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aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alī:_Muhammad's_rightful_successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alī:_Muhammad's_rightful_successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alī: Muhammad's rightful successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alī:_Muhammad's_rightful_successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profession_of_faith_(Shahada)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profession_of_faith_(Shahada)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Profession of faith (<i>Shahada</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profession_of_faith_(Shahada)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infallibility_(Ismah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infallibility_(Ismah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Infallibility (<i>Ismah</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infallibility_(Ismah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultation_(Ghaybah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultation_(Ghaybah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Occultation (<i>Ghaybah</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occultation_(Ghaybah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hadith_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Hadith tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Relics_(Tabarruk)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Relics_(Tabarruk)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Holy Relics (<i>Tabarruk</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Relics_(Tabarruk)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other doctrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctrine_about_necessity_of_acquiring_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine_about_necessity_of_acquiring_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Doctrine about necessity of acquiring knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine_about_necessity_of_acquiring_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Holy sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Purity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasan,_Husayn,_and_Karbala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasan,_Husayn,_and_Karbala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hasan, Husayn, and Karbala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasan,_Husayn,_and_Karbala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imamate_of_the_Ahl_al-Bayt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imamate_of_the_Ahl_al-Bayt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Imamate of the <i>Ahl al-Bayt</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imamate_of_the_Ahl_al-Bayt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imam_Mahdi,_last_Imam_of_the_Shia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imam_Mahdi,_last_Imam_of_the_Shia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Imam Mahdi, last Imam of the Shia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imam_Mahdi,_last_Imam_of_the_Shia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Fatimid Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Safavid Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Significant_populations_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_populations_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Significant populations worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_populations_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_denominations_or_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_denominations_or_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major denominations or branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_denominations_or_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major denominations or branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_denominations_or_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twelver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Twelver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Twelve_Imams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Twelve_Imams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>The Twelve Imams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Twelve_Imams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Islamists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ismāʿīlī_(Sevener)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ismāʿīlī_(Sevener)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ismāʿīlī (<i>Sevener</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ismāʿīlī_(Sevener)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ismāʿīlī_Imams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ismāʿīlī_Imams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Ismāʿīlī Imams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ismāʿīlī_Imams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pillars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pillars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Pillars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pillars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Contemporary leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaydī_(Fiver)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaydī_(Fiver)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Zaydī (<i>Fiver</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaydī_(Fiver)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctrine_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Persecution of Shia Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shia Islam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjia" title="Sjia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BA%E1%8B%93_%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="ሺዓ እስልምና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሺዓ እስልምና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="الشيعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشيعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiismo" title="Chiismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chiismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%C3%ADsmu" title="Xiísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xiísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A3_ch%C3%ADa" title="Islã chía – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Islã chía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="ШигӀиял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ШигӀиял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C9%99lik" title="Şiəlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şiəlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C" title="شیعه‌ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیعه‌" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="শিয়া ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিয়া ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" title="Shia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шиғыйҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шиғыйҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шыіты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шыіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шыізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шыізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Шиитски ислям – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шиитски ислям" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iizam" title="Šiizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šiizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_chiit" title="Islam chiit – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Islam chiit" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шиизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiisme" title="Xiisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xiisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%AD%27itsk%C3%BD_isl%C3%A1m" title="Ší'itský islám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ší'itský islám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%AFa" title="Shïa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shïa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia-islam" title="Shia-islam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shia-islam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيعية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيعية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A9%DE%A2%DE%A9_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%9B%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%AA" title="ޝީޢީ މަޛްހަބު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝީޢީ މަޛްހަބު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iiidid" title="Šiiidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šiiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σιισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiismo" title="Chiismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chiismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cijaismo" title="Ŝijaismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝijaismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiismo" title="Xiismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xiismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شیعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiisme" title="Chiisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chiisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sji%C3%AFsme" title="Sjiïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjiïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siach" title="Siach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%C3%ADsmo" title="Xiísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xiísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ШиӀий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ШиӀий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شيعه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شيعه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C" title="시아파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시아파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" title="Shi'a – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shi'a" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Շիա իսլամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիա իսլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="शिया इस्लाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिया इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ijizam" title="Šijizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šijizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiismo" title="Shiismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shiismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_nga_Islam" title="Shia nga Islam – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Shia nga Islam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_shiiste" title="Islam shiiste – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Islam shiiste" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиизм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шиизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%ADa" title="Sjía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciismo" title="Sciismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sciismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99" title="אסלאם שיעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאם שיעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singah" title="Singah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Singah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შიიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შიიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81" title="شیعہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شیعہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шииттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шииттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Shia" title="Islam Shia – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Islam Shia" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washia" title="Washia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Washia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Şiîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şiîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шииттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шииттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scii%C4%87" title="Sciić – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sciić" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secta_Siitica" title="Secta Siitica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secta Siitica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C4%ABtu_isl%C4%81ms" title="Šiītu islāms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šiītu islāms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Шиияр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шиияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iizmas" title="Šiizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia" title="Xia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciism" title="Sciism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sciism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADita_iszl%C3%A1m" title="Síita iszlám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Síita iszlám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шиизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шиизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siisma" title="Siisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ഷിയാ ഇസ്‌ലാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷിയാ ഇസ്‌ലാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xig%C4%A7a" title="Xigħa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xigħa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="शिया इस्लाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिया इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შიიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შიიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شيعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="تشیع – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تشیع" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шиизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шиизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA(%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA)" title="ရှီအာမွတ်စလင်(မ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှီအာမွတ်စလင်(မ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiisme" title="Sjiisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjiisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2%E6%B4%BE" title="シーア派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シーア派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ШийӀаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ШийӀаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiaislam" title="Sjiaislam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjiaislam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiaislam" title="Sjiaislam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjiaislam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiisme" title="Shiisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Shiisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shialik" title="Shialik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shialik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸ਼ੀਆ ਇਸਲਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੀਆ ਇਸਲਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81" title="شیعہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیعہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87" title="شيعه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شيعه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Siita" title="Islam Siita – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Islam Siita" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schia" title="Schia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyizm" title="Szyizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szyizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiismo" title="Xiismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xiismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiiylik" title="Şiiylik – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şiiylik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamul_%C8%99iit" title="Islamul șiit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islamul șiit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%96%D1%97%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шіїты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шіїты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шииты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шииты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Shia" title="Islami Shia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islami Shia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciismu" title="Sciismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sciismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ෂියා ඉස්ලාම් ආගම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෂියා ඉස්ලාම් ආගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%DB%81" title="شيعہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شيعہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iitizmus" title="Šiitizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šiitizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iitizem" title="Šiitizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šiitizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyjity" title="Szyjity – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szyjity" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiica" title="Shiica – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shiica" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%95" title="شیعە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیعە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шиизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шиизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ijitizam" title="Šijitizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šijitizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Syiah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iialaisuus" title="Šiialaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šiialaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" title="Shia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiismo" title="Shiismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shiismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சியா இசுலாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியா இசுலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taci%C9%9Bit" title="Taciɛit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taciɛit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шигыйчылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шигыйчылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82" title="షియా ఇస్లాం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షియా ఇస్లాం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ชีอะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีอะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%B0" title="Шиъа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шиъа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiilik" title="Şiilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şiilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шиїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="اہل تشیع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اہل تشیع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="شىئەلەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىئەلەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciismo" title="Sciismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sciismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o_Shia" title="Hồi giáo Shia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồi giáo Shia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" title="什葉派 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="什葉派" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Shia Islam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second-largest branch of Islam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shia" and "Shias" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shia (disambiguation)">Shia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Branches">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a 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feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a 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padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shia Islam</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. It holds that the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> designated <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> (656–661 CE) as his <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خليفة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khalīfa</i></span>) as <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imam</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">امام</span></span>, 'spiritual and political leader'), most notably at the event of <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>, but that after Muhammad's death, Ali was prevented from succeeding as leader of the Muslims as a result of the choice made by some of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Muhammad's other companions</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صحابة</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣaḥāba</i></span>) at <a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a>. This view primarily contrasts with that of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor before <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muhammad">his death</a> and consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> by a group of Muhammad's other companions at Saqifah, to be the first <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> ('rightful') caliph after Muhammad (632–634 CE). </p><p>Shia Muslims' belief that Ali was the designated successor to Muhammad as Islam's spiritual and political leader later developed into the concept of <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imamah</a>, the idea that certain descendants of Muhammad, the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَهْل البَيْت</span></span>, 'People of the House'), are rightful rulers or Imams through the <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Ali">bloodline of Ali</a> and his two sons <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>, whom Shia Muslims believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>. Later events such as Husayn's martyrdom in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> (680 CE) further influenced the development of Shia Islam, contributing to the formation of a distinct religious sect with its own rituals and shared collective memory.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shia Islam is followed by 10–15% of all Muslims. Although there are many <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Shīʿa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">Shia subsects</a> in the Muslim world, <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> is by far the largest and most influential, comprising about 85% of all Shia Muslims. Others include the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a>. Shia Muslims form a majority of the population in four countries across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_in_Bahrain" title="Shia in Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. Significant Shia communities are also found in <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Shia Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Yemen" title="Shia Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Shia Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Iran stands as the world's only country where Shia Islam forms the foundation of both <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">its laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">governance system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmajani20201–3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmajani20201–3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The word Shia (or Shīʿa) (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شيعيّ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shīʿī, <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr> shīʿiyyūn</i></span>) is derived from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شيعة علي</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shīʿat ʿAlī</i></span>, 'followers of Ali'.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica738_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wehr-498_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wehr-498-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia Islam is also referred to in English as Shiism (or Shīʿism) (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>), and Shia Muslims as Shiites (or Shīʿites) (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shia</i></span> was first used during Muhammad's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, the word refers to the Muslims who believe that the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> after Muhammad belongs to <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a>, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nawbakhti states that the term <i>Shia</i> refers to a group of Muslims who at the time of Muhammad and after him regarded ʿAlī as the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a> expresses that the term <i>Shia</i> refers to those who believe that ʿAlī is designated as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">heir</a>, Imam, and caliph by Muhammad<sup id="cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that ʿAlī's authority is maintained through his descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the adherents of Shia Islam, this conviction is implicit in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>. Shia Muslim scholars emphasize that the notion of authority is linked to the family of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Abrahamic prophets</a> as the Quranic verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=33">3:33</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=34">3:34</a> show: "Indeed, Allah chose <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah</a>, the family of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a>, and the family of <a href="/wiki/Amram" title="Amram">’Imrân</a> above all people. They are descendants of one another. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamic_beliefs_and_practices" title="Shia Islamic beliefs and practices">Shia Islamic beliefs and practices</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>cluttered, inconsistent, and confusing.