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<span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotaku" title="Dotaku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dotaku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3taku" title="Dótaku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dótaku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%83%81_(%EC%9C%A0%EB%AC%BC)" title="동탁 (유물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동탁 (유물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3taku" title="Dótaku – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dótaku" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8" title="銅鐸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銅鐸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotaku" title="Dotaku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dotaku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Дотаку – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дотаку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dōtaku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Дотаку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дотаку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8" title="銅鐸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="銅鐸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese bronze bells</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%9F%E7%94%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%AA%E3%83%B6%E8%B0%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%85%AD%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F%E8%A5%B7%E7%B4%8B%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8_(%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%9F%E7%94%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%AA%E3%83%B6%E8%B0%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%85%AD%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F%E8%A5%B7%E7%B4%8B%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8_%28%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%29.JPG/250px-%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%9F%E7%94%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%AA%E3%83%B6%E8%B0%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%85%AD%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F%E8%A5%B7%E7%B4%8B%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8_%28%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%9F%E7%94%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%AA%E3%83%B6%E8%B0%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%85%AD%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F%E8%A5%B7%E7%B4%8B%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8_%28%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%29.JPG/330px-%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%9F%E7%94%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%AA%E3%83%B6%E8%B0%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%85%AD%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F%E8%A5%B7%E7%B4%8B%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8_%28%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%9F%E7%94%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%AA%E3%83%B6%E8%B0%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%85%AD%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F%E8%A5%B7%E7%B4%8B%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8_%28%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%29.JPG/500px-%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%97%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%B0%E6%B1%9F%E7%94%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%82%AA%E3%83%B6%E8%B0%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%85%AD%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB%E8%A2%88%E8%A3%9F%E8%A5%B7%E7%B4%8B%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8_%28%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="3568" /></a><figcaption>A Yayoi period <i>dōtaku</i>, 3rd century</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Dōtaku</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:銅鐸">銅鐸</a></span></span>)</span> are <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a> smelted from relatively thin <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and richly decorated. Dotaku were used for about 400 years, between the second century B.C. and the second century C.E. (corresponding to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Yayoi era">Yayoi era</a>), and were nearly only used as decorations for <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a>. They were richly decorated with patterns representing <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, among which the <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praying_mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantis">praying mantis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a> are featured. Historians believe that <i>dōtaku</i> were used to pray for good <a href="/wiki/Harvests" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvests">harvests</a>, as the animals featured are <a href="/wiki/Natural_enemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural enemies">natural enemies</a> of insect pests that attack <a href="/wiki/Paddy_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddy fields">paddy fields</a>. </p><p>There is a dotaku museum<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devoted to the bells in <a href="/wiki/Yasu,_Shiga" title="Yasu, Shiga">Yasu city</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Shiga_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiga prefecture">Shiga prefecture</a>, in central Japan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi Era</a> (400 B.C.E. – 300 C.E.), a great number of technological innovations occurred. Unlike the earlier nomadic <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a> people, the Yayoi emphasized having large community settlements and the cultivation of rice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with these, they learned how to cast <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron</a> in order to create various metal objects such as weapons, mirrors, and several tools. Among the bronze objects, <i>dotaku</i>, one of the most distinctive objects of the era, were created. In recent years, <i>dotaku</i> have been studied by researchers in order to decipher their origins, how they were created, their various purposes, and the reasons for the images on the main body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being a well-known artifact of the Yayoi era, the concept of <i>dotaku</i> did not initially originate in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. According to several studies, these <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a> are thought to be derived from "earlier, smaller Korean examples that adorned horses and other domesticated animals",<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Chinese cattle bells, or <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <i>zhong</i>, which were bells without clappers used for composing ritual music. However, further studies show that the Yayoi did not have <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">cattle farms</a>, and although several <i>dotaku</i> do have suspension rings and <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">clappers</a>, they make "muffled tones"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "rattling sounds"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when struck, suggesting that they were not meant to be rung.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, any bells from China were imported as ritual objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DotakuDistribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DotakuDistribution.png/220px-DotakuDistribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DotakuDistribution.png/330px-DotakuDistribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DotakuDistribution.png/440px-DotakuDistribution.