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id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" 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未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-特征" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特征"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>特征</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特征-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通用语示例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通用语示例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>通用语示例</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-通用语示例-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关通用语示例子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-通用语示例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-西亞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西亞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>西亞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西亞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-東亞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#東亞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>東亞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-東亞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-南亚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南亚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>南亚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南亚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穆斯林世界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆斯林世界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>穆斯林世界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆斯林世界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-欧洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#欧洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>欧洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-欧洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中亚和伊朗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中亚和伊朗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>中亚和伊朗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中亚和伊朗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>非洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">通用語</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。100种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83" title="لغة تواصل مشترك – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة تواصل مشترك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="لينجوا فرانكا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينجوا فرانكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_franca" title="Llingua franca – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua franca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linqva_franka" title="Linqva franka – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linqva franka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінгва франка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лінгва франка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_kongko" title="Basa kongko – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa kongko" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="लिंगुआ फ्रैंका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिंगुआ फ्रैंका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="লিঙ্গুয়া ফ্রাঙ্কা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিঙ্গুয়া ফ্রাঙ্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_vehikular" title="Yezh vehikular – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh vehikular" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_vehicular" title="Llengua vehicular – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua vehicular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لینگوا فرانکا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لینگوا فرانکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва-франка – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лингва-франка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrssprache" title="Verkehrssprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verkehrssprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franka" title="Lingua franka – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lingua franka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvafrankao" title="Lingvafrankao – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvafrankao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_franca" title="Lengua franca – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua franca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="زبان میانجی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان میانجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_v%C3%A9hiculaire" title="Langue véhiculaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue véhiculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francbh%C3%A9arla" title="Francbhéarla – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Francbhéarla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="לינגואה פרנקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינגואה פרנקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सम्पर्क भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सम्पर्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zvet%C3%ADt%C5%91nyelv" title="Közvetítőnyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közvetítőnyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1_%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Լինգվա ֆրանկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լինգվա ֆրանկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basantara" title="Basantara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basantara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB" title="リングワ・フランカ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リングワ・フランカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwa_Fi%CC%B1rangka" title="Linggwa Fi̱rangka – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Linggwa Fi̱rangka" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%81%EA%B5%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%B9%B4" title="링구아 프랑카 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="링구아 프랑카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_franca" title="Linguas franca – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas franca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_franca" title="Lengua franca – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua franca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A:Link_language" title="ແມ່ແບບ:Link language – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມ່ແບບ:Link language" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basantara" title="Basantara – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Basantara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संपर्क भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संपर्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सम्पर्क भाषा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सम्पर्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Лингва-франкæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лингва-франкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لنگوا فرانکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لنگوا فرانکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_franca" title="Língua franca – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua franca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_vehicular%C4%83" title="Limbă vehiculară – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă vehiculară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_franca" title="Limba franca – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba franca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A6%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="لنگئا فرانڪا – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لنگئا فرانڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F" title="සම්බන්ධීකරණ භාෂා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සම්බන්ධීකරණ භාෂා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca_(dorozumievac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Lingua franca (dorozumievací jazyk) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lingua franca (dorozumievací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Franca" title="Lingua Franca – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lingua Franca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franka" title="Lingua franka – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lingua franka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இணைப்பு மொழி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைப்பு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษากลาง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwa_prangka" title="Lingguwa prangka – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lingguwa prangka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва-франка – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лингва-франка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінгва франка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лінгва франка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%90_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%82_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="زبانِ رابطۂ عامہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زبانِ رابطۂ عامہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="通用语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="通用语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="通用語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80839#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&oldid=83638318" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&id=83638318&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%2580%259A%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%2580%259A%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80839" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f 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.