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Shia Islam">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shīʿa Islam encompasses <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Shīʿa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">various denominations and subgroups</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica738_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all bound by the belief that the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (<i>Ummah</i>) should hail from <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i>, the family of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It embodies a completely independent system of religious interpretation and political authority in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alī:_Muhammad's_rightful_successor"><span id="Al.C4.AB:_Muhammad.27s_rightful_successor"></span>Alī: Muhammad's rightful successor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Shia view of Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ali_in_the_Quran" title="Ali in the Quran">Ali in the Quran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/220px-InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/330px-InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/440px-InsideImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Ḍarīẖ</a> over ʿAlī's <i>qabr</i> (grave), <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Sanctuary of Imām ʿAlī</a> in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the holiest site in Shia Islam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shīʿa Muslims believe that just as a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophet</a> is appointed by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. They believe God chose <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> to be Muhammad's successor and the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خليفة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khalifa</i></span>) of Islam. Shīʿa Muslims believe that Muhammad designated Ali as his successor by God's command on several instances, but most notably at <a href="/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid Al Ghadir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shiite-doctrine_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiite-doctrine-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, ʿAlī was Muhammad's first-cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, having married Muhammad's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fāṭimah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profession_of_faith_(Shahada)"><span id="Profession_of_faith_.28Shahada.29"></span>Profession of faith (<i>Shahada</i>)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg/220px-Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg/330px-Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg/440px-Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Kalema at <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, displaying the phrase <i>Ali-un-Waliullah</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علي ولي الله</span></span>: "ʿAlī is the <i><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></i> (custodian) of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>").</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shīʿīte version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشهادة‎</span>), the Islamic profession of faith, differs from that of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahada_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahada-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sunnī version of the <i>Shahada</i> states <i>La ilaha illallah, Muhammadun rasulullah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'There is no god except God, Muhammad is the messenger of God'), but in addition to this declaration of faith Shīʿa Muslims add the phrase <i>Ali-un-Waliullah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علي ولي الله</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Ali is the guardian of God'). The basis for the Shīʿīte belief in ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as the <i>Wali</i> of God is derived from the Qur'anic verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=55">5:55</a>. </p><p>This additional phrase to the declaration of faith embodies the Shīʿīte emphasis on the inheritance of authority through <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Muhammad's family and lineage</a>. The three clauses of the Shīʿīte version of the <i>Shahada</i> thus address the fundamental Islamic beliefs of <i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَوْحِيد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'oneness of God'), <i><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Nubuwwah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نبوة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'prophethood'), and <i><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إمامة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Imamate or leadership').<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infallibility_(Ismah)"><span id="Infallibility_.28Ismah.29"></span>Infallibility (<i>Ismah</i>)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a></div> <p><i>Ismah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عِصْمَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">'Iṣmah or 'Isma</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'protection') is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a> or "divinely bestowed freedom from error and sin" in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Dabashi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dabashi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims believe that Muhammad, along with the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">other prophets and messengers</a>, possessed <i>ismah</i>. <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> Shīʿa Muslims also attribute the quality to <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imams</a> as well as to <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fāṭimah</a>, daughter of Muhammad, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shīʿas</a>, who do not attribute <i>ismah</i> to the Imams.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though initially beginning as a political movement, infallibility and sinlessness of the Imams later evolved as a distinct belief of (non-Zaydī) Shīʿīsm.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shīʿa_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shīʿa Muslim theologians</a>, infallibility is considered a rational, necessary precondition for spiritual and religious guidance. They argue that since <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> has commanded absolute obedience from these figures, they must only order that which is right. The state of infallibility is based on the Shīʿīte interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">verse of purification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, they are the most pure ones, the only immaculate ones preserved from, and immune to, all uncleanness.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not mean that supernatural powers prevent them from committing a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">sin</a>, but due to the fact that they have absolute belief in God, they refrain from doing anything that is a sin.<sup id="cite_ref-Dabashi_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dabashi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also have a complete knowledge of God's will. They are in possession of all knowledge brought by the <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ملائِكة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malāʾikah</i></span>) to the prophets (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أنبياء</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">anbiyāʼ</i></span>) and the messengers (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رُسل</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">rusul</i></span>). Their knowledge encompasses the totality of all times. Thus, they are believed to act without fault in religious matters.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi'a Muslims regard <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successor of Muhammad</a> not only ruling over the entire <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> in justice, but also in interpreting the Islamic faith, practices, and its esoteric meaning. ʿAlī is regarded as a "<a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">perfect man</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإنسان الكامل</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-insan al-kamil</i></span>) similar to Muhammad, according to the Shīʿīte perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occultation_(Ghaybah)"><span id="Occultation_.28Ghaybah.29"></span>Occultation (<i>Ghaybah</i>)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Major_Occultation" title="Major Occultation">Major Occultation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_Occultation" title="Minor Occultation">Minor Occultation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg/220px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg/330px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg/440px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is a popular pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims. Local belief holds that the <a href="/wiki/Hujjat-Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi">12th Shīʿīte Imam</a>—the promised <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelvers</a>—once appeared and offered prayers at Jamkaran.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">eschatological belief</a> held in various denominations of Shīʿa Islam concerning a <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianic figure</a>, the hidden and last Imam known as "the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>", that one day shall return on Earth and fill the world with justice. According to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a>, the main goal of Imam Mahdi will be to establish an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> and to apply <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic laws</a> that were revealed to Muhammad. The Quran does not contain verses on the Imamate, which is the basic doctrine of Shīʿa Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Shīʿa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">Shīʿa subsects</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shīʿas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs</a>, do not believe in the idea of the Occultation. The groups which do believe in it differ as to which lineage of the Imamate is valid, and therefore which individual has gone into Occultation. They believe there are many signs that will indicate the time of his return. </p><p>Twelver Shīʿa Muslims believe that the prophesied Mahdi and <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">12th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>, is already on Earth in Occultation, and <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">will return at the end of time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi Ismāʿīlīs</a> and Fatimid/Bohra/<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> believe the same but for their 21st Ṭayyib, <a href="/wiki/At-Tayyib_Abi_l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim">At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim</a>, and also believe that a <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></i> ("Unrestricted Missionary") maintains contact with him. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī Muslims</a> believe that the future Mahdi has not yet arrived on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hadith_tradition">Hadith tradition</h4></div> <p>Shīʿa Muslims believe that the status of ʿAlī is supported by numerous <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>ḥadīth</i> reports</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Hadith of the pond of Khumm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Hadith of the two weighty things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pen_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pen and paper">Hadith of the pen and paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of warning">Hadith of the invitation of the close families</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">Hadith of the Twelve Successors</a>. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Hadith of the Cloak</a> is often quoted to illustrate Muhammad's feeling towards ʿAlī and his family by both Sunnī and Shia scholars. Shia Muslims prefer to study and read the hadith attributed to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> and close associates, and most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books#Hadith_collections" title="List of Shia books">have their own separate hadith canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Relics_(Tabarruk)"><span id="Holy_Relics_.28Tabarruk.29"></span>Holy Relics (<i>Tabarruk</i>)</h3></div> <p>Shīʿa Muslims believe that the armaments and sacred items of all of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophets</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, were handed down in succession to the Imams of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></i> mentions that "with me are the arms of the Messenger of Allah. It is not disputable."<sup id="cite_ref-Kulayni_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, he claims that with him is the sword of the Messenger of God, his coat of arms, his Lamam (pennon) and his helmet. In addition, he mentions that with him is the flag of the Messenger of God, the victorious. With him is the Staff of <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>, the ring of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">David</a>, and the tray on which Moses used to offer his offerings. With him is the name that whenever the Messenger of God would place it between the Muslims and pagans no arrow from the pagans would reach the Muslims. With him is the similar object that angels brought.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulayni_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Ṣādiq also narrated that the passing down of armaments is synonymous to receiving the <i>Imamat</i> (leadership), similar to how the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ark of Covenant">Ark of Covenant</a> in the house of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> signaled prophethood.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulayni_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imam <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a> narrates that wherever the armaments among us would go, knowledge would also follow and the armaments would never depart from those with knowledge (<i>Imamat</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kulayni_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_doctrines">Other doctrines</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctrine_about_necessity_of_acquiring_knowledge">Doctrine about necessity of acquiring knowledge</h4></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rida_al-Muzaffar" title="Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar">Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar</a>, God gives humans the faculty of reason and argument. Also, God orders humans to spend time thinking carefully on creation while he refers to all creations as his signs of power and glory. These signs encompass all of the universe. Furthermore, there is a similarity between humans as the little world and the universe as the large world. God does not accept the faith of those who follow him without thinking and only with imitation, but also God blames them for such actions. In other words, humans have to think about the universe with reason and intellect, a faculty bestowed on us by God. Since there is more insistence on the faculty of intellect among Shia Muslims, even evaluating the claims of someone who claims prophecy is on the basis of intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karbala_in_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karbala_in_2019.jpg/220px-Karbala_in_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karbala_in_2019.jpg/330px-Karbala_in_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karbala_in_2019.jpg/440px-Karbala_in_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Shia Muslims gathered in <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">prayer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Shrine of Imam Ḥusayn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shia religious practices, such as prayers, differ only slightly from the Sunnīs. While all <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Muslims pray</a> five times daily, Shia Muslims have the option of combining <i><a href="/wiki/Dhuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhuhr">Dhuhr</a></i> with <i><a href="/wiki/Asr" class="mw-redirect" title="Asr">Asr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Maghrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib">Maghrib</a></i> with <i><a href="/wiki/Isha%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Isha'">Isha'</a></i>, as there are three distinct times mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. The Sunnīs tend to combine only under certain circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Shia days of remembrance</a></div> <p>Shia Muslims celebrate the following annual holidays: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, which marks the end of fasting during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, which marks the end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i> or pilgrimage to Mecca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid al-Ghadeer">Eid al-Ghadeer</a>, which is the anniversary of the Ghadir Khum, the occasion when Muhammad announced Ali's Imamate before a multitude of Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Day of Ashura</a> for Shia Muslims commemorate the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan</a> and grandson of Muhammad, who was killed by Yazid ibn Muawiyah in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> (central Iraq). Ashura is a day of deep mourning which occurs on the 10th of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a> commemorates the suffering of the women and children of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī's household. After Ḥusayn was killed, they were marched over the desert, from Karbala (central Iraq) to Shaam (<a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria). Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arbaein occurs on the 20th of <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a>, 40 days after Ashura.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, Muhammad's birth date. Unlike Sunnī Muslims, who celebrate the 12th of <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' al-awwal</a> as Muhammad's day of birth or death (because they assert that his birth and death both occur in this week), Shia Muslims celebrate Muhammad's birthday on the 17th of the month, which coincides with the birth date of <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fāṭimah</a>'s birthday on 20th of <a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Thani" title="Jumada al-Thani">Jumada al-Thani</a>. This day is also considered as the "'women and mothers' day"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī</a>'s birthday on 13th of <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Sha%27ban" title="Mid-Sha'ban">Mid-Sha'ban</a> is the birth date of the 12th and final Twelver imam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>. It is celebrated by Shia Muslims on the 15th of <a href="/wiki/Sha%27aban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha'aban">Sha'aban</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a>, anniversary of the night of the revelation of the Quran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Mubahila" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid al-Mubahila">Eid al-Mubahila</a> celebrates a meeting between the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> (household of Muhammad) and a Christian deputation from Najran. Al-Mubahila is held on the 24th of Dhu al-Hijjah.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_sites">Holy sites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Shia Islam">Holiest sites in Shia Islam</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImamReza(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ImamReza%28A%29.jpg/230px-ImamReza%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ImamReza%28A%29.jpg/345px-ImamReza%28A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ImamReza%28A%29.jpg/460px-ImamReza%28A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza Shrine">Sanctuary of Imam Reza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is a complex which contains the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a>, the 8th <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imam</a> in Shia Islam. 25 Million Shias visiting the shrine each year.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>After <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">two holiest cities of Islam</a>, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> are the most revered by Shīʿa Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sardeg_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sardeg-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Sanctuary of Imām ʿAlī</a> in Najaf, the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Shrine of Imam Ḥusayn</a> in Karbala, The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza Shrine">Sanctuary of Imam Reza</a> in Mashhad and the <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Shrine of Fāṭimah al-Maʿṣūmah</a> in Qom are very essential for Shīʿa Muslims. Other venerated pilgrimage sites include the <a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Kadhimiya Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Askari Mosque">Al-Askari Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahla_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahla Mosque">Sahla Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a> in Qom, and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Tomb of Daniel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Shīʿa sacred places and heritage sites in Saudi Arabia have been destroyed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, the most notable being the tombs of the Imams located in the Al-Baqi' cemetery in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, a bomb destroyed the shrine of Al-Askari Mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See</i>: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Anti-Shi'ism</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purity">Purity</h3></div> <p>Shia orthodoxy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a>, has considered non-Muslims as agents of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">impurity</a> (<i>Najāsat)</i>. This categorization sometimes extends to <i>kitābῑ</i>, individuals belonging to the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> explicitly labeled as impure by certain Shia religious scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians in Iran</a>, who have historically played a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iranian economy</a>, received relatively more lenient treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shi'ite theologians and <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">mujtahids</a></i> (jurists), such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisῑ</a>, held that Jews' impurity extended to the point where they were advised to stay at home on rainy or snowy days to prevent contaminating their Shia neighbors. <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> from 1979 to 1989, asserted that every part of an unbeliever's body, including hair, nails, and bodily secretions, is impure. However, the current leader of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">ʿAlī Khameneʾī</a>, stated in a <i><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a></i> that Jews and other Peoples of the Book are not inherently impure, and touching the moisture on their hands does not convey impurity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History of Shia Islam</a></div> <p>The original Shia identity referred to the followers of Imam ʿAlī,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shia theology was formulated after the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">hijra</a></i> (8th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Shia governments and societies were established by the end of the 9th century CE. The 10th century CE has been referred to by the scholar of Islamic studies <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a> as "the Shiite Ismaili century in the history of Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin of Shia Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Taleb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Taleb">Ali ibn Abi Taleb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/220px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/330px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/440px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>The investiture of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rabigh#Ghadir_Khumm" title="Rabigh">Ghadir Khumm</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">MS Arab 161</a>, fol. 162r, 1308–1309 CE, <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> manuscript illustration)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shia, originally known as the "partisans" of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a>, Muhammad's cousin and <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a>'s husband, first emerged as a distinct movement during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> from 656 to 661 CE. Shia doctrine holds that ʿAlī was meant to lead the community after Muhammad's death in 632. Historians dispute over the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">origins of Shia Islam</a>, with many Western scholars positing that Shīʿīsm began as a political faction rather than a truly religious movement.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-franc23_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franc23-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars disagree, considering this concept of religious-political separation to be an anachronistic application of a Western concept.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shia Muslims believe that Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his heir during a speech at <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point of contention between different Muslim sects arises when Muhammad, whilst giving his speech, gave the proclamation "Anyone who has me as his <i><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a></i>, has ʿAlī as his <i>mawla</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._40_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._40-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some versions add the additional sentence "O God, befriend the friend of ʿAlī and be the enemy of his enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-Amir-Moezzi_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amir-Moezzi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunnis maintain that Muhammad emphasized the deserving friendship and respect for ʿAlī. In contrast, Shia Muslims assert that the statement unequivocally designates ʿAlī as Muhammad's appointed successor.<sup id="cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia sources also record further details of the event, such as stating that those present congratulated ʿAlī and acclaimed him as <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i> ("commander of the believers").<sup id="cite_ref-Amir-Moezzi_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amir-Moezzi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Muhammad died in 632 CE, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> and Muhammad's closest relatives made the funeral arrangements. While they were preparing his body, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abū Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al_Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah</a> met with the leaders of Medina and elected Abū Bakr as the first <i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">rāshidūn</a></i> caliph. Abū Bakr served from 632 to 634, and was followed by Umar (634–644) and <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">ʿUthmān</a> (644–656).