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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nominal suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Verbal suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transpositional_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transpositional_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Transpositional suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transpositional_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffixes_not_subcategorized_for_lexical_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes_not_subcategorized_for_lexical_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes_not_subcategorized_for_lexical_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idiosyncrasies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idiosyncrasies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Idiosyncrasies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idiosyncrasies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedagogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedagogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pedagogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedagogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sample</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aymara language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara" title="Aymara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aymara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयमारा भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आयमारा भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأيمرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأيمرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_aimara" title="Idioma aimara – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma aimara" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_aymara" title="Idioma aymara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma aymara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimara%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Aimarañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aimarañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymar_aru" title="Aymar aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aymar aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_dili" title="Aymara dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aymara dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আইমারা ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইমারা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara-g%C3%AD" title="Aymara-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aymara-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Аймара (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аймара (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аймара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аймара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(Sproch)" title="Aymara (Sproch) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Aymara (Sproch)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymareg" title="Aymareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aymareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimara" title="Aimara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aimara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmar%C5%A1tina" title="Ajmarština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ajmarština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara" title="Aymara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aymara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(sprog)" title="Aymara (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aymara (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimaragiella" title="Aimaragiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aimaragiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(Sprache)" title="Aymara (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aymara (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimara_keel" title="Aimara keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aimara keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%8A%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα Αϊμάρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Αϊμάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_aimara" title="Idioma aimara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma aimara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmara_lingvo" title="Ajmara lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ajmara lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimara" title="Aimara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aimara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زبان آیمارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آیمارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara" title="Aymara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aymara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymarish" title="Aymarish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aymarish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_aimar%C3%A1" title="Lingua aimará – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua aimará" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="아이마라어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이마라어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Aimala" title="ʻŌlelo Aimala – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Aimala" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmarski_jezik" title="Ajmarski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ajmarski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara-linguo" title="Aymara-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aymara-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Aimara" title="Pagsasao nga Aimara – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Aimara" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Aymara" title="Bahasa Aymara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Aymara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_aymara" title="Lingua aymara – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua aymara" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Аймара (æвзаг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аймара (æвзаг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ADmar%C3%ADska" title="Aímaríska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aímaríska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_aymara" title="Lingua aymara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua aymara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="איימרה (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איימרה (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="აიმარა (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აიმარა (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Аймара тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аймара тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Аймара (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Аймара (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_aymara" title="Zimanê aymara – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê aymara" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Aymara" title="Lingua Aymara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Aymara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimaru_valoda" title="Aimaru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aimaru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimar%C5%B3_kalba" title="Aimarų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aimarų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoa_aymara" title="Léngoa aymara – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoa aymara" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimara_(lingua)" title="Aimara (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aimara (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_aymara" title="Lengua aymara – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua aymara" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmara_nyelv" title="Ajmara nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ajmara nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ајмарски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ајмарски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അയ്‌മാറ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയ്‌മാറ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Aim%C4%81ra" title="Reo Aimāra – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Aimāra" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयमारा भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयमारा भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="აიმარა (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აიმარა (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آیمارا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آیمارا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Aymara" title="Bahasa Aymara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Aymara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(taal)" title="Aymara (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aymara (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="アイマラ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイマラ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82)" title="Аймара (мотт) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аймара (мотт)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara" title="Aymara – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aymara" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Aymara (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aymara (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara" title="Aymara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aymara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimara_(lenga)" title="Aimara (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aimara (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_tili" title="Aymara tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aymara tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آیمارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آیمارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara" title="Aymara – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Aymara" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_aymara_sentral" title="Lenga aymara sentral – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aymara sentral" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(Spraak)" title="Aymara (Spraak) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aymara (Spraak)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ajmara" title="Język ajmara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język ajmara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_aimar%C3%A1" title="Língua aimará – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua aimará" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_aimara" title="Limba aimara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba aimara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_simi" title="Aymara simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aymara simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Аймара (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аймара (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(Sproake)" title="Aymara (Sproake) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aymara (Sproake)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_aimare" title="Gjuha aimare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha aimare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aymara language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmar%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ajmarščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ajmarščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زمانی ئەیمارا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەیمارا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ајмара (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајмара (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimaran_kieli" title="Aimaran kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aimaran kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Aymara (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aymara (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Aymara" title="Wikang Aymara – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Aymara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஐமர மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐமர மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Аймара теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аймара теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาไอมารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไอมารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymaraca" title="Aymaraca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aymaraca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аймарська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аймарська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آئیمارا زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئیمارا زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimaran_kel%27" title="Aimaran kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Aimaran kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Aymara" title="Tiếng Aymara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Aymara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_(lingaedje)" title="Aymara (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aymara (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="艾马拉语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艾马拉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Aymara</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><span title="Aymara-language text"><i lang="ay">Aymar aru</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ay-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈajmaɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈaɾu]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.7 million (2007–2014)<sup id="cite_ref-e24_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Aymara</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ay">ay</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=38">aym</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aym" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aym">aym</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ayr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ayr">ayr</a></code> – Central Aymara<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ayc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ayc">ayc</a></code> – Southern Aymara</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1667">nucl1667</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8111">Aymara</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_aimara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Idioma_aimara.png" decoding="async" width="189" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080FE; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Areas where it is the majority language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#88C4FE; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Areas where it is the minority language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Aymara</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Aymara pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ay-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ajˈmaɾa]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Ay-aymara.oga\/Ay-aymara.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ay-aymara.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Ay-aymara.oga/Ay-aymara.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ay-aymara.oga" title="File:Ay-aymara.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; also <span title="Aymara-language text"><i lang="ay">Aymar aru</i></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivian</a> <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. It is one of only a handful of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a> with over one million speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-INE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-millionspeakers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millionspeakers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aymara, along with <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, is an official language in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, where it is a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">recognized minority language</a>. </p><p>Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>. That claim, however, is disputed. Although there are indeed similarities, like the nearly identical phonologies, the majority position among linguists today is that the similarities are better explained as <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal feature (linguistics)">areal features</a> arising from <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">prolonged cohabitation</a>, rather than natural genealogical changes that would stem from a common <a href="/wiki/Protolanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="Protolanguage">protolanguage</a>. </p><p>Aymara is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinating_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinating language">agglutinating</a> and, to a certain extent, a <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic language</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> word order. It is based on a <a href="/wiki/Three-valued_logic" title="Three-valued logic">three-valued logic</a> system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aymara is normally written using the Latin alphabet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethnonym "Aymara" may be ultimately derived from the name of some group occupying the southern part of what is now the Quechua speaking area of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Apur%C3%ADmac" title="Department of Apurímac">Apurímac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the use of the word "Aymara" as a label for this people was standard practice as early as 1567, as evident from Garci Diez de San Miguel's report of his inspection of the province of Chucuito (1567, 14; cited in Lafaye 1964). In this document, he uses the term <i>aymaraes</i> to refer to the people. The language was then called <a href="/wiki/Qulla_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Qulla people">Colla</a>. It is believed that Colla was the name of an Aymara nation at the time of conquest, and later was the southernmost region of the Inca empire Collasuyu. However, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Cerr%C3%B3n_Palomino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino">Cerrón Palomino</a> disputes this claim and asserts that Colla were in fact <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a> speakers who were the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> in the first and third centuries (2008:246). This hypothesis suggests that the linguistically-diverse area ruled by the Puquina came to adopt Aymara languages in their southern region.