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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_coin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_coin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The coin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_coin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_resistance_in_Judaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_resistance_in_Judaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tax resistance in Judaea</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Separation_of_church_and_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_church_and_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Separation of church and state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_church_and_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theonomic_answer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theonomic_answer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Theonomic answer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theonomic_answer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification_for_following_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification_for_following_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Justification for following laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification_for_following_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respecting_obligations_when_enjoying_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respecting_obligations_when_enjoying_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Respecting obligations when enjoying advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respecting_obligations_when_enjoying_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Roman Catholic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Tax resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Quaker_war_tax_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Quaker_war_tax_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>American Quaker war tax resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Quaker_war_tax_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_anarchist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_anarchist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Christian anarchist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_anarchist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="ما لقيصر لقيصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ما لقيصر لقيصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddite_ergo_qu%C3%A6_C%C3%A6saris_sunt_C%C3%A6sari_et_qu%C3%A6_Dei_sunt_Deo" title="Reddite ergo quæ Cæsaris sunt Cæsari et quæ Dei sunt Deo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reddite ergo quæ Cæsaris sunt Cæsari et quæ Dei sunt Deo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribut_al_C%C3%A8sar" title="Tribut al Cèsar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribut al Cèsar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebt_dem_Kaiser,_was_des_Kaisers_ist" title="Gebt dem Kaiser, was des Kaisers ist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gebt dem Kaiser, was des Kaisers ist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributo_al_C%C3%A9sar" title="Tributo al César – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tributo al César" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendre_%C3%A0_C%C3%A9sar_ce_qui_est_%C3%A0_C%C3%A9sar" title="Rendre à César ce qui est à César – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rendre à César ce qui est à César" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berikanlah_kepada_Kaisar" title="Berikanlah kepada Kaisar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berikanlah kepada Kaisar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_a_Cesare_quello_che_%C3%A8_di_Cesare_e_a_Dio_quello_che_%C3%A8_di_Dio" title="Date a Cesare quello che è di Cesare e a Dio quello che è di Dio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Date a Cesare quello che è di Cesare e a Dio quello che è di Dio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="תנו לקיסר את אשר לקיסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנו לקיסר את אשר לקיסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_a_Cesar" title="Dona a Cesar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dona a Cesar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adj%C3%A1tok_meg_a_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rnak%E2%80%A6" title="Adjátok meg a császárnak… – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adjátok meg a császárnak…" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%81%AE%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AF%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%81%AB" title="皇帝のものは皇帝に – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="皇帝のものは皇帝に" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_C%C3%A9sar_o_que_%C3%A9_de_C%C3%A9sar..." title="A César o que é de César... – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A César o que é de César..." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кесарю кесарево – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кесарю кесарево" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajte_caru_carevo" title="Dajte caru carevo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dajte caru carevo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajte_caru_carevo" title="Dajte caru carevo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dajte caru carevo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Кесареве кесареві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кесареве кесареві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7a_Caesar,_tr%E1%BA%A3_v%E1%BB%81_Caesar;_c%E1%BB%A7a_Thi%C3%AAn_Ch%C3%BAa,_tr%E1%BA%A3_v%E1%BB%81_Thi%C3%AAn_Ch%C3%BAa" title="Của Caesar, trả về Caesar; của Thiên Chúa, trả về Thiên Chúa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Của Caesar, trả về Caesar; của Thiên Chúa, trả về Thiên Chúa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Phrase attributed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the phrase used by Jesus. For the 2014 film, see <a href="/wiki/Render_to_Caesar" title="Render to Caesar">Render to Caesar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_(715452).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_%28715452%29.jpg/200px-Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_%28715452%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_%28715452%29.jpg/300px-Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_%28715452%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_%28715452%29.jpg/400px-Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_%28715452%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="4188" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Titian)" title="The Tribute Money (Titian)">The Tribute Money</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> (1516), depicts Jesus being shown the <a href="/wiki/Tribute_penny" title="Tribute penny">tribute penny</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>"<b>Render unto Caesar</b>" is the beginning of a phrase attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospel">synoptic gospels</a>, which reads in full, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This phrase has become a widely quoted summary of the relationship between Christianity, secular government, and society. The original message, coming in response to a question of whether it was lawful for <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to pay taxes to <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>, gives rise to multiple possible interpretations about the circumstances under which it is desirable for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to submit to earthly authority. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrative">Narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> state that hostile questioners tried to trap Jesus into taking an explicit and dangerous stand on whether Jews should or should not pay taxes to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> authorities. The accounts in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022:15–22&version=nrsv">Matthew 22:15–22</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:13–17&version=nrsv">Mark 12:13–17</a> say that the questioners were <a href="/wiki/Pharisees#The_Roman_period" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a>, while <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2020:20–26&version=nrsv">Luke 20:20–26</a> says only that they were "spies" sent by "teachers of the law and the chief priests". </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_tribute_money.