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="Talk:通用语">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2016年12月3日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%22">"通用語"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" class="extiw" title="en:Lingua franca">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2014年5月24日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可能需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B8%85%E7%90%86" title="Wikipedia:清理">清理</a>，以符合维基百科<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">质量标准</a>。</b>具体的理由是：无关的文字形式罗列<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年6月19日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请尽量协助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，详情请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="Talk:通用语">讨论页</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>通用语</b>（<span lang="en">lingua franca</span>），亦稱<b>通行語</b>、<b>法通语</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，主要用于使用不同的语言的人之间进行交际的媒介，它是由于各种原因不同语言背景的人进行交际的一种共通語言。有时通用语也指一种完全固定下来的正式语言，因此以前人们认为，法语是歐洲<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a>通用语<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。通常一种语言，會因為在国际商务中被廣泛应用，而成为通用语。到了<a href="/wiki/1920%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1920年代">1920年代</a>以後至今，由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a>过去的領土遍及全球各地和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%85%E5%90%88%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美利堅合眾國">美利堅合眾國</a>主导大量国际组织以及世界民用航空的发展，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>便逐漸地取代了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>的國際通用语言的地位。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特征"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.81"></span>特征</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：特征"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>通用语指母语不同的人之间用于交流的任何语言<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。通用语可以指<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E8%AF%AD" title="混合语">混合语</a>例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="皮钦语">皮钦语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克里奥尔语">克里奥尔语</a>，也可以是一个国家（通常是殖民强权）的民族语言，但在殖民地或前殖民地的不同语言社区之间作为第二语言来用于交流<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。通用语是一个表示功能的词汇，与一种语言的历史或结构无关<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>通用语通常是已经存在并拥有母语使用者的语言，但它们也可以指在一个特定地区或环境里发展出来的皮钦语或克里奥尔语。皮钦语是两种或多种语言迅速混合起来的简化语言，而克里奥尔语通常被认为是皮钦语经过许多代的适应和演变而形成的复杂语言<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。已存在的通用语例如法语在大规模的贸易和政治事务中被用来促进沟通，而皮钦语和克里奥尔语则是在殖民环境下因殖民者与土著民族之间有交流需求而应运而生<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。已存在的通用语通常是广泛传播且高度发展的，有大量母语使用者；而皮钦语和克里奥尔语则是简化的沟通语言，包含松散的结构、较少的语法规则，且没有或只有较少母语使用者。克里奥尔语比皮钦语的发展程度更高，使用更复杂的结构、语法和词汇，其母语使用者也较多<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地方话">地方话</a>是特定地理社区的母语，而通用语则在贸易、宗教、政治或学术等方面在其原社区范围之外使用。例如，英语在英国是一种地方话，但在菲律宾则与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律宾语">菲律宾语</a>一起被用作一种通用语言。类似地，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="普通话">普通话</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>在工业、教育等领域作用通用语，其使用范围跨越地区和国家的界限。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="世界语">世界语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="新共同语言">新共同语言</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="国际辅助语">国际辅助语</a>尚未在全球范围内广泛采用，因此目前不能被称为全球通用语<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="通用语示例"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E7.94.A8.E8.AF.AD.E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B"></span>通用语示例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：通用语示例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="通用語列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of lingua francas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通用語列表（页面不存在）">通用語列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lingua_francas" class="extiw" title="en:List of lingua francas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of lingua francas</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西亞"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E4.BA.9E"></span>西亞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：西亞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>青铜时代中期和後期，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡德语">阿卡德语</a>作为美索不达米亚地区一系列帝国（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿卡德帝国">阿卡德帝国</a>、古亚述帝国、古巴比伦帝国、中亚述帝国）的语言，成为了西亚大部分地区的通用语，直到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%99%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%B4%A9%E6%BD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="青銅時期晩期崩潰">青銅時期晩期文明崩潰</a>。公元前1000年起，其地位开始衰落，最後被亚兰语取代。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞蘭語">亞蘭語</a>（Aramaic，或譯為阿拉姆語）是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西亞">西亞</a>地區古早時期重要的通行語，大約在公元前1100年，由居住在今日<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a>中部的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="亞蘭人">亞蘭人</a>使用。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="新亚述帝国">新亞述帝國</a>國王<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="提格拉特帕拉沙尔三世">提格拉特帕拉沙爾三世</a>在公元前700年征服<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%98%AD_(%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9)" title="亞蘭 (地方)">亞蘭</a>城邦，亞蘭語就此變成帝國的通行語<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，逐漸取代<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="阿卡德語">阿卡德語</a>（Akkadian）在西亞地區的地位<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>亞蘭語也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿契美尼德帝國">阿契美尼德帝國</a>的官方語言，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>教主<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="耶穌">耶穌</a>傳<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E5%90%84%E6%96%AF" title="邏各斯">道</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：λόγος，<i>logos</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：verbum；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來語">希伯來語</a>：דָּבָר，<i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="dāḇār" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dabar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C4%81%E1%B8%87%C4%81r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dāḇār（页面不存在）">dāḇār</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabar" class="extiw" title="en:Dabar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dabar</span></a></span>）</span></span></i>、מַאֲמָר，<i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ma'ămār" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maamor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%27%C4%83m%C4%81r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma'ămār（页面不存在）">ma'ămār</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamor" class="extiw" title="en:Maamor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maamor</span></a></span>）</span></span></i>；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞蘭語">亞蘭語</a>：מימר 或 מימרא，<i>memra</i>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3)" title="福音 (耶稣)">福音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：εὐαγγέλιον，<i>euaggelion</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>：bona annuntiatio；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來語">希伯來語</a>：בְּשׂורָה 或 בְּשֹׂרָה，<i>bĕsorah</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞蘭語">亞蘭語</a>：בשורתא，<i>basoratha</i>）的語言<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>公元前4世紀<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大大帝">亞歷山大大帝</a>的東征，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>演變為<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>，在接下來幾個世紀中，通用希臘語成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海地区">地中海地區</a>和西亞地區的通用語<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="東亞"><span