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</li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevant_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevant_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Relevant literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relevant_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Assassination of Julius Caesar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="اغتيال يوليوس قيصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اغتيال يوليوس قيصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Убийство на Цезар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Убийство на Цезар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinat_de_Juli_C%C3%A8sar" title="Assassinat de Juli Cèsar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assassinat de Juli Cèsar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordet_p%C3%A5_Julius_C%C3%A6sar" title="Mordet på Julius Cæsar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mordet på Julius Cæsar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarm%C3%B6rder" title="Caesarmörder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caesarmörder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قتل ژولیوس سزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قتل ژولیوس سزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinat_de_Jules_C%C3%A9sar" title="Assassinat de Jules César – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assassinat de Jules César" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հուլիոս Կեսարի սպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուլիոս Կեսարի սպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentat_na_Cezara" title="Atentat na Cezara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atentat na Cezara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_Julius_Caesar" title="Pembunuhan Julius Caesar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembunuhan Julius Caesar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesaricidio" title="Cesaricidio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cesaricidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="רצח יוליוס קיסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח יוליוס קיסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julijaus_Cezario_nu%C5%BEudymas" title="Julijaus Cezario nužudymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Julijaus Cezario nužudymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="قتل يوليوس قيصر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قتل يوليوس قيصر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_Julius_Caesar" title="Pembunuhan Julius Caesar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembunuhan Julius Caesar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA" title="ユリウス・カエサルの暗殺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユリウス・カエサルの暗殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinato_de_J%C3%BAlio_C%C3%A9sar" title="Assassinato de Júlio César – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assassinato de Júlio César" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Убийство Гая Юлия Цезаря – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Убийство Гая Юлия Цезаря" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_o_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination o Julius Caesar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Assassination o Julius Caesar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Assassination of Julius Caesar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атентат на Јулија Цезара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атентат на Јулија Цезара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentat_na_Julija_Cezara" title="Atentat na Julija Cezara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atentat na Julija Cezara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การลอบสังหารจูเลียส ซีซาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลอบสังหารจูเลียส ซีซาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCl_Sezar_suikast%C4%B1" title="Jül Sezar suikastı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jül Sezar suikastı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Убивство Гая Юлія Цезаря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Убивство Гая Юлія Цезаря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_%C3%A1m_s%C3%A1t_Julius_Caesar" title="Vụ ám sát Julius Caesar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vụ ám sát Julius Caesar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92%E9%81%87%E5%88%BA%E6%A1%88" title="尤利烏斯·凱撒遇刺案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尤利烏斯·凱撒遇刺案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1025466#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&params=41_53_43_N_12_28_37_E_region:IT-RM_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°28′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.89528°N 12.47694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.89528; 12.47694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">44 BCE murder of the Roman dictator</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Death of Caesar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Caesar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Death of Caesar (disambiguation)">Death of Caesar (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar (disambiguation)">Assassination of Julius Caesar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Assassination of Julius Caesar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">Crisis of the Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man in red and yellow being stabbed by men in white, with a man in green and man in blue joining in. People scattered on the outside of the stabbing are shown shocked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/250px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/375px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/500px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Julius_Caesar_(Camuccini)" title="The Death of Julius Caesar (Camuccini)">The Death of Julius Caesar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Camuccini" title="Vincenzo Camuccini">Vincenzo Camuccini</a>, 1806</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&params=41_53_43_N_12_28_37_E_region:IT-RM_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°28′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.89528°N 12.47694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.89528; 12.47694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 44 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">stabbing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">60 or more Roman senators<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ringleaders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Brutus Albinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Trebonius" title="Gaius Trebonius">Gaius Trebonius</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#a00201;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_romana,_ritratto_di_anziano_c.d._Cesare,_30_ac.-10_dc_ca_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arte_romana%2C_ritratto_di_anziano_c.d._Cesare%2C_30_ac.-10_dc_ca_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/120px-Arte_romana%2C_ritratto_di_anziano_c.d._Cesare%2C_30_ac.-10_dc_ca_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arte_romana%2C_ritratto_di_anziano_c.d._Cesare%2C_30_ac.-10_dc_ca_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/250px-Arte_romana%2C_ritratto_di_anziano_c.d._Cesare%2C_30_ac.-10_dc_ca_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1252" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#a00201;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Julius Caesar</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Family</a></li> <li>Works <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudatio_Iuliae_amitae" title="Laudatio Iuliae amitae">Laudatio Iuliae amitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anticato" title="Anticato">Anticato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analogia" title="De analogia">De analogia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_by_Julius_Caesar" title="Poems by Julius Caesar">Poems</a></li></ul></li> <li>Quotes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alea_iacta_est" title="Alea iacta est">Alea iacta est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veni,_vidi,_vici" title="Veni, vidi, vici">Veni, vidi, vici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_est_rerum_omnium_magister_usus" title="Ut est rerum omnium magister usus">Ut est rerum omnium magister usus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Military campaigns of Julius Caesar">Military campaigns</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mytilene_(81_BC)" title="Siege of Mytilene (81 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arar" title="Battle of the Arar">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Axona" title="Battle of the Axona">Axona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Atuatuci" title="Siege of the Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Octodurus" title="Battle of Octodurus">Octodurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia" title="Battle of Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uxellodunum" title="Siege of Uxellodunum">Uxellodunum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfinium" title="Siege of Corfinium">Corfinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilerda" title="Battle of Ilerda">Ilerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)" title="Battle of the Nile (47 BC)">Battle of the Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zela">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Ruspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corduba" title="Siege of Corduba">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assassination</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March_coin" title="Ides of March coin">coin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Last words of Julius Caesar">Last words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Et_tu,_Brute%3F" title="Et tu, Brute?">Et tu, Brute?