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rubens_tribute_money.jpg/270px-Rubens_tribute_money.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rubens_tribute_money.jpg/405px-Rubens_tribute_money.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rubens_tribute_money.jpg/540px-Rubens_tribute_money.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Rubens)" title="The Tribute Money (Rubens)">The Tribute Money</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1610–1615)</figcaption></figure> <p>They anticipated that Jesus would oppose the tax, as their purpose was "to hand him over to the power and authority of the governor".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor was <a href="/wiki/Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate">Pilate</a>, and he was the man responsible for the collecting of taxes in <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a>. Initially the questioners flattered Jesus by praising his integrity, impartiality, and devotion to truth. Then they asked him whether or not it is right for Jews to pay the taxes demanded by Caesar. In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the additional, provocative question is asked, "Should we pay or shouldn't we?" </p><p>Jesus first called them <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrites</a>, and then asked one of them to produce a Roman coin that would be suitable for paying Caesar's tax. One of them showed him <a href="/wiki/Tribute_penny" title="Tribute penny">a Roman coin</a>, and he asked them whose head and inscription were on it. They answered, "Caesar's," and he responded: "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's". </p><p>The questioners were impressed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022:22&version=nrsv">Matthew 22:22</a> states that they "marvelled" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐθαύμασαν</span></span>); unable to trap him any further, and being satisfied with the answer, they went away. </p><p>A similar episode occurs in the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> (verse 100), but there the coin in question is gold. Importantly, in this non-canon gospel, Jesus adds, "and give me what is mine."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same episode occurs in a fragment of the also apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Gospel" title="Egerton Gospel">Egerton Gospel</a>: Jesus is asked whether it is right to pay taxes to the rulers (i.e. the Romans), to which he becomes indignant and criticizes the questioners by quoting the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>; the fragment is interrupted immediately after that.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_coin">The coin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The coin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tribute_penny" title="Tribute penny">Tribute penny</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius,_Denar,_Lyon,_CNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tiberius%2C_Denar%2C_Lyon%2C_CNG.jpg/300px-Tiberius%2C_Denar%2C_Lyon%2C_CNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tiberius%2C_Denar%2C_Lyon%2C_CNG.jpg/450px-Tiberius%2C_Denar%2C_Lyon%2C_CNG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tiberius%2C_Denar%2C_Lyon%2C_CNG.jpg/600px-Tiberius%2C_Denar%2C_Lyon%2C_CNG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. The inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> reads <i>Ti[berivs] Caesar Divi Avg[vsti] F[ilivs] Avgvstvs</i> ("Caesar Augustus Tiberius, son of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Divine</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>"), and the reverse reads <i>Pontif[ex] Maxim[us]</i> ("Highest Priest").</figcaption></figure> <p>The text identifies the coin as a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δηνάριον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dēnarion</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is usually thought that the coin was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> with the head of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. The coin is also called the "tribute penny." The inscription reads "Ti[berivs] Caesar Divi Avg[vsti] F[ilivs] Avgvstvs" ("Caesar Augustus Tiberius, son of the Divine Augustus"). The <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> shows a seated female, usually identified as <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> depicted as <a href="/wiki/Pax_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax (mythology)">Pax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it has been suggested that denarii were not in common circulation in Judaea during Jesus' lifetime and that the coin may have instead been an Antiochan <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> bearing the head of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another suggestion often made is the denarius of Augustus with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Caius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a> on the reverse, while coins of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> are all considered possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_resistance_in_Judaea">Tax resistance in Judaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tax resistance in Judaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zealotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealotry">Zealotry</a></div> <p>The taxes imposed on Judaea by Rome had led to riots.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Testament scholar Willard Swartley writes: </p> <blockquote><p>The tax denoted in the text was a specific tax… It was a <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">poll tax</a>, a tax instituted in A.D. 6. <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">A census taken at that time</a> (cf. Lk. 2:2) to determine the resources of the Jews provoked the wrath of the country. <a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a> led a revolt (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> 5:37), which was suppressed only with some difficulty. Many scholars date the origin of the Zealot party and movement to this incident.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> says of the <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>When, in the year 5, <a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Gamala" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas of Gamala">Judas of Gamala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> started his organized opposition to Rome, he was joined by one of the leaders of the Pharisees, R. <a href="/wiki/Zadok#Other_Zadoks" title="Zadok">Zadok</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a> and one of the fiery patriots and popular heroes who lived to witness <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">the tragic end of Jerusalem</a>… The taking of the census by Quirinus, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">procurator</a>, for the purpose of taxation was regarded as a sign of Roman enslavement; and the Zealots' call for stubborn resistance to the oppressor was responded to enthusiastically.</p></blockquote> <p>At his trial before Pontius Pilate, Jesus was accused of promoting resistance to Caesar's tax. </p> <blockquote><p>Then the whole company of them arose and brought him before Pilate. And they began to accuse him, saying, "We found this man misleading our nation and forbidding us to give tribute to Caesar, and saying that he himself is Christ, a king." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:1–4&version=nrsv">Luke 23:1–4</a>)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malczewski_Jacek_Grosz_czynszowy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Malczewski_Jacek_Grosz_czynszowy.jpg/220px-Malczewski_Jacek_Grosz_czynszowy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Malczewski_Jacek_Grosz_czynszowy.jpg/330px-Malczewski_Jacek_Grosz_czynszowy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Malczewski_Jacek_Grosz_czynszowy.jpg/440px-Malczewski_Jacek_Grosz_czynszowy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Render unto Caesar</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The passage has been much discussed in the modern context of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a>, especially on the questions of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreshadowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Jesus was later crucified, he was, in a sense, rendering unto Caesar the body that belonged to Caesar's (human, earthly) realm while devoting his soul to God. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> suggested this interpretation in his <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a>, where he writes </p> <blockquote><p>He himself, the only-begotten, was created to be wisdom and justice and holiness for us, and he was counted among us, and he paid the reckoning, the tribute to Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_church_and_state">Separation of church and state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Separation of church and state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></div> <p>Jesus responds to <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> about the nature of his kingdom: "My kingdom is not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, my servants would have been fighting, that I might not be delivered over to the Jews. But now (or 'as it is') my kingdom is not from the world" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:36&version=nrsv">John 18:36</a>); i.e., his religious teachings were separate from earthly political activity. This reflects a traditional division in Christian thought by which <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a> have <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">separate spheres of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spivey_SepNoMyth_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spivey_SepNoMyth-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be interpreted either a Catholic, or Thomist, way (<a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian doctrine</a>) or a Protestant, or Lockean, way (<a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_Wtewael_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_WGA25913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joachim_Wtewael_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_WGA25913.jpg/220px-Joachim_Wtewael_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_WGA25913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joachim_Wtewael_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_WGA25913.jpg/330px-Joachim_Wtewael_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_WGA25913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joachim_Wtewael_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_WGA25913.jpg/440px-Joachim_Wtewael_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_WGA25913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>The Tribute Money</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wtewael" title="Joachim Wtewael">Joachim Wtewael</a> (1616)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, in <i>De Idololatria</i>, interprets Jesus as saying to render "the image of Caesar, which is on the coin, to Caesar, and the image of God, which is on man, to God; so as to render to Caesar indeed money, to God yourself. Otherwise, what will be God's, if all things are Caesar's?"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theonomic_answer">Theonomic answer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theonomic answer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>H.B. Clark writes, "It is a doctrine of both Mosaic and Christian law that governments are divinely ordained and derive their powers from God. In the Old Testament it is asserted that 'power belongeth unto God,' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2062:11&version=nrsv">Psalms 62:11</a>) that God 'removeth kings and setteth up kings,' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%202:21&version=nrsv">Daniel 2:21</a>) and that 'the Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomever He will' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%204:32&version=nrsv">Daniel 4:32</a>). Similarly, in the New Testament, it is stated that '...there is no power but of God, the powers that be are ordained of God' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2013:1&version=nrsv">Romans 13:1</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> expands, "In early America, there was no question, whatever the form of civil government, that all legitimate authority is derived from God... Under a biblical doctrine of authority, because 'the powers that be are ordained of God (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2013:1&version=nrsv">Romans 13:1</a>), all authority, whether in the home, school, state, church, or any other sphere, is subordinate authority and is under God and subject to His word.' This means, first, that all obedience is subject to the prior obedience to God and his Word, for 'We ought to obey God rather than men' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:29&version=nrsv">Acts 5:29</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:19&version=nrsv">Acts 4:19</a>). Although civil obedience is commanded, it is equally apparent that the prior requirement of obedience to God must prevail."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justification_for_following_laws">Justification for following laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Justification for following laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div> <p>Some read the phrase "Render unto Caesar that which is Caesar's" as unambiguous at least to the extent that it commands people to respect state authority and to pay the taxes it demands of them. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> also states in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2013&version=nrsv">Romans 13</a> that Christians are obliged to obey all earthly authorities, stating that as they were introduced by God, disobedience to them equates to disobedience to God. </p><p>In this interpretation, Jesus asked his interrogators to produce a coin in order to demonstrate to them that by using his coinage they had already admitted the <i>de facto</i> rule of the emperor, and that therefore they should submit to that rule.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respecting_obligations_when_enjoying_advantages">Respecting obligations when enjoying advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Respecting obligations when enjoying advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some see the parable as being Jesus' message to people that if they enjoy the advantages of a state such as Caesar's, as distinct from God's authority (for instance, by using its legal tender), they cannot subsequently choose to ignore the laws of such a state. <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> writes in <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>Christ answered the Herodians according to their condition. "Show me the tribute-money," said he; – and one took a penny out of his pocket; – If you use money which has the image of Caesar on it, and which he has made current and valuable, that is, if you are men of the State, and gladly enjoy the advantages of Caesar's government, then pay him back some of his own when he demands it; "Render therefore to Caesar that which is Caesar's and to God those things which are God's" – leaving them no wiser than before as to which was which; for they did not wish to know.