id=".E6.9D.B1.E4.BA.9E"></span>東亞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：東亞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古漢語">古漢語</a>為古代<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東亞">東亞</a>地區的通行語，是許多<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中華文化">中華文化</a>重要傳統經典如《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="論語">論語</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="道德經">道德經</a>》的紀錄語言，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>宣揚「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">仁</a>」（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%B8%9B" title="簡帛">簡帛</a>文字：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BB%81-silk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E4%BB%81-silk.svg/22px-%E4%BB%81-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E4%BB%81-silk.svg/33px-%E4%BB%81-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E4%BB%81-silk.svg/44px-%E4%BB%81-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>、<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BB%81-silk-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E4%BB%81-silk-2.svg/22px-%E4%BB%81-silk-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E4%BB%81-silk-2.svg/33px-%E4%BB%81-silk-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E4%BB%81-silk-2.svg/44px-%E4%BB%81-silk-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>、<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BB%81-silk-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E4%BB%81-silk-4.svg/22px-%E4%BB%81-silk-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E4%BB%81-silk-4.svg/33px-%E4%BB%81-silk-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E4%BB%81-silk-4.svg/44px-%E4%BB%81-silk-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AF%86" title="小篆">小篆</a>：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BB%81-seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E4%BB%81-seal.svg/22px-%E4%BB%81-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E4%BB%81-seal.svg/33px-%E4%BB%81-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E4%BB%81-seal.svg/44px-%E4%BB%81-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>）、「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="禮">禮</a>」（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B1%8A-oracle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E8%B1%8A-oracle.svg/27px-%E8%B1%8A-oracle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E8%B1%8A-oracle.svg/41px-%E8%B1%8A-oracle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E8%B1%8A-oracle.svg/54px-%E8%B1%8A-oracle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87" title="金文">金文</a>：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B1%8A-bronze-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%E8%B1%8A-bronze-3.svg/22px-%E8%B1%8A-bronze-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%E8%B1%8A-bronze-3.svg/33px-%E8%B1%8A-bronze-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%E8%B1%8A-bronze-3.svg/44px-%E8%B1%8A-bronze-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%B8%9B" title="簡帛">簡帛</a>文字：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B1%8A-silk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E8%B1%8A-silk.svg/22px-%E8%B1%8A-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E8%B1%8A-silk.svg/33px-%E8%B1%8A-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E8%B1%8A-silk.svg/44px-%E8%B1%8A-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AF%86" title="小篆">小篆</a>：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%AE-seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E7%A6%AE-seal.svg/22px-%E7%A6%AE-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E7%A6%AE-seal.svg/33px-%E7%A6%AE-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E7%A6%AE-seal.svg/44px-%E7%A6%AE-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>）、「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8" title="中庸">中庸</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a>」，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a>宣揚「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>」（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%F0%A7%97%9F-oracle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%F0%A7%97%9F-oracle.png/22px-%F0%A7%97%9F-oracle.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%F0%A7%97%9F-oracle.png/33px-%F0%A7%97%9F-oracle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%F0%A7%97%9F-oracle.png/44px-%F0%A7%97%9F-oracle.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="401" /></a></span>，金文：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%81%93-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%E9%81%93-bronze.svg/27px-%E9%81%93-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%E9%81%93-bronze.svg/41px-%E9%81%93-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%E9%81%93-bronze.svg/54px-%E9%81%93-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>，簡帛文字：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%81%93-silk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%E9%81%93-silk.svg/25px-%E9%81%93-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%E9%81%93-silk.svg/38px-%E9%81%93-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%E9%81%93-silk.svg/50px-%E9%81%93-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>、<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%81%93-Qin_slip.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%E9%81%93-Qin_slip.png/22px-%E9%81%93-Qin_slip.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%E9%81%93-Qin_slip.png/33px-%E9%81%93-Qin_slip.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%E9%81%93-Qin_slip.png/44px-%E9%81%93-Qin_slip.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="401" /></a></span>、<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%F0%A7%97%9F-silk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%F0%A7%97%9F-silk.png/22px-%F0%A7%97%9F-silk.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%F0%A7%97%9F-silk.png/33px-%F0%A7%97%9F-silk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%F0%A7%97%9F-silk.png/44px-%F0%A7%97%9F-silk.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="401" /></a></span>，小篆：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%81%93-seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%E9%81%93-seal.svg/22px-%E9%81%93-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%E9%81%93-seal.svg/33px-%E9%81%93-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%E9%81%93-seal.svg/44px-%E9%81%93-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>）、「<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="虛無">虛</a>」（簡帛文字：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%99%9B-silk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%E8%99%9B-silk.svg/22px-%E8%99%9B-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%E8%99%9B-silk.svg/33px-%E8%99%9B-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%E8%99%9B-silk.svg/44px-%E8%99%9B-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>，小篆：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%99%9B-seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E8%99%9B-seal.svg/22px-%E8%99%9B-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E8%99%9B-seal.svg/33px-%E8%99%9B-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E8%99%9B-seal.svg/44px-%E8%99%9B-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>）、「<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%82%BA_(%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="無為 (道家)">無為</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">自然</a>」等思想。<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>據<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9" title="胡適">胡適</a>考證，至中國<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢代">漢代</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>時代的書面語（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a>）已開始脫離漢代的日常口語，書面語開始向模擬復古和白話口語兩個方向發展，分別成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="白話文">白話文</a>的源頭。<sup id="cite_ref-hs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="儒家思想">儒家思想</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A1%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="中华朝贡体系">中華朝貢體系</a>的影響形成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83" title="琉球">琉球</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BA%BA" title="文人">文人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%90%8F" title="官吏">官吏</a>，於20世紀之前都能通曉以漢字書寫的文言文，故文言文使用在幾乎所有正式的文書上。这些国家的口头语言（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="口語">口語</a>）差异很大，互相不能理解，而书面的汉字却起着疏通意思的作用。 </p><p>然而，朝鲜半岛及越南在20世纪後半叶逐渐废止了汉字，加上汉字文化圈曾共有的古典文言文教育在进入近現代後重要性大幅下降。现在，文言文已经失去了东亚通用语的地位。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="南亚"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E4.BA.9A"></span>南亚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：南亚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>（Sanskrit）是在古代流行於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞">南亞</a>地區的重要通行語，也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>的宗教語言（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>的宗教語言是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教在中亞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教在中亞（页面不存在）">佛教在中亞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Central Asia</span></a></span>）</span></span>的宗教語言是<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A6%B1%E9%82%8F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="健馱邏語">健馱邏語</a>，兩者都是和梵語相近的印度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">俗語</a>。