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kufa_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kufa_Mosque.jpg/220px-Kufa_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kufa_Mosque.jpg/330px-Kufa_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kufa_Mosque.jpg/440px-Kufa_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a>, site of ʿAlī's assassination (661 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>With the murder of ʿUthmān in 657 CE, the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> invited ʿAlī to become the fourth caliph as the last source,<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he established his capital in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica738_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ʿAlī's rule over the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">early Islamic empire</a>, between 656 CE to 661 CE, was often contested.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a>, the first major <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> between Muslims within the empire, which began as a series of revolts fought against ʿAlī. While the rebels had previously affirmed the legitimacy of ʿAlī's <i>khilafāʾ</i> (caliphate), they later turned against ʿAlī and fought him.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel" title="Battle of the Camel">Battle of the Camel</a> in 656, where Ali's forces emerged victorious against <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_%27Ubayd_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talha ibn 'Ubayd Allah">Talhah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">al-Zubayr</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> in 657 turned the tide against ʿAlī, who lost due to arbitration issues with <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah</a>, the governor of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ʿAlī withdrew to Kufa, overcoming the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijis</a>, a faction that had transformed from supporters to bitter rivals, at Nahrawan in 658. In 661, ʿAlī was assassinated by a Khariji assassin in Kufa while in the act of prostration during prayer (<i><a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">sujud</a></i>). Subsequently, Muawiyah asserted his claim to the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hasan,_Husayn,_and_Karbala"><span id="Hasan.2C_Husayn.2C_and_Karbala"></span>Hasan, Husayn, and Karbala</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg/220px-Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg/330px-Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg/440px-Bagh_Toti_8167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdol-Azim_Shrine" title="Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine">S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, contains the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Azim_al-Hasani" title="Abd al-Azim al-Hasani">ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ‘Alī</a> and a companion of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Taqi" title="Muhammad al-Taqi">Muhammad al-Taqī</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Upon the death of ʿAlī, his elder son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan</a> became leader of the Muslims of Kufa. After a series of skirmishes between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Ḥasan ibn Ali agreed to cede the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims <a href="/wiki/Hasan%E2%80%93Mu%27awiya_treaty" title="Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty">upon certain conditions</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_tradition_of_cursing_Ali" title="Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali">enforced public cursing of ʿAlī</a>, e.g. during prayers, should be abandoned; Muawiyah should not use tax money for his own private needs; There should be peace, and followers of Ḥasan should be given security and their rights; Muawiyah will never adopt the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i> ("commander of the believers"); Muawiyah will not nominate any successor.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ḥasan then retired to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, where in 670 CE he was poisoned by his wife <a href="/wiki/Ja%27da_bint_al-Ash%27ath" title="Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath">Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath</a>, after being secretly contacted by Muawiyah who wished to pass the caliphate to his own son <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Mu%27awiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah">Yazid</a> and saw Ḥasan as an obstacle.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/375px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/500px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of Karbala</i>, painting by the <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>-based Persian artist Abbas Al-Mousavi, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> (between 1868 and 1933)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>, ʿAlī's younger son and brother to Ḥasan, initially resisted calls to lead the Muslims against Muawiyah and reclaim the caliphate. In 680 CE, Muawiyah died and passed the caliphate to his son <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid</a>, and breaking the treaty with Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī. Yazid asked Husayn to swear allegiance (<i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a></i>) to him. ʿAlī's faction, having expected the caliphate to return to ʿAlī's line upon Muawiyah's death, saw this as a betrayal of the peace treaty and so Ḥusayn rejected this request for allegiance. There was a groundswell of support in Kufa for Ḥusayn to return there and take his position as caliph and Imam, so Ḥusayn collected his family and followers in Medina and set off for Kufa.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/170px-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/255px-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/340px-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5074" data-file-height="3382" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg/180px-Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg/270px-Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg/360px-Arba%27een_Pilgrims_in_Bayn_al-Harmian_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Shrine of Imam Ḥusayn</a>; right: the shrine premises during <a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></div></div></div></div> <p>En route to Kufa, Husayn was blocked by an army of Yazid's men, which included people from Kufa, near <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>; rather than surrendering, Husayn and his followers chose to fight. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>, Ḥusayn and approximately 72 of his family members and followers were killed, and Husayn's head was delivered to Yazid in Damascus. The Shi'a community regard Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī as a martyr (<i><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">shahid</a></i>), and count him as an Imam from the <i>Ahl al-Bayt</i>. The Battle of Karbala and martyrdom of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī is often cited as the <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">definitive separation between the Shia and Sunnī sects of Islam</a>. Ḥusayn is the last Imam following ʿAlī mutually recognized by all branches of Shia Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The martyrdom of Husayn and his followers is commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Day of Ashura</a>, occurring on the tenth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imamate_of_the_Ahl_al-Bayt">Imamate of the <i>Ahl al-Bayt</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/330px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/440px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></i> with and without the shield. The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid depiction</a> of ʿAlī's sword is carved on the gates of <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, namely <i>Bab al-Nasr</i> (shown below). Two swords were captured from the temple of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabian deity</a> <a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Sa%27d_ibn_Zaid_al-Ashhali" title="Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali">Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali</a>. Muhammad gave them to ʿAlī, saying that one of them was "Zulfiqar", which became famously known as the sword of ʿAlī and a later symbol of Shīʿīsm.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate,_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/330px-Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/440px-Sword_and_shield_from_the_Bab_al_Nasr_gate%2C_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of ʿAlī's sword and shield carved on the <i>Bab al-Nasr</i> gate wall in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Later, most denominations of Shia Islam, including <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelvers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-franc46_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franc46-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imami Shīʿītes believe that Imams are the spiritual and political <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successors to Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the Muslim community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law and its <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric meaning</a>. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the Imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and must be chosen by <a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">divine decree</a> (<i>nass</i>) through Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_a_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_a-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Momen_1985,_p._174_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen_1985,_p._174-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this view peculiar to Shia Islam, there is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. ʿAlī was the first Imam of this line, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa,_Qom,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-19,_DD_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg/220px-Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg/330px-Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg/440px-Santuario_de_F%C3%A1tima_bint_Musa%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7494" data-file-height="3732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, which contains the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima Masumeh</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a> and sister of <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Imam Reza</a>, the 7th and 8th <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This difference between following either the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> (Muhammad's family and descendants) or pledging allegiance to Abū Bakr has shaped the <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunnī divide</a> on the interpretation of some Quranic verses, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith literature</a> (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during his lifetime), and other areas of Islamic belief throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith collections">hadith collections</a> venerated by Shia Muslims are centered on narrations by members of the <i>Ahl al-Bayt</i> and their supporters, while some hadith transmitted by narrators not belonging to or supporting the <i>Ahl al-Bayt</i> are not included. Those of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a>, for example, Ibn Asakir in his <i>Taʿrikh Kabir</i>, and Muttaqi in his <i>Kanzuʿl-Umma</i> report that <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a> lashed him, rebuked him, and forbade him to narrate <i>ḥadīth</i> from Muhammad. ʿUmar is reported to have said: "Because you narrate hadith in large numbers from the Holy Prophet, you are fit only for attributing lies to him. (That is, one expects a wicked man like you to utter only lies about the Holy Prophet.) So you must stop narrating hadith from the Prophet; otherwise, I will send you to the land of Dus." (An <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab clan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, to which Abu Hurairah belonged). According to Sunnī Muslims, ʿAlī was the fourth successor to Abū Bakr, while Shia Muslims maintain that ʿAlī was the first divinely sanctioned "Imam", or successor of Muhammad. The seminal event in Shia history is the martyrdom at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> of ʿAlī's son, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>, and 71 of his followers in 680 CE, who led a non-allegiance movement against the defiant caliph. </p><p>It is believed in Twelver and Ismāʿīlī branches of Shia Islam that <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">divine wisdom</a> (<i>ʿaql</i>) was the source of the souls of the prophets and Imams, which bestowed upon them <a href="/wiki/Hikmah" title="Hikmah">esoteric knowledge</a> (<i>ḥikmah</i>), and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Imam was not the recipient of a <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">divine revelation</a> (<i>waḥy</i>), he had a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, through which God guides him, and the Imam, in turn, guides the people. <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a>, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in the Twelver and Ismāʿīlī branches of Shia Islam, and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-Imamat_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imamat-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imam_Mahdi,_last_Imam_of_the_Shia"><span id="Imam_Mahdi.2C_last_Imam_of_the_Shia"></span>Imam Mahdi, last Imam of the Shia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History of Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg/250px-Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg/375px-Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ghazan_et_%C3%96ldje%C3%AFtu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC" title="Öljaitü">Öljaitü</a> both were tolerant of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">sectarian differences within the boundaries of Islam</a>, in contrast to the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Shia Islam, Imam <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">prophesied eschatological redeemer of Islam</a> who will rule for seven, nine, or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations) before the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a> and will rid the world of evil. According to Islamic tradition, the Mahdi's tenure will coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> (ʿĪsā), who is to assist the Mahdi against the <a href="/wiki/Masih_ad-Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Masih ad-Dajjal">Masih ad-Dajjal</a> (literally, the "false Messiah" or Antichrist). Jesus, who is considered the <i>Masih</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>") in Islam, will descend at the point of a white arcade east of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, dressed in yellow robes with his head anointed. He will then join the Mahdi in his war against the Dajjal, where it is believed the Mahdi will slay the Dajjal and unite humankind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasties">Dynasties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_dynasties" title="List of Shia dynasties">List of Shia dynasties</a></div> <p>In the century following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> (680 CE), as various Shia-affiliated groups diffused in the emerging Islamic world, several nations arose based on a Shia leadership or population. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (788–985 CE): a <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> dynasty in what is now <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> (899–1077 CE): an <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> dynasty. Their headquarters were in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> (934–1055 CE): a <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> dynasty. at its peak consisted of large portions of Iran and Iraq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqaylid Dynasty">Uqaylids</a> (990–1096 CE): a Shia <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">al-Jazira</a>, northern Syria and Iraq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1256–1335): a <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanate</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in the 13th century, considered a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmid Empire">Khwarezmid Empire</a> in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu</a>, in territories in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> in 1295, chose Islam as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>; his brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC" title="Öljaitü">Öljaitü</a> promoted Shia Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanids</a> (1347–1527): a Shia Muslim state of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>, and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic kingdom in Southern India.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansari_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansari-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/220px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/330px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/440px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> at its peak (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatimid_Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg/260px-El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg/390px-El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg/520px-El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5183" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a> (985–1021), the 6th <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliph and 16th <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> Imam, in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> (909–1171 CE): Controlled much of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, and the holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. The group takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fāṭimah</a>, Muhammad's daughter, from whom they claim descent. <ul><li>In 909 CE, the Shia military leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shiʻi</a> overthrew the Sunni rulers in North Africa, an event which led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Al-Qaid Jawhar ibn Abdallah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جوهر</span>; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 966–d. 992) was a Shia Fatimid general. Under the command of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Muʻizz</a>, he led the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of North Africa">North Africa</a> and then of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">al-Azhar Mosque</a>. A <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Greek slave by origin</a>, he was freed by al-Muʻizz.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safavid_Empire">Safavid Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Ismail_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shah_Ismail_A.jpg/220px-Shah_Ismail_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shah_Ismail_A.jpg/330px-Shah_Ismail_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shah_Ismail_A.jpg/440px-Shah_Ismail_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>One of the first actions performed by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismā'īl I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a> was the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> denomination of Shia Islam as the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">official religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, causing sectarian tensions in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> when he destroyed the tombs of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid caliphs</a>, the Sunnī Imam <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Ṣūfī Muslim</a> ascetic <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī</a> in 1508.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_2009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1533 the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, upon their conquest of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, rebuilt various important Sunnī shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_2009_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A major turning point in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">history of Shia Islam</a> was the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> (1501–1736) in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persia</a>. This caused a number of changes in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>: </p> <ul><li>The ending of the relative mutual tolerance between Sunnīs and Shias that existed from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol conquests</a> onwards and the resurgence of antagonism between the two groups.</li> <li>Initial dependence of <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shīʿīte clerics</a> on the state followed by the emergence of an independent body of <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> capable of taking a political stand different from official policies.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The growth in importance of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Persian</a> centers of Islamic education and religious learning, which resulted in the change of Twelver Shīʿīsm from being a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> phenomenon to become predominantly <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The growth of the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> school of thought, which taught that only the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>ḥadīth</i> literature</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i> (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during his lifetime) are to be bases for verdicts, rejecting the use of reasoning.</li></ul> <p>With the fall of the Safavids, the state in Iran—including the state system of courts with government-appointed <a href="/wiki/Judge_(Islamic_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge (Islamic law)">judges</a> (<i>qāḍī</i>)—became much weaker. This gave the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>sharīʿa</i> courts</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i> an opportunity to fill the legal vacuum and enabled the <i>ulama</i> to assert their judicial authority. The <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> school of thought also increased in strength at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The declaration of Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Safavids"><img alt="The declaration of Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Safavids" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg/76px-The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg/115px-The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg/153px-The_declaration_of_Shi%27ism_as_the_state_religion_of_Iran_by_Shah_Ismail_-Safavids_dynasty.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The declaration of <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a> as the state religion of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavids</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Chaldiran_(1514).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 was a major sectarian crisis between Muslims in the Middle East."><img alt="Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 was a major sectarian crisis between Muslims in the Middle East." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg/106px-Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg/160px-Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg/213px-Battle_of_Chaldiran_%281514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> in 1514 was a major <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">sectarian crisis between Muslims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, where more than 7,000 Muslims of the Shia and Sunnī sects killed each other"><img alt="Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, where more than 7,000 Muslims of the Shia and Sunnī sects killed each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG/97px-Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG/146px-Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG/194px-Chaldiran_Battlefield_Site_in_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a>, where more than 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of the Shia and Sunnī sects <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">killed each other</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_by_country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/400px-Islam_by_country.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/600px-Islam_by_country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/800px-Islam_by_country.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Islam by country <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4a6600; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a8e600; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f8ffe6; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66004a; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc0096; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe6f8; color:black;"> </span> Shia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhhab_Map3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/400px-Madhhab_Map3.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/600px-Madhhab_Map3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/800px-Madhhab_Map3.