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">Caesar's Comet</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Julius_Caesar" title="List of things named after Julius Caesar">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)"><i>Life of Caesar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Crossing the Rubicon</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/60px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/90px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/120px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julius_Caesar_series" title="Template:Julius Caesar series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julius_Caesar_series" title="Template talk:Julius Caesar series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Caesar_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julius Caesar series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Roman dictator</a>, was assassinated on the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> (15 March) 44 BCE by a group of senators during a Senate session at the <a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a>, located within <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a>. The conspirators, numbering between 60 and 70 individuals and led by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus</a>, stabbed Caesar approximately 23 times. They justified the act as a preemptive defense of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, asserting that Caesar's accumulation of lifelong political authority—including his perpetual dictatorship and other honors—threatened republican traditions. </p><p>The assassination failed to achieve its immediate objective of restoring the Republic's institutions. Instead, it precipitated Caesar's posthumous <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deification</a>, triggered the <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a> (43–42 BCE) between his supporters and the conspirators, and contributed to the collapse of the Republic. These events ultimately culminated in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus Caesar</a>, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brutuscng752619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brutuscng752619.jpg/220px-Brutuscng752619.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brutuscng752619.jpg/330px-Brutuscng752619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brutuscng752619.jpg/440px-Brutuscng752619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March_coin" title="Ides of March coin">Ides of March coin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> portraying <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a>), minted in 43–42 BCE. The reverse shows a <i><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus</a></i> between two daggers, with the legend EID MAR (<i>Eidibus Martiis</i> – on the Ides of March), commemorating the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_(Vatican_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg/220px-Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg/330px-Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg/440px-Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>Possible bust of Julius Caesar, posthumous portrait in marble, 44–30 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio-Clementino" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Pio-Clementino">Museo Pio-Clementino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, fully conquering the region of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (roughly equivalent to modern-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>). After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> demanded that Caesar disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> with his army and plunging Rome into <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a> in 49 BCE. After defeating the last of the opposition, Caesar was appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">dictator perpetuo</a></i> ("dictator in perpetuity") in early 44 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Titus_Livius" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Livius">Titus Livius</a> describes three incidents that occurred from 45 to 44 BCE as the final causes of Caesar's assassination – the "three last straws" as far as some Romans were concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558_;_Liv._perioch._116_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558_;_Liv._perioch._116-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first incident took place in March 45 BCE or possibly early 44 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, after the Senate had voted to bestow a large number of honours upon Caesar, they decided to present them to him formally, and marched as a senatorial delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they arrived, etiquette called for Caesar to stand up to greet the senators, but he did not rise. He also joked about their news, saying that his honours needed to be cut back instead of increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> wrote (almost 150 years later) that Caesar failed to rise in the temple, either because he was restrained by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_(consul_40_BCE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Cornelius Balbus (consul 40 BCE) (page does not exist)">Lucius Cornelius Balbus</a> or that he balked at the suggestion he should rise.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the reasoning, by practically rejecting a senatorial gift and not acknowledging the delegation's presence with proper etiquette, Caesar gave the strong impression that he no longer cared about the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second incident occurred in 44 BCE. One day in January, the <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunes</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Epidius_Marullus" title="Gaius Epidius Marullus">Gaius Epidius Marullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesetius_Flavus" title="Lucius Caesetius Flavus">Lucius Caesetius Flavus</a> discovered a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> on the head of the statue of Caesar on the <a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a> in the Roman Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, the tribunes ordered the wreath be removed as it was a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Plu61_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plu61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobody knew who had placed the diadem, but Caesar suspected that the tribunes had arranged for it to appear so that they could have the honour of removing it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters escalated shortly after on the 26th, when Caesar was riding on horseback to Rome on the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201560_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201560-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few members of the crowd greeted him as <i>rex</i> ("king"), to which Caesar replied, "I am not Rex, but Caesar" ("<i>Non sum Rex, sed Caesar</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-Sue79.2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sue79.2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was wordplay; "Rex" was a family name as well as a Latin title. Marullus and Flavus, the aforementioned tribunes, were not amused, and ordered the man who first cried "<i>rex</i>" arrested. In a later senate meeting, Caesar accused the tribunes of attempting to create opposition to him, and had them removed from office and membership in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201560_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201560-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a> took their tribunes seriously as the representatives of the common people; Caesar's actions against the tribunes put him on the wrong side of public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201561_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201561-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third incident took place at the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a>, on 15 February 44 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, who had been elected co-consul with Caesar, climbed onto the Rostra and placed a diadem on Caesar's head, saying "The People give this to you through me". While a few members of the crowd applauded, most responded with silence. Caesar removed the diadem from his head; Antony again placed it on him, only to get the same response from the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201562_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201562-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Caesar put it aside to use as a sacrifice to <i>Jupiter Optimus Maximus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plu61_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plu61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Jupiter alone of the Romans is king", Caesar said, which received an enthusiastic response from the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201562_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201562-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, many believed that Caesar's rejection of the diadem was a way for him to see if there was enough support for him to become king, and despised him for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201563_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201563-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, Caesar's assassination ultimately occurred primarily due to concerns that he wished to crown himself the king of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These concerns were exacerbated by the "three last straws" of 45 and 44 BCE. In just a few months, Caesar had disrespected the Senate, removed People's Tribunes, and toyed with monarchy. By February, the conspiracy that caused his assassination was being born.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201563_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201563-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_city_of_Rome,_44_B.C.E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_city_of_Rome%2C_44_B.C.E.jpg/220px-The_city_of_Rome%2C_44_B.C.E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_city_of_Rome%2C_44_B.C.E.jpg/330px-The_city_of_Rome%2C_44_B.C.E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_city_of_Rome%2C_44_B.C.E.jpg/440px-The_city_of_Rome%2C_44_B.C.E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>The city of Rome, 44 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar began with a meeting between <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius Longinus</a> and his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Brutus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201567_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201567-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the evening of 22 February 44 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201024_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when after some discussion the two agreed that something had to be done to prevent Caesar from becoming king of the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201026_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201026-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two men then began to recruit others. While it took only one man to murder another, Brutus believed that for the assassination of Caesar to be considered a legitimate removal of a tyrant, done for the sake of their country, it must include a large number of Rome's leading men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attempted to strike a balance: they aimed to recruit enough men to surround Caesar and fight his supporters, but not so many that they would risk being discovered. They preferred friends to acquaintances and recruited neither reckless youths nor feeble elders. In the end, the conspirators recruited senators near the age of forty, as were they. The men assessed each potential recruit with innocent-sounding questions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201587–88_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201587–88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient sources report that in the end, around sixty to eighty conspirators joined the plot, although the latter number may be a scribal error.