印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="說一切有部">說一切有部</a>的宗教語言則是梵語。）。近兩千年來，梵語及古印度俗語憑借宗教傳播和文學創作深刻影響南亞和東南亞，形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="印度文化圈">印度文化圈</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>教主<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="釋迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>教主<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%8F%E9%A6%B1%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3" title="筏馱摩那">筏馱摩那</a>，傳<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="法 (印度哲學)">法</a>（古<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">印度俗語</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="婆罗米文字">婆羅米體</a>：𑀥𑀁𑀫，<i>dhaṃma</i>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%89%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="佉盧文">佉盧體</a>：𐨢𐨿𐨪𐨨，<i>dhrama</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%87" title="僧伽羅文">僧伽羅體</a>：ධම්ම、ධම‍්ම，<i>dhamma</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇體">悉曇體</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83462138">.mw-parser-output .script-siddham{font-family:"Noto Sans Siddham","Sans Serif Collection","Muktamsiddham","ApSiddham","MuktamsiddhamG"}</style><span class="script-siddham">𑖠𑖨𑖿𑖦</span>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%AD%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="蘭札體">蘭札體</a>：<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_-_Ranjana_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dharma_-_Ranjana_script.jpg/25px-Dharma_-_Ranjana_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dharma_-_Ranjana_script.jpg/38px-Dharma_-_Ranjana_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dharma_-_Ranjana_script.jpg/50px-Dharma_-_Ranjana_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="315" /></a></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="天城體">天城體</a>：धर्म，<i>dharma</i>）和教導<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>（古<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">印度俗語</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="婆罗米文字">婆羅米體</a>：𑀦𑀺𑀯𑀡、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%89%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="佉盧文">佉盧體</a>：𐨣𐨁𐨬𐨞，<i>nivaṇa</i>；<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬哈拉施特拉俗語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maharashtri Prakrit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬哈拉施特拉俗語（页面不存在）">馬哈拉施特拉俗語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" class="extiw" title="en:Maharashtri Prakrit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maharashtri Prakrit</span></a></span>）</span></span>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="婆罗米文字">婆羅米體</a>：𑀡𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀡，<i>ṇivvāṇa</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%87" title="僧伽羅文">僧伽羅體</a>：නිබ්බාන、නිබ‍්බාන，<i>nibbāna</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%9B%87%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="悉曇體">悉曇體</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83462138"><span class="script-siddham">𑖡𑖰𑖨𑖿𑖪𑖯𑖜</span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="天城體">天城體</a>：निर्वाण，<i>nirvāṇa</i>）<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脫</a>之道所用的語言，是一種和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">吠陀梵語</a>（雅語）相近在<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="摩揭陀国">摩揭陀國</a>流通的俗語，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀俗語">摩揭陀俗語</a>（Magadhi Prakrit）。 </p><p>在近现代，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a>）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="北印度">北印度</a>的通用语<sup id="cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pulsipher2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulsipher2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。印度的许多邦都接受了三语教学，在使用印地语的邦为： </p> <ol><li>印地语（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>作为综合课程的一部分）；</li> <li>任意一种现代印度语言；</li> <li>英语或其他现代欧洲语言。</li></ol> <p>在不使用印地语的邦，顺序则为： </p> <ol><li>地区语言；</li> <li>印地语；</li> <li>除了(1)和(2)以外的任意一种现代印度语言；</li> <li>英语或其他现代欧洲语言<sup id="cite_ref-nic_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <p>此外，印地语也成为了东北部<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%B2%81%E7%BA%B3%E6%81%B0%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="阿鲁纳恰尔邦">阿鲁纳恰尔邦</a>的通用语<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。据估计该邦90%的人口会说印地语<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="穆斯林世界"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E6.96.AF.E6.9E.97.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C"></span>穆斯林世界</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：穆斯林世界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%BA" title="貝都因人">貝都因人</a>的民族語言<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>（Arabic），同時也是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>教主<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a>藉以傳誦<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="古蘭經">古蘭經</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="話語 (伊斯蘭教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Logos (Islam)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B1%E8%AA%9E_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="話語 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">話語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Islam)" class="extiw" title="en:Logos (Islam)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Logos (Islam)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>：كلمة，kalima、كَلَام，kalām）和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真理 (伊斯蘭教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Haqq"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真理 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">真理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haqq" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Haqq"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Haqq</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>：حقّ，ḥaqq）的宗教語言。在公元700年，由於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" title="伊斯蘭教的傳播">伊斯蘭教的傳播</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆斯林國家及王朝列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Muslim states and dynasties"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆斯林國家及王朝列表（页面不存在）">穆斯林政權及王朝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" class="extiw" title="en:List of Muslim states and dynasties"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Muslim states and dynasties</span></a></span>）</span></span>在各地得以建立。令阿拉伯語不僅通行在西亞、北非、南亞、南洋群島的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>居住區，在非穆斯林地區但穆斯林商人活躍的地方如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%85%83" class="mw-disambig" title="宋元">宋元</a>時期中國沿岸的港口也成為通行語。<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglospeak_(subnational_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Anglospeak_%28subnational_version%29.svg/220px-Anglospeak_%28subnational_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Anglospeak_%28subnational_version%29.svg/330px-Anglospeak_%28subnational_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Anglospeak_%28subnational_version%29.svg/440px-Anglospeak_%28subnational_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#004288; color:white;"> </span> 多数人以英语为母语的地区</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#79c1ff; color:black;"> </span> 英语是官方语言但大多数人不以英语为母语的地区</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="欧洲"><span id=".E6.AC.A7.E6.B4.B2"></span>欧洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：欧洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在歐洲語言中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>（Koine Greek）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>（Latin）是古代重要的通行語。隨公元前4世紀<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大大帝">亞歷山大大帝</a>的東征，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>演變為通用希臘語，在接下來幾個世紀中，都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海地区">地中海地區</a>和西亞地區的通用語。<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>興起，令拉丁語成為帝國的官方語言，促進拉丁語的擴散，通用希臘語仍保有第二語言的地位。羅馬帝國滅亡後，拉丁語在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀歐洲">中世紀歐洲</a>成為用於外交、學術的語言和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>的宗教語言（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教會</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="教会拉丁语">教會拉丁語</a>作為宗教語言，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東正教會">東正教會</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="古教會斯拉夫語">古教會斯拉夫語</a>，一些古老的地域性教會仍保留該地區的古代語言作為宗教語言，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="古格鲁吉亚语">古喬治亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="古典亚美尼亚语">古典亞美尼亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="吉茲語">吉茲語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="科普特語">科普特語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="敘利亞語">敘利亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="近代英語">近代英語</a>。