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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vakgebieden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vakgebieden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vakgebieden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vakgebieden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossielen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossielen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fossielen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossielen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toepassingen_van_fossielen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toepassingen_van_fossielen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Toepassingen van fossielen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toepassingen_van_fossielen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toepassingen van fossielen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toepassingen_van_fossielen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Datering_en_stratigrafie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datering_en_stratigrafie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Datering en stratigrafie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datering_en_stratigrafie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleo-ecologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleo-ecologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Paleo-ecologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleo-ecologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutiebiologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutiebiologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Evolutiebiologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutiebiologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 106 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85)" title="إحاثة (علم) – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحاثة (علم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باليونتولوجيا – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باليونتولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolox%C3%ADa" title="Paleontoloxía – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paleontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologiya" title="Paleontologiya – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paleontologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеанталогія – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палеанталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеанталёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палеанталёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နိခါတကဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နိခါတကဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীবাশ্মবিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবাশ্মবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologiezh" title="Paleontologiezh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paleontologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB-s%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Gū-sĕng-ŭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū-sĕng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolog%C3%ACa" title="Paleontologìa – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Paleontologìa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Палеонтологи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палеонтологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontoleg" title="Paleontoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paleontoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6ontologi" title="Palæontologi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæontologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ontologie" title="Paläontologie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paläontologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παλαιοντολογία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιοντολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paleontology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologio" title="Paleontologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paleontologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolog%C3%ADa" title="Paleontología – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paleontología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontoloogia" title="Paleontoloogia – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paleontoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دیرین‌شناسی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیرین‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologie" title="Paléontologie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paléontologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale%C3%B6ntology" title="Paleöntology – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paleöntology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pail%C3%A9-ointeola%C3%ADocht" title="Pailé-ointeolaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pailé-ointeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolox%C3%ADa" title="Paleontoloxía – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paleontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פלאונטולוגיה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלאונטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवाश्मविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाश्मविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90sl%C3%A9nytan" title="Őslénytan – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Őslénytan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնէաբանություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնէաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologio" title="Paleontologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paleontologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steingervingafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Steingervingafræði – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steingervingafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologi" title="Paléontologi – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paléontologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პალეონტოლოგია – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალეონტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="고생물학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontologia" title="Palaeontologia – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palaeontologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolojia" title="Paleontolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paleontolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolo%C4%A3ija" title="Paleontoloģija – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paleontoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеонтологија – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Палеонтологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="പാലിയെന്റോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാലിയെന്റോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Палеонтологи – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Палеонтологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवाश्मशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाश्मशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နိခါတကဗေဒ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိခါတကဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ontologie" title="Paläontologie – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paläontologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवाश्म विज्ञान – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाश्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੈਲੀਓਨਟੋਲੋਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਲੀਓਨਟੋਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolog%C3%ACa" title="Paleontologìa – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paleontologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="پیلیاونٹالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیلیاونٹالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="لرغونې ژوند پوهنه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونې ژوند پوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paleontology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="پئلئينٽولاجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پئلئينٽولاجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පාෂාණීය ධාතු විද්‍යාව – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාෂාණීය ධාතු විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paleontology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontol%C3%B3gia" title="Paleontológia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paleontológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hograadka_Guud" title="Hograadka Guud – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hograadka Guud" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologjia" title="Paleontologjia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paleontologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеонтологија – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палеонтологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologi" title="Paléontologi – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paléontologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantolojia" title="Palantolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Palantolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தொல்லுயிரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொல்லுயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="บรรพชีวินวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรพชีวินวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolohiya" title="Paleontolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paleontolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontoloji" title="Paleontoloji – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paleontoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеонтологія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палеонтологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رکازیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رکازیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologiya" title="Paleontologiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleontologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cổ sinh vật học – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ sinh vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6silav" title="Fösilav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fösilav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Paleontologie</b> (<a href="/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks">Oudgrieks</a>: παλαιός <i>palaios</i>, oud, ὄν, <i>on</i>, "wezen") is de wetenschap die <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">fossiele</a> resten of <a href="/wiki/Sporenfossiel" title="Sporenfossiel">sporen</a> van <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a> opspoort en bestudeert, om aan de hand daarvan de <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> van het <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">leven</a> op <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">aarde</a> in het <a href="/wiki/Geologische_tijdschaal" title="Geologische tijdschaal">geologisch verleden</a> te reconstrueren. Een beoefenaar van deze wetenschap is een <b>paleontoloog</b>. </p><p>De paleontologie probeert daarnaast ook de <a href="/wiki/Verwantschap_(biologie)" title="Verwantschap (biologie)">verwantschap</a> van nu levende organismen met <a href="/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven">uitgestorven</a> soorten vast te stellen. Zij bestudeert van uitgestorven soorten hun leefomgeving of <a href="/wiki/Paleomilieu" title="Paleomilieu">paleomilieu</a>, en hun plaats in hun toenmalige <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">ecosysteem</a>, het vakgebied van de <a href="/wiki/Paleo-ecologie" title="Paleo-ecologie">paleo-ecologie</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Biostratigrafie" title="Biostratigrafie">opeenvolging</a> van gevonden fossielen wordt gebruikt om de ouderdom van <a href="/wiki/Sedimentair_gesteente" title="Sedimentair gesteente">afzettingen</a> en de evolutionaire ontwikkeling van het leven te bepalen. </p><p>Naast geheel of gedeeltelijk bewaard gebleven fossiele resten van de organismen zelf, worden ook hun achtergelaten sporen bestudeerd. Onder 'sporen' wordt alles verstaan wat een organisme, zowel actief als passief, maakt of achterlaat. Hieronder vallen graafgangen, kruipsporen, boorgaten, pootafdrukken, holen, nesten, <a href="/wiki/Coproliet" title="Coproliet">coprolieten</a> (uitwerpselen). Tezamen worden dit <a href="/wiki/Ichnofossiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnofossiel">ichnofossielen</a> genoemd. De studie die zich hierop toelegt is de <a href="/wiki/Ichnologie" title="Ichnologie">ichnologie</a>. </p><p>De paleontologie raakt aan vele andere vakgebieden, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">geologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde">scheikunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a> en <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a>. Paleontologen verrichten zowel <a href="/wiki/Veldwerk" title="Veldwerk">veldwerk</a> als <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium" title="Laboratorium">laboratoriumwerk</a> (het vergaren, prepareren, analyseren en determineren van fossiele resten). