological replicates) or shMRE11 (n = 5 cells in 2 biological replicates) U2OS cells. Data in <b>c</b>, <b>d</b> are Mean + s.d.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig11"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 7 rt recognizes ssbs." href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/11" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig11_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 7 RT recognizes SSBs.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> U2OS cells were transfected with H840A and RT with or without pegRNA targeting telomeres. RT was recruited to telomeres where SSBs were generated by H840A and pegRNA. White arrows indicate telomeres (small dots), representative of observations from 20 cells. Scale bars, 10 μm. <b>b - c</b> The impact of RT repair activity on DSBs and SSBs using both fused and separate versions at <i>HEK4</i> (<b>b</b>) and <i>PRNP (</i><b>c</b>) loci. nCas9, H840A/N863A. Results were obtained from three independent experiments (n = 3), shown as mean ± s.d.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig12"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 8 interacting proteins of rt." href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/12" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig12_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 8 Interacting proteins of RT.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> GO analysis for RT-interacting proteins in HEK293T cells. P-values were calculated using a modified Fisher’s exact test. P.adjust were calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. <b>b</b> IP-western blot confirms the interaction of RT and DDX1. Representative data from two experimental replicates are shown.</p><p><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1#MOESM3">Source data</a></p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig13"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 9 pe alters dna repair outcomes" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/13" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig13_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 9 PE alters DNA repair outcomes at multiple loci.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> The frequency of TG and TGTG insertions is increased after PE-Cas9 overexpression at the <i>PAH</i> locus in HEK293T cells. <b>b</b> The frequency of A insertions is increased after PE-Cas9 overexpression at the <i>VEGFA</i> locus in HEK293T cells.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig14"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 10 removing the rnase h domain " href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1/figures/14" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_Fig14_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 10 Removing the RNase H domain reduced DNA repair activity.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b> The relative frequencies of each outcome after Cas9 cleavage following overexpressing of RT, RTΔRNaseH, compact PE-Cas9 at <i>VEGFA</i> locus (left). Frequencies of the A insertion at <i>VEGFA</i> locus (right). Results were obtained from three independent experiments (n = 3) Mean ± s.d. shown. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. <b>b</b> Volcano plots show the −log<sub>10</sub> FDR-adjusted P value versus log<sub>2</sub> fold change in transcript abundance for each RNA. Genes with the Log<sub>2</sub> fold change > 1.5 and FDR-adjusted P < 0.05 are represented by red dots, while genes with the log<sub>2</sub> fold change less than −1.5 (FDR-adjusted P < 0.05) are indicated by blue dots. Results were obtained from two independent experiments (n = 2).</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec23-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec23">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec23-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Table 1: Potential RT-interacting proteins. Supplementary Table 2: List of genes that were significantly changed. Supplementary Table 3: Sequences of sgRNAs and pegRNAs used in this study. Supplementary Table 4: Sequences of shRNAs used in this study. Supplementary Table 5: Sequences of primers used for high-throughput sequencing. Supplementary sequences.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="reporting summary" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Reporting Summary</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Source data"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec24-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec24">Source data</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec24-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data extended data figs. 5 and 8" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1/MediaObjects/41587_2025_2568_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Extended Data Figs. 5 and 8</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Unprocessed western blots for Extended Data Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1#Fig9">5b</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41587-025-02568-1#Fig12">8b</a>.</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p>Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</p><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=The%20reverse%20transcriptase%20domain%20of%20prime%20editors%20contributes%20to%20DNA%20repair%20in%20mammalian%20cells&author=Chunwei%20Zheng%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41587-025-02568-1&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29%2C%20under%20exclusive%20licence%20to%20Springer%20Nature%20America%2C%20Inc.&publication=1087-0156&publicationDate=2025-02-17&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/s41587-025-02568-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41587-025-02568-1" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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The reverse transcriptase domain of prime editors contributes to DNA repair in mammalian cells | Nature Biotechnology