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Dōtaku</figcaption></figure> <p>In total, over four hundred <i>dotaku</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been found in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">western Honshu</a>, the Tokai District, Shikoku, and the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai</a> region, namely <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "first recorded discovery of <i>dotaku</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was in 662 C.E. at a temple located in <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a>. They are often "found buried on isolated hillsides"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either ‘singly, [in] pairs, or in large groups"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with various bronze mirrors and weapons. When buried in groups, researchers have speculated that several clans each buried their only <i>dotaku</i> in one area to signify the unity of all the clans.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8-D%C5%8Dtaku_(Bronze_Bell)_MET_DT11855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8-D%C5%8Dtaku_%28Bronze_Bell%29_MET_DT11855.jpg/250px-%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8-D%C5%8Dtaku_%28Bronze_Bell%29_MET_DT11855.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8-D%C5%8Dtaku_%28Bronze_Bell%29_MET_DT11855.jpg/330px-%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8-D%C5%8Dtaku_%28Bronze_Bell%29_MET_DT11855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8-D%C5%8Dtaku_%28Bronze_Bell%29_MET_DT11855.jpg/500px-%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8-D%C5%8Dtaku_%28Bronze_Bell%29_MET_DT11855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Dōtaku (bell-shaped; bronze), Yayoi period, 1st-2nd century A.D.</figcaption></figure> <p>Physically, the body of a <i>dōtaku</i> consists of "a truncated cone shape"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an oval cross-section<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "has rows of horizontal bands divided in the center by a vertical row".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arching and extending over the top and the sides of the body is an "elaborate flange filled with <a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">sawtooth</a> design and projecting spirals".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The materials used for <i>dōtaku</i> came from both Korea and China since "bronze resources were not found until the 7th century",<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus bronze was considered more precious than iron.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, researchers have detected lead traces inside the bells, which was a common characteristic of Chinese metals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Yayoi bells vary in height ranging from 4 inches to 50 inches,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 10 cm to 127 cm. In conjunction with the varying height, the styles of the bells also varied greatly. Across several regions, this scattered production continued until a group of bronze-smiths congregated and decided on a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Making">Making</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Making"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These bells were originally made through the use of two-part <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> moulds, in which "designs were carved"<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to create the appearance of raised bronzes on the outer surface. Many of these sandstone moulds were "found in abundance in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kyushu" title="Northern Kyushu">northern Kyushu</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and near Kyoto, Osaka, and Nara.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time progressed, <i>dōtaku</i> gradually became larger in size and thinner because they began to be made using <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> moulds instead of sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed for more detailed work, such as simple line drawings, compared to the smaller and thicker sandstone moulds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_purpose">Main purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other purposes of the <i>dotaku</i> are still being debated by researchers, but it is certain that they were used for agricultural rituals and rites, as supported by various sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers suggest that, when not in use, <i>dotaku</i> were buried "in the ground to receive Earth’s <a href="/wiki/Life_force_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Life force energy">life force</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus ensuring agricultural fertility for the community;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were also believed to have been used to pray for rain. These beliefs and suggestions are supported by the fact that many <i>dotaku</i> had inscriptions of "flowing water, <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>, fish, boats, and agricultural objects"<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on them. Although it is unknown whether or not <i>dotaku</i> were "used by the chieftains for small principalities or by villages in public community festivals",<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is certain that they belonged to the community as a whole rather than an individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some alternate theories include <i>dotaku</i> being used as "a <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a>, producing gold, heating water for bathing, or related to secret Jewish practices", although these explanations have little support within the mainstream archaeological community.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities_with_Chinese_imagery">Similarities with Chinese imagery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Similarities with Chinese imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decorations on <i>dotaku</i> contain many aspects that resemble Chinese objects. For example, many early bells had "delicate decorations [that] resemble contemporary <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mirror">Chinese mirrors</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It wasn’t until later in the Yayoi era that decorations "with scenes of animals and humans hunting or farming"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were used. Along with these depictions, there are also images of the typical Yayoi "<a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">elevated granaries</a> and scenes of <a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">rice being pounded</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deer">Deer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many depictions of <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> appear on <i>dotaku</i> the most, even though the "Yayoi ate mostly <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to "<i>Harima Fudoki</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a series of reports comprised in the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> (710 C.E. – 793 C.E.), there was "a magical ritual of sowing seeds in deer blood that was used to speed up the germination of rice plants"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it was believed that "the deer’s life force helped the growth of rice."