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> Dale Glass-Hess wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>It is inconceivable to me that Jesus would teach that some spheres of human activity lie outside the authority of God. Are we to heed Caesar when he says to go to war or support war-making when Jesus says in other places that we shall not kill? No! My perception of this incident is that Jesus does not answer the question about the morality of paying taxes to Caesar, but that he throws it back on the people to decide. When the Jews produce a denarius at Jesus' request, they demonstrate that they are already doing business with Caesar on Caesar's terms. I read Jesus' statement, "Give to Caesar…" as meaning "Have you incurred a debt in regard to Caesar! Then you better pay it off." The Jews had already compromised themselves. Likewise for us: we may refuse to serve Caesar as soldiers and even try to resist paying for Caesar's army. But the fact is that by our lifestyles we've run up a debt with Caesar, who has felt constrained to defend the interests that support our lifestyles. Now he wants paid back, and it's a little late to say that we don't owe anything. We've already compromised ourselves. If we're going to play Caesar's games, then we should expect to have to pay for the pleasure of their enjoyment. But if we are determined to avoid those games, then we should be able to avoid paying for them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a> shared this perspective. He wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Jesus evaded the direct question put to him because it was a trap. He was in no way bound to answer it. He therefore asked to see the coin for taxes. And then said with withering scorn, "How can you who traffic in Caesar's coins and thus receive what to you are benefits of Caesar's rule refuse to pay taxes?" Jesus' whole preaching and practice point unmistakably to noncooperation, which necessarily includes nonpayment of taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholic">Roman Catholic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German theologian <a href="/wiki/Justus_Knecht" title="Justus Knecht">Justus Knecht</a> gives the typical pro-government, Roman Catholic, interpretation: </p> <blockquote> <p><i>Obedience to temporal authority.</i> We are not only allowed, but commanded to obey the authority of the state, and to pay such taxes &c. as are a due; for the authority of the state is ordained by God to protect the lives and property of subjects. If there were no temporal authority, disorder, robbery, murder &c. would be rampant; and, therefore, as the authority of the state exists for the good of subjects, it is the duty of these last to pay those taxes &c. without which it cannot be kept up.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_resistance">Tax resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tax resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> pastor <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_K._Stoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John K. Stoner (page does not exist)">John K. Stoner</a> spoke for those who interpret the parable as permitting or even encouraging <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a>: "We are war tax resisters because we have discovered some doubt as to what belongs to Caesar and what belongs to God, and have decided to give the benefit of the doubt to God."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Quaker_war_tax_resistance">American Quaker war tax resistance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: American Quaker war tax resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Friends">Society of Friends</a></div> <p>As American Quaker war tax resistance developed during the 17th through 19th centuries, the resisters had to find a way to reconcile their tax resistance with the "Render unto Caesar" verse and other verses from the New Testament that encourage submission to the government. Here are a few examples: </p><p>Around 1715, a pseudonymous author, "Philalethes," published a pamphlet entitled <i>Tribute to Cæsar, How paid by the Best Christians...</i> in which he argued that while Christians must pay "general" taxes, a tax that is explicitly for war purposes is the equivalent to an offering on an altar to a pagan god, and this is forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1761, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Joshua Evans</a> put it this way: </p> <blockquote><p>Others would term it stubbornness in me, or contrary to the doctrine of Christ, concerning rendering to Caesar his due. But as I endeavored to keep my mind in a state of humble quietude, I was favored to see through such groundless arguments; there being nothing on the subject of war, or favorable to it, to be found in that text. Although I have been willing to pay my money for the use of civil government, when legally called for; yet have I felt restrained by a conscientious motive, from paying towards the expense of killing men, women and children, or laying towns and countries waste.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1780, Samuel Allinson circulated a letter on the subject of tax resistance, in which he insisted that what was due to Caesar was only what Caesar would not use for antichristian purposes: </p> <blockquote><p>…the question put to our Savior on the point was with evil intention to ensnare and render him culpable to one of the great parties or sects then existing, who differed about the payment of taxes, his answer, though conclusive, was so wisely framed that it left them still in doubt, what things belonged to Cæsar and what to God, thus he avoided giving either of them offence which he must inevitably have done by a determination that tribute indefinitely was due to Cæsar. Our first and principle obedience is due to the Almighty, even in contradiction to man, "We ought to obey God rather than men" (Acts 5:29). Hence, if tribute is demanded for a use that is antichristian, it seems right for every Christian to deny it, for Cæsar can have no title to that which opposes the Lord's command.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1862, Joshua Maule wrote that he felt that the "Render unto Caesar" instruction was compatible with war tax resistance, as there was no reason to believe for certain that the tax referred to in that episode had any connection to war: </p> <blockquote><p>The words of Christ, "Render to Cæsar the things that are Cæsar's, and to God the things that are God's," have often been brought forward as evidence that He approved of paying all taxes; it being said, in connection, that Cæsar was then engaged in war. The distinction, however, is sufficiently clear: the things that were Cæsar's were, doubtless, those which appertain to the civil government; the things which belong to God are, surely, a clear and full obedience to His commands and to His laws. We know that all the precepts and commands of Christ which can be applied in reference to this subject are of one tendency, enjoining "peace on earth and good-will to men." We do not know, after all, however, what was the exact nature and use of the tribute collected in those days, nor what were the situation and circumstances in which Christians or others were then placed in regard to such things.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_anarchist">Christian anarchist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christian anarchist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JesusPharisees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JesusPharisees.jpg/220px-JesusPharisees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JesusPharisees.jpg/330px-JesusPharisees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/JesusPharisees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><i>The Tribute Money</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dore" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustave Dore">Gustave Dore</a> (1866)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:176px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The less you have of Caesar's, the less you have to render to Caesar. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a>, <i>The Catholic Worker</i></cite></div> </div> <p>Christian anarchists do not interpret Matthew 22:21 as advocating support for taxes but as further advice to <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">free oneself from material attachment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a> believes the passage shows that Caesar may have rights over the money that he produces, but not things that are made by God, as he explains:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Render unto Caesar..." in no way divides the exercise of authority into two realms....They were said in response to another matter: the payment of taxes, and the coin. The mark on the coin is that of Caesar; it is the mark of his property. Therefore give Caesar this money; it is his. It is not a question of legitimizing taxes! It means that Caesar, having created money, is its master. That's all. Let us not forget that money, for Jesus, is the domain of <a href="/wiki/Mammon" title="Mammon">Mammon</a>, a satanic domain!