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Muslim world's schools of jurisprudence<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Shia Islam is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">second largest branch of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEW2009_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that either 10–20%<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 10–13%<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaShiite1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaShiite1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">global Muslim population</a> are Shias. They may number up to 200 million as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1985, Shia Muslims are estimated to be 21% of the Muslim population in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, although the total number is difficult to estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shia Muslims form a distinct majority of the population in three countries of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mafhoum1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafhoum1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia Muslims constitute 36.3% of the entire population (and 38.6% of the Muslim population) of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sha_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sha-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates have placed the proportion of Shia Muslims in Lebanon between 27% and 45% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-mafhoum1_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafhoum1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30–35% of the citizen population in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a> (no figures exist for the non-citizen population),<sup id="cite_ref-irfr2012_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irfr2012-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssi_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssi-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over 20% in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5–20% of the population in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 10–19% of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>'s population,<sup id="cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIAAFG_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAFG-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 45% in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> hosts a number of distinct Shia communities, including the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrani people">Baharna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakhawila" title="Nakhawila">Nakhawila</a> of Medina, and the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>. Estimations put the number of Shīʿīte citizens at roughly 15% of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 40% of the population of Yemen are Shia Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant Shia communities also exist in the coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> in Indonesia (see <a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shia presence is negligible elsewhere in Southeast Asia, where Muslims are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a> Sunnīs. </p><p>A significant <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Nigeria">Shia minority is present in Nigeria</a>, made up of modern-era converts to a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)" title="Islamic Movement (Nigeria)">Shīʿīte movement</a> centered around <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several African countries like <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nairobi_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nairobi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Matthée2008_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthée2008-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. hold small minority populations of various Shia subsects, primarily descendants of immigrants from South Asia during the colonial period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaseMiyake2002_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaseMiyake2002-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_populations_worldwide">Significant populations worldwide</h3></div> <p>Figures indicated in the first three columns below are based on the October 2009 demographic study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> report, <i>Mapping the Global Muslim Population</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; float:left;"> <caption>Nations with over 100,000 Shia<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Country </th> <th style="width:10%;">Article </th> <th style="width:10%;">Shia population in 2009 (Pew)<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:10%;">Percent of population that is Shia in 2009 (Pew)<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:10%;">Percent of global Shia population in 2009 (Pew)<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_93-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:20%;" class="unsortable">Population estimate ranges and notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam in Iran</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004660000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>66,000,000–69,500,000</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001900000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>90–95</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001370000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>37–40 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004252000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>25,272,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001150000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>15 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001150000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>15 </td> <td align="right">A 2010 estimate was that Shia made up about 10–15% of Pakistan's population.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Iraq">Shi'a Islam in Iraq</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004190000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>19,000,000–24,000,000</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001550000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>55–65</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>10–11 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004123000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>12,300,000–18,500,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000130000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.3–2 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000900000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>9–14 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Yemen" title="Shia Islam in Yemen">Shia Islam in Yemen</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003700000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>7,000,000–8,000,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001350000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>35–40 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000500000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~5 </td> <td align="right">Majority following <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydi Shia</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Turkey">Shi'a Islam in Turkey</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003600000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>6,000,000–9,000,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~10–15 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~3–4 </td> <td align="right">Majority following <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi Shia</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Islam in Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003450000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>4,575,000–5,590,000</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001450000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>45–55</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>2–3 </td> <td align="right">Azerbaijan is majority Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bedford_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedford-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 work noted that in Azerbaijan, among believers of all faiths, 10% identified as Sunni, 30% identified as Shia, and the remainder of followers of Islam simply identified as Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedford_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedford-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan">Shi'a Islam in Afghanistan</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>3,000,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001150000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>15 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~2 </td> <td align="right">A reliable census has not been taken in Afghanistan in decades, but about 20% of Afghan population is Shia, mostly among ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a> minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Islam in Syria</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003240000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>2,400,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001130000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>13 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~2 </td> <td align="right">Majority following <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites Shia</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'a Islam in Lebanon</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>2,100,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001310000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span> 31.2 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right">In 2020, the CIA World Factbook stated that Shia Muslims constitute 31.2% of Lebanon's population.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shi'a Islam in Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>2,000,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000600000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~6 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Nigeria">Shi'a Islam in Nigeria</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><2,000,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right">Estimates range from as low as 2% of Nigeria's Muslim population to as high as 17% of Nigeria's Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, but not all, Nigerian Shia are affiliated with the banned <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Movement in Nigeria">Islamic Movement in Nigeria</a>, an Iranian-inspired Shia organization led by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Zakzaky" title="Ibrahim Zakzaky">Ibrahim Zakzaky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Islam in Tanzania</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003150000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~1,500,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000250000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~2.5 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Kuwait">Shi'a Islam in Kuwait</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002500000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>500,000–700,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>20–25 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right">Among Kuwait's estimated 1.4 million citizens, about 30% are Shia (including <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadi">Ahmadi</a>, whom the Kuwaiti government count as Shia). Among <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Kuwait" title="Expatriates in Kuwait">Kuwait's large expatriate community</a> of 3.3 million noncitizens, about 64% are Muslim, and among expatriate Muslims, about 5% are Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Islam in Bahrain</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002400000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>400,000–500,000</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001660000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><b>65–70</b> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Tajikistan">Shi'a Islam in Tajikistan</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002400000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~400,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000400000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~4 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right">Shi'a Muslims in Tajikistan are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Ismaili</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam in Germany</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002400000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~400,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="6999500000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~0.5 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Islam in the United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~300,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~3 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Islam in the United States</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Shia Islam in the Americas">Shia Islam in the Americas</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002225000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~225,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="6998700000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~0.07 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right">Shi'a form a majority amongst Arab Muslims in many American cities, e.g. Lebanese Shi'a forming the majority in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam in the United Kingdom</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002125000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~125,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="6999200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~0.2 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Islam in Qatar</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~100,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000350000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~3.5 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Islam in Oman</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~100,000 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>~2 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><1 </td> <td align="right">As of 2015, about 5% of Omanis are Shia (compared to about 50% <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> and 45% Sunni).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_denominations_or_branches">Major denominations or branches<span class="anchor" id="Branches"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Shīʿa_Islam" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches § Shīʿa Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">List of extinct Shia sects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology § Shia schools of theology</a></div> <p>The Shia community throughout its history split over the issue of the Imamate. The largest branch are the <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelvers</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydīs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>. Each subsect of Shīʿīsm follows its own line of Imamate. All mainstream Twelver and Ismāʿīlī Shia Muslims follow the same school of thought, the <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʽfari jurisprudence</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shīʿīte clergymen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a> usually carry the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i> (i.e., someone authorized to issue legal opinions in Shia Islam). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelver">Twelver</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a></div> <p><b>Twelver Shīʿīsm</b> or <b>Ithnāʿashariyyah</b> is the largest branch of Shia Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2013_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2013-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PEW2009_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the terms <i>Shia Muslim</i> and <i>Shia</i> often refer to the Twelvers by default. The designation <i>Twelver</i> is derived from the doctrine of believing in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">the Twelve Imams</a>". Twelver Shia are otherwise known as <i>Imami</i> or <i>Jaʿfari</i>; the latter term derives from <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, who elaborated the Twelver jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelver Shia constitute the majority of the population in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (90%),<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (85%),<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica738_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica738-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (70%), <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (65%), and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (65% of Muslims).<sup id="cite_ref-esp45_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esp45-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-review_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h4></div> <p>Twelver doctrine is based on <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">five principles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shiite-doctrine_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiite-doctrine-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These five principles known as <i>Usul ad-Din</i> are as follow:<sup id="cite_ref-Rich2006_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich2006-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> is one and unique;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adl" title="Adl">Justice</a></b>: the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of these ethics;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nubuwwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubuwwah">Prophethood</a></b>: the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide humankind;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Leadership</a></b>: a divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (<i>Imams</i>) are divinely appointed;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection and Last Judgment</a></b>: God's final assessment of humanity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <p>Besides the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">sacred text</a> common to all Muslims, Twelver Shias derive scriptural and authoritative guidance from <a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hadith Books">collections of sayings and traditions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) attributed to Muhammad and the Twelve Imams. Below is a list of some of the most prominent of these books: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Radi" title="Al-Sharif al-Radi">Ash-Sharif Ar-Radhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the most famous collection of sermons, letters & narration attributed to Ali, the first Imam regarded by Shias</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasa%27il_al-Shia" title="Wasa'il al-Shia">Wasa'il al-Shiʻah</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurr_al-Amili" title="Al-Hurr al-Amili">al-Hurr al-Amili</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Twelve_Imams">The Twelve Imams</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate in Twelver doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">Sunni reports about there being 12 successors to the Prophet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">Hadith of the Twelve Successors</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reappearance_of_Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div> <p>According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">infallible</a> human individual who not only rules over the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> with justice but also is able to keep and interpret the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">divine law</a> (<i>sharīʿa</i>) and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams are a guide and model for the Muslim community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">sin</a>, and Imams must be chosen by <a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">divine decree</a> (<i>nass</i>) through Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_a_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_a-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Momen_1985,_p._174_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen_1985,_p._174-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twelfth and final Imam is <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>, who is believed by Twelvers to be currently alive and hidden in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Imamat_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imamat-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shia clergy</a></div> <p>The Twelver jurisprudence is called <i><a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʽfari jurisprudence</a></i>. In this <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Shia" title="Madhhab">school of Islamic jurisprudence</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i> is considered to be comprehensive of the oral traditions of Muhammad and their implementation and interpretation by the Twelve Imams. There are three schools of Jaʿfari jurisprudence: Usuli, Akhbari, and <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>; the Usuli school is by far the largest of the three. Twelver groups that do not follow the Jaʿfari jurisprudence include <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a> to the Jaʿfari jurisprudence are known as <i>Usul ad-Din</i>: </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></i>: unity and oneness of God;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Nubuwwah</a></i>: prophethood of Muhammad;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Muʿad</a></i>: resurrection and final judgment;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adl" title="Adl">ʿAdl</a></i>: justice of God;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamah</a></i>: the rightful place of the Shīʿīte Imams.</li></ol> <p>In Jaʿfari jurisprudence, there are eight secondary pillars, known as <i>Furu ad-Din</i>, which are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Rich2006_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich2006-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a></i> (prayer);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i> (fasting);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i> (pilgrimage) to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakāt</a></i> (alms giving to the poor);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihād</a></i> (struggle) for the righteous cause;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf" title="Ma'ruf">Directing others towards good</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Directing others away from evil</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i> (20% tax on savings yearly, after deduction of commercial expenses).</li></ol> <p>According to Twelvers, defining and interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence (<i>fiqh</i>)</a> is the responsibility of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams. Since the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">12th Imam</a> is currently in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a>, it is the duty of <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shīʿīte clerics</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic literature</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and identify legal decisions within the confines of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> to provide means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective. In other words, clergymen in Twelver Shīʿīsm are believed to be the guardians of <i>fiqh</i>, which is believed to have been defined by Muhammad and his twelve successors. This process is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> and the clerics are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marjaʿ</a></i>, meaning "reference"; the labels <i><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></i> are in use for Twelver clerics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamists">Islamists</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist Shi'ism">Islamist Shīʿīsm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تشیع اخوانی</span>) is a new denomination within <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelver Shīʿīsm</a> greatly inspired by the political ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and mysticism of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>. It sees Islam as a political system and differs from the other mainstream <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> groups in favoring the idea of the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a> under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">12th Imam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalaji200964_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalaji200964-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020243_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020243-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hadi_Khosroshahi" title="Hadi Khosroshahi">Hadi Khosroshahi</a> was the first person to identify himself as <i><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_al-Muslimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhwan al-Muslimeen">ikhwani</a></i> (Islamist) Shia Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the concept of the hidden Imam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, Shia Islam is inherently secular in the age of Occultation, therefore Islamist Shia Muslims had to borrow ideas from Sunnī Islamists and adjust them in accordance with the doctrine of Shīʿīsm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020250–251_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020250–251-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its foundations were laid during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> at the start of 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Empire</a> (1905–1911), when <a href="/wiki/Fazlullah_Nouri" title="Fazlullah Nouri">Fazlullah Nouri</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Persian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> against the will of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani" title="Muhammad Kazim Khurasani">Muhammad Kazim Khurasani</a>, the Usuli <i><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marjaʿ</a></i> of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ismāʿīlī_(Sevener)"><span id="Ism.C4.81.CA.BF.C4.ABl.C4.AB_.28Sevener.29"></span>Ismāʿīlī (<i>Sevener</i>)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>, otherwise known as <i>Sevener</i>, derive their name from their acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar</a> as the divinely appointed spiritual successor (<a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imam</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">6th Shīʿīte Imam</a>, wherein they differ from the Twelvers, who recognize <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Mūsā al-Kāẓim</a>, younger brother of Ismāʿīl, as the true Imam. </p><p>After the death or Occultation of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Imam Ismāʿīl</a> in the 8th century CE, the teachings of Ismāʿīlīsm further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning (<i><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">bāṭin</a></i>) of the Islamic faith. With the eventual development of Twelver Shīʿīsm into the more literalistic <i>(<a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahīr</a>)</i> oriented Akhbari and later Usuli schools of thought, Shīʿīsm further developed in two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismāʿīlī group focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> path and nature of God and the divine manifestation in the personage of the "Imam of the Time" as the "Face of God", with the more literalistic Twelver group focusing on <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">divine law</a> (<i>sharī'ah</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">deeds and sayings</a> (<i>sunnah</i>) attributed to Muhammad and <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">his successors</a> (the <i>Ahl al-Bayt</i>), who as A'immah were guides and a <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">light</a> (<i>nūr</i>) to God.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_(15760993697).