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In any case, the use of "Aymara" to refer to the language may have first occurred in the works of the lawyer, magistrate and tax collector in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polo_de_Ondegardo" title="Polo de Ondegardo">Polo de Ondegardo</a>. This man, who later assisted Viceroy Toledo in creating a system under which the indigenous population would be ruled for the next 200 years, wrote a report in 1559 entitled 'On the lineage of the Yncas and how they extended their conquests'<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in which he discusses land and taxation issues of the Aymara under the Inca empire. </p><p>More than a century passed before "Aymara" entered general usage to refer to the language spoken by the Aymara people (Briggs, 1976:14). In the meantime the Aymara language was referred to as "the language of the Colla". The best account of the history of Aymara is that of Cerrón-Palomino, who shows that the ethnonym Aymara, which came from the glottonym, is likely derived from the Quechuaized toponym <i>ayma-ra-y</i> 'place of communal property'. The entire history of this term is thoroughly outlined in his book, <i>Voces del Ande</i> (2008:19–32) and <i>Lingüística Aimara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suggestion that "Aymara" comes from the Aymara words "<i>jaya</i>" (ancient) and "<i>mara</i>" (year, time) is almost certainly a mistaken <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often assumed that the Aymara language descends from the language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> on the grounds that it is the native language of that area today. That is very far from certain, however, and most specialists now incline to the idea that Aymara did not expand into the Tiwanaku area until rather recently, as it spread southwards from an original homeland that was more likely to have been in Central Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-HegBer2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegBer2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aymara placenames are found all the way north into central Peru. Indeed, (Altiplano) Aymara is actually the one of two extant members of a wider language family, the other surviving representative being <a href="/wiki/Jaqaru_language" title="Jaqaru language">Jaqaru</a>. </p><p>The family was established by the research of Lucy Briggs (a fluent speaker) and Martha Hardman de Bautista of the Program in Linguistics at the University of Florida. Jaqaru [<i>jaqi aru</i> = human language] and Kawki communities are in the district of Tupe, Yauyos Valley, in the Dept. of Lima, in central Peru. Terminology for this wider language family is not yet well established. Hardman has proposed the name 'Jaqi' ('human') while other widely respected Peruvian linguists have proposed alternative names for the same language family. Alfredo Torero uses the term 'Aru' ('speech'); Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, meanwhile, has proposed that the term 'Aymara' should be used for the whole family, distinguished into two branches, Southern (or Altiplano) Aymara and Central Aymara (Jaqaru and Kawki). Each of these three proposals has its followers in Andean <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. In English usage, some linguists use the term <a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran languages</a> for the family and reserve 'Aymara' for the Altiplano branch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some degree of regional variation within Aymara, but all dialects are mutually intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most studies of the language focused on either the Aymara spoken on the southern Peruvian shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> or the Aymara spoken around <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>. Lucy Therina Briggs classifies both regions as being part of the Northern Aymara dialect, which encompasses the department of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="La Paz Department (Bolivia)">La Paz</a> in Bolivia and the department of <a href="/wiki/Puno_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Puno Department">Puno</a> in Peru. The Southern Aymara dialect is spoken in the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Region" title="Tarapacá Region">Tarapacá Region</a> in northern Chile and in most of the Bolivian department of <a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro</a>. It is also found in northern <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosi</a> and southwest <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> but is slowly being replaced by Quechua in those regions. </p><p>Intermediate Aymara shares dialectical features with both Northern and Southern Aymara and is found in the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moquegua" title="Moquegua">Moquegua</a> departments in southern Peru and in the northeastern tip of Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aymara-language-domain-en-001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Aymara-language-domain-en-001.svg/220px-Aymara-language-domain-en-001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Aymara-language-domain-en-001.svg/330px-Aymara-language-domain-en-001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Aymara-language-domain-en-001.svg/440px-Aymara-language-domain-en-001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Aymara language domain as of 1984</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_aymara_como_lengua_materna_(censo_nacional_2007).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/El_aymara_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/220px-El_aymara_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/El_aymara_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/330px-El_aymara_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/El_aymara_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/440px-El_aymara_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Aymara limited to three southern departments in Peru: Puno, Moquegua, Tacna.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are roughly two million Bolivian speakers, half a million Peruvian speakers, and perhaps a few thousand speakers in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century, Aymara was the dominant language over a much larger area than today, including most of highland Peru south of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>. Over the centuries, Aymara has gradually lost speakers both to Spanish and to Quechua; many Peruvian and Bolivian communities that were once Aymara-speaking now speak Quechua.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aymara has three <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel qualities</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>, which, in most varieties of the language, occur as either long or short (i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>iː<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>uː<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>). Long vowels are indicated in the spelling with a <a href="/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> in writing: <i>ä</i>, <i>ï</i>, <i>ü</i>. The high vowels /i u/ occur as mid-high [e o] when near uvular consonants /q qʰ qʼ χ/. The three vowel sounds are heard as [ə, ɪ, ʊ] when in unstressed positions. </p><p>Vowel deletion is frequent in Aymara. Vowel deletion typically occurs due to one of three factors: (i) phonotactic, (ii) syntactic, and (iii) morphophonemic.<sup id="cite_ref-brill.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Phonotactic vowel deletion takes the shape of hiatus reduction when two vowels co-occur through word construction or through suffixation. In such environments, one vowel deletes. (i) if one of the two vowels is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, the other vowels assimilate to it, (ii) if the vowels are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, /a/ assimilates. (iii) If the sequence is composed of two identical vowels, one will delete.</li> <li>Vowel elision can be syntactically conditioned. For example, in nominal compounds and noun phrases, all adjectival/nominal modifiers with three or more vowels in a modifier + nucleus NP lose their final vowel.</li> <li>Morphemic vowel deletion is the most common. Some suffixes never co-occur with the preceding vowel in the root, whereas others lose their own vowel in certain environments. Patterns of morphophonological vowel deletion derive from historical changes that affected individual suffixes differently, so that no clear patterns emerge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aymara has phonemic stops at the <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">velar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular">uvular</a> points of articulation. Stops show no distinction of voice (e.g. there is no phonemic contrast between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>), but each stop occurs in three laryngeal settings: plain or voiceless unaspirated (aka <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a>. Sounds such as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>h,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ</span>] occur as allophones of /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>χ,<span class="wrap"> </span>n</span>/. Aymara also has a tapped <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>, and an alveolar/palatal contrast for nasals and laterals, as well as two semivowels (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>). </p><p>Orthographic representation is the same as the IPA where not shown. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nh⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ph⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨chh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨chʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable, but long vowels may shift it. Although the final vowel of a word is elided except at the end of a phrase, the stress remains unchanged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of roots are disyllabic and, with few exceptions, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyllabic</a>. Roots conform to the template (C)V(C)CV, with CVCV being predominant. The majority of suffixes are CV, though there are some exceptions: CVCV, CCV, CCVCV and even VCV are possible but rare. </p><p>The agglutinative nature of this predominantly suffixing language, coupled with morphophonological alternations caused by vowel deletion and phonologically conditioned constraints, gives rise to interesting surface structures that operate in the domain of the morpheme, syllable, and phonological word/phrase. The phonological/morphophonological processes observed include syllabic reduction, epenthesis, deletion, and reduplication.