</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ammon_Hennacy" title="Ammon Hennacy">Ammon Hennacy</a> interpreted Matthew 22:21 slightly differently. He was on trial for <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and was asked by the judge to reconcile his tax resistance with Jesus' instructions. "I told him Caesar was getting too much around here and some one had to stand up for God." Elsewhere, he interpreted the story in this way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Jesus] was asked if He believed in paying taxes to Caesar. In those days different districts had different money and the Jews had to change their money into that of Rome, so Jesus asked, not for a Jewish coin, but for a coin with which tribute was paid, saying "Why tempt me?" Looking at the coin He asked whose image and superscription was there inscribed and was told that it was Caesar's. Those who tried to trick Him knew that if He said that taxes were to be paid to Caesar He would be attacked by the mobs who hated Caesar, and if He refused to pay taxes there would always be some traitor to turn Him in. His mission was not to fight Caesar as Barabbas had done, but it was to chase the moneychangers out of the Temple and to establish His own Church. Whether He winked as much as to say that any good Jew knew that Caesar did not deserve a thing as He said, "Render unto Caesar what is Caesar's and unto God what is God's," or not, no one knows. …Despite what anyone says each of us has to decide for himself whether to put the emphasis upon pleasing Caesar or pleasing God. We may vary in our reasons for drawing the line here or there as to how much we render unto Caesar. I make my decision when I remember that Christ said to the woman caught in sin, "Let him without sin first cast a stone at her." I remember His "Forgive seventy times seven," which means no Caesar at all with his courts, prisons and war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Version of the Bible">King James Version of the Bible</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022:15-22;&version=KJV">Matthew 22:15–22</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2012:13-17;&version=KJV">Mark 12:13–17</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2020:20-26;&version=KJV">Luke 20:20–26</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022:15-22;&version=NIV">Matthew 22:15–22</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2012:13-17;&version=NIV">Mark 12:13–17</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2020:20-26;&version=NIV">Luke 20:20–26</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22%3A15-22%3B&version=NRSVUE">Matthew 22:15–22</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2012:13-17;&version=NRSVUE">Mark 12:13–17</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2020:20-26;&version=NRSVUE">Luke 20:20–26</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">extracanonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> also has a version, which reads in the Stephen Patterson and Marvin Meyer Version 100:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>They showed Jesus a gold coin and said to him, "The Roman emperor's people demand taxes from us." He said to them, "Give the emperor what belongs to the emperor, give God what belongs to God, and give me what is mine."</p></blockquote> <p>The fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Gospel" title="Egerton Gospel">Egerton Gospel</a> in the Scholar's Version translation (found in <i>The Complete Gospels</i>) 3:1–6 reads:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>They come to him and interrogate him as a way of putting him to the test. They ask, "Teacher, Jesus, we know that you are [from God], since the things you do put you above all the prophets. Tell us, then, is it permissible to pay to rulers what is due them? Should we pay them or not?" Jesus knew what they were up to, and became indignant. Then he said to them, "Why do you pay me lip service as a teacher, but not [do] what I say? How accurately Isaiah prophesied about you when he said, 'This people honors me with their lips, but their heart stays far away from me; their worship of me is empty, [because they insist on teachings that are human] commandments […]'</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_references">Modern references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> case of <i><a href="/wiki/Tyler_v._Hennepin_County" title="Tyler v. Hennepin County">Tyler v. Hennepin County</a></i> (2023), chief justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> referenced the phrase in the court's opinion regarding the <a href="/wiki/Takings_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Takings Clause">Takings Clause</a> and state property taxes. The chief justice explained the court's holding by stating that "[t]he taxpayer must render unto Caesar what is Caesar’s, but no more."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_in_the_fish%27s_mouth" title="Coin in the fish's mouth">Coin in the fish's mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of the two kingdoms">Doctrine of the two kingdoms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Canute_and_the_tide" title="King Canute and the tide">King Canute and the tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_13" title="Romans 13">Romans 13</a>, another Biblical discussion of how Christians should interact with secular authorities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022:21&version=nrsv">Matthew 22:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2020:20&version=nrsv">Luke 20:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:15&version=nrsv">12:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marquette.edu/maqom/Gospel%20of%20Thomas%20Lambdin.pdf">"Gospel of Thomas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Lambdin, Thomas O.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marquette.edu%2Fmaqom%2FGospel%2520of%2520Thomas%2520Lambdin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeweyMiller2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Dewey" title="Arthur J. Dewey">Dewey, Arthur J.</a>; Miller, Robert Joseph (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvCSpwAACAAJ"><i>The Complete Gospel Parallels</i></a>. Polebridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59815-035-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59815-035-3"><bdi>978-1-59815-035-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gospel+Parallels&rft.pub=Polebridge+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59815-035-3&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Robert+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvCSpwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thayer's Lexicon</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G1220&t=KJV">δηνάριον</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908023624/http://dougsmith.ancients.info/feac60tri.html">"Tiberius, Tribute Penny"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dougsmith.ancients.info/feac60tri.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiberius%2C+Tribute+Penny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdougsmith.ancients.info%2Ffeac60tri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisBolden2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Peter E.; Bolden, Ron (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qa3Rj6rnjOIC&pg=PA19"><i>The Pocket Guide to Saint Paul: Coins Encountered by the Apostle on his Travels</i></a>. Wakefield Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86254-562-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86254-562-6"><bdi>1-86254-562-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Guide+to+Saint+Paul%3A+Coins+Encountered+by+the+Apostle+on+his+Travels&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86254-562-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft.au=Bolden%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQa3Rj6rnjOIC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Marotta2001" class="citation web cs1">Michael E. Marotta (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012091846/http://coin-newbies.com/articles/caesars.html">"Six Caesars of the Tribute Penny"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coin-newbies.com/articles/caesars.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Caesars+of+the+Tribute+Penny&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Michael+E.