Data Boost overview | Spanner

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href="https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/support" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/support" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - support" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Support" track-name="support" > Support </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/resources" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/resources" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - resources" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Resources" track-name="resources" > Resources </a> </tab> </nav> </cloudx-tabs-nav> <div class="devsite-product-button-row"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/contact" class="cta-button-secondary button " data-overflow="devsite-tabs-wrapper" data-overflow-wrapper="tab" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-metadata-position="nav" track-type="contact" track-name="sales" data-overflow-container="left" >Contact Us</a> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" class="cloud-free-trial-button cta-button-primary button-primary button cloud-button cloud-button--primary " track-metadata-position="nav" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" data-overflow-class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button cloud-free-trial-button cloud-free-trial-enabled cloud-button cloud-button--primary" data-overflow="devsite-top-logo-row" track-type="freeTrial" track-name="gcpCta" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" data-overflow-container="right" >Start free</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="googleCloud" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Google Cloud"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Documentation" track-name="docs-home" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Documentation" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Documentation </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/spanner/docs/create-query-database-console" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Guides" track-name="guides" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Guides" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Guides </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/spanner/docs/apis" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Reference" track-name="reference" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Reference" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Reference </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/spanner/docs/samples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Samples" track-name="samples" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Samples" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Samples </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/spanner/docs/support" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Support" track-name="support" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Support" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Support </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/spanner/docs/resources" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Resources" track-name="resources" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Resources" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Resources </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/tech-area-overviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technology areas" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technology areas </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Technology areas"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Technology areas"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/cross-product-overviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-product tools" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-product tools </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Cross-product tools"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Cross-product tools"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Related sites" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Related sites </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Related sites"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Related sites"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-type="globalNav" track-name="console" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Console" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Console </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/contact" class="cta-button-secondary button" data-overflow="devsite-tabs-wrapper" data-overflow-wrapper="tab" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-metadata-position="nav" track-type="contact" track-name="sales" data-overflow-container="left" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Contact Us" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Contact Us </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" class="cloud-free-trial-button cta-button-primary button-primary button cloud-button cloud-button--primary" track-metadata-position="nav" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" data-overflow-class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button cloud-free-trial-button cloud-free-trial-enabled cloud-button cloud-button--primary" data-overflow="devsite-top-logo-row" track-type="freeTrial" track-name="gcpCta" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" data-overflow-container="right" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Start free" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Start free </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Discover</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Product overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/editions-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/editions-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/editions-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner editions overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/postgresql-interface" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/postgresql-interface" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/postgresql-interface" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PostgreSQL interface</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/non-relational/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/non-relational/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/non-relational/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner for non-relational workloads</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/set-up" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/set-up" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/set-up" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up your environment</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and query a database</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/create-query-database-console" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/create-query-database-console" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/create-query-database-console" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use the Google Cloud console</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/gcloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/gcloud" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/gcloud" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use the gcloud CLI</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/manage-data-using-console" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/manage-data-using-console" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/manage-data-using-console" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage your data using the Google Cloud console</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Client libraries</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/cpp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/cpp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/cpp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>C++ quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/csharp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/csharp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/csharp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>C# quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/go" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/go" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/go" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Go quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/java" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/java" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/java" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Java quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/nodejs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/nodejs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/nodejs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Node.js quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PHP quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/python" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/python" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/python" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Python quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/ruby" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/ruby" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/ruby" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ruby quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/rest" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/rest" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/rest" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>REST quickstart</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Drivers</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/set-up" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/set-up" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/set-up" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up with drivers</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/jdbc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/jdbc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/jdbc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>JDBC quickstart</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/getting-started/pgadapter" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/getting-started/pgadapter" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/getting-started/pgadapter" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PostgreSQL drivers quickstart</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Free trial instances</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/free-trial-instance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/free-trial-instance" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/free-trial-instance" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Free trial instances overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/free-trial-quickstart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/free-trial-quickstart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/free-trial-quickstart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create a free trial