<sup id="cite_ref-brill.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_de_Independencia_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_en_Sud_Am%C3%A9rica_-_Espa%C3%B1ol_-_Aymara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Acta_de_Independencia_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_en_Sud_Am%C3%A9rica_-_Espa%C3%B1ol_-_Aymara.jpg/220px-Acta_de_Independencia_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_en_Sud_Am%C3%A9rica_-_Espa%C3%B1ol_-_Aymara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Acta_de_Independencia_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_en_Sud_Am%C3%A9rica_-_Espa%C3%B1ol_-_Aymara.jpg/330px-Acta_de_Independencia_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_en_Sud_Am%C3%A9rica_-_Espa%C3%B1ol_-_Aymara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Acta_de_Independencia_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_en_Sud_Am%C3%A9rica_-_Espa%C3%B1ol_-_Aymara.jpg/440px-Acta_de_Independencia_de_las_Provincias_Unidas_en_Sud_Am%C3%A9rica_-_Espa%C3%B1ol_-_Aymara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of Independence of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of South America">United Provinces of South America</a> (present-day Argentina) in Spanish and Aymara</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning with Spanish missionary efforts, there have been many attempts to create a writing system for Aymara. The colonial sources employed a variety of writing systems heavily influenced by Spanish, the most widespread one being that of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Bertonio" title="Ludovico Bertonio">Bertonio</a>. Many of the early grammars employed unique alphabets as well as the one of Middendorf's <i>Aymara-Sprache</i> (1891). </p><p>The first official alphabet to be adopted for Aymara was the Scientific Alphabet. It was approved by the <i>III Congreso Indigenista Interamericano de la Paz</i> in 1954, though its origins can be traced as far back as 1931. Rs. No 1593 (Deza Galindo 1989, 17). It was the first official record of an alphabet, but in 1914, Sisko Chukiwanka Ayulo and Julián Palacios Ríos had recorded what may be the first of many attempts to have one alphabet for both Quechua and Aymara, the <i>Syentifiko Qheshwa-Aymara Alfabeto</i> with 37 graphemes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several other attempts followed, with varying degrees of success. Some orthographic attempts even expand further: the <i>Alfabeto Funcional Trilingüe</i>, made up of 40 letters (including the voiced stops necessary for Spanish) and created by the Academia de las Lenguas Aymara y Quechua in Puno in 1944 is the one used by the lexicographer Juan Francisco Deza Galindo in his <i>Diccionario Aymara – Castellano / Castellano – Aymara</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This alphabet has five vowels ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩, aspiration is conveyed with an ⟨h⟩ next to the consonant, and ejectives with ⟨'⟩. The most unusual characteristic is the expression of the uvular /χ/ with ⟨jh⟩. The other uvular segment, /q/, is expressed by ⟨q⟩, but transcription rules mandate that the following vowel must be ⟨a, e, o⟩ (not ⟨i, u⟩), presumably to account for uvular lowering and to facilitate multilingual orthography. </p><p>The alphabet created by the Comisión de Alfabetización y Literatura Aymara (CALA) was officially recognized in Bolivia in 1968 (co-existing with the 1954 Scientific Alphabet).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Besides being the alphabet employed by Protestant missionaries, it is also the one used for the translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also in 1968, de Dios Yapita created his take on the Aymara alphabet at the Instituto de Lenga y Cultura Aymara (ILCA).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nearly 15 years later, the <i>Servicio Nacional de Alfabetización y Educación Popular</i> (SENALEP) attempted to consolidate these alphabets to create a system which could be used to write both Aymara and Quechua, creating what was known as the Alfabeto Unificado. The alphabet, later sanctioned in Bolivia by Decree 20227 on 9 May 1984 and in Peru as la Resolución Ministerial Peruana 1218ED on 18 November 1985, consists of 3 vowels, 26 consonants and an <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> to mark vowel length.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The orthography was shown in the phonological table in the previous section, and is the same where angle brackets are not shown. </p><p>In 2015 a full writing system was developed for Aymara using the Korean script <a href="/wiki/Hangeul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangeul">Hangeul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yonhap_News_Agency_2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yonhap_News_Agency_2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aymara is a highly agglutinative, predominantly suffixing language. All suffixes can be categorized into the nominal, verbal, transpositional and those not subcategorized for lexical category (including stem-external word-level suffixes and phrase-final suffixes),<sup id="cite_ref-brill.com_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as below: </p> <ul><li>Nominal and verbal morphology is characterized by derivational- and inflectional-like suffixes as well as non-productive suffixes.</li> <li>Transpositional morphology consists of verbalizers (that operate on the root or phrasal levels) and nominalizers (including an action nominalizer, an agentive, and a resultative).</li> <li>Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical category can be divided into three stem-external, word-level suffixes (otherwise known as "independent suffixes") and around a dozen phrase-final suffixes (otherwise known as "sentence suffixes").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_suffixes">Nominal suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nominal suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Non-productive nominal suffixes vary considerably by variant but typically include those below. Some varieties additionally also have (1) the suffix -<i>wurasa</i> (< Spanish 'horas'), which expresses 'when' on <i>aka</i> 'this', <i>uka</i> 'that' and <i>kuna</i> 'what'; (2) temporal suffixes -<i>unt</i> ~ -<i>umt</i>; and (3) -<i>kucha</i>, which attaches to only two roots, <i>jani</i> 'no' and <i>jicha</i> 'now': <ul><li>kinship suffixes, including -<i>la</i>, -<i>lla</i>, -<i>chi</i>, and/or -<i>ta</i></li> <li>the expression of size with -<i>chʼa</i></li> <li>the suffix -<i>sa</i> 'side', which attaches to only the demonstratives and <i>kawki</i> 'where'</li></ul></li> <li>Nominal derivational-like suffixes: <ul><li>diminutive suffixes</li> <li>delimitative suffix -<i>chapi</i></li></ul></li> <li>Nominal inflectional-like suffixes: <ul><li>Attributive suffix -<i>ni</i></li> <li>Possessive paradigm</li> <li>Plural -<i>naka</i></li> <li>Reciprocal/inclusor -<i>pacha</i></li> <li>Case suffixes – Syntactic relations are generally case-marked, with the exception of the unmarked subject. Case is affixed to the last element of a <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>, usually corresponding to the head. Most varieties of Aymara have 14 cases (though in many, the genitive and locative have merged into a single form): <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> -<i>ta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> (indicated by vowel suppression), <a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">allative</a> -<i>ru</i>, <a href="/wiki/Benefactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefactive">benefactive</a> -<i>taki</i>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparative</a> -<i>jama</i>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> -<i>na</i>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental/comitative</a> -<i>mpi</i>, interactive -<i>pura</i>, <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> -<i>na</i>, limitative -<i>kama</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> (zero), <a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">perlative</a> -<i>kata</i>, purposive -<i>layku</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_suffixes">Verbal suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verbal suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All verbs require at least one suffix to be grammatical. </p> <ul><li>Verbal derivational-like suffixes <ul><li>Direction of motion — Although these suffixes are quite productive, they are not obligatory. The meaning of a word which is affixed with a member of this category is often but not always predictable, and the word formed may have a different meaning than the root.</li> <li>Spatial location — The nine spatial locations suffixes are likewise highly productive and not obligatory. Similarly, the meaning of the word that contains a member of this category is typically (but not consistently) predictable. There are also contexts in which the word formed has a meaning that significantly differs from that of the root to which it attaches.</li> <li>Valency-increasing — The five valency increasing suffixes may occur on a wide range of verbs but are not obligatory. The meaning expressed when a word receives one of these suffixes is predictable.</li> <li>Multipliers/reversers — The two multipliers/reversers are comparatively less productive and are not obligatory. In some contexts, attachment to a verb conveys a reverser meaning and effectively express the opposite of the meaning of the plain root. In this respect, the multipliers/reversers are the most derivational-like of all the suffixes discussed so far.