另外也有許多教會直接採用當地現在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地方话">地方話</a>作為宗教語言）。<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>11-19世纪末在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>地区，特别是中东和北非，使用一種由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗曼语">罗曼语</a>词汇和简单语法构成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E6%AC%BD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="皮欽語">混雜语言</a>，稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地中海通用語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地中海通用語（页面不存在）">地中海通用語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" class="extiw" title="en:Mediterranean Lingua Franca"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</span></a></span>）</span></span>，該語言的主要成份源自北義大利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="威尼斯語">威尼斯語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="利古里亚语">熱內亞語</a>，其次為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E9%9A%86%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加泰隆尼亞語">加泰隆尼亞語</a>和法國南部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="奧克語">奧克語</a>，後來又加入許多<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a>的特色，並借用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="柏柏語族">柏柏爾語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>的要素。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>内部，英语作为官方语言的使用，使得一些研究者调查是否已形成了一种新的英语方言<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="歐陸英語">歐陸英語</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>随着英国成为一个殖民大国，英语作为通用语在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a>的殖民地使用。在後殖民时代，一些新形成的独立国家选择继续使用英语作为官方语言。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francophone_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Francophone_Africa.png/170px-Francophone_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Francophone_Africa.png/255px-Francophone_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Francophone_Africa.png/340px-Francophone_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="非洲法语">非洲法语国家</a></figcaption></figure> <p>作为法国和比利时殖民史的遗存，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>在大多数西非和中非国家仍是通用语和官方语言。这些国家是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="法语国家及地区国际组织">法语国家及地区国际组织</a>的成员。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>在今天仍在中亚和高加索（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>曾覆盖的地区）被使用，在中欧和东欧的部分地区也有很多人能听懂俄语。俄语仍然是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="獨立國家聯合體">獨立國家聯合體</a>的官方语言，也是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87" title="聯合國正式語文">联合国六大工作语言</a>之一<sup id="cite_ref-un.org_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中亚和伊朗"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.BA.9A.E5.92.8C.E4.BC.8A.E6.9C.97"></span>中亚和伊朗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：中亚和伊朗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薩曼尼德帝國">薩曼尼德帝國</a>（Samanid Empire）是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%96%93%E5%A5%8F%E6%9B%B2" title="伊朗間奏曲">伊朗人中興時期</a>中的一部分，在這段期間裡波斯化的文化和身份被創造，伊朗的語言和傳統進入伊斯蘭世界之中，更導致<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5-%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="突厥-波斯文化">突厥-波斯文化</a>的形成<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>波斯的復興在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰世界">伊斯蘭世界</a>內產生新的整體文化取向。後來在穆斯林社會中出現的大多數較高級的本地文化語言，全部或部分依靠<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>作為其主要的文學靈感來源。公元19世紀以前的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="波斯化的社會">波斯化的社會</a>的例子有塞爾柱王朝（Seljuq），帖木兒帝國（Timurid），蒙兀兒帝國（Mughal）和鄂圖曼帝國（Ottoman）<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_2932_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_2932-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美洲"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span>美洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="前哥倫布時期">前哥倫布時期</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬雅文明">馬雅文明</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬雅祭司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maya priesthood"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬雅祭司（页面不存在）">馬雅祭司</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_priesthood" class="extiw" title="en:Maya priesthood"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maya priesthood</span></a></span>）</span></span>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E5%90%8F" class="mw-disambig" title="書吏">書吏</a>會以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85%E8%AA%9E" title="古典馬雅語">古典馬雅語</a>寫下<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85%E6%8A%84%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="馬雅抄本">馬雅抄本</a>，通常認為古典馬雅語是古<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%A7%E8%92%82%E8%AA%9E" title="奇奧蒂語">奇奧蒂語</a>（Chʼortiʼ）的書面語。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke201413_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke201413-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>推測菁英階層是以奇奧蒂語的古形──奇歐蘭語（Chʼolan）作为全<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="瑪雅文明">馬雅地區</a>的通用語。不過這些文本也有來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%8A%A0%E6%95%A6%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85%E8%AA%9E" title="猶加敦馬雅語">猶加敦馬雅語</a>的影響，因此可能是以這兩種語言為基礎形成的通用語。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>古典期是馬雅文明的全盛期（約3世紀－9世紀），文字使用、設立紀念碑、營造建築及藝術創造均在這時期達於極盛。<sup id="cite_ref-Houston,_S_2000_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston,_S_2000-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古典納瓦特爾語">古典納瓦特爾語</a>在公元七世紀到十六世紀晚期是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="美索亞美利加">美索亞美利加</a>（墨西哥中部到哥斯大黎加西北部的地區）大部份地區的通用語。自此之後納瓦特爾語的重要性及影響力因為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="西班牙征服阿兹特克帝国">西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國</a>而中斷。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="庫斯科">庫斯科</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="印加帝國">印加帝國</a>皇帝將<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="克丘亞語">克丘亞語</a>作為官方語言，克丘亞語也隨著印加帝國在第十四世紀的擴張而成了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E8%BD%84%E5%8D%80" title="秘魯總督轄區">秘魯地區</a>的通用語。到了十六世紀西班牙征服者的時代，克丘亞語已經擴及南美洲的許多地方。由於天主教教會選擇克丘亞語作為向安地斯山脈地區的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美洲原住民">美洲原住民</a>傳教的語言，克丘亞語的使用地區超出了原本印加帝國的範圍。 </p><p>身為前<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙殖民帝國">西班牙殖民帝國</a>的一部分，許多拉丁美洲國家獨立後以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>作官方語言。西班牙語成為通行許多拉丁美洲國家的通用語。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非洲"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.B4.B2"></span>非洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：非洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="非洲歷史">非洲歷史</a>上由於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易">貿易</a>往來的需要，有些語言在局部地區發展為<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="通行語">通行語</a>。例如：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="柏柏爾語">柏柏爾語</a>（北非和西非）<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迪尤拉語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dyula language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迪尤拉語（页面不存在）">迪尤拉語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyula_language" class="extiw" title="en:Dyula language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dyula language</span></a></span>）</span></span>（西非的西部）<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="富拉語">富拉語</a>（西非）<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E8%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="豪薩語">豪薩語</a>（西非）<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%B5%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="桑海語族">桑海語</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="尼日河">尼日河</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="林格拉語">林格拉語</a>（剛果）<sup id="cite_ref-Bokamba2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokamba2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="史瓦希利語">史瓦希利語</a>（東南非）<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿姆哈拉語">阿姆哈拉語</a>（衣索比亞）<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="索馬利語">索馬利語</a>（非洲之角）<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>（北非和非洲之角）<sup id="cite_ref-NOP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="史瓦希利語">史瓦希利語</a>為非洲东海岸一些使用班图语的部落之间的通用语，该语言受到阿拉伯语很大的影响<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。史瓦希利語的文字最早出现在1711年<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。19世纪早期，史瓦希利語作为通用语的使用随着阿拉伯人象牙和奴隶贸易而向内陆转移，後来在欧洲殖民时代也被欧洲人接纳。