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href="#IEC_61508_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>IEC 61508 certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEC_61508_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry/application_specific_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry/application_specific_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industry/application specific variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry/application_specific_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industry/application specific variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industry/application_specific_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Automotive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Process industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Power plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machinery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machinery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Machinery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machinery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Testing software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_safety_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_safety_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Related safety standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_safety_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Textbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>IEC 61508</b> is an <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) consisting of methods on how to apply, design, deploy and maintain automatic protection systems called safety-related systems. It is titled <i><b>Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-related Systems</b></i> (<b>E/E/PE</b>, or <b>E/E/PES</b>). </p><p>IEC 61508 is a basic functional safety standard applicable to all industries. It defines functional safety as: “part of the overall safety relating to the EUC (Equipment Under Control) and the EUC control system which depends on the correct functioning of the E/E/PE safety-related systems, other technology safety-related systems and external risk reduction facilities.” The fundamental concept is that any safety-related system must work correctly or fail in a predictable (safe) way. </p><p>The standard has two fundamental principles: </p> <ol><li>An engineering process called the <a href="/wiki/Safety_life_cycle" title="Safety life cycle">safety life cycle</a> is defined based on best practices in order to discover and eliminate design errors and omissions.</li> <li>A probabilistic failure approach to account for the safety impact of device failures.</li></ol> <p>The safety life cycle has 16 phases which roughly can be divided into three groups as follows: </p> <ol><li>Phases 1–5 address analysis</li> <li>Phases 6–13 address realisation</li> <li>Phases 14–16 address operation.</li></ol> <p>All phases are concerned with the safety function of the system. </p><p>The standard has seven parts: </p> <ul><li>Parts 1–3 contain the requirements of the standard (normative)</li> <li>Part 4 contains definitions</li> <li>Parts 5–7 are guidelines and examples for development and thus informative.</li></ul> <p>Central to the standard are the concepts of probabilistic risk for each safety function. The risk is a function of frequency (or likelihood) of the hazardous event and the event consequence severity. The risk is reduced to a tolerable level by applying safety functions which may consist of E/E/PES, associated mechanical devices, or other technologies. Many requirements apply to all technologies but there is strong emphasis on programmable electronics especially in Part 3. </p><p>IEC 61508 has the following views on risks: </p> <ul><li>Zero risk can never be reached, only probabilities can be reduced</li> <li>Non-tolerable risks must be reduced (<a href="/wiki/ALARP" class="mw-redirect" title="ALARP">ALARP</a>)</li> <li>Optimal, cost effective safety is achieved when addressed in the entire safety lifecycle</li></ul> <p>Specific techniques ensure that mistakes and errors are avoided across the entire life-cycle. Errors introduced anywhere from the initial concept, risk analysis, specification, design, installation, maintenance and through to disposal could undermine even the most reliable protection. IEC 61508 specifies techniques that should be used for each phase of the life-cycle. The seven parts of the first edition of IEC 61508 were published in 1998 and 2000. The second edition was published in 2010. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazard_and_risk_analysis">Hazard and risk analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hazard and risk analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard requires that hazard and risk assessment be carried out for bespoke systems: 'The EUC (equipment under control) risk shall be evaluated, or estimated, for each determined hazardous event'. </p><p>The standard advises that 'Either qualitative or quantitative hazard and risk analysis techniques may be used' and offers guidance on a number of approaches. One of these, for the qualitative analysis of hazards, is a framework based on 6 categories of likelihood of occurrence and 4 of consequence. </p><p><b> Categories of likelihood of occurrence </b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Definition</th> <th>Range (failures per year) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Frequent</td> <td>Many times in lifetime</td> <td>> 10<sup>−3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Probable</td> <td>Several times in lifetime</td> <td>10<sup>−3</sup> to 10<sup>−4</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Occasional</td> <td>Once in lifetime</td> <td>10<sup>−4</sup> to 10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Remote</td> <td>Unlikely in lifetime</td> <td>10<sup>−5</sup> to 10<sup>−6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Improbable</td> <td>Very unlikely to occur</td> <td>10<sup>−6</sup> to 10<sup>−7</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Incredible</td> <td>Cannot believe that it could occur</td> <td>< 10<sup>−7</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b> Consequence categories </b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>Catastrophic</td> <td>Multiple loss of life </td></tr> <tr> <td>Critical</td> <td>Loss of a single life </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marginal</td> <td>Major injuries to one or more persons </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negligible</td> <td>Minor injuries at worst </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These are typically combined into a risk class matrix </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>Consequence</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Likelihood</b></td> <td>Catastrophic</td> <td>Critical</td> <td>Marginal</td> <td>Negligible </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frequent</td> <td>I</td> <td>I</td> <td>I</td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>Probable</td> <td>I</td> <td>I</td> <td>II</td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>Occasional</td> <td>I</td> <td>II</td> <td>III</td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>Remote</td> <td>II</td> <td>III</td> <td>III</td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>Improbable</td> <td>III</td> <td>III</td> <td>IV</td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>Incredible</td> <td>IV</td> <td>IV</td> <td>IV</td> <td>IV </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Where: </p> <ul><li>Class I: Unacceptable in any circumstance;</li> <li>Class II: Undesirable: tolerable only if risk reduction is impracticable or if the costs are grossly disproportionate to the improvement gained;</li> <li>Class III: Tolerable if the cost of risk reduction would exceed the improvement;</li> <li>Class IV: Acceptable as it stands, though it may need to be monitored.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_integrity_level">Safety integrity level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Safety integrity level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safety_integrity_level" title="Safety integrity level">Safety integrity level</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Safety_integrity_level" title="Safety integrity level">safety integrity level</a> (SIL) provides a target to attain for each safety function. A risk assessment effort yields a target SIL for each safety function. For any given design the achieved SIL is evaluated by three measures: </p><p>1. Systematic Capability (SC) which is a measure of design quality. Each device in the design has an SC rating. The SIL of the safety function is limited to smallest SC rating of the devices used. Requirement for SC are presented in a series of tables in Part 2 and Part 3. The requirements include appropriate quality control, management processes, validation and verification techniques, failure analysis etc. so that one can reasonably justify that the final system attains the required SIL. </p><p>2. Architecture Constraints which are minimum levels of safety redundancy presented via two alternative methods - Route 1h and Route 2h. </p><p>3. Probability of Dangerous Failure Analysis<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Probabilistic_analysis">Probabilistic analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Probabilistic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The probability metric used in step 3 above depends on whether the functional component will be exposed to <i>high</i> or <i>low</i> demand: </p> <ul><li>high demand is defined as more than once per year and low demand is defined as less than or equal to once per year (IEC-61508-4).</li> <li>For functions that operate continuously (continuous mode) or functions that operate frequently (high demand mode), SIL specifies an allowable frequency of dangerous failure.</li> <li>For functions that operate intermittently (low demand mode), SIL specifies an allowable probability that the function will fail to respond on demand.</li></ul> <p>Note the difference between function and system. The system implementing the function might be in operation frequently (like an ECU for deploying an air-bag), but the function (like air-bag deployment) might be in demand intermittently. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>SIL</b></td> <td><b> Low demand mode: <br /> average probability of failure on demand </b></td> <td><b> High demand or continuous mode: <br /> probability of dangerous failure per hour </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−2</sup> to < 10<sup>−1</sup></td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−6</sup> to < 10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−3</sup> to < 10<sup>−2</sup></td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−7</sup> to < 10<sup>−6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−4</sup> to < 10<sup>−3</sup></td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−8</sup> to < 10<sup>−7</sup> (1 dangerous failure in 1140 years) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−5</sup> to < 10<sup>−4</sup></td> <td>≥ 10<sup>−9</sup> to < 10<sup>−8</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IEC_61508_certification">IEC 61508 certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: IEC 61508 certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certification is third party attestation that a product, process, or system meets all requirements of the certification program. Those requirements are listed in a document called the certification scheme. IEC 61508 certification programs are operated by impartial third party organizations called <i>certification bodies</i> (CB). These CBs are accredited to operate following other international standards including ISO/IEC 17065 and ISO/IEC 17025. Certification bodies are accredited to perform the auditing, assessment, and testing work by an <i>accreditation body</i> (AB). There is often one national AB in each country. These ABs operate per the requirements of ISO/IEC 17011, a standard that contains requirements for the competence, consistency, and impartiality of accreditation bodies when accrediting conformity assessment bodies. ABs are members of the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) for work in management systems, products, services, and personnel accreditation or the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) for laboratory accreditation. A Multilateral Recognition Arrangement (MLA) between ABs will ensure global recognition of accredited CBs. IEC 61508 certification programs have been established by several global Certification Bodies. Each has defined their own scheme based upon IEC 61508 and other functional safety standards. The scheme lists the referenced standards and specifies procedures which describes their test methods, surveillance audit policy, public documentation policies, and other specific aspects of their program. IEC 61508 certification programs are being offered globally by several recognized CBs including exida, <a href="/wiki/Intertek" title="Intertek">Intertek</a>, <a href="/wiki/SGS_S.A." title="SGS S.A.">SGS-TÜV Saar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technischer_%C3%9Cberwachungsverein" title="Technischer Überwachungsverein">TÜV Nord, TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SÜD</a> and <a href="/wiki/UL_(safety_organization)" title="UL (safety organization)">UL</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry/application_specific_variants"><span id="Industry.2Fapplication_specific_variants"></span>Industry/application specific variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industry/application specific variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive">Automotive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Automotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a> is an adaptation of IEC 61508 for Automotive Electric/Electronic Systems. It is being widely adopted by the major car manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the launch of ISO 26262, the development of software for safety related automotive systems was predominantly covered by the Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MISRA project was conceived to develop guidelines for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">embedded software</a> in road vehicle electronic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of guidelines for the development of vehicle based software was published in November 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This document provided the first <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a> interpretation of the principles of the, then emerging, IEC 61508 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today <a href="/wiki/Motor_Industry_Software_Reliability_Association" title="Motor Industry Software Reliability Association">MISRA</a> is most widely known for its guidelines on how to use the C and C++ languages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MISRA_C" title="MISRA C">MISRA C</a> has gone on to become the de facto standard for embedded C programming in the majority of safety-related industries, and is also used to improve software quality even where safety is not the main consideration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEC 62279 provides a specific interpretation of IEC 61508 for railway applications. It is intended to cover the development of software for railway control and protection including communications, signaling and processing systems. EN 50128 and EN 50657 are equivalent <a href="/wiki/CENELEC" class="mw-redirect" title="CENELEC">CENELEC</a> standards of IEC 62279.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_industries">Process industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Process industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process industry sector includes many types of manufacturing processes, such as refineries, petrochemical, chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, and power. <a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">IEC 61511</a> is a technical standard which sets out practices in the engineering of systems that ensure the safety of an industrial process through the use of instrumentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_plants">Power plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Power plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEC 61513 provides requirements and recommendations for the instrumentation and control for systems important to safety of nuclear power plants. It indicates the general requirements for systems that contain conventional hardwired equipment, computer-based equipment or a combination of both types of equipment. An overview list of safety norms specific for nuclear power plants is published by ISO.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machinery">Machinery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Machinery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">IEC 62061</a> is the machinery-specific implementation of IEC 61508. It provides requirements that are applicable to the system level design of all types of machinery safety-related electrical control systems and also for the design of non-complex subsystems or devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing_software">Testing software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Testing software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software written in accordance with IEC 61508 may need to be <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit tested</a>, depending up on the SIL it needs to achieve. The main requirement in Unit Testing is to ensure that the software is fully tested at the function level and that all possible branches and paths are taken through the software. In some higher <a href="/wiki/Safety_Integrity_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety Integrity Level">SIL level</a> applications, the software code coverage requirement is much tougher and an <a href="/wiki/Modified_Condition/Decision_Coverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Condition/Decision Coverage">MC/DC code coverage</a> criterion is used rather than simple branch coverage. To obtain the MC/DC (modified condition/decision coverage) coverage information, one will need a Unit Testing tool, sometimes referred to as a Software Module Testing tool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_safety" title="Functional safety">Functional safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_standards" title="Safety standards">Safety standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMEDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FMEDA">FMEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurious_trip_level" title="Spurious trip level">Spurious trip level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-triggered_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-triggered system">Time-triggered system</a> (A software architecture used to achieve IEC 61508 compliance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Control Systems Safety Evaluation and Reliability</i>. ISA. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934394-80-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934394-80-9"><bdi>978-1-934394-80-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Systems+Safety+Evaluation+and+Reliability&rft.pub=ISA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-934394-80-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEC+61508" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamannSaulerKrisoGrote2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hamann, Reinhold; Sauler, Jürgen; Kriso, Stefan; Grote, Walter; Mössinger, Jürgen (2009-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0758">"Application of ISO 26262 in Distributed Development ISO 26262 in Reality"</a>. <i>SAE Technical Paper Series</i>. <b>1</b>. Warrendale, PA: SAE International. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4271%2F2009-01-0758">10.4271/2009-01-0758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAE+Technical+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Application+of+ISO+26262+in+Distributed+Development+ISO+26262+in+Reality&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4271%2F2009-01-0758&rft.aulast=Hamann&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rft.au=Sauler%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Kriso%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Grote%2C+Walter&rft.au=M%C3%B6ssinger%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4271%2F2009-01-0758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEC+61508" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625125936/https://misra.org.uk/MISRAHome/AbriefhistoryofMISRA/tabid/69/Default.aspx">"MISRA Web site > MISRA Home > A brief history of MISRA"</a>. <i>www.misra.