instance</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Instances</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/instances" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/instances" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/instances" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Instances overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/compute-capacity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/compute-capacity" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/compute-capacity" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Nodes and processing units</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/instance-configurations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/instance-configurations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/instance-configurations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Regional, dual-region, and multi-region configurations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/region-types" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/region-types" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/region-types" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Region types</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/replication" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/replication" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/replication" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Replication</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Geo-partition data</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/geo-partitioning" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/geo-partitioning" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/geo-partitioning" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Geo-partitioning overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/create-manage-partitions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/create-manage-partitions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/create-manage-partitions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage partitions</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/create-manage-data-placements" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/create-manage-data-placements" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/create-manage-data-placements" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage data placements</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/leader-aware-routing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/leader-aware-routing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/leader-aware-routing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Leader-aware routing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/endpoints" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/endpoints" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/endpoints" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Global and regional service endpoints</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/create-manage-instances" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/create-manage-instances" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/create-manage-instances" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage instances</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/create-manage-configurations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/create-manage-configurations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/create-manage-configurations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage instance configurations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/change-dual-region-quorum" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/change-dual-region-quorum" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/change-dual-region-quorum" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Change dual-region quorum</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/move-instance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/move-instance" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/move-instance" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Move an instance</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Autoscale instances</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/autoscaling-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/autoscaling-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/autoscaling-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Autoscaling overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/managed-autoscaler" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/managed-autoscaler" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/managed-autoscaler" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Managed autoscaler</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Open source Autoscaler tool</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/autoscaler-tool-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/autoscaler-tool-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/autoscaler-tool-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Autoscaler tool overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/set-up-autoscaling-per-project-or-centralized" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/set-up-autoscaling-per-project-or-centralized" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/set-up-autoscaling-per-project-or-centralized" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up per-project or centralized autoscaling</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/set-up-autoscaling-distributed" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/set-up-autoscaling-distributed" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/set-up-autoscaling-distributed" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up distributed autoscaling</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/tags" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/tags" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/tags" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Control access and organize instances using tags</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Databases</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/databases" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/databases" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/databases" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Databases overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/choose-googlesql-or-postgres" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/choose-googlesql-or-postgres" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/choose-googlesql-or-postgres" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Choose between GoogleSQL and PostgreSQL</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/create-manage-databases" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/create-manage-databases" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/create-manage-databases" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage databases</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/prevent-database-deletion" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/prevent-database-deletion" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/prevent-database-deletion" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prevent accidental database deletion</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/modifying-leader-region" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/modifying-leader-region" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/modifying-leader-region" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Modify the leader region of a database</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/dc-integration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/dc-integration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/dc-integration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage resources using Data Catalog</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Design and manage a database schema</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/schema-and-data-model" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/schema-and-data-model" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/schema-and-data-model" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Schemas overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/schema-design" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/schema-design" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/schema-design" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Schema design best practices</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/schema-updates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/schema-updates" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/schema-updates" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Make schema updates</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/named-schemas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/named-schemas" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/named-schemas" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage named schemas</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/views" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/views" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/views" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Views overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/create-manage-views" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/create-manage-views" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/create-manage-views" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage views</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/secondary-indexes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/secondary-indexes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/secondary-indexes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Secondary indexes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/foreign-keys/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/foreign-keys/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/foreign-keys/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Foreign keys</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/primary-key-default-value" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/primary-key-default-value" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/primary-key-default-value" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Primary key default values management</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/foreign-keys/how-to" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/foreign-keys/how-to" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/foreign-keys/how-to" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage foreign key relationships</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/check-constraint/how-to" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/check-constraint/how-to" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/check-constraint/how-to" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage check constraints</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/generated-column/how-to" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/generated-column/how-to" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/generated-column/how-to" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage generated columns</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/storing-numeric-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/storing-numeric-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/storing-numeric-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Store arbitrary precision numeric data</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/sequence-tasks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/sequence-tasks" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/sequence-tasks" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage sequences</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/table-name-synonym" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/table-name-synonym" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/table-name-synonym" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage table names</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/manage-and-observe-long-running-operations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/manage-and-observe-long-running-operations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/manage-and-observe-long-running-operations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage and observe long-running operations</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure time to live (TTL)</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ttl" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ttl" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ttl" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>TTL overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ttl/working-with-ttl" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ttl/working-with-ttl" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ttl/working-with-ttl" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage data retention with TTL</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ttl/monitoring-and-metrics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ttl/monitoring-and-metrics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ttl/monitoring-and-metrics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>TTL metrics and monitoring</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Connect</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/psql-connect" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/psql-connect" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/psql-connect" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Connect to a PostgreSQL-dialect database</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Connect PostgreSQL clients to Spanner using PGAdapter</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/pgadapter" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/pgadapter" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/pgadapter" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PGAdapter overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-get" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/pgadapter-get" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-get" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get PGAdapter</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-start" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/pgadapter-start" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-start" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Start PGAdapter</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-session-mgmt-commands" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/pgadapter-session-mgmt-commands" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-session-mgmt-commands" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PGAdapter session management commands</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-emulator" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/pgadapter-emulator" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/pgadapter-emulator" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Connect PGAdapter to the emulator</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/configure-virtual-machine-instance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/configure-virtual-machine-instance" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/configure-virtual-machine-instance" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and connect a Compute Engine VM instance to access Spanner</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/connect-gke-cluster" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/connect-gke-cluster" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/connect-gke-cluster" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Connect to Spanner with a GKE cluster</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/integrate-google-cloud-platform" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/integrate-google-cloud-platform" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/integrate-google-cloud-platform" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Connect to Spanner from other Google Cloud services</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/authentication" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/authentication" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/authentication" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate to Spanner</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Secure and control access</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Access control with IAM</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/iam" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/iam" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/iam" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>IAM overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/grant-permissions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/grant-permissions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/grant-permissions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Apply IAM roles</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fine-grained access control</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/fgac-about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/fgac-about" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/fgac-about" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fine-grained access control overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/fgac-change-streams" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/fgac-change-streams" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/fgac-change-streams" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fine-grained access control for change streams</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/fgac-sequences" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/fgac-sequences" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/fgac-sequences" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fine-grained access control for sequences</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/fgac-models" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/fgac-models" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/fgac-models" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fine-grained access control for models</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/configure-fgac" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/configure-fgac" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/configure-fgac" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure fine-grained access control</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/access-with-fgac" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/access-with-fgac" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/access-with-fgac" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Access a database with fine-grained access control</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/fgac-privileges" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/fgac-privileges" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/fgac-privileges" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fine-grained access control privileges</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/fgac-system-roles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/fgac-system-roles" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/fgac-system-roles" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fine-grained access control system roles</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/spanner-custom-constraints" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/spanner-custom-constraints" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/spanner-custom-constraints" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add a custom organization policy</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Data encryption</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK)</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/cmek" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/cmek" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/cmek" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>CMEK overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-cmek" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-cmek" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-cmek" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Secure a database using CMEK</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/encryption-in-transit" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/encryption-in-transit" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/encryption-in-transit" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Data encryption in transit</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migration-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migration-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migration-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migration overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Primary key migration</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/primary-keys-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/primary-keys-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/primary-keys-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Primary key migration overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migrating-primary-keys" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migrating-primary-keys" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migrating-primary-keys" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate primary keys</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/load-sample-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/load-sample-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/load-sample-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Load sample data</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migrating-dynamodb-to-cloud-spanner" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migrating-dynamodb-to-cloud-spanner" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migrating-dynamodb-to-cloud-spanner" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate from DynamoDB</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migrating-mysql-to-spanner" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migrating-mysql-to-spanner" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migrating-mysql-to-spanner" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate from MySQL</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migrating-oracle-to-cloud-spanner" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migrating-oracle-to-cloud-spanner" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migrating-oracle-to-cloud-spanner" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate from Oracle</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate from PostgreSQL</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migrating-postgres-spanner" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migrating-postgres-spanner" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migrating-postgres-spanner" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate to a GoogleSQL-dialect database</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migrating-postgres-spanner-pgcompat" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migrating-postgres-spanner-pgcompat" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migrating-postgres-spanner-pgcompat" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate to a PostgreSQL-dialect database</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/non-relational/spanner-for-cassandra-users" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/non-relational/spanner-for-cassandra-users" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/non-relational/spanner-for-cassandra-users" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner for Cassandra users</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/migrate-spanner-pg-to-pg-database" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/migrate-spanner-pg-to-pg-database" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/migrate-spanner-pg-to-pg-database" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate Spanner to a PostgreSQL database</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import and export data</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/import-export-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/import-export-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/import-export-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import and export overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/dataflow-connector" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/dataflow-connector" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/dataflow-connector" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import, export, and modify data using Dataflow</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import and export data in Avro format</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/import" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/import" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/import" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import Spanner Avro files</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/export" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/export" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/export" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Export data from Spanner to Avro</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/import-non-spanner" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/import-non-spanner" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/import-non-spanner" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import data from non-Spanner databases</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/import-export-csv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/import-export-csv" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/import-export-csv" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import and export data in CSV format</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/import-copy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/import-copy" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/import-copy" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Import data from PostgreSQL using COPY</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/bulk-loading" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/bulk-loading" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/bulk-loading" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Bulk loading best practices</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Disaster recovery</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backup/disaster-recovery-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backup/disaster-recovery-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backup/disaster-recovery-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Disaster recovery overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Back up databases</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backup" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backup" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backup" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Backups overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backup/create-backups" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backup/create-backups" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backup/create-backups" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create backups</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backup/create-manage-backup-schedules" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backup/create-manage-backup-schedules" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backup/create-manage-backup-schedules" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage backup schedules</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backup/manage-backups" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backup/manage-backups" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backup/manage-backups" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage backups</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Restore databases</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backup/restore-backup-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backup/restore-backup-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backup/restore-backup-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Restore overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backup/restore-backups" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backup/restore-backups" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backup/restore-backups" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Restore from a backup</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Point-in-time recovery (PITR)</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/pitr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/pitr" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/pitr" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PITR overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-pitr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-pitr" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-pitr" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Recover data using PITR</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Develop</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-preview"><a href="/spanner/docs/write-sql-gemini" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/write-sql-gemini" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/write-sql-gemini" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Write SQL with Gemini assistance</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="preview" data-title="Preview" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use case best practices</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/best-practices-gaming-database" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/best-practices-gaming-database" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/best-practices-gaming-database" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner as a gaming database</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate language frameworks</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with Hibernate</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-hibernate" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-hibernate" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-hibernate" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with Hibernate ORM (GoogleSQL)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-hibernate-postgresql" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-hibernate-postgresql" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-hibernate-postgresql" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with Hibernate ORM (PostgreSQL)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/write-hibernate-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/write-hibernate-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/write-hibernate-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Write a Hibernate app that connects to Spanner</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with Spring Data JPA</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jpa" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jpa" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jpa" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with Spring Data JPA (GoogleSQL)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jpa-postgresql" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jpa-postgresql" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jpa-postgresql" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with Spring Data JPA (PostgreSQL)</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with Spring Data JDBC</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jdbc-postgresql" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jdbc-postgresql" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-spring-data-jdbc-postgresql" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with Spring Data JDBC (PostgreSQL)</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with MyBatis</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-mybatis-spring-boot-postgresql" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-mybatis-spring-boot-postgresql" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-mybatis-spring-boot-postgresql" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with MyBatis and Spring Boot (PostgreSQL)</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/adding-spring" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/adding-spring" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/adding-spring" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with Spring Data</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/write-spring-boot-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/write-spring-boot-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/write-spring-boot-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Write a Spring Boot app that connects to Spanner</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with GORM</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-gorm" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-gorm" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-gorm" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with GORM (GoogleSQL)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-gorm-postgresql" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-gorm-postgresql" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-gorm-postgresql" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with