CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c6df830ba06041',cH: '79twVsjfpJoLBRfsiUxD9VxVulozq9kYdRNqB6mUtzA-1741316746-1.2.1.1-gfEUEU8bDoNX.CHd82PqPubGMYqsx4VOFIDp_NcNTk.neqM1TREeskQsfPY4VFPD',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=media%20effects&__cf_chl_tk=fb1zOjQPYF0AsgmSBYGLS.dxMxVSlMw0cC1JmLEYiU0-1741316746-1.0.1.1-DPO.af9f1cCNETyUy_gYz9f3kNX_RrphMP1EzH8Ixsg",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741316746',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=media%20effects&__cf_chl_f_tk=fb1zOjQPYF0AsgmSBYGLS.dxMxVSlMw0cC1JmLEYiU0-1741316746-1.0.1.1-DPO.af9f1cCNETyUy_gYz9f3kNX_RrphMP1EzH8Ixsg",md: "WmQ0Gtey42xblZyuu.TQkZOEfvmRMJhdDeIKTHm1UQs-1741316746-1.2.1.1-27GMQeeunbvFM8bEaOEWorwtyJj.WVdEhW3BjJIWmH39ZdiV5icY.qqzSeDxmoUE2bTmgoEsQAX6_1XMK9X_Ggx.duc72i8IyqelLpSn_OKwPuxYCNSSvLWBv_Z0L2E6POxxHR1zmkwM_UXAG63lZN7pavoH1JohweFIN1vgS0c3I_fYjkdj8TspLEayFFb5UNiqXxfsJniQU1M76Vq2FHs2bF5XZTE6f1flgCB0gJU.cIlv.UF1kwSNUlQcqU.bfhI5uBRzL.18pxEApPwWnBVVlnQUyUzVTJD6pm2qfFhUMmbJ2FsuTx.BCsVtD3MUMV5U_kmWV.ASAMnGh4jFxAUFv5bUqE.2XaTdhvT_YIf6mebjFMftNmtunS9OjGBvIX8wtuvpz4eS_uVOei36kEXMQ1ohdZpdC.ecLI.uq.SLp3GTT4QcH5mNLABhLbs_fIg3kcjCvFzbe9krvY3mxhfUamPqGQ_E4l.EuLwTAKEoyL_UnRah07AlYjYzYDEUft8JTqakUriF1k55AmkFDooRP6ovSah6qisBzZvToWht8dzsdq6xyzBedJagftTHdfbAm3xGcF.NxKaTEktR9x6NZ9AltI279Z6zkzW.ikGGBkYz5R0rCdl50o9f2eVJm0XwhALdXPVKNqCQZc5LEKJn3Jyn5CBc.gFiwXFQ9ZXG.fdsxJGDLl33eU06mqY.gyN_Az82b5I79uDoHP9376IIGxK5y5L8.MfL3Xi.qsBQn6ST1IHAxGKgqgtx_e7fourokAJGOQ05u7VMeWw8yih7abEbQyPcTnZ1IFjO1SMq0k6KROr60fApsZXQAIN9ekFLniSCzT39rDv7mC5D1ECCKS82tX.l3xxjibh8VvA4v3pBo17sSMYDRTPciQllB_09wGZoS.1UJzW9aq7augSRqSkju6BSfI4VeAyc3ehYeoeKS_i1QZ_9b4lL7jU7cgcB8__fiBUmtzlphrZOeBm2KNHozkRGY8RCWaKyeWV_olshnOnBmoH6aUISeE3anbIKBTtzAUSGNt7JEuT0XCPsmil8u.NkO_sL1MDIa1zWV9DtNjyup9iEyxSLtpnpDh9TqEMM342eP1wLbLpdFREdsgajUKbwKlGcId3KVZkjKQ3kE6fzspcoDHTLh__dCCkmMaMyMATFRq4m1ypKfkcWj6nFjTrDMVOmNfDRfEN0UHTQ50cCJ7i9d4JBCGX0bqzW2HHNF8nF6uKYQ.7PptrxsfecRmASZgEaswb9XniMkG.94rmNvGPEmVWBf1CFL1wh5dqho0cNXvk9Eobtnw",mdrd: "3THlFUG6vLMgurTwufB8xuXRhavcZWPMXqWVA0qHgMg-1741316746-1.2.1.1-aQ55t8TPRgOvnnMorpAfYn.xatNavrLSykDq3ke6Fc0rKSAx05zu.wJqRdoqkp50arojbw2popkyufp_ZOmEKBoAbiexc4k1Y7byGNQTDF0X41w3hWpgGjCJ5PupQ9VURNug2Xlbi1RL5T.91ZVHTffHGrXpdodd_0IWSP4aK9bM5TG4r0gBRQJmn48DHHr_dDVMZzuY2zvM98kJGjmx3lq5hRwu6opSterUMD0lo0EcQgehUZRaMo6sQWOOocXoT1VKB_v4iJjWXam6ndwfdnBgSwE0Kx4P2HSZ8i85CjXx9DL4Dsfb9ClUWjtBF9wbFoPI76yqtyR7hdhgCkZ3QmLrTVxvoRnJhTYSGcbHYH2oodbyJ95sKyxSwoaO6GGBtoZWHImkcpLwABHYtm9tdWE61eT5ThCFF.ZiC0fMYy1Ii3xfbvQrKP2qJ0FinmJj1BClmp1Ra.9CPy4vx0luV.qeTp7TSlaLfq0ws2o1yZIuh3Vu9osIV_kbi8B5MgthwvvyYHRyM4AciNdZFlWKBT6QkLJIEqjRRvy6Golr13hN8FNpxT5Lbb7nQ8dpqn5uioC1qXypUB_pstuDQ8M4UOIGE_Z1OKBjw5MJf8n3_R8OzyAkkj9tM7ZAcqVuR_c8Dx8WF5WVqftPgS1gUftwjU4YxJ1XQJRfeI.NmJUXkFY1wn7.Xb5_qv1pfJXZJqYOSPSTD7EHVnuJnJ7K0FYp2Ia5d7iRKfn9OQXxZqm.4JGsKE7osOCNE7jqvzYTEQkgIfbWlzlJaT4GKPdyKO6nelRO5ZAUKmekmu73fyL5cBEXidthYjnG.VAiRETOuQbxntHu7X5UQ7w8PyDW8lHUDpfz4W27R_w.lG7YPKQ0eSdBqi04r2xETcFkyCxEryfbJzrQ.38N40MjucIRuaCPSU8gQlsR5nsHh2Jc4zXd1yN_YQqhaX4S5cE1_SulIUTgRspkX.axJGi41a4SPE8J0hiTcugKIIr2yiLYXVngVkjZTOyLYZIZk6mA9QF1WyP15ID5Fu2fRKdkCtgOBivxieUIiM7TA1PaZsaKygKiFRPjWyn8HETeaev9kuH60E7TRlmT47yGfaEtmafa9J5199589xCguUdcQQAhBEpWRPUmpzOy1dnLXYu6fxBVXrNwiJon.pdwhQk6cZLj6toEoEiKSLWh0bDiqh7lx_SZ0bmrti2YQLaWw7bsbQA4SQ9kf9HIMPQIJKPwc11RJmxRrcyX2rqJn5H8tlSDfyThrOcnxQmElxYGN7rpoXTDO4NtdXqFj4r7Q037CysCl.B5CWaWdOCw6zrr.4ykBluEyRE3ExJ_c5CZTwcq3aeBS4Krb5mgde5ImamErs4QlnyhWpxFnuGNEwwoRGi6dbCGBTSTM3RXQ5B4IEuVd3ICo.B92qOoP8pbjDh1.nf_Hp3JAnbtxuTaW.uCR75_dMh5elTpnld3x0gHFNUMZspcZ1QWQJpBHgkCpBMRCcj8I6jbfS6CRPDl4YlcbJ1RcDTs4hpeq6aAVBIgYwtxMMv0epgUV3bdBN.Kn3fkNQ_D1OPjvPwN1nGnHwri_VFvG7vCohaZA5m_iENzjMKRW5W9_spwNtlZBLnGjbDptG6Q79bVuN2DRdNIwErZK_WcefZJNj6gS7PKGJbf_KlfyTeH0E8j6m0haJJ0NnqQVIjso2iM3kiNozK7rCpqgRjVW2dA_Wj9P4mTOzagLolY0MTO8mlbDkM8ZmhlJjRm80ztHfW1zYp0Q3TJuZZMskPwde4_r4NH49meFqZXmtUQBq6Fq90F6TT._adoT87_yDvmfdRsois4CE7TCw0kXQB7mH5IWoNxfh0r_b7T7baDGHbEwIKvxwJzFNlsFM8BmzE9zakyCOyGtTOI9tdQfZQ0NBfd5BQ81jcYdQ2wwXE4cYBVDgUlw4AcXFA4BI6gwNNHHJjTd6q9rSVCFb.vKLKXsWr0UJ8MmD8oVxG3A1bl1CsZLCNm3iXPVX7jTTuxUEPza9zloQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c6df830ba06041';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=media%20effects&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fb1zOjQPYF0AsgmSBYGLS.dxMxVSlMw0cC1JmLEYiU0-1741316746-1.0.1.1-DPO.af9f1cCNETyUy_gYz9f3kNX_RrphMP1EzH8Ixsg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>