+Marotta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coin-newbies.com%2Farticles%2Fcaesars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, I.H. <i>Gospel of Luke: A Commentary on the Greek Text</i>. p. 735.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Luke%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Text&rft.pages=735&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=I.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross" class="citation book cs1">Gross, David M. (ed.). <i>We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4348-9825-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4348-9825-3"><bdi>1-4348-9825-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Won%27t+Pay%21%3A+A+Tax+Resistance+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.isbn=1-4348-9825-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartley1980" class="citation web cs1">Swartley, Willard M. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421195552/http://peace.mennolink.org/articles/wartaxes.html">"The Christian and the Payment of Taxes Used for War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peace.mennolink.org/articles/wartaxes.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christian+and+the+Payment+of+Taxes+Used+for+War&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Swartley&rft.aufirst=Willard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeace.mennolink.org%2Farticles%2Fwartaxes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>. <i>Confessions</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ruden" title="Sarah Ruden">Ruden, Sarah</a>. V.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions&rft.pages=V.5&rft.au=Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spivey_SepNoMyth-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spivey_SepNoMyth_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivey1994" class="citation journal cs1">Spivey, Jim (Summer 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://candst.tripod.com/spivey.htm">"Separation No Myth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Journal_of_Theology" title="Southwestern Journal of Theology">Southwestern Journal of Theology</a></i>. <b>36</b> (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Separation+No+Myth&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Spivey&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcandst.tripod.com%2Fspivey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (1869). Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James (eds.). <i>The Writings of Tertullian</i>. Vol. I. Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OIYAAAAYAAJ&dq=tertullian%20the%20image%20of%20Caesar%2C%20which%20is%20on%20the%20coin%2C%20to%20Caesar%2C%20and%20the%20image%20of%20God%2C%20which%20is%20on%20man%2C%20to%20God&pg=PA164">164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Tertullian&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=T.%26T.+Clark&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Tertullian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1944" class="citation book cs1">Clark, H. B. (1944). <i>Biblical Law</i>. Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90379/page/n76/mode/1up">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Law&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Binfords+%26+Mort&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushdoony1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">Rushdoony, R. J.</a> (1973). <i>The Institutes of Biblical Law</i>. The Craig Press. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Institutes+of+Biblical+Law&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=The+Craig+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Rushdoony&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1839" class="citation book cs1">Brown, John (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawofchristrespe00brow/page/183/"><i>The law of Christ respecting civil obedience, especially in the payment of tribute</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: William Ball. p. 183. <q>It is as if our Lord had said, 'The common circulation of Caesar′s coin among you, shows that you stand in a certain relation to him as your ruler. Perform all the duties which are due to him in that relation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+law+of+Christ+respecting+civil+obedience%2C+especially+in+the+payment+of+tribute&rft.place=London&rft.pages=183&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=William+Ball&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawofchristrespe00brow%2Fpage%2F183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeachey1993" class="citation journal cs1">Peachey, Titus (August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mennoniteusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/MCC-OP18.pdf">"Silence and Courage: Income Taxes, War and Mennonites 1940–1993"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MCC Occasional Papers</i> (18): 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MCC+Occasional+Papers&rft.atitle=Silence+and+Courage%3A+Income+Taxes%2C+War+and+Mennonites+1940%E2%80%931993&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1993-08&rft.aulast=Peachey&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mennoniteusa.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2FMCC-OP18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1930" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi, Mahatma</a> (27 March 1930), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v190/lenschulwitz/YoungIndia-Gandhi-RenderUntoCaesar.png">"Render Unto Caesar"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105205358/http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v190/lenschulwitz/YoungIndia-Gandhi-RenderUntoCaesar.png">archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Young+India&rft.atitle=Render+Unto+Caesar&rft.date=1930-03-27&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mahatma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.photobucket.com%2Falbums%2Fv190%2Flenschulwitz%2FYoungIndia-Gandhi-RenderUntoCaesar.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL048.PDF"><i>The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 48. 1998 [1930]. p. 483.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=483&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiserve.org%2Fcwmg%2FVOL048.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2008" class="citation book cs1">Gross, David M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmLdrKqBcmYC&pg=PA373"><i>We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader</i></a>. Picket Line Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4348-9825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4348-9825-8"><bdi>978-1-4348-9825-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Won%27t+Pay%21%3A+A+Tax+Resistance+Reader&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Picket+Line+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4348-9825-8&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmLdrKqBcmYC%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Knecht" title="Justus Knecht">Knecht, Friedrich Justus</a> (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/LVIII. The Tribute of Caesar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/LVIII._The_Tribute_of_Caesar">"LVIII. The Tribute of Caesar" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LVIII.+The+Tribute+of+Caesar&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taxpayerswhofail00unit"><i>Taxpayers Who Fail to File Federal Income Tax Returns: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, October 26, 1993</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. 1994. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160440769" title="Special:BookSources/0160440769"><bdi>0160440769</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6AGY4OKGq?url=https://archive.org/details/taxpayerswhofail00unit">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxpayers+Who+Fail+to+File+Federal+Income+Tax+Returns%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Subcommittee+on+Oversight+of+the+Committee+on+Ways+and+Means%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+One+Hundred+Third+Congress%2C+First+Session%2C+October+26%2C+1993&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0160440769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaxpayerswhofail00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakestraw(Philalethes)c._1715" class="citation book cs1">Rakestraw, William; (Philalethes) (c. 1715). "Tribute to Cæsar, How paid by the Best Christians, And to what Purpose; With Some Remarks on the late vigorous Expedition against Canada. Of Civil Government, How Inconsistent it is with the Government of Christ in his Church. Compared with the Ancient Just and Righteous Principles of the Quakers, and their Modern Practice and Doctrine. With some Notes upon the Discipline of their Church in this Province, especially at Philadelphia". In Gross, David M. (ed.). <i>American Quaker War Tax Resistance</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0"><bdi>978-1-4382-6015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tribute+to+C%C3%A6sar%2C+How+paid+by+the+Best+Christians%2C+And+to+what+Purpose%3B+With+Some+Remarks+on+the+late+vigorous+Expedition+against+Canada.+Of+Civil+Government%2C+How+Inconsistent+it+is+with+the+Government+of+Christ+in+his+Church.+Compared+with+the+Ancient+Just+and+Righteous+Principles+of+the+Quakers%2C+and+their+Modern+Practice+and+Doctrine.+With+some+Notes+upon+the+Discipline+of+their+Church+in+this+Province%2C+especially+at+Philadelphia&rft.btitle=American+Quaker+War+Tax+Resistance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.isbn=978-1-4382-6015-0&rft.aulast=Rakestraw&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=%28Philalethes%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1761" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Evans, Joshua</a> (1761). "A Drop in the Ocean". In Gross, David M. (ed.). <i>American Quaker War Tax Resistance</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0"><bdi>978-1-4382-6015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Drop+in+the+Ocean&rft.btitle=American+Quaker+War+Tax+Resistance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1761&rft.isbn=978-1-4382-6015-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllinson1780" class="citation book cs1">Allinson, Samuel (1780). "Reasons against War, and paying Taxes for its support". In Gross, David M. (ed.). <i>American Quaker War Tax Resistance</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0"><bdi>978-1-4382-6015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reasons+against+War%2C+and+paying+Taxes+for+its+support&rft.btitle=American+Quaker+War+Tax+Resistance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=1780&rft.isbn=978-1-4382-6015-0&rft.aulast=Allinson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaule1862" class="citation book cs1">Maule, Joshua (1862). "He Could Not Have the Money for That Purpose". In Gross, David M. (ed.). <i>American Quaker War Tax Resistance</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">369–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-6015-0"><bdi>978-1-4382-6015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=He+Could+Not+Have+the+Money+for+That+Purpose&rft.btitle=American+Quaker+War+Tax+Resistance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=1862&rft.isbn=978-1-4382-6015-0&rft.aulast=Maule&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllul1980" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul, Jacques</a> (Fall 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222054630/http://www.jesusradicals.com/wp-content/uploads/anarchism-and-christianity.pdf">"Anarchism and Christianity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Katallagete</i>. p. 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesusradicals.com/wp-content/uploads/anarchism-and-christianity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Katallagete&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Christianity&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ellul&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesusradicals.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fanarchism-and-christianity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennacy1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ammon_Hennacy" title="Ammon Hennacy">Hennacy, Ammon</a> (February 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sniggle.net/TPL/index5.php?entry=18Jan17"><i>The Book of Ammon</i></a> (5th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">393–</span>394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Ammon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=1970-02&rft.aulast=Hennacy&rft.aufirst=Ammon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsniggle.net%2FTPL%2Findex5.php%3Fentry%3D18Jan17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/naghamm/gosthom.html">"The Gospel of Thomas Collection - Translations and Resources"</a>. <i>gnosis.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnosis.org&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Thomas+Collection+-+Translations+and+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fgosthom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1992" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert Joseph, ed. (1992). <i>The Complete Gospels</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">409–</span>410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944344-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-944344-30-5"><bdi>0-944344-30-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gospels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-944344-30-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/22-166_8n59.pdf">"Tyler v. Hennepin County, Minnesota, et al"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyler+v.+Hennepin+County%2C+Minnesota%2C+et+al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F22pdf%2F22-166_8n59.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Render_unto_Caesar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Render_unto_Caesar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Render_unto_Caesar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/render_unto_Caesar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:render unto Caesar">render unto Caesar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sniggle.net/TPL/index5.php?entry=16Jan04">How Politicians and Messiahs Avoid Giving Straight Answers</a> – A tax resister's point-of-view</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opc.org/OS/html/V4/4b.html">Render to All What Is Due Them: What Every Christian Needs to Know about Honoring Civil Authority and Paying Taxes, Part 2</a> by David G. Hagopian – advancing the argument that Jesus commanded people to pay taxes to their <i>de facto</i> rulers</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetterville2008" class="citation web cs1">Netterville, Ned (17 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226043103/http://www.jesus-on-taxes.com/uploads/JesusMarch17th08-_2.pdf">"Jesus of Nazareth, Illegal-Tax Protester"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (34th ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesus-on-taxes.com/uploads/JesusMarch17th08-_2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%2C+Illegal-Tax+Protester&rft.edition=34th&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft.aulast=Netterville&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesus-on-taxes.com%2Fuploads%2FJesusMarch17th08-_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span> – A comprehensive analysis of everything Jesus said or did relative to taxes and tax collectors as recorded in the canon and non-canon gospels.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCromartie1996" class="citation book cs1">Cromartie, Michael, ed. (1996). <i>Caesar's Coin Revisited: Christians and the Limits of Government</i>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Coin+Revisited%3A+Christians+and+the+Limits+of+Government&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vftonline.org/VFTfiles/thesis/commentators/Rushdoony/RenderUntoCaesar.htm">Render Unto Caesar</a> by R.J. Rushdoony – Christian Reconstructionist perspective.