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg/220px-His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg/330px-His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg/440px-His_Highness_the_Aga_Khan_%2815760993697%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shāh</a> Karim al-Husayni, known as the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a>, is the 49th and current Imam of <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though there are several subsects amongst the Ismāʿīlīs, the term in today's vernacular generally refers to the Shia Imami Ismāʿīlī <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī community</a>, often referred to as the <i>Ismāʿīlīs</i> by default, who are followers of the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> and the largest group within Ismāʿīlīsm. Another Shia Imami Ismāʿīlī community are the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohras</a>, led by a <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></i> ("Unrestricted Missionary") as representative of a hidden Imam. While there are many other branches with extremely differing exterior practices, much of the spiritual theology has remained the same since the days of the faith's early Imams. In recent centuries, Ismāʿīlīs have largely been an Indo-Iranian community,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they can also be found in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and in recent years several Ismāʿīlīs have emigrated to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> (primarily in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DaftaryShort1998p1_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaftaryShort1998p1-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ismāʿīlī_Imams"><span id="Ism.C4.81.CA.BF.C4.ABl.C4.AB_Imams"></span>Ismāʿīlī Imams</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">List of Ismaili imams</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> interpretation of Shia Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imam</a> is the guide and the intercessor between humans and God, and the individual through whom God is recognized. He is also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a> (<i>taʾwīl</i>). He is the possessor of divine knowledge and therefore the "Prime Teacher". According to the "Epistle of the Right Path", a Persian Ismāʿīlī prose text from the post-<a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol period</a> of Ismāʿīlī history, by an anonymous author, there has been a chain of Imams since the beginning of time, and there will continue to be an Imam present on the Earth until the end of time. The worlds would not exist in perfection without this uninterrupted <a href="/wiki/List_of_Isma%27ili_imams" title="List of Isma'ili imams">chain of Imams</a>. The proof (<i><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">hujja</a></i>) and gate (<i><a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">bāb</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imam</a> are always aware of his presence and are witness to this uninterrupted chain.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar</a>, many Ismāʿīlīs believed that one day the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">eschatological figure</a> of Imam <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, whom they believed to be <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Imam Ismāʿīl</a>, would return and establish an age of justice. One group included the violent <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, who had a stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. In contrast, some Ismāʿīlīs believed the Imamate <i>did</i> continue, and that the Imams were in Occultation and still communicated and taught their followers through a network of <i><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Da'i</a></i> ("Missionaries"). </p><p>In 909 CE, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah</a>, a claimant to the Ismāʿīlī Imamate, established the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. During this period, three lineages of Imams were formed. The first branch, known today as the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, began with <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in 985 CE, he ascended as ruler at the age of eleven. When in 1021 CE his mule returned without him, soaked in blood, a religious group that was forming in his lifetime broke off from mainstream Ismāʿīlīsm and did not acknowledge his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later to be known as the Druze, they believe Al-Ḥākim to be God incarnate<sup id="cite_ref-Poonawala_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poonawala-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the prophesied Mahdi on Earth, who would one day return and bring justice to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Druze faith further split from Ismāʿīlīsm as it developed into a distinct <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious group">ethno-religious group</a> with its own unique doctrines,<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Druze do not identify themselves as Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are not considered as such by Muslims either.<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second split occurred between <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta‘lī</a> Ismāʿīlīs following the death of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah in 1094 CE. His rule was the longest of any caliph in any Islamic empire. Upon his death, his sons, <a href="/wiki/Nizar_(Fatimid_Imam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizar (Fatimid Imam)">Nizār</a> (the older) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Al-Musta‘lī</a> (the younger), fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizār was defeated and jailed, but according to the Nizārī tradition his son escaped to <a href="/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut">Alamut</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> Ismāʿīlī had accepted his claim.<sup id="cite_ref-DaftaryShort1998p106_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaftaryShort1998p106-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From here on, the Nizārī Ismāʿīlī community has continued with a present, living Imam. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta‘lī Ismāʿīlīs</a> split between the <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Ḥāfiẓi</a>; Ṭayyibi Ismāʿīlīs, also known as "Bohras", are further divided between <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a>. The former denomination claims that <a href="/wiki/At-Tayyib_Abi_l-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim">At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami_l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah">Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah</a>, and the Imams following him went into a period of anonymity (<i>Dawr-e-Satr</i>) and appointed a <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></i> ("Unrestricted Missionary") to guide the community, in a similar manner as the Ismāʿīlīs had lived after the death of Muhammad ibn Imam Ismāʿīl. The latter denomination claims that the ruling Fatimid caliph was the Imam, and they died out with the fall of the Fatimid Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pillars">Pillars</h4></div> <p>Ismāʿīlīs have categorized their practices which are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">seven pillars</a></i>: </p> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a> (Guardianship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Taharah</a> (Purity)</li></ul> </td> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a> (Prayer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zak%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakāt">Zakāt</a> (Charity)</li></ul> </td> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a> (Fasting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </td> <td width="33%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> (Struggle)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_leadership">Contemporary leadership</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārīs</a> place importance on a scholarly institution because of the existence of a present Imam. The Imam of the Age defines the jurisprudence, and his guidance may differ with Imams previous to him because of different times and circumstances. For Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs, the current Imam is Karim al-Husayni <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a>. The Nizārī line of Imams has continued to this day as an uninterrupted chain. </p><p>Divine leadership has continued in the Bohra branch through the institution of the "Missionary" (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dai_of_Dawoodi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra">Da'i</a></i>). According to the Bohra tradition, before the last Imam, At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim, went into seclusion, his father, the 20th Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, had instructed <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurra_Al-Malika" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hurra Al-Malika">Al-Hurra Al-Malika</a> the <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a>) in Yemen to appoint a vicegerent after the seclusion—the <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></i> ("Unrestricted Missionary"), who as the Imam's vicegerent has full authority to govern the community in all matters both spiritual and temporal while the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta‘lī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi</a> Imams remains in seclusion (<i>Dawr-e-Satr</i>). The three branches of Musta‘lī Ismāʿīlīs (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a>) differ on who the current "Unrestricted Missionary" is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaydī_(Fiver)"><span id="Zayd.C4.AB_.28Fiver.29"></span>Zaydī (<i>Fiver</i>)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq,_AH_298.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg/220px-Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg/330px-Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg/440px-Dinar_of_al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq%2C_AH_298.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">al-Ḥādī ila'l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">first Zaydī Imam of Yemen</a>, minted in 910–911 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaydi_State_1675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zaydi_State_1675.jpg/220px-Zaydi_State_1675.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zaydi_State_1675.jpg/330px-Zaydi_State_1675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zaydi_State_1675.jpg/440px-Zaydi_State_1675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Zaidi State">Zaydī State of Yemen</a> under the rule of Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_Isma%27il" title="Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il">Al-Mutawakkil Ismāʿīl bin al-Qāsim</a> (1644–1676)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a>, otherwise known as <b>Zaydiyya</b> or as <b>Zaydī Shīʿism</b>, is a branch of Shia Islam named after <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn ʿAlī</a>. Followers of the Zaydī school of jurisprudence are called Zaydīs or occasionally <i>Fivers</i>. However, there is also a group called <i>Zaydī Wāsiṭīs</i> who are Twelvers (see below). Zaydīs constitute roughly 42–47% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">population of Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctrine_2">Doctrine</h4></div> <p>The Zaydīs, Twelvers, and Ismāʿīlīs all recognize the same first four Imams; however, the Zaydīs consider <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn ʿAlī</a> as the 5th Imam. After the time of Zayd ibn ʿAlī, the Zaydīs believed that <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">any descendant</a> (<i>Sayyid</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī</a> or <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a> could become the next Imam, after fulfilling certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other well-known Zaydī Imams in history were Yahya ibn Zayd, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nafs_al-Zakiyya" title="Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya">Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya</a>, and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Zaydī doctrine of Imamah</a> does not presuppose the infallibility of the Imam, nor the belief that the Imams are supposed to receive divine guidance. Moreover, Zaydīs do not believe that the Imamate must pass from father to son but believe it can be held by any <i><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></i> descended from either <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī</a> or <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a> (as was the case after the death of the former). Historically, Zaydīs held that Zayd ibn ʿAlī was the rightful successor of the 4th Imam since he led a <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali">rebellion against the Umayyads in protest of their tyranny and corruption</a>. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action, and the followers of Zayd ibn ʿAlī maintained that a true Imam must fight against corrupt rulers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence_2">Jurisprudence</h4></div> <p>In matters of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_proofs_in_Shia_jurisprudence" title="Intellectual proofs in Shia jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, Zaydīs follow the teachings of Zayd ibn ʿAlī, which are documented in his book <i>Majmu'l Fiqh</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span style="font-size:120%">مجموع الفِقه</span>). <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Ḥādī ila'l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">first Zaydī Imam and founder of the Zaydī State in Yemen</a>, is regarded as the codifier of Zaydī jurisprudence, and as such most Zaydī Shias today are known as <i>Hadawis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timeline">Timeline</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:120%">الأدارسة</span></span>) were Arab<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shias</a><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose dynasty, named after its first sultan, <a href="/wiki/Idris_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I">Idris I</a>, ruled in the western <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> from 788 to 985 CE. Another Zaydī State was established in the region of <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deylaman" title="Deylaman">Deylaman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) in 864 CE by the <a href="/wiki/Alavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavids">Alavids</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> in 928 CE. Roughly forty years later, the Zaydī State was revived in Gilan and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126 CE. Afterwards, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Zaydī Shias of Deylaman, Gilan, and Tabaristan then acknowledged the Zaydī <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a> or rival Zaydī Imams within Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> were initially Zaydī Shias,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ukhaidhir" title="Banu Ukhaidhir">Banu Ukhaidhir</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">al-Yamama</a> in the 9th and 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the Zaydī community took the title of <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>; thus, the ruler of Yemen was known by this title. Al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī</a>, founded the Zaydī Imamate at <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'dah">Sa'dah</a> in 893–897 CE, and the <a href="/wiki/Rassid_dynasty" title="Rassid dynasty">Rassid dynasty</a> continued to rule over Yemen until the middle of the 20th century, when the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">republican revolution of 1962</a> deposed the last Zaydī Imam. (<i>See</i>: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>). The founding Zaydī branch in Yemen was the Jarudiyya; however, with increasing interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Sunni" title="Madhhab">Sunnī jurisprudence</a>, there was a shift from the Jarudiyya group to the Sulaimaniyya, Tabiriyya, Butriyya, and Salihiyya.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaydī Shias form the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">second dominant religious group in Yemen</a>. Currently, they constitute about 40–45% of the population in Yemen; Jaʿfaris and Ismāʿīlīs constitute the 2–5%.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, it is estimated that there are over 1 million Zaydī Shias, primarily based in the western provinces. </p><p>Currently, the most prominent Zaydī political movement is the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nevola-Shiban_2020_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevola-Shiban_2020-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known by the name of <i>Shabab al-Mu'mineen</i> ("Believing Youth") or <i>Ansar Allah</i> ("Partisans of God").<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_2015_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2015-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014–2015, <a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthis took over the Yemeni government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, which led to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)">Saudi Arabian-backed government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Rabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevola-Shiban_2020_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevola-Shiban_2020-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_2015_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2015-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-government_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-government-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houthis and their allies gained control of a significant part of Yemen's territory, and resisted the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a> seeking to restore Hadi in power.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevola-Shiban_2020_177-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevola-Shiban_2020-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_2015_178-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2015-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See</i>: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a>). Both the Houthis and the Saudi Arabian-led coalition were being attacked by the Sunnī <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> group and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Badara_2017_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badara_2017-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunzel_2015_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunzel_2015-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims">Persecution of Shia Muslims</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Shiism">Anti-Shiism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian violence among Muslims</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh,_Shiraz,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg/249px-Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg/374px-Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg/498px-Mausoleo_de_Shah_Cheragh%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6589" data-file-height="4940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah_Cheragh" title="Shah Cheragh">Shāh Cherāgh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, houses the mausoleums of the two sons of <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a>, the seventh <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Imam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia Islam</a> and a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunnī relations</a> has often involved <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence#Islam" title="Religious violence">violence</a>, dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects. At various times throughout the history of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Shiism">Shia groups and minorities have faced persecution perpetrated by Sunnī Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Militarily established and holding control over the Umayyad government, many Sunnī rulers perceived the Shias as a threat—both to their political and religious authority.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sunnī rulers under the Umayyad dynasty sought to marginalize the Shia minority, and later the Abbasids turned on their Shia allies and imprisoned, persecuted, and killed them. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Shiism">persecution of Shia Muslims throughout history by their Sunnī co-religionists</a> has often been characterized by <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence#Islam" title="Religious violence">brutal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> acts. Comprising only about 10–15% of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">global Muslim population</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PEW2009_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia Muslims remain a marginalized community to this day in many Sunnī-dominant <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a>, without the rights to practice their religion and freely organize.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1514, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (1512–1520) ordered the massacre of 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> (Anatolian Shia Muslims).<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a>, "Sultan Selim I carried things so far that he announced that the killing of one Shia had as much <a href="/wiki/Afterlife#Islam" title="Afterlife">otherworldly reward</a> as killing 70 <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christians</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">First Saudi State</a> (1727–1818) <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">attacked and sacked the city of Karbala</a>, the Shia shrine in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> (eastern region of Iraq) that commemorates the martyrdom and death of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a>, Shia political activists were arrested, tortured, expelled or killed, as part of a crackdown launched after an assassination attempt against Iraq's Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian government</a> declared Shia Islam a "deviant" sect and banned Shia Muslims from promoting their faith to other Muslims, but left them free to practice it themselves privately.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most recent campaign of anti-Shia oppression was the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> organization's <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">persecution of Shias</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">territories</a> in Northern Iraq,<sup id="cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baele_2019_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baele_2019-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which occurred alongside the persecution of various religious groups and the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">genocide of Yazidis</a> by the same organization during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Iraq War">Second Iraq War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_183-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Badara_2017_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badara_2017-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunzel_2015_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunzel_2015-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/28px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/42px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/56px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Anti-Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History of Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_and_guardianship_of_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamate and guardianship of Ali ibn Abi Talib">Imamate and guardianship of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate in Ismaili doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imamate in Nizari doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate in Twelver doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_proofs_in_Shia_jurisprudence" title="Intellectual proofs in Shia jurisprudence">Intellectual proofs in Shia jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_primary_rulings" title="Islamic primary rulings">Islamic primary rulings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Shia books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Islamic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Shia Islamic dynasties">List of Shia Islamic dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" title="List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam">List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslims" title="List of Shia Muslims">List of Shia Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shia clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" title="Shia crescent">Shia crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia nations">Shia nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Rights_Watch" title="Shia Rights Watch">Shia Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Shia view of Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shia view of the Quran</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> article states: "Nobody really knows the size of the Shia population in Nigeria. Credible estimates that its numbers range between 2 and 3 percent of Nigeria's population, which would amount to roughly four million."<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 BBC News article said that "Estimates of [Nigerian Shia] numbers vary wildly, ranging from less than 5% to 17% of Nigeria's Muslim population of about 100 million."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmajani2020" class="citation book cs1">Armajani, Jon (2020). <i>Shia Islam and Politics: Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon</i>. Lanham, MD: Lexington. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2136-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2136-8"><bdi>978-1-7936-2136-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+Islam+and+Politics%3A+Iran%2C+Iraq%2C+and+Lebanon&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-2136-8&rft.aulast=Armajani&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmajani20201–3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmajani20201–3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmajani2020">Armajani 2020</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica738-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica738_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-663-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-663-0">0-85229-663-0</a>, Vol. 10, p. 738</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_S._Ferguson2010" class="citation book cs1">Duncan S. Ferguson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPwHem3bV9sC&pg=PA192"><i>Exploring the Spirituality of the World Religions: The Quest for Personal, Spiritual and Social Transformation</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4645-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-4645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Spirituality+of+the+World+Religions%3A+The+Quest+for+Personal%2C+Spiritual+and+Social+Transformation&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4645-8&rft.au=Duncan+S.+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPwHem3bV9sC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wehr-498-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wehr-498_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr" class="citation web cs1">Wehr, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=594">"Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic"</a> (4th ed.). p. 598.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.pages=598&rft.edition=4th&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejtaal.net%2Faa%2F%23hw4%3D594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishforums.com/English/DifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite/dxnnw/post.htm">"Difference Between The Meaning Of <i>Shia</i> And <i>Shiite</i>? However the term Shiite is being used less and is considered less proper than simply using the term "Shia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>English forums</i>. 