</li> <li>Aspect — This category is complicated insofar as it is made up of a diverse array of suffix types, some of which are more productive and/or obligatory than others.</li> <li>Others — In some varieties of Aymara, there are three suffixes not classified into the categories above: the verbal comparative -<i>jama</i>, the category buffer -<i>(w)jwa</i>, and the intensifier -<i>paya</i>. Semantically, these three suffixes do not have much in common. They also vary with respect to the degree which they may be classified as more derivational-like or more inflectional-like.</li></ul></li> <li>Verbal inflectional-like suffixes: <ul><li>Person/tense — Person and tense are fused into a unitary suffix. These forms are among the most inflectional-like of the verbal suffixes insofar as they are all obligatory and productive. The so-called personal-knowledge tenses include the simple (non-past) and the proximal past. The non-personal knowledge tenses includes the future and distal past.</li> <li>Number — The plural verbal suffix, -<i>pha</i> (just as the nominal one,-<i>naka</i>) is optional. Thus, while pluralization is very productive, it is not obligatory.</li> <li>Mood and modality — Mood and modality includes mood, evidentials, event modality, and the imperative. These suffixes are both productive and obligatory. Their semantic affect is usually transparent.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transpositional_suffixes">Transpositional suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transpositional suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A given word can take several transpositional suffixes: </p> <ul><li>Verbalizers: There are six suffixes whose primary function is to verbalize nominal roots (not including the reflexive -<i>si</i> and the propagative -<i>tata</i>). These forms can be subdivided into two groups, (1) phrase verbalizers and (2) root verbalizers.</li> <li>Nominalizers: There are three suffixes are used to derive nouns: the agentive -<i>iri</i>, the resultative -<i>ta</i>, and the action nominalizer (sometimes glossed as the "infinitive" in some descriptions) -<i>ña</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffixes_not_subcategorized_for_lexical_categories">Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two kinds of suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories: </p> <ul><li>Stem external word-final suffixes (sometimes known as "independent suffixes") — There are three suffixes that are not classifiable as members of either nominal or verbal morphology and are not phrase-final suffixes: the emphatic -<i>puni</i>, the delimitative -<i>ki</i>, and the additive -<i>raki</i></li> <li>Phrase-final suffixes (sometimes known as "sentence suffixes" in the literature) — Most Aymara phrases have at least one of the eleven (depending on variant) possible phrase-final suffixes to be grammatical. The phrase-final suffix must appear minimally on a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase (note that two phrase-final suffixes, the additive -<i>sa</i> and the confirmatory -<i>pi</i> appear exclusively on nouns but otherwise pattern with phrase-final suffixes and so may not be best treated with nominal morphology). Exceptions to the requirement that a phrase has at least one phrase-final suffix are mainly limited to imperative constructions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idiosyncrasies">Idiosyncrasies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Idiosyncrasies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Mormon_-_Aymara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Mormon_-_Aymara.jpg/220px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Aymara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Mormon_-_Aymara.jpg/330px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Aymara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Mormon_-_Aymara.jpg/440px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Aymara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="3269" /></a><figcaption>Aymara translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Linguistic and gestural analysis by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_E._N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez" title="Rafael E. Núñez">Núñez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eve_Sweetser" title="Eve Sweetser">Sweetser</a> also asserts that the Aymara have an apparently unique (or at least very rare) understanding of time. Aymara is, with Quechua, one of very few [Núñez & Sweetser, 2006, p. 403] languages in which speakers seem to represent the past as in front of them and the future as behind them. Their argument is mainly within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor" title="Conceptual metaphor">conceptual metaphor</a>, which recognizes in general two subtypes of the metaphor "the passage of time is motion:" one is "time passing is motion over a landscape" (or "moving-ego"), and the other is "time passing is a moving object" ("moving-events"). The latter metaphor does not explicitly involve the individual/speaker. Events are in a queue, with prior events towards the front of the line. The individual may be facing the queue, or it may be moving from left to right in front of him/her. </p><p>The claims regarding Aymara involve the moving-ego metaphor. Most languages conceptualize the ego as moving forward into the future, with ego's back to the past. The English sentences <i>prepare for what lies before us</i> and <i>we are facing a prosperous future</i> exemplify the metaphor. In contrast, Aymara seems to encode the past as in front of individuals and the future behind them. That is <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> a rare phenomenon [Núñez & Sweetser, 2006, p. 416]. </p><p>The fact that English has words like <i>before</i> and <i>after</i> that are (currently or archaically) <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">polysemous</a> between 'front/earlier' or 'back/later' may seem to refute the claims regarding Aymara uniqueness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, those words relate events to other events and are part of the moving-events metaphor. In fact, when <i>before</i> means <i>in front of <b>ego</b></i>, it can mean only <i>future</i>. For instance, <i>our future is laid out <b>before us</b></i> while <i>our past is <b>behind us</b></i>. Parallel Aymara examples describe future days as <i>qhipa uru</i>, literally 'back days', and they are sometimes accompanied by gestures to behind the speaker. The same applies to Quechua-speakers, whose expression <i>qhipa pʼunchaw</i> corresponds directly to Aymara <i>qhipa uru</i>. Possibly, the metaphor is from the fact that the past is visible (in front of one's eyes), but the future is not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pedagogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is increasing use of Aymara locally and there are increased numbers learning the language, both Bolivian and abroad. In Bolivia and Peru, <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_bilingual_education" title="Intercultural bilingual education">intercultural bilingual education</a> programs with Aymara and Spanish have been introduced in the last two decades. There are even projects to offer Aymara through the internet, such as by ILCA.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22A_Helping_Hand_in_Time_of_Crisis%22_-_DPLA_-_ff15973f983266ee1efc5a9312f7529e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%22A_Helping_Hand_in_Time_of_Crisis%22_-_DPLA_-_ff15973f983266ee1efc5a9312f7529e.jpg/220px-%22A_Helping_Hand_in_Time_of_Crisis%22_-_DPLA_-_ff15973f983266ee1efc5a9312f7529e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%22A_Helping_Hand_in_Time_of_Crisis%22_-_DPLA_-_ff15973f983266ee1efc5a9312f7529e.jpg/330px-%22A_Helping_Hand_in_Time_of_Crisis%22_-_DPLA_-_ff15973f983266ee1efc5a9312f7529e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%22A_Helping_Hand_in_Time_of_Crisis%22_-_DPLA_-_ff15973f983266ee1efc5a9312f7529e.jpg/440px-%22A_Helping_Hand_in_Time_of_Crisis%22_-_DPLA_-_ff15973f983266ee1efc5a9312f7529e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>"A Helping Hand in Time of Crisis," from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a>, 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>The following is a sample text in Ayamara, Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (by the United Nations): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Taqi</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">/ˈtaqi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jaqinakaxa</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">haqinaˈkaχa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qhispiyata</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">qʰispiˈjata</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yuripxi</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">juˈɾipχi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ukhamaraki</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ukʰamaˈɾaki</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jerarquía</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">hiɾaɾˈkia</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ukhamaraki</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ukʰamaˈɾaki</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">derechos</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">diˈɾitʃus</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ukanakana</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ukanaˈkana</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kikipa.