GORM (PostgreSQL)</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/django-orm" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/django-orm" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/django-orm" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with Django ORM</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with SQLAlchemy</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-sqlalchemy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-sqlalchemy" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-sqlalchemy" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with SQLAlchemy (GoogleSQL)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-sqlalchemy-pg" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-sqlalchemy-pg" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-sqlalchemy-pg" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with SQLAlchemy (PostgreSQL)</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-active-record" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-active-record" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-active-record" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with Active Record</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-entity-framework" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-entity-framework" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-entity-framework" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner with Entity Framework Core</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use transactions</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/transactions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/transactions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/transactions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Transactions overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/timestamp-bounds" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/timestamp-bounds" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/timestamp-bounds" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Timestamp bounds</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Commit timestamps</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/commit-timestamp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/commit-timestamp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/commit-timestamp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>In GoogleSQL-dialect databases</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/commit-timestamp-postgresql" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/commit-timestamp-postgresql" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/commit-timestamp-postgresql" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>In PostgreSQL-dialect databases</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/true-time-external-consistency" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/true-time-external-consistency" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/true-time-external-consistency" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>TrueTime and external consistency</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/throughput-optimized-writes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/throughput-optimized-writes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/throughput-optimized-writes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Throughput optimized writes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/commit-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/commit-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/commit-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Retrieve commit statistics for a transaction</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-select-for-update" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-select-for-update" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-select-for-update" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use SELECT FOR UPDATE</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/sessions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/sessions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/sessions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Sessions</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/sql-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/sql-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/sql-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SQL best practices</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Read data</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/reads" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/reads" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/reads" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reads outside of transactions</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/directed-reads" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/directed-reads" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/directed-reads" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Directed reads</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use Data Boost independent compute resources for reads</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Data Boost overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-run-queries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-run-queries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-run-queries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run federated queries with Data Boost</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-export" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-export" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-export" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Export data with Data Boost</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-applications" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-applications" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-applications" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use Data Boost in your applications</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-monitor" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-monitor" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-monitor" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor Data Boost usage</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-quotas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-quotas" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/databoost/databoost-quotas" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor and manage Data Boost quota usage</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Modify data</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/modify-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/modify-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/modify-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Modify data using the Google Cloud console</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/modify-gcloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/modify-gcloud" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/modify-gcloud" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Modify data using the gcloud CLI</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Modify data using DML</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/dml-tasks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/dml-tasks" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/dml-tasks" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Insert, update, and delete data using DML</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/dml-partitioned" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/dml-partitioned" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/dml-partitioned" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Partitioned DML</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/dml-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/dml-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/dml-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>DML best practices</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/modify-mutation-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/modify-mutation-api" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/modify-mutation-api" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Modify data using mutations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/dml-versus-mutations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/dml-versus-mutations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/dml-versus-mutations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Compare DML with mutations</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/batch-write" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/batch-write" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/batch-write" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Modify data using batch write</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with data types</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with arrays</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/reference/standard-sql/arrays" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/reference/standard-sql/arrays" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/reference/standard-sql/arrays" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>In GoogleSQL-dialect databases</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/reference/postgresql/arrays" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/reference/postgresql/arrays" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/reference/postgresql/arrays" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>In PostgreSQL-dialect databases</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/structs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/structs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/structs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with STRUCT objects</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/working-with-numerics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/working-with-numerics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/working-with-numerics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with NUMERIC data</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/working-with-json" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/working-with-json" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/working-with-json" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with JSON data</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/working-with-jsonb" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/working-with-jsonb" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/working-with-jsonb" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with JSONB data</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/reference/standard-sql/protocol-buffers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/reference/standard-sql/protocol-buffers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/reference/standard-sql/protocol-buffers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with protocol buffers in GoogleSQL</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AI and machine