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201593_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201593-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable conspirators included <a href="/wiki/Pacuvius_Labeo" title="Pacuvius Labeo">Pacuvius Labeo</a>, who answered affirmatively on 2 March when Brutus asked him whether it was wise for a man to put himself into danger if it meant overcoming evil or foolish men;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042–43_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042–43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Brutus</a>, who joined on 7 March after being approached by Labeo and Cassius;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201046_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201046-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Trebonius" title="Gaius Trebonius">Gaius Trebonius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201048–49_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201048–49-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tillius_Cimber" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillius Cimber">Tillius Cimber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Minucius_Basilus" title="Lucius Minucius Basilus">Minucius Basilus</a>, and the brothers Casca (<a href="/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Casca" title="Publius Servilius Casca">Publius</a> and another whose name is unknown), all men from Caesar's own ranks;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201071_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201071-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Aquila" title="Pontius Aquila">Pontius Aquila</a>, who had been personally humiliated by Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201043_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201043-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, the conspirators included Caesar's soldiers, officers, and civilian associates, and while some joined the conspiracy due to concerns over Caesar's authoritarianism, many had self-interested motives such as jealousy: feeling that Caesar had not rewarded them enough or that he had given too much money towards <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s former supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201588_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201588-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspirators did not meet openly but instead secretly assembled at each other's homes and in small groups in order to work out a plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First, the conspirators discussed the addition of two other men to the conspiracy. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, the famous orator, was trusted by both Cassius and Brutus, and had made it no secret that he considered Caesar's rule oppressive. He also had great popularity among the common people and a large network of friends, which would help attract others to join their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201026_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201026-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the conspirators considered Cicero too cautious; at that time, Cicero was over sixty, and the conspirators thought he would be too likely to put safety over speed when planning the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201595_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201595-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, the conspirators considered <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, aged thirty-nine and one of Caesar's best generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201515_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201515-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspirators were agreeing to attempt to recruit him until <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Trebonius" title="Gaius Trebonius">Gaius Trebonius</a> spoke. He revealed that he had personally approached Antony the summer before and asked him to join a different conspiracy to end Caesar's life, and Antony had turned him down. This rejection to the old conspiracy caused the conspirators to decide against recruiting Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201596_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201596-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Now, however, a new idea took place. Antony was strong because of his familiarity with the soldiers, and powerful due to his <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a>. If Antony was not to join them, then they must assassinate Antony as well, lest he interfere with the conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201596_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201596-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, this idea was expanded upon and split the conspirators into two factions. The <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">optimates</a></i>, the "Best Men" of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201517_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201517-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the conspirators wanted to go back to the way things were before Caesar. This would entail killing both Caesar and all the men around him, including Antony, and reverting Caesar's reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former supporters of Caesar among the conspirators did not agree to this. They liked Caesar's reforms, and did not want a purge of Caesar's supporters. However, even they agreed to kill Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597–98_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597–98-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brutus disagreed with both. He argued that killing Caesar, and doing nothing else, was the option they should choose. The conspirators claimed to be acting based on the principles of law and justice, he told them, and it would be unjust to kill Antony. While the assassination of Caesar would be viewed as the killing of a tyrant, killing his supporters would be seen only as a politicized purge and the work of Pompey's former supporters. By keeping Caesar's reforms intact, they would both keep the support of the Roman people, who Brutus believed opposed Caesar the king, not Caesar the reformer, and the support of Caesar's soldiers and other supporters. His argument convinced the other conspirators. They began making plans for Caesar's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201598_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201598-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conspirators believed that how and where they assassinated Caesar would make a difference. An ambush in a secluded area would have a different impact on public opinion than an assassination in the heart of Rome. The conspirators came up with multiple ideas for the assassination. They considered an attack on Caesar while he was walking on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a>, the "Sacred Street". Another idea was to wait to attack him during the elections for new consuls. The conspirators would wait for Caesar to begin crossing the bridge that all voters crossed as part of the election procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201599_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201599-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then topple him over the rail and into the water. There would be conspirators waiting in the water for Caesar, with daggers drawn. Another plan was to attack at a gladiatorial game, which had the benefit that nobody would be suspicious of armed men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, somebody brought up the idea to assassinate Caesar at one of the senate meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other plans had one detriment: while Caesar had no official bodyguards, he asked his friends to protect him in public. Most of these friends were imposing and dangerous-looking and the conspirators were afraid that they would interfere with the assassination. Here, this would not be an issue, since only senators were allowed in the Senate House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015104_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015104-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also said that the murder of a tyrant in full view of the Senate would not be seen as a political plot, but as a noble act, done on behalf of their country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015115_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015115-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspirators ultimately settled on this as the chosen plan. Caesar would be leaving the city on 18 March to embark on a military campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>. The last senate meeting before that date was on the 15th, the Ides of March, and so the conspirators chose this as the day of the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the days leading up to the Ides, Caesar was not completely oblivious to what was being planned. According to the ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, a seer had warned Caesar that his life would be in danger no later than the Ides of March.<sup id="cite_ref-plutarch_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarch-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman biographer <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> identifies this seer as a <a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">haruspex</a> named Spurinna.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, on 1 March, Caesar watched Cassius speaking with Brutus at the senate house and said to an aide, "What do you think Cassius is up to? I don't like him, he looks pale".