德国殖民者在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="德屬東非">德属东非</a>使用该语言作为行政语言，这影响了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚</a>独立後对国家官方语言的选择<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在殖民時代和後殖民時代，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a>及這些語言的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克里奧爾語">克里奧爾語</a>，成為許多非洲國家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="官方語言">官方語言</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="通行語">通行語</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克里奧爾語">克里奧爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="皮钦语">皮钦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="国际辅助语">国际辅助语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="新通用语">新通用语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%86%E8%AB%87" title="筆談">筆談</a>（文言文）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Heine, Bernd (1970). <i>Status and Use of African Lingua Francas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3803900336" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8039-0033-6</a></li> <li>Kahane, Henry Romanos (1958). <i>The Lingua Franca in the Levant</i>.</li> <li>R. A. Hall, Jr. (1966). <i>Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>, Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0801401739" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-0173-9</a>.</li> <li>MELATTI, Julio Cezar (1983). <i>Índios do Brasil</i>. São Paulo:Hucitec Press, 48th edition</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/lingua_franca" class="extiw" title="wikt:lingua franca">lingua franca</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/lingua-franca.html">English - the universal language on the Internet?</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060925132620/http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/lingua-franca.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328135757/http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/lingua/bruni/lezioni/f_lll5.htm"><i>Lingua franca del Mediterraneo o Sabir</i> of professor Francesco Bruni (in Italian)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409122609/http://www.uwm.edu/~corre/franca/edition3/texts.html">Sample texts</a> from Juan del Encina, <i>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</i>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>'s <i>L'Impresario da Smyrna</i>, Diego de Haedo and other sources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408100852/https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/corre/www/franca/go.html">An introduction to the original Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a>.</li></ul> </div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=398095&Type=bkzyb&SubID=44905">法通语 - 《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版</a>. www.zgbk.com. 2022-12-23. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308072024/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=398095&Type=bkzyb&SubID=44905">存档</a>于2024-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=%E6%B3%95%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%AD+-+%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%89%88&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zgbk.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zgbk.com%2Fecph%2Fwords%3FSiteID%3D1%26ID%3D398095%26Type%3Dbkzyb%26SubID%3D44905&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sue Wright. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-57647-7_6">French: The Rise and Fall of a Prestige Lingua Franca</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518112229/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-57647-7_6">存档</a>于2023-05-18）. <q>French has been both an international elite language and the language of a large empire and provides an illustration of many of the points made about lingua francas. Its rise and fall show the complex relationship that lingua francas have to power. Interestingly, its spread as the major European lingua franca in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries predates its adoption as the national language of all those on French territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=French%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Prestige+Lingua+Franca&rft.au=Sue+Wright&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-57647-7_6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"vehicular, adj." <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press, July 2018. Web. 1 November 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termcoord.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Lingua_franca.pdf">LINGUA FRANCA:CHIMERA OR REALITY?</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789279189876" title="Special:网络书源/9789279189876"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789279189876</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227090056/https://termcoord.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Lingua_franca.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-02-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=LINGUA+FRANCA%3ACHIMERA+OR+REALITY%3F&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789279189876&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.termcoord.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F08%2FLingua_franca.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm">Intro Sociolinguistics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180522043320/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – <i>Pidgin and Creole Languages: Origins and Relationships</i> – Notes for LG102, – University of Essex, Prof. Peter L. Patrick – Week 11, Autumn term.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Romaine, Suzanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pidgincreolelang0000roma">Pidgin and Creole Languages</a>. Longman. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.aulast=Romaine&rft.btitle=Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Longman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpidgincreolelang0000roma&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thariqalfathih.wordpress.com/2015/04/03/lingua-franca-pidgin-and-creole/">Lingua Franca, Pidgin, and Creole</a>. 3 April 2015 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821190239/https://thariqalfathih.wordpress.com/2015/04/03/lingua-franca-pidgin-and-creole/">存档</a>于2020-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Lingua+Franca%2C+Pidgin%2C+and+Creole&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthariqalfathih.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F04%2F03%2Flingua-franca-pidgin-and-creole%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weareteacherfinder.com/blog/difference-lingua-franca-pidgin-creole/">The Difference Between Lingua Franca, Pidgin, and Creole Languages</a>. Teacher Finder. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821194212/https://www.weareteacherfinder.com/blog/difference-lingua-franca-pidgin-creole/">存档</a>于2020-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=The+Difference+Between+Lingua+Franca%2C+Pidgin%2C+and+Creole+Languages&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teacher+Finder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weareteacherfinder.com%2Fblog%2Fdifference-lingua-franca-pidgin-creole%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Directorate-General for Translation, European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115090926/http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/language-technologies/docs/lingua-franca-en.pdf">Studies on translation and multilingualism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Europa (web portal). 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/language-technologies/docs/lingua-franca-en.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2012-11-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=European+Commission&rft.aulast=Directorate-General+for+Translation&rft.btitle=Studies+on+translation+and+multilingualism&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcordis.europa.eu%2Ffp7%2Fict%2Flanguage-technologies%2Fdocs%2Flingua-franca-en.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bae, Chul-hyun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sejongjul.org/archive/view_article?pid=jul-5-1-1">Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)</a>. Journal of Universal Language. 2004-03-31, <b>5</b> (1): 1–20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-13</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1598-6381"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1598-6381</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22425%2Fjul.2004.5.1.1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134608/https://www.sejongjul.org/archive/view_article?pid=jul-5-1-1">存档</a>于2018-12-21） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Aramaic+as+a+Lingua+Franca+During+the+Persian+Empire+%28538-333+B.C.E.