</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">kiˈkipa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Jupanakax</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">hupaˈnakaχ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amuyt’añampi</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">amujtʼaˈɲampi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ukat</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ˈukat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">concienciampi</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">kunsiinsiˈampi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">phuqt’atapxiwa</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">pʰuqtʼatapˈχiwa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ukat</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ˈukat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maynit</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ˈmajnit</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maynikamaw</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">majnˈkamaw</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jilat</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ˈhilat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kullakanakjam</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">kuʎakaˈnakham</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ay" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sarnaqapxañapa.</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">saɾnaqapχaˈɲapa/</p></div><p style="display: none;">Taqi jaqinakaxa qhispiyata yuripxi ukhamaraki jerarquía ukhamaraki derechos ukanakana kikipa. {} Jupanakax amuyt’añampi ukat concienciampi phuqt’atapxiwa ukat maynit maynikamaw jilat kullakanakjam sarnaqapxañapa.</p><p style="display: none;">/ˈtaqi haqinaˈkaχa qʰispiˈjata juˈɾipχi ukʰamaˈɾaki hiɾaɾˈkia ukʰamaˈɾaki diˈɾitʃus ukanaˈkana kiˈkipa | hupaˈnakaχ amujtʼaˈɲampi ˈukat kunsiinsiˈampi pʰuqtʼatapˈχiwa ˈukat ˈmajnit majnˈkamaw ˈhilat kuʎakaˈnakham saɾnaqapχaˈɲapa/</p><p style="clear: left;">All human beings are born free and equal in ranking and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaqaru_language" title="Jaqaru language">Jaqaru language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Indigenous_American_Indian_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin">List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official only in Aymara–dominated areas.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e24-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e24_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/aym">Aymara</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (24th ed., 2021) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/ayr">Central Aymara</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (24th ed., 2021) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/ayc">Southern Aymara</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (24th ed., 2021) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INE_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gov.bo/BEYOND/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=993">"Bolivia: Idioma Materno de la Población de 4 años de edad y más- UBICACIÓN, ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA, SEXO Y EDAD"</a>. <i>2001 Bolivian Census</i>. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, La Paz — Bolivia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001+Bolivian+Census&rft.atitle=Bolivia%3A+Idioma+Materno+de+la+Poblaci%C3%B3n+de+4+a%C3%B1os+de+edad+y+m%C3%A1s-+UBICACI%C3%93N%2C+%C3%81REA+GEOGR%C3%81FICA%2C+SEXO+Y+EDAD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gov.bo%2FBEYOND%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millionspeakers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millionspeakers_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other native American languages with more than one million speakers are <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818003523/http://www4.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/Constitu/Cons1993.pdf">"CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL PERÚ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Congreso de la república</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/Constitu/Cons1993.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-10</span></span>. <q>Artículo 48°.-Son idiomas oficiales el castellano y, en las zonas donde predominen, también lo son el quechua, el aimara y las demás lenguas aborígenes, según la ley. <i>Article 48. Castillian Spanish is official, as are Quechua, Aymara, and other local native languages in the regions where they predominate.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congreso+de+la+rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=CONSTITUCI%C3%93N+POL%C3%8DTICA+DEL+PER%C3%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.congreso.gob.pe%2Fntley%2FImagenes%2FConstitu%2FCons1993.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Willem Adelaar</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Muysken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Muysken (page does not exist)">Pieter Muysken</a>, <i>Languages of the Andes</i>, CUP, Cambridge, 2004, pp 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColer2015" class="citation book cs1">Coler, Matt (2015). <i>A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru</i>. Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Brill. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00-428380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00-428380-0"><bdi>978-9-00-428380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Muylaq%CA%BC+Aymara%3A+Aymara+as+spoken+in+Southern+Peru&rft.series=Brill%27s+Studies+in+the+Indigenous+Languages+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9-00-428380-0&rft.aulast=Coler&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Cerr%C3%B3n-Palomino" title="Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino">Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino</a>, <i>Lingüística Aimara</i>, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de las Casas", Lima, 2000, pp 34–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HegBer2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HegBer2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggartyBeresford-Jones2013" class="citation book cs1">Heggarty, P.; Beresford-Jones, D. (2013). "Andes: linguistic history.". In Ness, I.; P., Bellwood (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">401–</span>409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andes%3A+linguistic+history.&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Human+Migration&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Heggarty&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Beresford-Jones%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SIL's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/">Ethnologue.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227170852/http://www.ethnologue.com/">Archived</a> 2007-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the ISO designate a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ayc">Southern Aymara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001211815/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ayc">Archived</a> 2007-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> dialect found in between Lake Titicaca and the Pacific Coast in southern Peru and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ayr">Central Aymara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211054355/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ayr">Archived</a> 2012-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> dialect found in western Bolivia and northeastern Chile. Such classifications, however, are not based upon academic research and are probably a misinterpretation of Cerrón-Palomino's classification of the language family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucy Therina Briggs, <i>Dialectal Variation in the Aymara Language of Bolivia and Peru</i>, Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1976; Adalberto Salas and María Teresa Poblete, "El aimara de Chile (fonología, textos, léxico)", <i>Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica</i>, Vol XXIII: 1, pp 121–203, 2, pp 95–138; Cerrón-Palomino, 2000, pp 65–8, 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue: 1.785 million in Bolivia in 1987; 442 thousand of the central dialect in Peru in 2000, plus an unknown number of speakers of the southern dialect in Peru; 900 in Chile in 1994 out of a much larger ethnic population.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xavier Albó, "Andean People in the Twentieth Century," in <i>The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. III: South America</i>, ed. Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 765–871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brill.com-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brill.com_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill.com_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill.com_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Coler, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/products/book/grammar-muylaq-aymara">A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220041616/http://www.brill.com/products/book/grammar-muylaq-aymara">Archived</a> 2014-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Brill: Leiden, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardmanVásquezYapita2001" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, Martha J.; Vásquez, Juana; Yapita, Juan de Dios (2001). <i>Aymara: Compendio de estructura fonológica y gramatical</i>. University of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aymara%3A+Compendio+de+estructura+fonol%C3%B3gica+y+gramatical&rft.place=University+of+Florida&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Juana&rft.au=Yapita%2C+Juan+de+Dios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yonhap_News_Agency_2015-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yonhap_News_Agency_2015_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20151008003000315">"Hangeul set to become writing system for South American tribe"</a>. <i>Yonhap News Agency</i>. 