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201034_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201034-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days before the assassination, Cassius met with the conspirators and told them that, should anyone discover the plan, they were to turn their knives on themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ides_of_March">Ides of March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ides of March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Assassination"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodcut_illustration_of_Porcia_Catonis_counseling_Marcus_Junius_Brutus,_Julius_Caesar%27s_death_at_the_hands_of_Brutus_and_Gaius_Cassius_Longinus,_and_Porcia%27s_suicide_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Woodcut_illustration_of_Porcia_Catonis_counseling_Marcus_Junius_Brutus%2C_Julius_Caesar%27s_death_at_the_hands_of_Brutus_and_Gaius_Cassius_Longinus%2C_and_Porcia%27s_suicide_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Woodcut_illustration_of_Porcia_Catonis_counseling_Marcus_Junius_Brutus%2C_Julius_Caesar%27s_death_at_the_hands_of_Brutus_and_Gaius_Cassius_Longinus%2C_and_Porcia%27s_suicide_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Woodcut_illustration_of_Porcia_Catonis_counseling_Marcus_Junius_Brutus%2C_Julius_Caesar%27s_death_at_the_hands_of_Brutus_and_Gaius_Cassius_Longinus%2C_and_Porcia%27s_suicide_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> illustration by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Zainer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Zainer (page does not exist)">Johannes Zainer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Zainer" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Zainer">de</a>]</span>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1474</figcaption></figure> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> of 44 BCE, conspirators and non-conspirators met at the Senate House of Pompey, located in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a>, for the senate meeting. Usually, the senators would be meeting at the Roman Forum, but Caesar was financing a reconstruction of the forum and so the senators met in other venues throughout Rome, this being one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015114_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015114-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were gladiatorial games underway at the Theatre, and <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Brutus</a>, who owned a company of gladiators, stationed them in the <a href="/wiki/Portico_of_Pompey" title="Portico of Pompey">Portico of Pompey</a>, also located in the Theatre of Pompey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015116_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015116-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gladiators could be useful to the conspirators: if a fight broke out to protect Caesar, the gladiators could intervene; if Caesar was killed but the conspirators came under attack, the gladiators could protect them; and since it was impossible to enter the Senate House without going through the Portico, the gladiators could block entrance to both if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015118_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015118-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The senators waited for Caesar's arrival, but he did not come. The reason for this is that early that morning, <a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)">Calpurnia</a>, Caesar's wife, was awoken from a nightmare. She had dreamt that she was holding a murdered Caesar in her arms and mourning him. Other versions have Calpurnia dream that the front pediment of their house had collapsed and that Caesar had died; yet another shows Caesar's body streaming with blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015107_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015107-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calpurnia had no doubt heard Spurinna's warnings of great peril to Caesar's life, which helps explain her visions. Around 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m., Calpurnia begged Caesar not to go to the senate meeting that day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015109_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some hesitation, Caesar acquiesced. Although not superstitious, he knew that Spurinna and Calpurnia were involved in Roman politics, and decided to be cautious. Caesar sent Mark Antony to dismiss the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015111_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015111-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the conspirators heard of this dismissal, <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus</a> went to Caesar's home to try to talk him into coming to the Senate meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015120–121_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015120–121-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "What do you say, Caesar?" Decimus said. "Will someone of your stature pay attention to a woman's dreams and the omens of foolish men?" Caesar eventually decided to go.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015122_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015122-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesar was walking to the senate house when he caught sight of Spurinna. "Well, the Ides of March have come!" Caesar called out playfully. "Aye, the Ides have come", said Spurinna, "but they are not yet gone".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Antony started to enter with Caesar, but was intercepted by one of the plotters (either <a href="/wiki/Trebonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebonius">Trebonius</a> or Decimus Brutus) and detained outside. He remained there until after the assassination, at which point he fled. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, as Caesar took his seat, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tillius_Cimber" title="Lucius Tillius Cimber">Lucius Tillius Cimber</a> presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other conspirators crowded round to offer their support. Both Plutarch and <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed Caesar's shoulders and pulled down Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>. Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence!" ("<i>Ista quidem vis est!</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Casca" title="Publius Servilius Casca">Casca</a> produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casca, frightened, shouted simultaneously "Brother! Help me!" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἀδελφέ, βοήθει</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">adelphe, boethei</i></span>). Though Caesar was able to violently throw Casca away, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Servilius_Casca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Servilius Casca (page does not exist)">Gaius Servilius Casca</a> stabbed him in the side. Within moments, Caesar was attacked from all directions, with Cassius slashing Caesar's face, <a href="/wiki/Bucilianus" title="Bucilianus">Bucilianus</a> stabbing at the back and Decimus slicing his thigh. Caesar attempted to fight back, but tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico. Caesar was stabbed 23 times.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suetonius relates that a physician who performed an autopsy on Caesar established that only one wound (the second one to his ribs) had been fatal. This autopsy report (the earliest known post-mortem report in history) describes that Caesar's death was mostly attributable to blood loss from his stab wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesar was killed at the base of a statue of <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a> attached to the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Last words of Julius Caesar">Caesar's last words</a> are a contested subject among scholars and historians. Both Cassius Dio and Suetonius state that he said nothing,<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nevertheless, both mention that others have written that Caesar's last words were the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> phrase "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Kai_su,_teknon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai su, teknon">καὶ σύ, τέκνον</a>;</span></span>"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (transliterated as "<i>Kai su, teknon?</i>": "You too, child?" in English).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators not involved in the plot; they, however, fled the building.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brutus and his companions then marched through the city, announcing, "People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumours of what had taken place began to spread. According to Suetonius, after the murder all the conspirators fled; Caesar's body lay untouched for some time afterwards, until finally three slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm hanging down.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preceding_events">Preceding events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preceding events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i> that several unusual events took place preceding Caesar's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should be read in the context of <a href="/wiki/Omen_(ancient_Rome)" title="Omen (ancient Rome)">the ancient Romans' belief in omens</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Who dare say the Sun is false? He and no other warns us when dark uprising threaten, when treachery and hidden wars are gathering strength. He and no other was moved to pity Rome on the day that Caesar died, when he veiled his radiance in gloom and darkness, and a godless age feared everlasting night. Yet in this hour Earth also and the plains of Ocean, ill-boding dogs and birds that spell mischief, sent signs which heralded disaster. How oft before our eyes did Etna deluge the fields of the Cyclopes with a torrent from her burst furnaces, hurling thereon balls of fire and molten rocks. Germany heard the noise of battle sweep across the sky and, even without precedent, the Alps rocked with earthquakes. A voice boomed through the silent groves for all to hear, a deafening voice, and phantoms of unearthly pallor were seen in the falling darkness. Horror beyond words, beasts uttered human speech; rivers stood still, the earth gaped upon; in the temples ivory images wept for grief, and beads of sweat covered bronze statues. King of waterways, the Po swept forests along in the swirl of his frenzied current, carrying with him over the plain cattle and stalls alike. Nor in that same hour did sinister filaments cease to appear in ominous entrails or blood to flow from wells or our hillside towns to echo all night with the howl of wolves. Never fell more lightning from a cloudless sky; never was comet's alarming glare so often seen.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgil_Solis_-_Deification_Caesar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Virgil_Solis_-_Deification_Caesar.jpg/220px-Virgil_Solis_-_Deification_Caesar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Virgil_Solis_-_Deification_Caesar.jpg/330px-Virgil_Solis_-_Deification_Caesar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Virgil_Solis_-_Deification_Caesar.jpg/440px-Virgil_Solis_-_Deification_Caesar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Deification of Julius Caesar</a></i>, a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Solis" title="Virgil Solis">Virgil Solis</a> illustrating <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s passage on the <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> of Caesar (<i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> 15.745–850)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></div> <p>A wax statue of Caesar was erected at the Forum displaying the 23 stab wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crowd who had amassed there expressed their anger at the assassins by <a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey#History" title="Curia of Pompey">burning the Senate House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days after the assassination, Mark Antony <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Tellus" title="Temple of Tellus">summoned the senate</a> and managed to work out a compromise in which the assassins would not be punished for their acts, but all of Caesar's appointments would remain valid. By doing this, Antony most likely hoped to avoid large cracks in government forming as a result of Caesar's death. Simultaneously, Antony diminished the goals of the conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had sacrificed Caesar. Antony capitalized on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">optimates</a></i>, perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. But, to his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Gaius Octavius</a> his sole heir, bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name as well as making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing of his adoptive father's death, Octavius abandoned his studies in <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> and sailed across the Adriatic Sea to Brundisium.