%29&rft.aufirst=Chul-hyun&rft.aulast=Bae&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1598-6381&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Universal+Language&rft.pages=1-20&rft.volume=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejongjul.org%2Farchive%2Fview_article%3Fpid%3Djul-5-1-1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22425%2Fjul.2004.5.1.1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostler, 2005 pp. 38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostler, 2010 pp. 163–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13-3"><sup><b>13.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13-4"><sup><b>13.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13-5"><sup><b>13.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13-6"><sup><b>13.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Howard, Michael C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&lpg=PA21">Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</a>. McFarland. 2014-01-10: 21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7864-9033-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7864-9033-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7864-9033-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412035913/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&lpg=PA21">存档</a>于2021-04-12） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Societies%3A+The+Role+of+Cross-Border+Trade+and+Travel&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=McFarland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QPWXrCCzBIC%26lpg%3DPA21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andriotes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andriotes_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andriotes_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andriotes_14-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andriotis, Nikolaos P. History of the Greek language</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">胡适. 白话文学史. 百花文艺出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7530632493" title="Special:网络书源/7530632493"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7530632493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E9%80%82&rft.btitle=%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7530632493&rft.pub=%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi1994_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Tahsin_Siddiqi1994" class="citation">Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ">Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts</a>, University of Wisconsin, 1994, <q>... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Mohammad+Tahsin+Siddiqi&rft.btitle=Hindustani-English+code-mixing+in+modern+literary+texts&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DvnrTAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulsipher2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pulsipher2005_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic; Pulsipher, Alex; Hapke, Holly M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfNaSNNAppQC">World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives</a>. Macmillan. 2005-01-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7167-1904-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7167-1904-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7167-1904-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824130138/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfNaSNNAppQC">存档</a>于2020-08-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>. <q>... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Hapke%2C+Holly+M.&rft.au=Pulsipher%2C+Alex&rft.aufirst=Lydia+Mihelic&rft.aulast=Pulsipher&rft.btitle=World+Regional+Geography%3A+Global+Patterns%2C+Local+Lives&rft.date=2005-01-05&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1904-5&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfNaSNNAppQC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nic-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nic_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222082907/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/u/47/3X/473X0I01.htm">Three Language Formula</a>. Government of India Ministry of Human Resource Development Department of Education. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/u/47/3X/473X0I01.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2012-02-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Three+Language+Formula&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Ministry+of+Human+Resource+Development+Department+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.nic.in%2Fcd50years%2Fu%2F47%2F3X%2F473X0I01.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chandra, Abhimanyu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh">How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh</a>. Scroll.in. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161211120138/http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh">存档</a>于2016-12-11） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=How+Hindi+became+the+language+of+choice+in+Arunachal+Pradesh&rft.aufirst=Abhimanyu&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F675419%2Fhow-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803034546/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html">Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-08-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+Website+%3A+Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-17.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roychowdhury, Adrija (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-hindi-language-became-arunachal-pradeshs-lingua-franca-narendra-modi-5079079/">"How Hindi Became Arunachal Pradesh's Lingua Franca."</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200821190341/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-hindi-language-became-arunachal-pradeshs-lingua-franca-narendra-modi-5079079/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>The Indian Express</i>. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mollin, Sandra. Euro-English assessing variety status. Tübingen: Narr. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/382336250X" title="Special:网络书源/382336250X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 382336250X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.aulast=Mollin&rft.btitle=Euro-English+assessing+variety+status&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=382336250X&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Narr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un.org-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un.org_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012035848/http://www.un.org/Depts/DGACM/faq_languages.htm">Department for General Assembly and Conference Management – What are the official languages of the United Nations?</a>. United Nations. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2008]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/DGACM/faq_languages.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007-10-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Department+for+General+Assembly+and+Conference+Management+%E2%80%93+What+are+the+official+languages+of+the+United+Nations%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2FDGACM%2Ffaq_languages.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Canfield L., Robert. Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 2002: 12. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521522915" title="Special:网络书源/9780521522915"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780521522915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Canfield+L.&rft.btitle=Turko-Persia+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521522915&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_2932-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_2932_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods. The Venture of Islam <b>2</b>. Chicago, USA. 1974: 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=The+Expansion+of+Islam+in+the+Middle+Periods&rft.aufirst=Marshall+G.+S.&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.btitle=The+Venture+of+Islam&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=293&rft.place=Chicago%2C+USA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgson says, "It could even be said that Islamicate civilization, historically, is divisible in the more central areas into an earlier 'caliphal' and a later 'Persianate' phase; with variants in the outlying regions—Maghrib, Sudanic lands, Southern Seas, India,... (p. 294)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Houston, Stephen; Robertson, John; Stuart, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/300142">The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions</a>. Current Anthropology. 