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have also been studies as to whether or not the images on the <i>dotaku</i> have significant meanings. According to a researcher named Oba, each picture contains a hidden <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictograph</a> that can be deciphered through a phonetic reading. For example, a picture of a man shooting a deer can be read as "<i>iru ka</i>" (to shoot a deer),<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when combined to form "Iruka", the pictures refer to <a href="/wiki/Soga_no_Iruka" title="Soga no Iruka">Soga no Iruka</a>, which is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Soga_clan" title="Soga clan">Soga Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through several more readings, Oba discovered that the drawings "contain references to precise persons, places, and events in Japanese prehistory"<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as provided "info of shapes of buildings, hunting customs, and other aspects of daily life",<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly left for future generations. However, due to a lack of concrete evidence, other researchers have deemed it improbable that the pictures are actually hidden pictographs; it is possible that the pictures are just pictures. Despite the lack of evidence, researchers do believe that the pictures aren’t just casual pictures drawn for the sake of art, that there is some other meaning behind them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">Bronze-casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrors_in_Shinto" title="Mirrors in Shinto">Mirrors in Shinto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.yasu.lg.jp/gyousei/soshiki/map/bunka/1454461763726.html">野洲市：歴史民俗博物館（愛称：銅鐸博物館）</a> (in Japanese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Penelope. <i>History of Japanese Art, 2nd Edition</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Japanese+Art%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/18.68">"Bell (dotaku) [Japan] (18.68) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Bell+%28dotaku%29+%5BJapan%5D+%2818.68%29+%7C+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%7C+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fworks-of-art%2F18.68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202105448/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/two-d%C5%8Dtaku-ritual-bells/pAERWRrgJXeh_g">"Two dōtaku (ritual bells)"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/two-d%C5%8Dtaku-ritual-bells/pAERWRrgJXeh_g">the original</a> on February 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Two+d%C5%8Dtaku+%28ritual+bells%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fculturalinstitute%2Fbeta%2Fasset%2Ftwo-d%25C5%258Dtaku-ritual-bells%2FpAERWRrgJXeh_g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImamura" class="citation book cs1">Imamura, Keiji. <i>Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Japan%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Insular+East+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.aulast=Imamura&rft.aufirst=Keiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleiner" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred. <i>Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History</i>. p. 477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=477&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/amica/amico1259573-33003.html">"Japan, Late Yayoi Period / Dōtaku / 100-200"</a>. <i>www.davidrumsey.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.davidrumsey.com&rft.atitle=Japan%2C+Late+Yayoi+Period+%2F+D%C5%8Dtaku+%2F+100-200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrumsey.com%2Famica%2Famico1259573-33003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMizoguchi" class="citation book cs1">Mizoguchi, Koji. <i>The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Japan%3A+From+the+Earliest+Rice+Farming+Villages+to+the+Rise+of+the+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.aulast=Mizoguchi&rft.aufirst=Koji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Shimane_Board_of_Education1986" class="citation web cs1">The Shimane Board of Education (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/2734">"荒神谷遺跡発掘調査概報 2 銅鐸・銅矛出土地"</a>. <i>Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Database+of+Archaeological+Site+Reports+in+Japan&rft.atitle=%E8%8D%92%E7%A5%9E%E8%B0%B7%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1%E7%99%BA%E6%8E%98%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E6%A6%82%E5%A0%B1+2+%E9%8A%85%E9%90%B8%E3%83%BB%E9%8A%85%E7%9F%9B%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0&rft.date=1986&rft.au=The+Shimane+Board+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitereports.nabunken.go.jp%2F2734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jref.com/articles/yayoi-period.188/">"History - Yayoi Period"</a>. 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+-+Yayoi+Period&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jref.com%2Farticles%2Fyayoi-period.188%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916013338/http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/kouko/45dotaku.html">"Dotaku (Ritual Bronze Bells) and the Yayoi Period | 京都国立博物館 | Kyoto National Museum"</a>. <i>www.kyohaku.go.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/kouko/45dotaku.html">the original</a> on 2015-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kyohaku.go.jp&rft.atitle=Dotaku+%28Ritual+Bronze+Bells%29+and+the+Yayoi+Period+%7C+%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8+%7C+Kyoto+National+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyohaku.go.jp%2Feng%2Fdictio%2Fkouko%2F45dotaku.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John Whitney. <i>The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 1</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Japan%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1975" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Roy Andrew (1975-04-01). "Review". <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">485–</span>506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132139">10.2307/132139</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132139">132139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E506&rft.date=1975-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132139%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roy+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C5%8Dtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dtaku&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dotaku" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dotaku">Dotaku</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/en">Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan</a>, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bells111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Bell">Bells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background and <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-cot" title="Bell-cot">Bell-cot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">Bellfounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-gable" title="Bell-gable">Bell-gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">Bell pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower / Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-ringer" title="Bell-ringer">Bell-ringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">Belfry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(bell)" title="Bourdon (bell)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">Campanology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles" title="Index of campanology articles">index</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">Peal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">Ring of bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_tone" title="Strike tone">Strike tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">Striking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bianzhong" title="Bianzhong">Bianzhong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">Bicycle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_bell" title="Call bell">Call bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bell" title="Cat bell">Cat bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotal_bell" title="Crotal bell">Crotal bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_bell" title="Dead bell">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">Doorbell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dōtaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">Jingle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ring" title="Mini-ring">Mini-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">Ship's bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_bell" title="Servant bell">Servant bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Standing bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum" title="Tintinnabulum">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ringing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chiming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Canpan%C3%B2" title="Canpanò">Canpanò</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellacombe_apparatus" title="Ellacombe apparatus">Ellacombe apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">Blagovest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">Change ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_changes" title="Call changes">Call changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_ringing" title="Method ringing">Method ringing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_bell_ringing" title="Bolognese bell ringing">Bolognese bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_bell_ringing" title="Veronese bell ringing">Veronese bell ringing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable bells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells" title="List of heaviest bells">List of heaviest bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangiga_bells" title="Balangiga bells">Balangiga bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck" title="Bell of Good Luck">Bell of Good Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Bell of King Seongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bell_of_Dhammazedi" title="Great Bell of Dhammazedi">Great Bell of Dhammazedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom (bell)">Great Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Maria Gloriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Bell" title="Mingun Bell">Mingun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Petersglocke" title="Petersglocke">Petersglocke</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Bell">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)"><i>Temple Bell</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_(Newport,_Kentucky)" title="World Peace Bell (Newport, Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple" title="Big Bell Temple">Yongle Big Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bell founders <br />and foundries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Bellfoundry (page does not exist)">Bergholtz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri" class="extiw" title="sv:Bergholtz klockgjuteri">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbie_family" title="Bilbie family">Bilbie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cockey#Origins_of_the_family" title="Edward Cockey">Cockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry" title="Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry">Royal Eijsbouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashpir_Ganusov" title="Kashpir Ganusov">Kashpir Ganusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Gheyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanden Gheyn">Vanden Gheyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillett_%26_Johnston" title="Gillett & Johnston">Gillett & Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmayr_Bell_Foundry" title="Grassmayr Bell Foundry">Grassmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Graye" title="Miles Graye">Miles Graye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_bell_foundry" title="Hatch bell foundry">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemony" title="Pieter and François Hemony">Pieter and François Hemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hodson_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hodson (bell-founder)">Christopher Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Illenfeld" title="Franciscus Illenfeld">Franciscus Illenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutila_Foundry" title="Juutila Foundry">Juutila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Fonderia_Marinelli" title="Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli">Marinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry" title="McShane Bell Foundry">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meneely_Bell_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneely Bell Foundry">Meneely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(bellfounder)" title="John Murphy (bellfounder)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsen_Nauen_Bell_Foundry" title="Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry">Olsen Nauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockengie%C3%9Ferei_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockengießerei Otto (page does not exist)">Glockengießerei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard" title="Fonderie Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Rufford" title="John and William Rufford">John and William Rufford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarlouiser_Glockengie%C3%9Ferei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarlouiser Glockengießerei (page does not exist)">Saarlouiser Glockengießerei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling_(bellfounder_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (bellfounder family) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilling_(Glockengie%C3%9Ferfamilie)" class="extiw" title="de:Schilling (Glockengießerfamilie)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watts_(bellfounder)" title="Hugh Watts (bellfounder)">Hugh Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons" title="John Warner & Sons">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Wou" title="Geert van Wou">Geert van Wou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove%27s_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers" title="Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers">Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenmuseum_Stiftskirche_Herrenberg" title="Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg">Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Memorial_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Memorial Museum">Liberty Bell Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Museum">Liberty Bell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bell_Festival" title="National Bell Festival">National Bell Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bell_ringing_organizations" title="List of bell ringing organizations">Ringing organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell,_American_Legion" title="Freedom Bell, American Legion">Freedom Bell, American Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Bells" title="All the Bells">All the Bells</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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