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octavius became <i>Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus</i> or Octavian, the son of the great Caesar, and consequently also inherited the loyalty of much of the Roman populace. Octavian, aged only 18 at the time of Caesar's death, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Brutus</a> in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position. Antony did not initially consider Octavius a true political threat due to his young age and inexperience, but Octavius quickly gained the support and admiration of Caesar's friends and supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the money from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. With passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">Lex Titia</a></i> on 27 November 43 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse" title="Master of the Horse">Master of the Horse</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It formally <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deified</a> Caesar as <a href="/wiki/Divus_Iulius" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus Iulius">Divus Iulius</a> in 42 BCE, and Caesar Octavian henceforth became <i>Divi filius</i> ("Son of the Divine").<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing that Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate brought back <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscription</a>, abandoned since <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It engaged in the legally sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents in order to fund its forty-five legions in the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony and Octavian defeated them at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions. Antony detested Octavian and spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues. Following the <a href="/wiki/War_between_Sextus_Pompey_and_the_Second_Triumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate">Sicilian revolt</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, a dispute between Lepidus and Octavian regarding the allocation of lands broke out. Octavian accused Lepidus of usurping power in Sicily and of attempted rebellion and, in 36 BCE, Lepidus was forced into exile in <a href="/wiki/Circeii" title="Circeii">Circeii</a> and stripped of all his offices except that of <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>. His former provinces were awarded to Octavian. Antony, meanwhile, married Caesar's lover, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A <a href="/wiki/Last_war_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Last war of the Roman Republic">third civil war</a> subsequently broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war culminated in the latter's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">defeat at Actium</a> in 31 BCE; Octavian's forces would then chase Antony and Cleopatra to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, where they would both <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra" title="Death of Cleopatra">commit suicide</a> in 30 BCE. With the complete defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Octavian, having been restyled "<a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>", a name that raised him to the status of a deity, in 27 BCE, remained as the sole master of the Roman world and proceeded to establish the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> as the first Roman "Emperor".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_conspirators">List of conspirators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of conspirators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brutus_and_the_Ghost_of_Caesar_1802.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brutus_and_the_Ghost_of_Caesar_1802.jpg/170px-Brutus_and_the_Ghost_of_Caesar_1802.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brutus_and_the_Ghost_of_Caesar_1802.jpg/255px-Brutus_and_the_Ghost_of_Caesar_1802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brutus_and_the_Ghost_of_Caesar_1802.jpg/340px-Brutus_and_the_Ghost_of_Caesar_1802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption><i>Brutus and the Ghost of Caesar</i> (1802), <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio printing">copperplate</a> engraving by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Scriven" title="Edward Scriven">Edward Scriven</a> from a painting by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Westall" title="Richard Westall">Richard Westall</a>, illustrating Act IV, Scene III, from Shakespeare's <i>Julius Caesar</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Out of all the conspirators, only about twenty of their names are known. Nothing is known about some of those whose names have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The known members are (leaders are highlighted in bold): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a></b>, former Pompeian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>fifth</i> and last of the assassins to wound Caesar, in the groin<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This seems in contradiction to the fact he was wounded 23 times. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a></b>, former Pompeian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>second</i> assassin to strike Caesar, in the face</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus</a></b>, former Caesarian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>fourth</i> assassin to land a wound on Caesar (a stab to the thigh)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Trebonius" title="Gaius Trebonius">Gaius Trebonius</a></b>, former Caesarian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not participate in the attack; kept <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> outside the Theatre of Pompey while Caesar was being stabbed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillius_Cimber" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillius Cimber">Lucius Tillius Cimber</a>, former Caesarian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the one responsible for setting the stage for the attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Casca_Longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Servilius Casca Longus">Publius Servilius Casca Longus</a>, former Caesarian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the one responsible for the <i>first</i> stab, to Caesar's shoulder</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Servius_Sulpicius_Galba_(praetor_54_BCE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Servius Sulpicius Galba (praetor 54 BCE) (page does not exist)">Servius Sulpicius Galba</a>, former Caesarian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Servilius Casca, former Caesarian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brother of Publius Casca, the <i>third</i> assassin to strike Caesar, and the only one of the assassins to inflict a fatal wound on Caesar (a stab between the ribs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Aquila" title="Pontius Aquila">Pontius Aquila</a>, former Pompeian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Ligarius" title="Quintus Ligarius">Quintus Ligarius</a>, former Pompeian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Minucius_Basilus" title="Lucius Minucius Basilus">Lucius Minucius Basilus</a>, former Caesarian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Parmensis" title="Gaius Cassius Parmensis">Gaius Cassius Parmensis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Caecilius, former Pompeian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucilianus" title="Bucilianus">Bucilianus</a>, former Pompeian, brother of Caecilius<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rubrius Ruga, former Pompeian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marcus Spurius, former Pompeian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Publius Sextius Naso, former Pompeian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Petronius<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Publius Turullius<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacuvius_Labeo" title="Pacuvius Labeo">Pacuvius Labeo</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> was not a member of the conspiracy and was surprised by it. He later wrote to the conspirator <a href="/wiki/Trebonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebonius">Trebonius</a> that he wished he had been "invited to that superb banquet" and believed that the conspirators should also have killed <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens_-_The_death_of_Caesar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The death of Caesar by Victor Honoré Janssens, c. 1690s"><img alt="The death of Caesar by Victor Honoré Janssens, c. 1690s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens_-_The_death_of_Caesar.jpg/330px-Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens_-_The_death_of_Caesar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens_-_The_death_of_Caesar.jpg/500px-Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens_-_The_death_of_Caesar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens_-_The_death_of_Caesar.jpg/960px-Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens_-_The_death_of_Caesar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_death_of_Caesar_(Janssens)" title="The death of Caesar (Janssens)">The death of Caesar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Honor%C3%A9_Janssens" title="Victor Honoré Janssens">Victor Honoré Janssens</a>, c. 1690s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aftermath of the attack with Caesar's body abandoned in the foreground, La Mort de César by Jean-Léon Gérôme, c. 1859–1867"><img alt="Aftermath of the attack with Caesar's body abandoned in the foreground, La Mort de César by Jean-Léon Gérôme, c. 1859–1867" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg/307px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg/460px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg/613px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aftermath of the attack with Caesar's body abandoned in the foreground, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Caesar_(G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me)" title="The Death of Caesar (Gérôme)">La Mort de César</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, c. 1859–1867</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Murder of Caesar by Karl von Piloty, 1865, Lower Saxony State Museum"><img alt="The Murder of Caesar by Karl von Piloty, 1865, Lower Saxony State Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg/288px-Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg/432px-Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg/576px-Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Murder_of_Caesar_(Piloty)" title="The Murder of Caesar (Piloty)">The Murder of Caesar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Piloty" title="Karl von Piloty">Karl von Piloty</a>, 1865, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony_State_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Saxony State Museum">Lower Saxony State Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Julius_Caesar_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assassination of Julius Caesar by William Holmes Sullivan, c. 1888, Royal Shakespeare Theatre"><img alt="The Assassination of Julius Caesar by William Holmes Sullivan, c. 1888, Royal Shakespeare Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Death_of_Julius_Caesar_2.png/330px-Death_of_Julius_Caesar_2.