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGlone2017" class="citation news cs1">McGlone, Mary M. (21 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/spirituality/what-we-owe-god-blank-check">"What we owe to God is a blank check"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=What+we+owe+to+God+is+a+blank+check&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft.aulast=McGlone&rft.aufirst=Mary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fspirituality%2Fwhat-we-owe-god-blank-check&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARender+unto+Caesar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Render unto Caesar</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Christianity" title="Libertarian Christianity">Libertarian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianism">Christianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Identity Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity and environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_China" title="Political theology in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East" title="Political theology in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Political theology in sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_mission" title="Integral mission">Integral mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_genetically_modified_foods#Christianity" title="Religious views on genetically modified foods">Christian views on genetically modified foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Christianity and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_Social_Justice_and_the_Gospel" title="Statement on Social Justice and the Gospel">Dallas Statement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tax_resistance86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tax_resistance" title="Template talk:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tax_resistance86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Conscientious objection to military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_acts_of_tax_resistance" title="List of historical acts of tax resistance">List of historical acts of tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">Tax resistance in the United States</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tax_resisters" title="Category:Tax resisters">List of tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiopizzo" title="Addiopizzo">Addiopizzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aide-toi,_le_ciel_t%27aidera" title="Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera">Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation" title="All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation">All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Poll_Tax_Unions" title="Anti-Poll Tax Unions">Anti-Poll Tax Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Real_Estate_Taxpayers" title="Association of Real Estate Taxpayers">Association of Real Estate Taxpayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_Diu_Prou" title="Catalunya Diu Prou">Catalunya Diu Prou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Non-Violent_Action" title="Committee for Non-Violent Action">Committee for Non-Violent Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Pay_Movement" title="I Don't Pay Movement">I Don't Pay Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_for_a_Peace_Tax_Fund" title="National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund">National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Tax_Resistance_Coordinating_Committee" title="National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee">National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California_War_Tax_Resistance" title="Northern California War Tax Resistance">Northern California War Tax Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagal_Panthis" title="Pagal Panthis">Pagal Panthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemakers" title="Peacemakers">Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tax_Resistance_League" title="Women's Tax Resistance League">Women's Tax Resistance League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Act_of_Conscience" title="An Act of Conscience">An Act of Conscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clericis_laicos" title="Clericis laicos">Clericis laicos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cold_War_and_the_Income_Tax:_A_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest">The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Manifesto" title="Vyborg Manifesto">Vyborg Manifesto</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns<br />by century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuchin_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchin Revolt">Tuchin Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harelle" title="Harelle">Harelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Rebellion of 1497">Cornish Rebellion of 1497</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croquant_rebellions" title="Croquant rebellions">Croquant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappenkrieg_(Basel)" title="Rappenkrieg (Basel)">Rappenkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Pitauds" title="Revolt of the Pitauds">Revolt of the Pitauds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelets" title="Angelets">Angelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9" title="Revolt of the papier timbré">Revolt of the papier timbré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_va-nu-pieds" title="Revolt of the va-nu-pieds">Revolt of the va-nu-pieds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Tax_Revolt" title="Salt Tax Revolt">Salt Tax Revolt</a> in Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1648" title="Moscow uprising of 1648">Salt Riot</a> in Moscow</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair"><i>Gaspee</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Tax_War" title="Dog Tax War">Dog Tax War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_House_Tax_Hartal" title="1810 House Tax Hartal">House Tax Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898" title="Hut Tax War of 1898">Hut Tax War of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Rebellion" title="Low Rebellion">Low Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejba_Revolt" title="Mejba Revolt">Mejba Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saminism_Movement" title="Saminism Movement">Saminism Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancament_de_Caixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancament de Caixes">Tancament de Caixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agbekoya" title="Agbekoya">Agbekoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondelswarts_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondelswarts affair">Bondelswarts affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahl" title="Gordon Kahl">Gordon Kahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kheda Satyagraha">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Schiff" title="Irwin Schiff">Irwin Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_Tax_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll Tax Riots">Poll Tax Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Rates_Rebellion" title="Poplar Rates Rebellion">Poplar Rates Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupper_Saussy" title="Tupper Saussy">Tupper Saussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turra_Coo" title="Turra Coo">Turra Coo</a></li> <li><a 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Rouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Home_and_Water_Taxes" title="Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes">Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_Passe_Livre" title="Movimento Passe Livre">Movimento Passe Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Pos_Me_Salto" title="Movimiento Pos Me Salto">Movimiento Pos Me Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Income tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_dangerous_taxpayer" title="Potentially dangerous taxpayer">Potentially dangerous taxpayer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Render unto Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land</a> / <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Tax noncompliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">Tax protester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_arguments" title="Tax protester arguments">arguments</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">history in the United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_riot" title="Tax riot">Tax riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_slavery" 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