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.misra.org.uk/MISRAHome/AbriefhistoryofMISRA/tabid/69/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 2021-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.misra.org.uk&rft.atitle=MISRA+Web+site+%3E+MISRA+Home+%3E+A+brief+history+of+MISRA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.misra.org.uk%2FMISRAHome%2FAbriefhistoryofMISRA%2Ftabid%2F69%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEC+61508" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Development Guidelines for Vehicle Based Software</i>. MISRA. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952415607" title="Special:BookSources/0952415607"><bdi>0952415607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+Guidelines+for+Vehicle+Based+Software&rft.pub=MISRA&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0952415607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEC+61508" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.misra.org.uk/News/tabid/59/Default.aspx">"MISRA Web site > News"</a>. <i>www.misra.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.misra.org.uk&rft.atitle=MISRA+Web+site+%3E+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.misra.org.uk%2FNews%2Ftabid%2F59%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEC+61508" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadj-Mabrouk2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hadj-Mabrouk, Habib (1 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925753520303258">"Application of Case-Based Reasoning to the safety assessment of critical software used in rail transport"</a>. <i>Safety Science</i>. <b>131</b>: 104928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ssci.2020.104928">10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104928</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0925-7535">0925-7535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Safety+Science&rft.atitle=Application+of+Case-Based+Reasoning+to+the+safety+assessment+of+critical+software+used+in+rail+transport&rft.volume=131&rft.pages=104928&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ssci.2020.104928&rft.issn=0925-7535&rft.aulast=Hadj-Mabrouk&rft.aufirst=Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0925753520303258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEC+61508" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/ics/27.120.20/x/">"ISO - 27.120.20 - Nuclear power plants. Safety"</a>. <i>www.iso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iso.org&rft.atitle=ISO+-+27.120.20+-+Nuclear+power+plants.+Safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fics%2F27.120.20%2Fx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEC+61508" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_safety_standards">Related safety standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related safety standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a> (is an adaption of IEC 61508<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with minor differences<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>IEC 60730<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Household)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178C</a> (Aerospace)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textbooks">Textbooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Textbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>W. Goble, "Control Systems Safety Evaluation and Reliability" (3rd Edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934394-80-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934394-80-9">978-1-934394-80-9</a>, Hardcover, 458 pages).</li> <li>I. van Beurden, W. Goble, "Safety Instrumented System Design-Techniques and Design Verification" (1st Edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-945541-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-945541-43-8">978-1-945541-43-8</a>, 430 pages).</li> <li>M.J.M. Houtermans, "SIL and Functional Safety in a Nutshell" (Risknowlogy Best Practices, 1st Edition, eBook in PDF, ePub, and iBook format, 40 Pages) SIL and Functional Safety in a Nutshell - eBook introducing SIL and Functional Safety</li> <li>M. Medoff, R. Faller, "Functional Safety - An IEC 61508 SIL 3 Compliant Development Process" (3rd Edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934977-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934977-08-8">978-1-934977-08-8</a> Hardcover, 371 pages, www.exida.com)</li> <li>C. O'Brien, L. Stewart, L. Bredemeyer, "Final Elements in Safety Instrumented Systems - IEC 61511 Compliant Systems and IEC 61508 Compliant Products" (1st Edition, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934977-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934977-18-7">978-1-934977-18-7</a>, Hardcover, 305 pages, www.exida.com)</li> <li>Münch, Jürgen; Armbrust, Ove; Soto, Martín; Kowalczyk, Martin. “Software Process Definition and Management“, Springer, 2012.</li> <li>M.Punch, "Functional Safety for the Mining Industry – An Integrated Approach Using AS(IEC)61508, AS(IEC) 62061 and AS4024.1." (1st Edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9807660-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9807660-0-4">978-0-9807660-0-4</a>, in A4 paperback, 150 pages).</li> <li>D.Smith, K Simpson, "Safety Critical Systems Handbook: A Straightforward Guide to Functional Safety, IEC 61508 (2010 Edition) And Related Standards, Including Process IEC 61511 and Machinery IEC 62061 and ISO 13849" (3rd Edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096781-3">978-0-08-096781-3</a>, Hardcover, 288 Pages).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_61508&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61508-1%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf">IEC 61508-1:2010 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems- Parts 1 </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.ch/search/?q=61508">"IEC 61508"</a> at <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.ch/functionalsafety">IEC Functional Safety zone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.61508.org/">61508 Association</a> A cross-industry group of organizations with an interest in achieving a dependable and cost-effective method for demonstrating compliance with IEC 61508 and related standards.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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