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Death_of_Julius_Caesar_2.png/500px-Death_of_Julius_Caesar_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Death_of_Julius_Caesar_2.png/554px-Death_of_Julius_Caesar_2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar_(Sullivan)" title="The Assassination of Julius Caesar (Sullivan)">The Assassination of Julius Caesar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Sullivan" title="William Holmes Sullivan">William Holmes Sullivan</a>, c. 1888, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 263.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marko_Antonije_nad_Cezarom_Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mark Antony with the dead body of Caesar, painted by Bela Čikoš Sesija, before 1920"><img alt="Mark Antony with the dead body of Caesar, painted by Bela Čikoš Sesija, before 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Marko_Antonije_nad_Cezarom_Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija.JPG/392px-Marko_Antonije_nad_Cezarom_Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija.JPG" decoding="async" width="262" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Marko_Antonije_nad_Cezarom_Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija.JPG/587px-Marko_Antonije_nad_Cezarom_Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Marko_Antonije_nad_Cezarom_Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija.JPG/783px-Marko_Antonije_nad_Cezarom_Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mark Antony with the dead body of Caesar, painted by <a href="/wiki/Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija" title="Bela Čikoš Sesija">Bela Čikoš Sesija</a>, before 1920</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_media">Legacy and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the assassination of Caesar and the ensuing civil war afterward, multiple novels, plays, and films were created surrounding the plot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(1914_film)" title="Julius Caesar (1914 film)"><i>Julius Caesar</i></a>, an Italian film focusing on Caesar's return to Rome, the Ides of March, and the civil war.</li></ul> <ul><li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(1950_film)" title="Julius Caesar (1950 film)"><i>Julius Caesar</i></a>, starring Charlton Heston</li> <li>1953: <i><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_Julius_Caesar" title="William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar">William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar</a>,</i> a film adaptation of Shakespeare's play.</li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(1970_film)" title="Julius Caesar (1970 film)"><i>Julius Caesar</i></a>, another film adaptation of Shakespeare's play.</li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(miniseries)" title="Julius Caesar (miniseries)">Julius Caesar</a>, a miniseries surrounding Caesar's life and assassination.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Caesaris" title="Acta Caesaris">Acta Caesaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Death of Alexander the Great">Death of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra" title="Death of Cleopatra">Death of Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)"><i>Julius Caesar</i></a>, a play by William Shakespeare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinated_and_executed_heads_of_state_and_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government">List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ides_of_March_(novel)" title="The Ides of March (novel)"><i>The Ides of March</i></a>, a novel by Thornton Wilder</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Throne_of_Caesar" title="The Throne of Caesar">The Throne of Caesar</a></i>, a novel by Steven Saylor</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theme_of_the_Traitor_and_the_Hero" title="Theme of the Traitor and the Hero">Theme of the Traitor and the Hero</a>,</i> a short story by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The version best known in the English-speaking world is the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> phrase "<i><a href="/wiki/Et_tu,_Brute%3F" title="Et tu, Brute?">Et tu, Brute?</a></i>" ("You too, Brutus?");<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this derives from <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i> (1599), where it actually forms the first half of a <a href="/wiki/Macaronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronic">macaronic</a> line: "<i>Et tu, Brute?</i> Then fall, Caesar."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford_(historian)" title="Michael Crawford (historian)">Michael Crawford</a>, <i>Roman Republican Coinage</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1974, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrews" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/6-civil-wars-that-transformed-ancient-rome">"6 Civil Wars that Transformed Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=6+Civil+Wars+that+Transformed+Ancient+Rome&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F6-civil-wars-that-transformed-ancient-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558_;_Liv._perioch._116-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558_;_Liv._perioch._116_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 58 ; Liv. perioch. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201558_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/44*.html">"Cassius Dio – Book 44"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio+%E2%80%93+Book+44&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F44%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201559_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Julius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#78">78</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plu61-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plu61_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plu61_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Caesar</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#61">61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201560-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201560_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201560_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sue79.2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sue79.2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Julius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#79">79.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201561-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201561_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201562-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201562_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201562_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201563-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201563_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201563_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Life of Julius Caesar</i> xxxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201567-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201567_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201024-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201024_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201026-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201026_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201026_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201587–88-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201587–88_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201593-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201593_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042–43-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201042–43_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201046-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201046_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201048–49-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201048–49_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201071-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201071_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201043-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201043_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201588-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201588_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201595-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201595_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201515-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201515_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201596-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201596_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201596_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201517-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201517_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597–98-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201597–98_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201598-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201598_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201599-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss201599_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParenti2004169_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParenti2004">Parenti 2004</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015104-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015104_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015115-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015115_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plutarch-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plutarch_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, Caesar 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Divus Julius</i> 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201034-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201034_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Caesar</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#58">58.