2 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731194040/https://www.englishforums.com/English/DifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite/dxnnw/post.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+forums&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+The+Meaning+Of+Shia+And+Shiite%3F+However+the+term+Shiite+is+being+used+less+and+is+considered+less+proper+than+simply+using+the+term+%22Shia%22.&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishforums.com%2FEnglish%2FDifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite%2Fdxnnw%2Fpost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFṬabataba'i1977">Ṭabataba'i 1977</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaarel_2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaarel_2015_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoody2015" class="citation journal cs1">Foody, Kathleen (September 2015). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv029">"Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religion" title="Journal of the American Academy of Religion">Journal of the American Academy of Religion</a></i>. <b>83</b> (3). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a>: 599–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv029">10.1093/jaarel/lfv029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4585">1477-4585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24488178">24488178</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sc76000837">sc76000837</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1479270">1479270</a>. <q>For Shiʿi Muslims, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> not only designated <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī</a> as his friend, but appointed him as his <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successor</a>—as the "lord" or "master" of the new <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>. ʿAlī and <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Ali">his descendants</a> would become known as <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">the Imams</a>, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">special insight into the Qurʾanic text</a>. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Islamic texts</a> and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">disappearance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">twelfth and final Imam</a> in the ninth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Interiorizing+Islam%3A+Religious+Experience+and+State+Oversight+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=599-623&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24488178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.eissn=1477-4585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv029&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1479270&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsc76000837&rft.aulast=Foody&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjaarel%252Flfv029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhaniShah-Kazemi2001">Sobhani & Shah-Kazemi 2001</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhaniShah-Kazemi2001">Sobhani & Shah-Kazemi 2001</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaezi2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaezi, Ahmad (2004). <i>Shia political thought</i>. London: Islamic Centre of England. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1"><bdi>978-1-904934-01-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59136662">59136662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+political+thought&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Islamic+Centre+of+England&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59136662&rft.isbn=978-1-904934-01-1&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C. (2003). "Shīʿa". <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>. New York: Macmillan reference USA. pp. 621–624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=621-624&rft.pub=Macmillan+reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865603-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americandruze.com/Druze%20And%20Islam.html">"Druze and Islam"</a>. americandruze.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514143649/http://americandruze.com/Druze%20And%20Islam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druze+and+Islam&rft.pub=americandruze.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericandruze.com%2FDruze%2520And%2520Islam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alqazwini.org/qazwini_org/articles/by_articles/ijtihad.htm">"Ijtihad in Islam"</a>. AlQazwini.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050102023635/http://alqazwini.org/qazwini_org/articles/by_articles/ijtihad.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ijtihad+in+Islam&rft.pub=AlQazwini.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falqazwini.org%2Fqazwini_org%2Farticles%2Fby_articles%2Fijtihad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shiite-doctrine-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shiite-doctrine_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shiite-doctrine_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2005" class="citation web cs1">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (20 July 2005). Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine">"Shiʻite Doctrine"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517022711/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Doctrine&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fshiite-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1999,_p._525_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Wendy Doniger, Consulting Editor, Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2">0-87779-044-2</a>, LoC: BL31.M47 1999, p. 525</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._46_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam" Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0">978-0-19-515713-0</a>. p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahada-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shahada_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/shahada.htm">"Encyclopedia of the Middle East"</a>. Mideastweb.org. 14 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174339/http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/shahada.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Mideastweb.org&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2FMiddle-East-Encyclopedia%2Fshahada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://article.tebyan.net/145755">"اضافه شدن نام حضرت علی (ع) به شهادتین"</a>. <i>fa</i>. 9 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fa&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%28%D8%B9%29+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticle.tebyan.net%2F145755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabashi-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabashi_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabashi_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2006" class="citation book cs1">Dabashi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTFdNNQP4ewC&pg=PA463"><i>Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundatation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412839723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412839723"><bdi>978-1412839723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+Discontent%3A+The+Ideological+Foundatation+of+the+Islamic+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1412839723&rft.au=Dabashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTFdNNQP4ewC%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Robinson, <i>Atlas of the Muslim World</i>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii">"Shīʿite"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFite&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=33">33:33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbin (1993), pp. 48, 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbin (1993), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082653/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml">"How do Sunnis and Shias differ theologically?"</a>. BBC. 19 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml">the original</a> on 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+do+Sunnis+and+Shias+differ+theologically%3F&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fsubdivisions%2Fsunnishia_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, Sayyed Hossein. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btmNZgztDrAC&pg=PA19">Expectation of the Millennium : Shiìsm in History</a></i>, State University of New York Press, 1989, p. 19, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0">978-0-88706-843-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm">"Compare Shia and Sunni Islam"</a>. ReligionFacts. 17 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429101140/http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compare+Shia+and+Sunni+Islam&rft.pub=ReligionFacts&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fislam%2Fcomparison_charts%2Fislamic_sects.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPokHByS3N0C&pg=PA135">The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions</a>", Brandon Toropov, Father Luke Buckles, Alpha; 3rd ed., 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-222-9">978-1-59257-222-9</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shiʻite Islam</i>, by Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (1979), pp. 41–44 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulayni-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Kulayni2015" class="citation book cs1">Al-Kulayni, Abu Jaʼfar Muhammad ibn Yaʼqub (2015). <i>Kitab al-Kafi</i>. South Huntington, NY: The Islamic Seminary Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9914308-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9914308-6-4"><bdi>978-0-9914308-6-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Kafi&rft.place=South+Huntington%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Seminary+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9914308-6-4&rft.aulast=Al-Kulayni&rft.aufirst=Abu+Ja%CA%BCfar+Muhammad+ibn+Ya%CA%BCqub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllamah_Muhammad_Rida_Al_Muzaffar1989" class="citation book cs1">Allamah Muhammad Rida Al Muzaffar (1989). <i>The faith of Shia Islam</i>. Ansariyan Qum. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+faith+of+Shia+Islam&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ansariyan+Qum&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Allamah+Muhammad+Rida+Al+Muzaffar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.introducingislam.org/info/muzaffar/chapter1.php">"The Beliefs of Shia Islam – Chapter 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175646/http://www.introducingislam.org/info/muzaffar/chapter1.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beliefs+of+Shia+Islam+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.introducingislam.org%2Finfo%2Fmuzaffar%2Fchapter1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1994" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Paula (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fnBFANHMn4C&pg=PA121"><i>Ritual, politics, and the city in Fatimid Cairo</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791417812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791417812"><bdi>978-0791417812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+politics%2C+and+the+city+in+Fatimid+Cairo&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0791417812&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fnBFANHMn4C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrawickyWilhelme_Gregory2002" class="citation book cs1">Trawicky, Bernard; Wilhelme Gregory, Ruth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbKexa1jfcC&pg=PA233"><i>Anniversaries and holidays</i></a>. American Library Association. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838910047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838910047"><bdi>978-0838910047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anniversaries+and+holidays&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0838910047&rft.aulast=Trawicky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Wilhelme+Gregory%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDbKexa1jfcC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4724/Lady-Fatima-inspired-women-of-Iran-to-emerge-as-an-extraordinary">"Lady Fatima inspired women of Iran to emerge as an extraordinary force"</a>. 18 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825203650/http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4724/Lady-Fatima-inspired-women-of-Iran-to-emerge-as-an-extraordinary">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lady+Fatima+inspired+women+of+Iran+to+emerge+as+an+extraordinary+force&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.khamenei.ir%2Fnews%2F4724%2FLady-Fatima-inspired-women-of-Iran-to-emerge-as-an-extraordinary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2007" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Andrew (2 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679">"Inside Iran's Holy Money Machine"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032806/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Inside+Iran%27s+Holy+Money+Machine&rft.date=2007-06-02&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB118072271215621679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2881835.stm">"Karbala and Najaf: Shia holy cities"</a>. 20 April 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Karbala+and+Najaf%3A+Shia+holy+cities&rft.date=2003-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F2881835.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sardeg-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sardeg_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscobar2002" class="citation web cs1">Escobar, Pepe (24 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html">"Knocking on heaven's door"</a>. <i>Central Asia/Russia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Times Online">Asia Times Online</a>. Archived from the original on 3 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>. <q>according to a famous hadith... 'our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places that we respect very much. The first is Mecca... second is Medina... third... is in Najaf. The fourth... in Kerbala. The last one belongs to... Qom.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Asia%2FRussia&rft.atitle=Knocking+on+heaven%27s+door&rft.date=2002-05-24&rft.aulast=Escobar&rft.aufirst=Pepe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fc-asia%2FDE24Ag04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouėr2008" class="citation book cs1">Louėr, Laurence (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1vcfDuatockC&pg=PA22"><i>Transnational Shia politics: religious and political networks in the Gulf</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231700405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231700405"><bdi>978-0231700405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+Shia+politics%3A+religious+and+political+networks+in+the+Gulf&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0231700405&rft.aulast=Lou%C4%97r&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1vcfDuatockC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowskaHann2008" class="citation book cs1">Dabrowska, Karen; Hann, Geoff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102072559/https://books.google.com/books?id=DhJ3lRnXyXcC&pg=PA239&dq=askari+mosque+bomb+2006&hl=en&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2"><i>Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People</i></a>. 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(1 October 2010), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/shia-and-the-jews-COM_0020130">"Shiʽa and the Jews"</a></span>, <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>, Brill<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi%CA%BDa+and+the+Jews&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Moreen&rft.aufirst=Vera+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Fshia-and-the-jews-COM_0020130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://associationforiranianstudies.org/content/jews-and-wine-shiite-iran-%E2%80%93-some-observations-concept-religious-impurity">"Jews and Wine in Shiite Iran – Some Observations on the Concept of Religious Impurity"</a>. <i>Association for Iranian Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108090844/https://associationforiranianstudies.org/content/jews-and-wine-shiite-iran-%E2%80%93-some-observations-concept-religious-impurity">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Jews+and+Wine+in+Shiite+Iran+%E2%80%93+Some+Observations+on+the+Concept+of+Religious+Impurity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassociationforiranianstudies.org%2Fcontent%2Fjews-and-wine-shiite-iran-%25E2%2580%2593-some-observations-concept-religious-impurity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shiʻite Islam", by Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, translated by Sayyid Husayn Nasr, State University of New York Press, 1975, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dakake (2008), pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his "Mutanabbi devant le siècle ismaëlien de l'Islam", in Mém. de l'Inst Français de Damas, 1935, p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Lapidus p. 47, Holt p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franc23-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-franc23_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Robinson, <i>Atlas of the Islamic World</i>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jafri, S.H. Mohammad. "The Origin and Early Development of Shiʻa Islam", Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 6, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579387-1">978-0-19-579387-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Newman, Andrew J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii"><i>Shiʿi</i></a>. Encyclopedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BFi&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito,_John_2002._p._40-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito,_John_2002._p._40_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam". Oxford University Press, 2002 | <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0">978-0-19-515713-0</a>. p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528231159/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2189?_hi=26&_pos=238">"From the article on Shii Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+article+on+Shii+Islam+in+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.pub=Oxfordislamicstudies.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2189%3F_hi%3D26%26_pos%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amir-Moezzi-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amir-Moezzi_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amir-Moezzi_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi" title="Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali</a> (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". 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CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4928-5884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4928-5884-3"><bdi>978-1-4928-5884-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422181325/http://www.al-islam.org/khilafah-ali-over-abu-bakr-toyib-olawuyi/preface">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Khilafah+of+Ali+over+Abu+Bakr&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4928-5884-3&rft.aulast=Olawuyi&rft.aufirst=Toyib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fkhilafah-ali-over-abu-bakr-toyib-olawuyi%2Fpreface&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm">"The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman"</a>. <i>www.alhewar.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727210611/http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ahmed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa1968" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa, Ghulam (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906045928/https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Religious trends in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</i></a>. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVkAAAAMAAJ">the original</a> on 6 September 2015. <q>Similarly, swords were also placed on the Idols, as it is related that Harith b. Abi Shamir, the Ghassanid king, had presented his two swords, called Mikhdham and Rasub, to the image of the goddess, Manat....to note that the famous sword of Ali, the fourth caliph, called Dhu-al-Fiqar, was one of these two swords</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+trends+in+pre-Islamic+Arabic+poetry&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Ghulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMVkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franc46-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-franc46_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/principles-shiite-creed-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini/lesson-13-imams-traits">"Lesson 13: Imam's Traits"</a>. <i>Al-Islam.org</i>. 13 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150209161456/http://www.al-islam.org/principles-shiite-creed-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini/lesson-13-imams-traits">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Lesson+13%3A+Imam%27s+Traits&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fprinciples-shiite-creed-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini%2Flesson-13-imams-traits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher,_I.van_Arendonk,_C.Tritton,_A.S.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldziher, I.; van Arendonk, C.; Tritton, A.S. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0378">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al-BMatt&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0378&rft.au=Goldziher%2C+I.&rft.au=van+Arendonk%2C+C.&rft.au=Tritton%2C+A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162637/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/69853/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%91%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C">"امامت از منظر متکلّمان شیعی و فلاسفه اسلامی"</a>. <i>پرتال جامع علوم انسانی</i> (in Persian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensani.ir/fa/article/69853/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%91%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C">the original</a> on 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%91%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C+%D9%88+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fensani.ir%2Ffa%2Farticle%2F69853%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25D9%2591%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D8%25B9%25DB%258C-%25D9%2588-%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2581%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr_a-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_a_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_a_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr (1979), p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen_1985,_p._174-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_1985,_p._174_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_1985,_p._174_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFعسکری" class="citation book cs1">عسکری, سید مرتضی. <i>ولایت علی در قرآن کریم و سنت پیامبر، مرکز فرهنگی انتشاراتی منیر، چاپ هفتم</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%8C+%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE+%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85&rft.aulast=%D8%B9%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C&rft.aufirst=%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbin 1993, pp. 45–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr (1979), p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imamat-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imamat_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imamat_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleave2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleave, Robert (2004). "Imamate". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imamate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world%3B+vol.1&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865604-5&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412101802/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/45590/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9">"نقد و بررسى گرایش ایلخانان به اسلام و تشیّع"</a>. <i>پرتال جامع علوم انسانی</i> (in Persian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensani.ir/fa/article/45590/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9">the original</a> on 12 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF+%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%88+%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fensani.ir%2Ffa%2Farticle%2F45590%2F%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589-%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2591%25D8%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223071144/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/5_provinces.html">"The Five Kingdoms of the Bahmani Sultanate"</a>. orbat.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/5_provinces.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Five+Kingdoms+of+the+Bahmani+Sultanate&rft.pub=orbat.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbat.com%2Fsite%2Fcimh%2Fkings_master%2Fkings%2FibrahimII_adil_shahi%2F5_provinces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansari-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ansari_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ansari, N.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019004703/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc"><i>Bahmanid Dynasty</i></a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc">the original</a> on 19 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahmanid+Dynasty&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=N.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Fhome%2Findex.isc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2015" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). <i>Worlds Together Worlds Apart</i>. New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91847-2"><bdi>978-0-393-91847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+Together+Worlds+Apart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+Company+Inc&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-91847-2&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodorow,_StanleyKnox,_MacGregorShirokauer,_ConradStrayer,_Joseph_R.1994" class="citation book cs1">Chodorow, Stanley; Knox, MacGregor; Shirokauer, Conrad; Strayer, Joseph R.; <a href="/wiki/Hans_W._Gatzke" title="Hans W. Gatzke">Gatzke, Hans W.</a> (1994). <i>The Mainstream of Civilization</i>. Harcourt Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-501197-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-501197-7"><bdi>978-0-15-501197-7</bdi></a>. <q>The architect of his military system was a general named Jawhar, an islamicized Greek slave who had led the conquest of North Africa and then of Egypt</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mainstream+of+Civilization&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Harcourt+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-15-501197-7&rft.au=Chodorow%2C+Stanley&rft.au=Knox%2C+MacGregor&rft.au=Shirokauer%2C+Conrad&rft.au=Strayer%2C+Joseph+R.