2000-06, <b>41</b> (3): 321–356 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0011-3204</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300142"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/300142</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412035954/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/300142">存档</a>于2021-04-12） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+Classic+Maya+Inscriptions&rft.au=Robertson%2C+John&rft.au=Stuart%2C+David&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.date=2000-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.pages=321-356&rft.volume=41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F300142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300142&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke201413-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke201413_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2014">Kettunen & Helmke 2014</a>，第13頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKettunenHelmke2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kerry M. Hull. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=0ymWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148&lpg=PT148&source=bl&ots=qN2m-Ce5p7&sig=ACfU3U27VX8dCmFhArzdIUYBhLsC_lUAog&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdrp7J0frnAhXAy4sBHcjIBssQ6AEwBXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">Interregional Interaction in Ancient Mesoamerica （Chapter 4 Hieroglyphic Ch'olan to Ch'orti'）</a>. 2019 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412035957/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=0ymWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148&lpg=PT148&source=bl&ots=qN2m-Ce5p7&sig=ACfU3U27VX8dCmFhArzdIUYBhLsC_lUAog&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdrp7J0frnAhXAy4sBHcjIBssQ6AEwBXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2021-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Kerry+M.+Hull&rft.btitle=Interregional+Interaction+in+Ancient+Mesoamerica+%EF%BC%88Chapter+4+Hieroglyphic+Ch%27olan+to+Ch%27orti%27%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ymWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT148%26lpg%3DPT148%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DqN2m-Ce5p7%26sig%3DACfU3U27VX8dCmFhArzdIUYBhLsC_lUAog%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjdrp7J0frnAhXAy4sBHcjIBssQ6AEwBXoECAgQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston,_S_2000-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Houston,_S_2000_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston, S, J Robertson, and D Stuart. "The language of Classic Maya inscriptions." Current Anthropology 41.3 (2000): 321-356. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/langf/fulfulde.html">University of Cambridge Language Centre Resources - Fulfulde</a>. University of Cambridge. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208102315/https://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/langf/fulfulde.html">存档</a>于2021-02-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=University+of+Cambridge+Language+Centre+Resources+-+Fulfulde&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.langcen.cam.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Flangf%2Ffulfulde.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1970838/The_Subclassification_of_Songhay_and_its_Historical_Implications">The Subclassification of Songhay and its Historical Implications</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825143311/https://www.academia.edu/1970838/The_Subclassification_of_Songhay_and_its_Historical_Implications">存档</a>于2023-08-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=The+Subclassification+of+Songhay+and+its+Historical+Implications&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1970838%2FThe_Subclassification_of_Songhay_and_its_Historical_Implications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokamba2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokamba2009_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bokamba, Eyamba G. The spread of Lingala as a lingua franca in the Congo Basin. McLaughlin, Fiona (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VD0vV48p8XIC&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Languages of Urban Africa</a>. London, New York: Continuum. 2009: 50–70 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84706-116-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84706-116-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84706-116-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412040915/https://books.google.com/books?id=VD0vV48p8XIC&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2021-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=The+spread+of+Lingala+as+a+lingua+franca+in+the+Congo+Basin&rft.au=Bokamba%2C+Eyamba+G.&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Urban+Africa&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-84706-116-4&rft.pages=50-70&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVD0vV48p8XIC%26pg%3DPA50%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nurse & Thomas Spear (1985) <i>The Swahili</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Meyer, Ronny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5514187/Amharic_as_lingua_franca_in_Ethiopia">Amharic as lingua franca in Ethiopia</a>. Lissan: Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 2006, <b>20</b> (1/2): 117–131 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424012917/https://www.academia.edu/5514187/Amharic_as_lingua_franca_in_Ethiopia">存档</a>于2021-04-24） –通过Academia.edu <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Amharic+as+lingua+franca+in+Ethiopia&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.jtitle=Lissan%3A+Journal+of+African+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=117-131&rft.volume=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5514187%2FAmharic_as_lingua_franca_in_Ethiopia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Irving Kaplan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=FnEsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=%22Somali+language%22++%22Lingua+franca%22&source=bl&ots=eSy9ZtxBkP&sig=ACfU3U3jmcETeATsrNi2FR_4iLM-3i8BVw&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPrKOquI_6AhXHy4sBHX4mC2EQ6AF6BAgpEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Somali%20language%22%20%20%22Lingua%20franca%22&f=false">Area Handbook for Somalia</a>. 1977: 72 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-09-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014004024/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=FnEsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=%22Somali+language%22++%22Lingua+franca%22&source=bl&ots=eSy9ZtxBkP&sig=ACfU3U3jmcETeATsrNi2FR_4iLM-3i8BVw&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPrKOquI_6AhXHy4sBHX4mC2EQ6AF6BAgpEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Somali%20language%22%20%20%22Lingua%20franca%22&f=false">存档</a>于2022-10-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Irving+Kaplan&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Somalia&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnEsAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA72%26lpg%3DPA72%26dq%3D%2522Somali%2Blanguage%2522%2B%2B%2522Lingua%2Bfranca%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DeSy9ZtxBkP%26sig%3DACfU3U3jmcETeATsrNi2FR_4iLM-3i8BVw%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiPrKOquI_6AhXHy4sBHX4mC2EQ6AF6BAgpEAM%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Somali%2520language%2522%2520%2520%2522Lingua%2520franca%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOP-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOP_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/african_languages.htm">Spoken languages of African countries - Nations Online Project</a>. Nations Online Project. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513093023/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/african_languages.htm">存档</a>于2021-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Spoken+languages+of+African+countries+-+Nations+Online+Project&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nations+Online+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2Fafrican_languages.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swahili-language">Swahili language</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 August 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723004044/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swahili-language">存档</a>于2019-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Swahili+language&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSwahili-language&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. A. Alpers, <i>Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa</i>, London, 1975.., pp. 98–99 ; T. Vernet, "Les cités-Etats swahili et la puissance omanaise (1650–1720), <i>Journal des Africanistes</i>, 72(2), 2002, pp. 102–105.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=通用語&oldid=83638318">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=通用語&oldid=83638318</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:语言学">语言学</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a 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