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015114-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015114_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015116-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015116_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015118-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015118_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015107-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015107_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015109-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015109_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015111-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015111_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015120–121-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015120–121_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015122-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss2015122_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss2015">Strauss 2015</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <i>Plutarch's Lives</i>. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. London: W. Heinemann, New York: Macmillan, 1914–1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler, M. Cary, ed., C. Suetoni Tranquilli, <i>Divus Iulius</i> [<i>The Life of Julius Caesar</i>], Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927, Reissued with new introduction, bibliography, and additional notes by G. B. Townsend, Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/m_brutus.html">classics.mit.edu</a>: Plutarch – "Life of Brutus". The brother was Publius Cimber.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suetonius_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suetonius_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/suetonius-julius.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks"</a>. <i>sourcebooks.fordham.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fancient%2Fsuetonius-julius.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Henderson, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-lives_caesar/1919/pb_LCL099.599.xml">"Caesar: Chapter LXVII"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a></i> (in Ancient Greek). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130144119/https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-lives_caesar/1919/pb_LCL099.599.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>ὁ μεν πληγείς, Ῥωμαιστί· 'Μιαρώτατε Κάσκα, τί ποιεῖς;'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.atitle=Caesar%3A+Chapter+LXVII&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Fplutarch-lives_caesar%2F1919%2Fpb_LCL099.599.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/caesar*.html#p597">"Plutarch • Life of Caesar"</a> [The Parallel Lives – Life of Caesar]. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>. p. 597<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch+%E2%80%A2+Life+of+Caesar&rft.pages=597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fplutarch%2Flives%2Fcaesar%2A.html%23p597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, J. (11 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/julius-caesars-stabbing-site-identified">Julius Caesar's Stabbing Site Identified</a>. Retrieved from History.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf Greg (2006), <i>Et Tu Brute? – The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination</i>, 199 pages – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86197-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86197-741-7">1-86197-741-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Julius</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/23900-julius-caesar-assassination-place-discovered.html">"Spot Where Julius Caesar Was Stabbed Discovered"</a>. <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Spot+Where+Julius+Caesar+Was+Stabbed+Discovered&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F23900-julius-caesar-assassination-place-discovered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Julius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#82.2">82.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>History of Rome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/44*.html#44.19">44.19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Twelve Caesars</i>, translated by Robert Graves, Penguin Classics, p. 39, 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Caesar</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#66.9">66.9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2005" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Jon R. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgediction00ston_088"><i>The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgediction00ston_088/page/n268">250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96909-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96909-3"><bdi>0-415-96909-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Latin+Quotations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-96909-3&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jon+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froutledgediction00ston_088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorwood1994" class="citation book cs1">Morwood, James (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pocketoxfordlati00jame"><i>The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary (Latin-English)</i></a></span>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860283-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860283-9"><bdi>0-19-860283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Oxford+Latin+Dictionary+%28Latin-English%29&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-860283-9&rft.aulast=Morwood&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpocketoxfordlati00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Caesar</i>, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Lives of the Twelve Caesars", by C. Suetonius Tranquillus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilGeorgics1.html">"Virgil, Georgics Books 1–2 – Theoi Classical Texts Library"</a>. <i>www.theoi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theoi.com&rft.atitle=Virgil%2C+Georgics+Books+1%E2%80%932+%E2%80%93+Theoi+Classical+Texts+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FVirgilGeorgics1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> Bellum Civile</i> 2.147, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html">penelope.uchicago.edu</a>, recovered 2014-12-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacMullen1975" class="citation book cs1">MacMullen, Ramsay (1975). <i>Enemies of the Roman Order</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674864948" title="Special:BookSources/9780674864948"><bdi>9780674864948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies+of+the+Roman+Order&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780674864948&rft.aulast=MacMullen&rft.aufirst=Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright2012" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Susan (2012). <i>The Romans: From Village to Empire</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973057-5"><bdi>978-0-19-973057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%3A+From+Village+to+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973057-5&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florus, <i>Epitome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/2I*.html#XVII">2.7.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Julius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#83.2">83.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsgood,_Josiah2006" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Josiah (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caesarslegacyciv0000osgo"><i>Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caesarslegacyciv0000osgo/page/60">60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Legacy%3A+Civil+War+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Osgood%2C+Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaesarslegacyciv0000osgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Augustus</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#13.1">13.1</a>; Florus, <i>Epitome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/2I*.html#XVI">2.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarrior,_Valerie_M.2006" class="citation book cs1">Warrior, Valerie M. (2006). <i>Roman Religion</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82511-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82511-3"><bdi>0-521-82511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Religion&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-82511-3&rft.au=Warrior%2C+Valerie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florus, <i>Epitome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/2I*.html#XVI">2.6.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZoch,_Paul_A.200" class="citation book cs1">Zoch, Paul A. (200). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/217"><i>Ancient Rome: An Introductory History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/217">217–218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6"><bdi>0-8061-3287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.pages=217-218&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=200&rft.isbn=0-8061-3287-6&rft.au=Zoch%2C+Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientrome00paul%2Fpage%2F217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florus, <i>Epitome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/2I*.html#XXXIIII">2.7.11–14</a>; Appian, <i>The Civil Wars</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/5*.html">5.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florus, <i>Epitome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/2I*.html#XXXIIII">2.34.66</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1987" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the Ides of March". <i>Latomus</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">566–</span>570. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540686">41540686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Caesar%27s+Personal+Enemies+on+the+Ides+of+March&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E566-%3C%2Fspan%3E570&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906632–640_83-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrumann1906">Drumann 1906</a>, pp. 632–640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906627–632_84-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrumann1906">Drumann 1906</a>, pp. 627–632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broughton, p. 315; Holmes III, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrumann1906640–642_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrumann1906">Drumann 1906</a>, pp. 640–642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ad Att. XIV 12</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>J. A. Crook, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lintott" title="Andrew Lintott">Andrew Lintott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rawson" title="Elizabeth Rawson">Elizabeth Rawson</a> (editors), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>', Volume IX, The Last Age of the Roman Republic</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._V._D._Balsdon" title="J. P. V. D. Balsdon">Balsdon, J.P.V.D.