&rft.au=Gatzke%2C+Hans+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFossier,_RobertSondheimer,_JanetAirlie,_StuartMarsack,_Robyn1997" class="citation book cs1">Fossier, Robert; Sondheimer, Janet; Airlie, Stuart; Marsack, Robyn (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00robe/page/170"><i>The Cambridge illustrated history of the Middle Ages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00robe/page/170">170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26645-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26645-1</bdi></a>. <q>When the Sicilian Jawhar finally entered Fustat in 969 and the following year founded the new dynastic capital, Cairo, 'The Victorious', the Fatimids ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+illustrated+history+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26645-1&rft.au=Fossier%2C+Robert&rft.au=Sondheimer%2C+Janet&rft.au=Airlie%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Marsack%2C+Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00robe%2Fpage%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders,_John_Joseph1990" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, John Joseph (1990). <i>A History of Medieval Islam</i>. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05914-5"><bdi>978-0-415-05914-5</bdi></a>. <q>Under Muʼizz (955-975) the Fatimids reached the height of their glory, and the universal triumph of Isma ʻilism appeared not far distant. The fourth Fatimid Caliph is an attractive character: humane and generous, simple and just, he was a good administrator, tolerant and conciliatory. Served by one of the greatest generals of the age, Jawhar al-Rumi, a former Greek slave, he took fullest advantage of the growing confusion in the Sunnite world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05914-5&rft.au=Saunders%2C+John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters_2009-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_2009_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_2009_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masters, Bruce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71">"Baghdad"</a>. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008020716">2008020716</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baghdad&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008020716&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford_J._ShawEzel_Kural_Shaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7"><bdi>978-0-521-29163-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111152233/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey%3A+Volume+1%2C+Empire+of+the+Gazis%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1280%E2%80%931808&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29163-7&rft.au=Stanford+J.+Shaw&rft.au=Ezel+Kural+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9-YfgVZDBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Robinson, <i>Atlas of the Muslim World</i>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 130, 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/law/">"Jurisprudence and Law – Islam: Reorienting the Veil"</a>. University of North Carolina. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jurisprudence+and+Law+%E2%80%93+Islam%3A+Reorienting+the+Veil&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveil.unc.edu%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Flaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEW2009-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEW2009_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW2009_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW2009_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"</a>. 7 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214172939/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604221011/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">"Religions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Religions&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaShiite1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaShiite1_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii/Shii-dynasties">"Shīʿite"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFite&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShii%2FShii-dynasties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRC-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC_93-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>. 7 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214172939/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%) live in just four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgmpPRC-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_94-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf"><i>Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafhoum1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum1_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum1_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mafhoum.com/press9/282S26.htm">"Foreign Affairs – When the Shiites Rise – Vali Nasr"</a>. Mafhoum.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115124722/http://www.mafhoum.com/press9/282S26.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Affairs+%E2%80%93+When+the+Shiites+Rise+%E2%80%93+Vali+Nasr&rft.pub=Mafhoum.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mafhoum.com%2Fpress9%2F282S26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6213248.stm">"Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228101639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6213248.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Quick+guide%3A+Sunnis+and+Shias&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F6213248.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sha-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sha_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Atlas of the Middle East</i> (Second ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. 2008. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0221-6"><bdi>978-1-4262-0221-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=80-81&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0221-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148830.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2010"</a>. U.S. Government Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213121147/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148830.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2010&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2010%2F148830.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irfr2012-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irfr2012_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208398#wrapper">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a></i>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+State+Department&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2012&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2012%26dlid%3D208398%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssi-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssi_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub861.pdf">"The New Middle East, Turkey, and the Search for Regional Stability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a></i>. April 2008. p. 87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318173523/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub861.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.atitle=The+New+Middle+East%2C+Turkey%2C+and+the+Search+for+Regional+Stability&rft.pages=87&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil%2Fpdffiles%2Fpub861.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankland2003" class="citation book cs1">Shankland, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFFRzTqLp6AC&pg=PP1"><i>The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1606-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1606-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1606-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alevis+in+Turkey%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+Secular+Islamic+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1606-7&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFFRzTqLp6AC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Pakistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a> on Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050717171649/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>. <q><i>Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni and 5 percent Shia.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Pakistan&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">"Shia women too can initiate divorce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a> on Afghanistan. August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>. <q><i>Religion: Virtually the entire population is Muslim. Between 80 and 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 to 19 percent, Shia.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shia+women+too+can+initiate+divorce&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Afghanistan&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FAfghanistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAFG-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAFG_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528122742/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af">"Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA)</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> on Afghanistan. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>Religions: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29&rft.atitle=Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html%3FcountryName%3DAfghanistan%26countryCode%3Daf%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>: [], 1973, retrieved 14 February 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2012" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Miriam (2012). <i>Bahrain from the Twentieth Century to the Arab Spring</i>. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03178-5"><bdi>978-1-137-03178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahrain+from+the+Twentieth+Century+to+the+Arab+Spring&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-03178-5&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qudaihi2009" class="citation news cs1">al-Qudaihi, Anees (24 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm">"Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights"</a>. BBC Arabic Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407072038/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Shia+press+for+rights&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=al-Qudaihi&rft.aufirst=Anees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7959531.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrickSengupta2009" class="citation news cs1">Merrick, Jane; Sengupta, Kim (20 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-the-land-with-more-guns-than-people-1790461.html">"Yemen: The land with more guns than people"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Yemen%3A+The+land+with+more+guns+than+people&rft.date=2009-09-20&rft.aulast=Merrick&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fyemen-the-land-with-more-guns-than-people-1790461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2011" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Hriday (30 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2011/06/30/the-arab-spring-the-initiating-event-for-a-new-arab-world-order/#_ednref24">"The Arab Spring: The Initiating Event for a New Arab World Order"</a>. <i>E-international Relations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829054650/https://www.e-ir.info/2011/06/30/the-arab-spring-the-initiating-event-for-a-new-arab-world-order/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2020. <q>In Yemen, Zaidists, a Shia offshoot, constitute 30% of the total population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-international+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Spring%3A+The+Initiating+Event+for+a+New+Arab+World+Order&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Hriday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2011%2F06%2F30%2Fthe-arab-spring-the-initiating-event-for-a-new-arab-world-order%2F%23_ednref24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leo-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leo_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Leo" class="citation book cs1">Leonard Leo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYSA2uew3CUC&pg=PA261"><i>International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress</i></a>. Diane Publishing. pp. 261–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-4439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-4439-6"><bdi>978-1-4379-4439-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101201437/http://books.google.com/books?id=eYSA2uew3CUC&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+%282010%29%3A+Annual+Report+to+Congress&rft.pages=261-&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-4439-6&rft.au=Leonard+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYSA2uew3CUC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Ohia2010" class="citation news cs1">Paul Ohia (16 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201011170502.html">"Nigeria: 'No Settlement With Iran Yet'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>This Day</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018004932/http://allafrica.com/stories/201011170502.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+Day&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+%27No+Settlement+With+Iran+Yet%27&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.au=Paul+Ohia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201011170502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nairobi-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nairobi_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharton-BigotRodriguez-Torres2010" class="citation book cs1">Charton-Bigot, Helene; Rodriguez-Torres, Deyssi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLX9n4fG5V8C&pg=PA239"><i>Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City</i></a>. African Books Collective. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987080939" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987080939"><bdi>978-9987080939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nairobi+Today%3A+the+Paradox+of+a+Fragmented+City&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=African+Books+Collective&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9987080939&rft.aulast=Charton-Bigot&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft.au=Rodriguez-Torres%2C+Deyssi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLX9n4fG5V8C%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthée2008-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matthée2008_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Matthée2008" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich Matthée (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwGjbDurQ5IC&pg=PA136"><i>Muslim Identities and Political Strategies: A Case Study of Muslims in the Greater Cape Town Area of South Africa, 1994–2000</i></a>. kassel university press GmbH. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89958-406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89958-406-6"><bdi>978-3-89958-406-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009062019/http://books.google.com/books?id=hwGjbDurQ5IC&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities+and+Political+Strategies%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Muslims+in+the+Greater+Cape+Town+Area+of+South+Africa%2C+1994%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=kassel+university+press+GmbH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-89958-406-6&rft.au=Heinrich+Matth%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwGjbDurQ5IC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullahi2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA55"><i>Culture and customs of Somalia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Somalia&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31333-2&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Nu918tYMB8C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaseMiyake2002-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaseMiyake2002_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasurō_HaseHiroyuki_MiyakeFumiko_Oshikawa2002" class="citation book cs1">Yasurō Hase; Hiroyuki Miyake; Fumiko Oshikawa (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh0EAQAAIAAJ"><i>South Asian migration in comparative perspective, movement, settlement and diaspora</i></a>. Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906043850/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh0EAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+migration+in+comparative+perspective%2C+movement%2C+settlement+and+diaspora&rft.pub=Japan+Center+for+Area+Studies%2C+National+Museum+of+Ethnology&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Yasur%C5%8D+Hase&rft.au=Hiroyuki+Miyake&rft.au=Fumiko+Oshikawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQh0EAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"Pakistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. 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Routledge. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138650817" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138650817"><bdi>978-1138650817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish%E2%80%93Azerbaijani+Relations%3A+One+Nation+%E2%80%93+Two+States%3F&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138650817&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Sofie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F327829401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassoud2011" class="citation news cs1">Massoud, Waheed (6 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16045209">"Why have Afghanistan's Shias been targeted now?"</a>. 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Council on Foreign Relations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Trouble+Between+Nigeria%27s+Shia+Minority+and+the+Police&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fmore-trouble-between-nigerias-shia-minority-and-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangaza2019" class="citation news cs1">Tangaza, Haruna Shehu (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49175639">"Islamic Movement in Nigeria: The Iranian-inspired Shia group"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+Movement+in+Nigeria%3A+The+Iranian-inspired+Shia+group&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft.aulast=Tangaza&rft.aufirst=Haruna+Shehu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-49175639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kuwait/">"2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_International_Religious_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of International Religious Freedom">Office of International Religious Freedom</a>, United States Department of State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Kuwait&rft.pub=Office+of+International+Religious+Freedom%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fkuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aswad, B. and Abowd, T., 2013. Arab Americans. Race and Ethnicity: <i>The United States and the World</i>, pp. 272–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich2015" class="citation news cs1">Erlich, Reese (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-08-04/mitigating-sunni-shia-conflict-world-s-most-charming-police-state">"Mitigating Sunni-Shia conflict in 'the world's most charming police state'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ"><i>Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7833-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-7833-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Twelver+Shiism%3A+Unity+and+Diversity+in+the+Life+of+Islam%2C+632+to+1722&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_M8BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuidère2012" class="citation book cs1">Guidère, Mathieu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA319"><i>Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7965-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7965-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7965-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalism&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7965-2&rft.aulast=Guid%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCvhzGiDMYsC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabataba'i (1979), p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>God's rule: the politics of world religions</i>, p. 146, Jacob Neusner, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, John. <i>What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0">978-0-19-515713-0</a>. p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam" Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0">978-0-19-515713-0</a>. p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.preslib.az/projects/remz/pdf_en/atr_din.pdf">"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123084541/http://files.preslib.az/projects/remz/pdf_en/atr_din.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administrative+Department+of+the+President+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan+%E2%80%93+Presidential+Library+%E2%80%93+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.preslib.az%2Fprojects%2Fremz%2Fpdf_en%2Fatr_din.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esp45-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esp45_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam" Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0">978-0-19-515713-0</a>. p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-review_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/25032011-challenges-for-saudi-arabia-amidst-protests-in-the-gulf-analysis/">"Challenges For Saudi Arabia Amidst Protests in the Gulf – Analysis"</a>. <i>Eurasia Review</i>. 25 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401034318/http://www.eurasiareview.com/25032011-challenges-for-saudi-arabia-amidst-protests-in-the-gulf-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Review&rft.atitle=Challenges+For+Saudi+Arabia+Amidst+Protests+in+the+Gulf+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F25032011-challenges-for-saudi-arabia-amidst-protests-in-the-gulf-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich2006-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rich2006_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rich2006_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2006" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Joanne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9fxXEdeIP8C&pg=PA7"><i>Iran: the Culture</i></a>. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0778791423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0778791423"><bdi>978-0778791423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+the+Culture&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0778791423&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9fxXEdeIP8C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nahj al-balaghah, Mohaghegh (researcher) 'Atarodi Ghoochaani, the introduction of Sayyid Razi, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Al-Kafi Book I: Intellect and Foolishness</i>. Taqwa Media. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-939420-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-939420-00-8"><bdi>978-1-939420-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kafi+Book+I%3A+Intellect+and+Foolishness&rft.pub=Taqwa+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-939420-00-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalaji200964-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalaji200964_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalaji2009">Khalaji 2009</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020243-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020243_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBohdan2020">Bohdan 2020</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163121/https://plus.irna.ir/news/83696140/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86">"اخوانی گوشه‌نشین"</a>. <i>ایرنا پلاس</i> (in Persian). 1 March 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.irna.ir/news/83696140/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86">the original</a> on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.irna.ir%2Fnews%2F83696140%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C-%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020250–251-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohdan2020250–251_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBohdan2020">Bohdan 2020</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.783828">"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828">10.1080/00263206.2013.783828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143672216">143672216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Akhund+Khurasani+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Movement&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143672216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/ahsai1.htm">"Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218072512/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/ahsai1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaykh+Ahmad+al-Ahsa%27i&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~jrcole%2Fahsai1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, Vali, <i>The Shia Revival</i>, Norton, (2006), p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061227222620/http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/107/TESTIMONY+OF+ALI+H.+ALYAMI.htm">"Congressional Human Rights Caucus Testimony – Najran, The Untold Story"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/107/TESTIMONY+OF+ALI+H.+ALYAMI.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Human+Rights+Caucus+Testimony+%E2%80%93+Najran%2C+The+Untold+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flantos.house.gov%2FHoR%2FCA12%2FHuman%2BRights%2BCaucus%2FBriefing%2BTestimonies%2F107%2FTESTIMONY%2BOF%2BALI%2BH.%2BALYAMI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/11253.htm">"News Summary: China; Latvia"</a>. 22 September 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506190104/http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/11253.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+Summary%3A+China%3B+Latvia&rft.date=2003-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjmm.aaa.net.au%2Farticles%2F11253.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaftaryShort1998p1-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DaftaryShort1998p1_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1998" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1998). <i>A Short History of the Ismailis</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0687-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-0687-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Ismailis&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0687-0&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2010" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860903541988">"The Right Path: A Post-Mongol Persian Ismaili Treatise"</a>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 197–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860903541988">10.1080/00210860903541988</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0862">0021-0862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170748666">170748666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Right+Path%3A+A+Post-Mongol+Persian+Ismaili+Treatise&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-221&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170748666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210860903541988&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00210860903541988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timani_2021-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_153-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimani2021" class="citation book cs1">Timani, Hussam S. (2021). "Part 5: In Between and on the Fringes of Islam – The Druze". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). <i>Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 724–742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_038">10.1163/9789004435544_038</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+5%3A+In+Between+and+on+the+Fringes+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+Druze&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=724-742&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_038&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Timani&rft.aufirst=Hussam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poonawala-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poonawala_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala1999" class="citation journal cs1">Poonawala, Ismail K. (July–September 1999). "Review: <i>The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning</i> by Heinz Halm". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>119</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>: 542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605981">10.2307/605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605981">605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12032032">12032032</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47785421">47785421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Fatimids+and+Their+Traditions+of+Learning+by+Heinz+Halm&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=542&rft.date=1999-07%2F1999-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47785421&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12032032&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=Ismail+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baheyeldin.com/history/al-hakim-bi-amr-allah-fatimid-caliph-of-egypt.html">"al-Hakim bi Amr Allah: Fatimid Caliph of Egypt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406065948/http://baheyeldin.com/history/al-hakim-bi-amr-allah-fatimid-caliph-of-egypt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=al-Hakim+bi+Amr+Allah%3A+Fatimid+Caliph+of+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaheyeldin.com%2Fhistory%2Fal-hakim-bi-amr-allah-fatimid-caliph-of-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintak2019" class="citation book cs1">Pintak, Lawrence (2019). <i>America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-559-3"><bdi>978-1-78831-559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+%26+Islam%3A+Soundbites%2C+Suicide+Bombs+and+the+Road+to+Donald+Trump&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78831-559-3&rft.aulast=Pintak&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2011" class="citation book cs1">Jonas, Margaret (2011). <i>The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar</i>. Temple Lodge Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906999-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906999-25-4"><bdi>978-1-906999-25-4</bdi></a>. <q>[Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templar+Spirit%3A+The+Esoteric+Inspiration%2C+Rituals+and+Beliefs+of+the+Knights+Templar&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Temple+Lodge+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-906999-25-4&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/">"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"</a>. <i>Arab America</i>. 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+America&rft.atitle=Are+the+Druze+People+Arabs+or+Muslims%3F+Deciphering+Who+They+Are&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabamerica.com%2Fare-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Stewart2008" class="citation book cs1">J. Stewart, Dona (2008). <i>The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives</i>. Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98079-5"><bdi>978-1-135-98079-5</bdi></a>. <q>Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-135-98079-5&rft.aulast=J.+Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaftaryShort1998p106-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DaftaryShort1998p106_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1998" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1998). <i>A Short History of the Ismailis</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yemeni+in+Canada&rft.atitle=About+Yemen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemenincanada.ca%2Fmap.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Asia/yemeng.htm">"Yemen [Yamaniyyah]: general data of the country"</a>. <i>Population Statistics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041925/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/yemeng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Statistics&rft.atitle=Yemen+%5BYamaniyyah%5D%3A+general+data+of+the+country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FAsia%2Fyemeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050423070201/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105024.htm">"Sunni-Shiʻa Schism: Less There Than Meets the Eye"</a>. 1991. p. 24. 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venture+of+Islam&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="this is a multi-volume source; which volume? (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Abī_Zarʻ_al-Fāsī1340" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Abī Zarʻ al-Fāsī, ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1340). <a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas"><i>Rawḍ al-Qirṭās: Anīs al-Muṭrib bi-Rawd al-Qirṭās fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Maghrib wa-Tārīkh Madīnat Fās</i></a>. ar-Rabāṭ: Dār al-Manṣūr (published 1972). p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raw%E1%B8%8D+al-Qir%E1%B9%AD%C4%81s%3A+An%C4%ABs+al-Mu%E1%B9%ADrib+bi-Rawd+al-Qir%E1%B9%AD%C4%81s+f%C4%AB+Akhb%C4%81r+Mul%C5%ABk+al-Maghrib+wa-T%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+Mad%C4%ABnat+F%C4%81s&rft.place=ar-Rab%C4%81%E1%B9%AD&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr&rft.date=1340&rft.aulast=Ibn+Ab%C4%AB+Zar%CA%BB+al-F%C4%81s%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+All%C4%81h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=5116">"حين يكتشف المغاربة أنهم كانوا شيعة وخوارج قبل أن يصبحوا مالكيين !"</a>. <i>hespress.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612182657/http://www.hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=5116">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hespress.com&rft.atitle=%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7+%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC+%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84+%D8%A3%D9%86+%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7+%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhespress.com%2F%3Fbrowser%3Dview%26EgyxpID%3D5116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnác_Goldziher1981" class="citation book cs1">Ignác Goldziher (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000gold"><i>Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000gold/page/218">218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10099-9"><bdi>978-0-691-10099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Islamic+Theology+and+Law&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10099-9&rft.au=Ign%C3%A1c+Goldziher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontois0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hastings2003" class="citation book cs1">James Hastings (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBwOF6jXBdIC&pg=PA844"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 844. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3704-2"><bdi>978-0-7661-3704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=844&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3704-2&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBwOF6jXBdIC%26pg%3DPA844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101310">"The Initial Destination of the Fatimid caliphate: The Yemen or The Maghrib?"</a>. The Institute of Ismaili Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706101911/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101310">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Initial+Destination+of+the+Fatimid+caliphate%3A+The+Yemen+or+The+Maghrib%3F&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.ac.uk%2Fview_article.asp%3FContentID%3D101310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm">"Shiʻah tenets concerning the question of the imamate – New Page 1"</a>. <i>muslimphilosophy.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024816/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muslimphilosophy.com&rft.atitle=Shi%CA%BBah+tenets+concerning+the+question+of+the+imamate+%E2%80%93+New+Page+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fik%2FMuqaddimah%2FChapter3%2FCh_3_25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi,<i>At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen</i> (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005 Referencing: Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, <i>At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen</i> (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005 Referencing: Encyclopædia Iranica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1999" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Paul Ernest (1999). <i>Hamid Al-Din Al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of Al-Hakim</i>. Ismaili Heritage Series. Vol. 3. London; New York: I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-321-7"><bdi>978-1-86064-321-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamid+Al-Din+Al-Kirmani%3A+Ismaili+Thought+in+the+Age+of+Al-Hakim&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Ismaili+Heritage+Series&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+in+association+with+the+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-321-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Paul+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madelung, W. (7 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7693">"al-Uk̲h̲ayḍir"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Uk%CC%B2h%CC%B2ay%E1%B8%8Dir&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brillonline.nl%2Fsubscriber%2Fentry%3Fentry%3Dislam_SIM-7693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article by Sayyid Ali ibn ' Ali Al-Zaidi, <i>At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen</i> (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502125032/http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Asia/yemeng.htm">"Universiteit Utrecht Universiteitsbibliotheek"</a>. Library.uu.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Asia/yemeng.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universiteit+Utrecht+Universiteitsbibliotheek&rft.pub=Library.uu.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.uu.nl%2Fwesp%2Fpopulstat%2FAsia%2Fyemeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevola-Shiban_2020-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nevola-Shiban_2020_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nevola-Shiban_2020_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nevola-Shiban_2020_177-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevolaShiban2020" class="citation book cs1">Nevola, Luca; Shiban, Baraa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=fulltext&uiLanguage=en&rid=50561">"The Role of "Coup Forces," Saleh, and the Houthis"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Islamists&rft.atitle=Who+are+Yemen%27s+Houthis%3F&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fwho-are-yemens-houthis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-government-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-government_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/yemen-houthi-rebels-announce-presidential-council-150206122736448.html">"Yemen's Houthis form own government in Sanaa"</a>. Al Jazeera. 6 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207102231/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/yemen-houthi-rebels-announce-presidential-council-150206122736448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse&rft.atitle=Anti-Shiite+and+Anti-Iranian+Discourses+in+ISIS+Texts&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=75-96&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ghasemi&rft.aufirst=Faezeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magiran.com%2Fpaper%2F1713990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><br /> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiesen2015" class="citation web cs1">Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=60799">"The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement"</a>. <i>Sada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>.</cite><span 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Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2"><bdi>978-0-19-511915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Just+Ruler+%28al-sult%C4%81n+Al-%CA%BB%C4%81dil%29+in+Sh%C4%AB%CA%BBite+Islam%3A+The+Comprehensive+Authority+of+the+Jurist+in+Imamite+Jurisprudence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511915-2&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Abdulhussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhaniShah-Kazemi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Sobhani, Ja'afar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah-Kazemi" title="Reza Shah-Kazemi">Shah-Kazemi, Reza</a> (2001). <i>Doctrines of Shiʻi Islam: A Compendium of Imami Beliefs and Practices</i> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). London: I. B. Tauris [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-780-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+A+Compendium+of+Imami+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=London&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-780-2&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27afar&rft.au=Shah-Kazemi%2C+Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabaei1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei">Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1979). <i>Shiʻite Islam</i>. Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9"><bdi>978-0-87395-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-272-9&rft.aulast=Tabatabaei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬabataba'i1977" class="citation book cs1">Ṭabataba'i, Allamah Sayyid Muḥammad Husayn (1977). <i>Shiʻite Islam</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-390-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-390-0"><bdi>978-0-87395-390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Islam&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-390-0&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACabataba%27i&rft.aufirst=Allamah+Sayyid+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Husayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaezi2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaezi, Ahmad (2004). <i>Shia political thought</i>. London: Islamic Centre of England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1"><bdi>978-1-904934-01-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59136662">59136662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+political+thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Islamic+Centre+of+England&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59136662&rft.isbn=978-1-904934-01-1&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelkowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Chelkowski, Peter J. (2010). <i>Eternal Performance: Taziyah and Other Shiite Rituals</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906497-51-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906497-51-4"><bdi>978-1-906497-51-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Performance%3A+Taziyah+and+Other+Shiite+Rituals&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906497-51-4&rft.aulast=Chelkowski&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Shiites" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Shiites">Shiites</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Shi%27ites" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shi'ites">Shi'ites</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shiism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shiism">Shia Islam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?"><i>Shiʻism: A Religion of Protest</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06428-7"><bdi>978-0-674-06428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBism%3A+A+Religion+of+Protest&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06428-7&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2004). <i>Shiʻism</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1888-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-1888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1888-0&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2007" class="citation book cs1">Halm, Heinz (2007). <i>The Shiʻites: A Short History</i>. Markus Wiener Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-437-8"><bdi>978-1-55876-437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%CA%BBites%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-437-8&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2000" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). <i>Early Shiʻi Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-434-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-434-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-434-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Shi%CA%BBi+Thought%3A+The+Teachings+of+Imam+Muhammad+Al-Baqir&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-434-4&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=Arzina+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcinkowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcinkowski, Christoph (2010). <i>Shiʻite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts</i>. Lit Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80049-7"><bdi>978-3-643-80049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Identities%3A+Community+and+Culture+in+Changing+Social+Contexts&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-80049-7&rft.aulast=Marcinkowski&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03499-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03499-8"><bdi>978-0-300-03499-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03499-8&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Wa%27izin_Shirazi" title="Sultan al-Wa'izin Shirazi">Shirazi, Sultanu'l-Wa'izin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/peshawar/index.html"><i>Peshawar Nights, A Transcript of a Dialogue between Shia and Sunni scholars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ansariyan_Publications" title="Ansariyan Publications">Ansariyan Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-438-320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-438-320-5"><bdi>978-964-438-320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peshawar+Nights%2C+A+Transcript+of+a+Dialogue+between+Shia+and+Sunni+scholars&rft.pub=Ansariyan+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-964-438-320-5&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Sultanu%27l-Wa%27izin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fpeshawar%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrHamid_Dabashi1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Hamid Dabashi</a> (1989). <i>Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-843-0"><bdi>978-0-88706-843-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expectation+of+the+Millennium%3A+Shi%CA%BBism+in+History&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-843-0&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Hamid+Dabashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rogerson" title="Barnaby Rogerson">Rogerson, Barnaby</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heirsofmuhammadi00roge"><i>The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni Shia split</i></a></span>. Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-896-9"><bdi>978-1-58567-896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Muhammad%3A+Islam%27s+First+Century+and+the+Origins+of+the+Sunni+Shia+split&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-896-9&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheirsofmuhammadi00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollaston2005" class="citation book cs1">Wollaston, Arthur N. (2005). <i>The Sunnis and Shias</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-7916-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-7916-9"><bdi>978-1-4254-7916-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunnis+and+Shias&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4254-7916-9&rft.aulast=Wollaston&rft.aufirst=Arthur+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa1988" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (1988). <i>Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2411-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-2411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+Shiites%3A+The+Ghulat+Sects&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2411-0&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shi'a Minorities in the Contemporary World: Migration, Transnationalism and Multilocality. United Kingdom, Edinburgh University Press, 2020.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalaji2009" class="citation journal cs1">Khalaji, Mehdi (27 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/9859-the-dilemmas-of-pan-islamic-unity-">"The Dilemmas of Pan-Islamic Unity"</a>. <i>Current Trends in Islamist Ideology</i>. <b>9</b>: 64–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Trends+in+Islamist+Ideology&rft.atitle=The+Dilemmas+of+Pan-Islamic+Unity&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=64-79&rft.date=2009-11-27&rft.aulast=Khalaji&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9859-the-dilemmas-of-pan-islamic-unity-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohdan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bohdan, Siarhei (Summer 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mei/mei/2020/00000074/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=3669aj37j07cl.x-ic-live-03">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"They Were Going Together with the Ikhwan": The Influence of Muslim Brotherhood Thinkers on Shi'i Islamists during the Cold War"</a>. <i>The Middle East Journal</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 243–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3751%2F74.2.14">10.3751/74.2.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-3461">1940-3461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225510058">225510058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=%22They+Were+Going+Together+with+the+Ikhwan%22%3A+The+Influence+of+Muslim+Brotherhood+Thinkers+on+Shi%27i+Islamists+during+the+Cold+War&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-262&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225510058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1940-3461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F74.2.14&rft.aulast=Bohdan&rft.aufirst=Siarhei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fmei%2Fmei%2F2020%2F00000074%2F00000002%2Fart00005%3Bjsessionid%3D3669aj37j07cl.x-ic-live-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604053950/https://shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu/research/shia-history-and-identity">"Shi'a History and Identity"</a>. <i>shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: Project on Shi'ism and Global Affairs at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>). 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu/research/shia-history-and-identity">the original</a> on 4 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Shi%27a+History+and+Identity&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshiism.wcfia.harvard.edu%2Fresearch%2Fshia-history-and-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftaryNanji2018" class="citation web cs1">Daftary, Farhad; Nanji, Azim (2018) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331025405/https://www.iis.ac.uk/academic-article/what-shia-islam">"What is Shi'a Islam?"</a>. <i>www.iis.ac.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Ismaili_Studies" title="Institute of Ismaili Studies">Institute of Ismaili Studies</a> at the Aga Khan Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/academic-article/what-shia-islam">the original</a> on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iis.ac.uk&rft.atitle=What+is+Shi%27a+Islam%3F&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Nanji%2C+Azim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.ac.uk%2Facademic-article%2Fwhat-shia-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuharrami2003" class="citation web cs1">Muharrami, Ghulam-Husayn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/history-shiism-advent-islam-end-minor-occultation-ghulam-husayn-muharrami">"History of Shi'ism: From the Advent of Islam up to the End of Minor Occultation"</a>. <i>Al-Islam.org</i>. Translated by Limba, Mansoor L. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=History+of+Shi%27ism%3A+From+the+Advent+of+Islam+up+to+the+End+of+Minor+Occultation&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Muharrami&rft.aufirst=Ghulam-Husayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fhistory-shiism-advent-islam-end-minor-occultation-ghulam-husayn-muharrami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyatullāh_Jaʿfar_Subḥānī" class="citation news cs1">Ayatullāh Jaʿfar Subḥānī. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.shafaqna.com/tag/shia-islam-history-and-doctrines/">"Shia Islam: History and Doctrines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shafaqna" title="Shafaqna">Shafaqna</a> (International Shia News Agency)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shia+Islam%3A+History+and+Doctrines&rft.au=Ayatull%C4%81h+Ja%CA%BFfar+Sub%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.shafaqna.com%2Ftag%2Fshia-islam-history-and-doctrines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShia+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shia_Islam_around_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shia Islam around the World</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Shia Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Shia Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Canada" title="Shia Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Egypt" title="Shia Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Shia Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Shia Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Shia Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Shia Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Shia Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Senegal" title="Shia Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Singapore" title="Shia Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Shia Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Shia Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Yemen" title="Shia Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a> <ul><li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4052455-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121390">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chiisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119345553">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chiisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119345553">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570868">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="šíismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph328393&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="šíité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127907&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536430405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sia">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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