2015-10-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829190730/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20151008003000315">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Hangeul+set+to+become+writing+system+for+South+American+tribe&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20151008003000315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilcanet.org/ciberaymara">"CIBERAYMARA"</a>. <i>www.ilcanet.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132938/http://www.ilcanet.org/ciberaymara/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilcanet.org&rft.atitle=CIBERAYMARA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilcanet.org%2Fciberaymara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coler, Matt. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/products/book/grammar-muylaq-aymara">A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220041616/http://www.brill.com/products/book/grammar-muylaq-aymara">Archived</a> 2014-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Brill: Leiden, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNúñezSweetser2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_E._N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez" title="Rafael E. Núñez">Núñez, R. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eve_Sweetser" title="Eve Sweetser">Sweetser, E.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0000_62">"With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time"</a>. <i>Cognitive Science</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">401–</span>450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0000_62">10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702821">21702821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Science&rft.atitle=With+the+Future+Behind+Them%3A+Convergent+Evidence+From+Aymara+Language+and+Gesture+in+the+Crosslinguistic+Comparison+of+Spatial+Construals+of+Time&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0000_62&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21702821&rft.aulast=N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Sweetser%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1207%252Fs15516709cog0000_62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Coler, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/products/book/grammar-muylaq-aymara"><i>A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220041616/http://www.brill.com/products/book/grammar-muylaq-aymara">Archived</a> 2014-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Brill: Leiden, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004283800" title="Special:BookSources/9789004283800">9789004283800</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Coler, Matt (2014). "The Grammatical Expression of Dialogicity in Muylaqʼ Aymara Narratives". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>80</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F675424">10.1086/675424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142044045">142044045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Grammatical+Expression+of+Dialogicity+in+Muylaq%CA%BC+Aymara+Narratives&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F675424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142044045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coler&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColerBanegas_Flores2013" class="citation journal cs1">Coler, Matt; Banegas Flores, Edwin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v0i13.1533">"A descriptive analysis of Castellano loanwords into Muylaqʼ Aymara"</a>. <i>LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v0i13.1533">10.20396/liames.v0i13.1533</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIAMES%3A+L%C3%ADnguas+Ind%C3%ADgenas+Americanas&rft.atitle=A+descriptive+analysis+of+Castellano+loanwords+into+Muylaq%CA%BC+Aymara&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20396%2Fliames.v0i13.1533&rft.aulast=Coler&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Banegas+Flores%2C+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.20396%252Fliames.v0i13.1533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAymara+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gifford, Douglas. <i>Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua</i>. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews, 1986.</li> <li>Guzmán de Rojas, Iván. <i>Logical and Linguistic Problems of Social Communication with the Aymara People</i>. Manuscript report / International Development Research Centre, 66e. [Ottawa]: International Development Research Centre, 1985.</li> <li>Hardman, Martha James. <i>The Aymara Language in Its Social and Cultural Context: A Collection Essays on Aspects of Aymara Language and Culture</i>. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-0695-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-0695-3">0-8130-0695-3</a></li> <li>Hardman, Martha James, Juana Vásquez, and Juan de Dios Yapita. <i>Aymara Grammatical Sketch: To Be Used with Aymar Ar Yatiqañataki</i>. Gainesville, Fla: Aymara Language Materials Project, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1971.</li> <li>Hardman, Martha James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/jaqi">Primary research materials online as full-text in the University of Florida's Digital Collections</a>, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026003850/http://grove.ufl.edu/~hardman/">Dr. Hardman's website</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124115734/http://www.latam.ufl.edu/hardman/aymara/AYMARA.html">learning Aymara resources by Dr. Hardman</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ay:"> Aymara edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/aymara" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:aymara">aymara</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Phrasebook_Aymara#Q4627" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Phrasebook Aymara">Phrasebook Aymara</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aymara.ufl.edu/">Aymara on The Internet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130033745/http://aymara.ufl.edu/">Archived</a> 2015-11-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A course for Aymara available in English and Spanish.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113145613/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Araucanian_Swadesh_lists">Aymara Swadesh vocabulary lists</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153212/http://clas.uchicago.edu/language_teaching/aymara.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153212/http://clas.uchicago.edu/language_teaching/aymara.shtml</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219125926/http://www.aymara.org/">www.aymara.org</a> An extensive website about the language in English, Spanish and Aymara.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006175522/http://www.quechua.org.uk/Sounds/">The Sounds of the Andean Languages</a> listen online to pronunciations of Aymara words, see photos of speakers and their home regions, learn about the origins and varieties of Aymara.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/bolivians-equip-ancient-language-for-digital-times/a-16102788-1">Bolivians equip ancient language for digital times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092540/http://ay.enciclopedia.org/">Encyclopedy in Aymara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040404084337/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Aymara-english/">Aymara – English Dictionary</a>: from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/">Webster's Online Dictionary</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Rosetta_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rosetta Edition">The Rosetta Edition</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425060844/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED019630">Beginning Aymara</a> – a course book in pdf form</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ids.clld.org/contributions/269">Aymara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Dictionary_Series" title="Intercontinental Dictionary Series">Intercontinental Dictionary Series</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilcanet.org/publicaciones/pdf_compendio.html">Aymara – Compendio de Estrutura Fonológica y Gramatical</a>, 20 downloadable PDF files</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Template talk:Languages of Bolivia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bolivia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bolivia208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Languages of Bolivia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baure_language" title="Baure language">Baure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1apari_language" title="Iñapari language">Iñapari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxo_languages" title="Moxo languages">Moxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauna_language" title="Pauna language">Pauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yine_language" title="Yine language">Yine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pano%E2%80%93Tacanan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano–Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araona_language" title="Araona language">Araona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavine%C3%B1a_language" title="Cavineña language">Cavineño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1cobo-Pakawara_language" title="Chácobo-Pakawara language">Chácobo-Pakawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_Ejja_language" title="Ese Ejja language">Ese Ejja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reyesano_language" title="Reyesano language">Reyesano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacana_language" title="Tacana language">Tacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toromono_language" title="Toromono