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vakgebieden">Vakgebieden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vakgebieden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vakgebieden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Binnen de paleontologie worden twee vakgebieden onderscheiden: de <a href="/wiki/Paleobotanie" title="Paleobotanie">paleobotanie</a> legt zich toe op fossiele <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Paleozo%C3%B6logie" title="Paleozoölogie">paleozoölogie</a> bestudeert het fossiele <a href="/wiki/Dier" class="mw-redirect" title="Dier">dierlijk</a> leven. Deze vakgebieden zijn ieder onderverdeeld in specialisaties waarin een enkele groep organismen bestudeerd wordt. Zo bestudeert de <a href="/wiki/Paleomalacologie" title="Paleomalacologie">paleomalacologie</a> de fossiele <a href="/wiki/Weekdieren" title="Weekdieren">weekdieren</a>. </p><p>Naast bovenstaande indeling is er een tweede indeling, die uitgaat van de praktische hulpmiddelen die nodig zijn voor paleontologisch onderzoek. Onderzoek aan microscopisch kleine resten van plantaardige of dierlijke organismen gebeurt met een sterk vergrotende <a href="/wiki/Microscoop" title="Microscoop">microscoop</a>: het domein van de <a href="/wiki/Micropaleontologie" title="Micropaleontologie">micropaleontologie</a>. Voor fossiele resten die <a href="/wiki/Macroscopische_schaal" title="Macroscopische schaal">met het blote oog</a> waarneembaar zijn is een zwak vergrotende <a href="/wiki/Loep" title="Loep">loep</a> meestal voldoende: het domein van de <a href="/wiki/Macropaleontologie" title="Macropaleontologie">macropaleontologie</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Fosil_-_Cefalopodos_varios.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fosil_-_Cefalopodos_varios.JPG/215px-Fosil_-_Cefalopodos_varios.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fosil_-_Cefalopodos_varios.JPG/323px-Fosil_-_Cefalopodos_varios.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fosil_-_Cefalopodos_varios.JPG/430px-Fosil_-_Cefalopodos_varios.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Fossiele <a href="/wiki/Inktvissen" title="Inktvissen">cephalopoden</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossielen">Fossielen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fossielen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fossielen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">Fossiel</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Een bewaard gebleven overblijfsel van een organisme wordt een <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">fossiel</a> genoemd. Hoe fossielen ontstaan en bewaard blijven, wordt bestudeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Tafonomie" title="Tafonomie">tafonomie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toepassingen_van_fossielen">Toepassingen van fossielen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toepassingen van fossielen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toepassingen van fossielen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Datering_en_stratigrafie">Datering en stratigrafie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Datering en stratigrafie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Datering en stratigrafie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Stratigrafie" title="Stratigrafie">Stratigrafie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biostratigrafie" title="Biostratigrafie">Biostratigrafie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Aarde" title="Geschiedenis van de Aarde">Geschiedenis van de Aarde</a> voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De paleontologie draagt in belangrijke mate bij aan de geologische <a href="/wiki/Datering" title="Datering">datering</a> van <a href="/wiki/Laag_(stratigrafie)" title="Laag (stratigrafie)">aardlagen</a>. In de 19e en het grootste deel van de 20e eeuw was het daartoe ook de belangrijkste bron. In de tweede helft van de 20e eeuw is deze rol gedeeltelijk overgenomen door de mogelijkheid om <a href="/wiki/Datering" title="Datering">absolute ouderdomsbepalingen</a> aan aardlagen (of fossielen) te doen en door andere chemische en fysische methoden. De bijdrage van de paleontologie aan ouderdomsbepaling is echter nog steeds groot. </p><p>Het indelen van aardlagen op de erop voorkomende fossielen wordt <a href="/wiki/Biostratigrafie" title="Biostratigrafie">biostratigrafie</a> genoemd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleo-ecologie">Paleo-ecologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Paleo-ecologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Paleo-ecologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleo-ecologie" title="Paleo-ecologie">Paleo-ecologie</a> is het bestuderen van fossielen ten behoeve van de reconstructie van het voormalige, plaatselijke <a href="/wiki/Paleomilieu" title="Paleomilieu">paleomilieu</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Paleoklimaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoklimaat">paleoklimaat</a> waarin een aardlaag werd afgezet. <a href="/wiki/Biogeologie" title="Biogeologie">Biogeologie</a> is de studie van de wederzijdse beïnvloeding van de <a href="/wiki/Biosfeer" title="Biosfeer">biosfeer</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Lithosfeer" title="Lithosfeer">lithosfeer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutiebiologie">Evolutiebiologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Evolutiebiologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Evolutiebiologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Door de vergelijking van fossielen kan de <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> van een bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soort</a> organisme nauwkeurig in kaart gebracht worden. Dit kan informatie opleveren over de manier waarop evolutie van soorten plaatsvindt. De verschillende theorieën en hypothesen hierover worden samen de <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a> genoemd. De wetenschap die zich bezighoudt met het bestuderen van de biologische evolutie en de mechanismen waarmee dit plaatsvindt is de <a href="/wiki/Evolutiebiologie" title="Evolutiebiologie">evolutiebiologie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleontologie&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_paleontologen" title="Lijst van paleontologen">Lijst van paleontologen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgische_Vereniging_voor_Paleontologie" title="Belgische Vereniging voor Paleontologie">Belgische Vereniging voor Paleontologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichnos" title="Ichnos">Ichnos</a>, wetenschappelijk tijdschrift op het gebied van de paleontologie.</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bates, R.L., Jackson, J.A. (eds.)</span>, 1980. <i>Glossary of Geology.</i> American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Virginia. 751 pp. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0913312150" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-913312-15-0</a>; [2e druk]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Visser, W.A. (ed.)</span>, 1980. <i>Geological nomenclature.</i> Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 540 pp. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9031304077" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-313-0407-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/paleontologie" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/paleontologie">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><div class="interProjectTemplate"></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paleontology#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paleontology">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paleontology#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto 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.links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:17em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bioanorganische_chemie" title="Bioanorganische chemie">Bioanorganische chemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biofysica" title="Biofysica">Biofysica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celfysiologie" title="Celfysiologie">Celfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Elektrofysiologie" title="Elektrofysiologie">Elektrofysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endocrinologie" title="Endocrinologie">Endocrinologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Glycobiologie" title="Glycobiologie">Glycobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">Immunologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immuunhistochemie" title="Immuunhistochemie">Immuunhistochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klinische_biologie" title="Klinische biologie">Klinische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">Moleculaire biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neurobiologie" title="Neurobiologie">Neurobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neurofysiologie" title="Neurofysiologie">Neurofysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsfysiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsfysiologie">Ontwikkelingsfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">Plantenfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Radiobiologie" title="Radiobiologie">Radiobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spierfysiologie" title="Spierfysiologie">Spierfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toxicologie" title="Toxicologie">Toxicologie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">Genetica</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetica" title="Cytogenetica">Cytogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epigenetica" title="Epigenetica">Epigenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Farmacogenetica" title="Farmacogenetica">Farmacogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gedragsgenetica" title="Gedragsgenetica">Gedragsgenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica">Genomica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Optogenetica" title="Optogenetica">Optogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleogenetica" title="Paleogenetica">Paleogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiegenetica" title="Populatiegenetica">Populatiegenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Synthetische_biologie" title="Synthetische biologie">Synthetische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toxicogenomica" title="Toxicogenomica">Toxicogenomica</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">Morfologie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">Celbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">Embryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> · 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title="Hydrobiologie">Hydrobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap">Levensgemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Limnologie" title="Limnologie">Limnologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">Mariene biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">populatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiezonering_in_gebergten" title="Vegetatiezonering in gebergten">Montane ecologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parasitologie" title="Parasitologie">Parasitologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiebiologie" title="Populatiebiologie">Populatiebiologie · Populatiedynamica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">Syntaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">Vegetatiekunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voedselketen" title="Voedselketen">Voedselketen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">Systematiek</a> & <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bio-informatica" title="Bio-informatica">Bio-informatica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxonomie" title="Chemotaxonomie">Chemotaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">Cladistiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">Fylogenie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Generatiewisseling" title="Generatiewisseling">Generatiewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">Kernfasewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">Levenscyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Metamorfose_(biologie)" title="Metamorfose (biologie)">Metamorfose</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paleontologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetische_stamboom" title="Fylogenetische stamboom">Stamboom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Synthetische_biologie" title="Synthetische biologie">Synthetische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Systeembiologie" title="Systeembiologie">Systeembiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voortplanting_(biologie)" title="Voortplanting (biologie)">Voortplanting</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Bijzondere_biologie" title="Bijzondere biologie">Bijzondere biologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Arachnologie" title="Arachnologie">Arachnologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Acarologie" title="Acarologie">Acarologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">Bryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">Entomologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">Fycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herpetologie" title="Herpetologie">Herpetologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ichtyologie" title="Ichtyologie">Ichtyologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">Lichenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malacologie" title="Malacologie">Malacologie</a> · <a 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