</a> (1958). 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Leipzig: Berlin, Gebr£uder Borntraeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+Roms+in+seinem+Uebergange+von+der+republikanischen+zur+monarchischen+Verfassung%2C+oder%3A+Pompeius%2C+Caesar%2C+Cicero+und+ihre+Zeitgenossen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Berlin%2C+Gebr%C2%A3uder+Borntraeger&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Drumann&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeschichteromsi00groegoog%2Fpage%2Fn644%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the Ides of March". <i>Latomus</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">566–</span>570. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8856">0023-8856</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540686">41540686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Caesar%27s+Personal+Enemies+on+the+Ides+of+March&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E566-%3C%2Fspan%3E570&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0023-8856&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Horsfall, Nicholas (1974). "The Ides of March: Some New Problems". <i><a href="/wiki/Greece_%26_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece & Rome">Greece & Rome</a></i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500022397">10.1017/S0017383500022397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835">0017-3835</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161450088">161450088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Ides+of+March%3A+Some+New+Problems&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161450088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0017-3835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500022397&rft.aulast=Horsfall&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParenti2004" class="citation book cs1">Parenti, Michael (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assassinationofj00mich"><i>The assassination of Julius Caesar : a people's history of Ancient Rome</i></a></span>. New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-942-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-942-6"><bdi>1-56584-942-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56643456">56643456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+assassination+of+Julius+Caesar+%3A+a+people%27s+history+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56643456&rft.isbn=1-56584-942-6&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassassinationofj00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Smith, R.E. (1957). "The Conspiracy and the Conspirators". <i><a href="/wiki/Greece_%26_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece & Rome">Greece & Rome</a></i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500015734">10.1017/S0017383500015734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835">0017-3835</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159706303">159706303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Conspiracy+and+the+Conspirators&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159706303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0017-3835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500015734&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2015" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Barry S. (2015). <i>The death of Caesar : the story of history's most famous assassination</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6881-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6881-0"><bdi>978-1-4516-6881-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/913303337">913303337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+death+of+Caesar+%3A+the+story+of+history%27s+most+famous+assassination&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F913303337&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-6881-0&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Barry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Yavetz" title="Zvi Yavetz">Yavetz, Zvi</a> (1974). "<i>Existimatio</i>, <i>Fama</i>, and the Ides of March". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Studies_in_Classical_Philology" title="Harvard Studies in Classical Philology">Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</a></i>. <b>78</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F311200">10.2307/311200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311200">311200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Existimatio%2C+Fama%2C+and+the+Ides+of+March&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F311200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yavetz&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDando-Collins2010" class="citation book cs1">Dando-Collins, Stephen (2010). <i>The Ides: Caesar's Murder and the War for Rome</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470425237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470425237"><bdi>978-0470425237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ides%3A+Caesar%27s+Murder+and+the+War+for+Rome&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0470425237&rft.aulast=Dando-Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Julius+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevant_literature">Relevant literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relevant literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sheldon, Rose Mary. <i>Kill Caesar!: Assassination in the Early Roman Empire</i>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Death_of_Julius_Caesar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Death of Julius Caesar">death of Julius Caesar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/perseus/appian.cw_eng/page.30.a.php">Account</a> of the assassination from the historian <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>. Section 114 contains a list of conspirators.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html"><i>Life of Julius Caesar</i></a>, includes an account of the plot</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XBxMk_plhA">The Assassination of Julius Caesar (The Ides of March, 44 B.C.E.)</a> – video by <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel Historia Civilis</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julius_Caesar298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julius_Caesar" title="Template talk:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julius_Caesar298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major life events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic wars">Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Crossing the Rubicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Military campaigns of Julius Caesar">Military campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mytilene_(81_BC)" title="Siege of Mytilene (81 BC)">Mytilene</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arar" title="Battle of the Arar">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Axona" title="Battle of the Axona">Axona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Atuatuci" title="Siege of the Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Octodurus" title="Battle of Octodurus">Octodurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia" title="Battle of Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uxellodunum" title="Siege of Uxellodunum">Uxellodunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfinium" title="Siege of Corfinium">Corfinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilerda" title="Battle of Ilerda">Ilerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)" title="Battle of the Nile (47 BC)">Battle of the Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zela">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Ruspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corduba" title="Siege of Corduba">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia_de_maiestate" title="Lex Julia de maiestate">Lex Julia de maiestate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Roscia" title="Lex Roscia">Lex Roscia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Julius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar">Constitutional reforms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">Dictator perpetuo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudatio_Iuliae_amitae" title="Laudatio Iuliae amitae">Laudatio Iuliae amitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anticato" title="Anticato">Anticato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analogia" title="De analogia">De analogia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_by_Julius_Caesar" title="Poems by Julius Caesar">Poems by Julius Caesar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alea_iacta_est" title="Alea iacta est">Alea iacta est</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veni,_vidi,_vici" title="Veni, vidi, vici">Veni, vidi, vici</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ut_est_rerum_omnium_magister_usus" title="Ut est rerum omnium magister usus">Ut est rerum omnium magister usus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Last words of Julius Caesar">Last words</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculum_portrait" title="Tusculum portrait">Tusculum portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaramonti_Caesar" title="Chiaramonti Caesar">Chiaramonti Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Caesar" title="Green Caesar">Green Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_bust" title="Arles bust">Arles bust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossutia" title="Cossutia">Cossutia (disputed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Cornelia (wife of Caesar)">Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Pompeia (wife of Caesar)">Pompeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)">Calpurnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus (adopted)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(proconsul_of_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia)">Gaius Julius Caesar (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)" title="Aurelia (mother of Caesar)">Aurelia (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Major_(sister_of_Caesar)" title="Julia Major (sister of Caesar)">Julia Major (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)" title="Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)">Julia Minor (sister)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)"><i>Life of Caesar</i> by Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar">Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">Caesar's Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar (title)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Julius_Caesar" title="List of things named after Julius Caesar">Eponyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)" title="Servilia (mother of Brutus)">Servilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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