language">Toromona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusco%E2%80%93Collao_Quechua" title="Cusco–Collao Quechua">Cusco–Collao Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bolivian_Quechua" title="North Bolivian Quechua">North Bolivian Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bolivian_Quechua" title="South Bolivian Quechua">South Bolivian Quechua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bolivian_Guaran%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bolivian Guaraní">Eastern Bolivian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Yuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayoreo_language" title="Ayoreo language">Ayoreo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipaya_language" title="Chipaya language">Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya_language" title="Kallawaya language">Kallawaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Moré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li>Tonalla</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War%C3%A1zu_language" title="Warázu language">Warázu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wich%C3%AD_Lhamt%C3%A9s_Nocten" title="Wichí Lhamtés Nocten">Weenhayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Bolivian_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Bolivian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> still recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Bolivian constitution</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Chile182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Chile" title="Template:Languages of Chile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Chile" title="Template talk:Languages of Chile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Chile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Chile182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Languages of Chile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lingua franca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a> (formerly)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Living Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho Quechua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Quechua">Chilean Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct and endangered languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cac%C3%A1n_language" title="Cacán language">Cacán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_language" title="Huilliche language">Huilliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw%C3%A9sqar_language" title="Kawésqar language">Kawésqar/Alacaluf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ona_language" title="Ona language">Ona/Selk'nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_language" title="Tehuelche language">Tehuelche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" title="Paraguay–Uruguay Sign Language family">Chile–Paraguay–Uruguay Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Peru98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Peru" title="Template:Languages of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Languages of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Peru98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages of Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Spanish varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a> <small>(Tumbes)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncco" title="Loncco">Loncco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campa_languages" title="Campa languages">Campa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language" title="Asháninka language">Asháninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A9ninga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashéninga language">Ashéninga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axininca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axininca language">Axininca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquinte_language" title="Caquinte language">Caquinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiguenga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiguenga language">Machiguenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanti_language" title="Nanti language">Nanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomatsiguenga_language" title="Nomatsiguenga language">Nomatsiguenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piro_languages" title="Piro languages">Piro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1apari_language" title="Iñapari language">Iñapari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashco_Piro_language" title="Mashco Piro language">Mashco Piro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yine_language" title="Yine language">Yine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Amazon_Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Amazon Arawakan">Upper Amazon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Res%C3%ADgaro_language" title="Resígaro language">Resígaro</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamicuro_language" title="Chamicuro language">Chamicuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanesha%27_language" title="Yanesha' language">Yanesha'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaqaru_language" title="Jaqaru language">Jaqaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minica_Huitoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Minica Huitoto">Minica Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murui_Huitoto_language" title="Murui Huitoto language">Murui Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCpode_Huitoto_language" title="Nüpode Huitoto language">Nüpode Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaina_language" title="Ocaina language">Ocaina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Chayahuita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebero_language" title="Jebero language">Jebero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaroan languages">Jivaroan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguaruna_language" title="Aguaruna language">Aguaruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huambisa_language" title="Huambisa language">Huambisa</a></li> <li>Achuar–Shiwiar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achuar_Chicham" title="Achuar Chicham">Achuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwiar_language" title="Shiwiar language">Shiwiar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoan_languages" title="Panoan languages">Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskonawa_language" title="Iskonawa language">Iskonawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashibo_language" title="Kashibo language">Kashibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s_language" title="Matsés language">Matsés</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pisabo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisabo language">Pisabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca%E2%80%93Ca%C3%B1aris_Quechua" title="Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua">Cajamarca–Cañaris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca_Quechua" title="Cajamarca Quechua">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_Quechua" title="Lambayeque Quechua">Lambayeque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancash_Quechua" title="Ancash Quechua">Ancash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Pativilca%E2%80%93Alto_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Alto_Huallaga_Quechua" title="Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Quechua">Huánuco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huallaga_Quechua" title="Huallaga Quechua">Huallaga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacaraos_Quechua" title="Pacaraos Quechua">Pacaraos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanka_Quechua" title="Wanka Quechua">Wanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaru_Quechua" title="Yaru Quechua">Yaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yauyos%E2%80%93Chincha_Quechua" title="Yauyos–Chincha Quechua">Yauyos–Chincha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Peruvian_Quechua" title="Lowland Peruvian Quechua">Lowland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas_Quechua" title="Chachapoyas Quechua">Chachapoyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamas_Quechua" title="Lamas Quechua">Lamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco%E2%80%93Collao_Quechua" title="Cusco–Collao Quechua">Cusco–Collao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno_Quechua" title="Puno Quechua">Puno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orej%C3%B3n_language" title="Orejón language">Orejón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secoya_language" title="Secoya language">Secoya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabela_language" title="Arabela language">Arabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquito_language" title="Iquito language">Iquito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_Ejja_language" title="Ese Ejja language">Ese Ejja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tacanan_languages" title="Tacanan languages">Tacanan</a> family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arauan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arauan languages">Arauan</a> family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagua_language" title="Yagua language">Yagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allentiac_language" title="Allentiac language">Allentiac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millcayac_language" title="Millcayac language">Millcayac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comechingon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comechingon language">Comechingon</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura 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