learning</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Vector search</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/find-k-nearest-neighbors" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/find-k-nearest-neighbors" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/find-k-nearest-neighbors" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Perform similarity vector search by finding the K-nearest neighbors</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/choose-vector-distance-function" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/choose-vector-distance-function" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/choose-vector-distance-function" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Choose among vector distance functions to measure vector embeddings similarity</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/find-approximate-nearest-neighbors" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/find-approximate-nearest-neighbors" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/find-approximate-nearest-neighbors" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Find approximate nearest neighbors, create vector indexes, and query vector embeddings</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/vector-search-embeddings" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/vector-search-embeddings" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/vector-search-embeddings" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Export embeddings to Vertex AI Vector Search</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Invoke ML predictions using SQL</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ml" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ml" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ml" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Vertex AI integration overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ml-tutorial" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ml-tutorial" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ml-tutorial" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Generate ML predictions using SQL</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ml-tutorial-embeddings" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ml-tutorial-embeddings" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ml-tutorial-embeddings" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get Vertex AI text embeddings</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/backfill-embeddings" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/backfill-embeddings" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/backfill-embeddings" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Generate vector embeddings for textual data in bulk using partitioned DML</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ml-tutorial-generative-ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ml-tutorial-generative-ai" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ml-tutorial-generative-ai" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use Generative AI with a sample ecommerce application</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ml-emulator" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ml-emulator" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ml-emulator" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Generate ML predictions using the Spanner emulator</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate with AI technologies</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/langchain" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/langchain" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/langchain" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build LLM-powered applications using LangChain</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Develop and test</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/emulator" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/emulator" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/emulator" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Emulate Spanner locally</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-terraform" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-terraform" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-terraform" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use Terraform with Spanner</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/custom-timeout-and-retry" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/custom-timeout-and-retry" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/custom-timeout-and-retry" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure custom timeouts and retries</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/statement-timeout" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/statement-timeout" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/statement-timeout" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure statement timeout</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/transaction-timeout" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/transaction-timeout" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/transaction-timeout" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure transaction timeout</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Process and view data</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/dataflow-templates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/dataflow-templates" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/dataflow-templates" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Dataflow templates</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Stream out data changes</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/change-streams" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/change-streams" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/change-streams" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Change streams overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/change-streams/manage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/change-streams/manage" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/change-streams/manage" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and manage change streams</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/change-streams/use-dataflow" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/change-streams/use-dataflow" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/change-streams/use-dataflow" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build change streams connections using Dataflow</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/change-streams/use-kafka" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/change-streams/use-kafka" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/change-streams/use-kafka" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build change streams connections to Kafka</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/change-streams/details" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/change-streams/details" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/change-streams/details" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Change streams partitions, records, and queries</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-intellij" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-intellij" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-intellij" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate Spanner with IntelliJ</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/partners/looker" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/partners/looker" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/partners/looker" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate Spanner with Looker</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-liquibase" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-liquibase" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-liquibase" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Integrate Spanner with Liquibase</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Full-text search</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Full-text search overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Tokenization and Search Indexes</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/tokenization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/tokenization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/tokenization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Tokenization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-indexes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-indexes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-indexes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Search indexes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/numeric-indexes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/numeric-indexes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/numeric-indexes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Numeric search indexes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/partition-search-index" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/partition-search-index" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/partition-search-index" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Partition search indexes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/combine-tokenlists" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/combine-tokenlists" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/combine-tokenlists" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Combine TOKENLISTs</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Full-text search queries</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/query-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/query-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/query-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Query overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-multiple-columns" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-multiple-columns" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-multiple-columns" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Search multiple columns</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/mix-full-text-and-non-text-queries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/mix-full-text-and-non-text-queries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/mix-full-text-and-non-text-queries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Mix full-text and non-text queries</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/ranked-search" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/ranked-search" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/ranked-search" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Rank search results</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/substring-search" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/substring-search" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/substring-search" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Perform a substring search</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/fuzzy-search" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/fuzzy-search" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/fuzzy-search" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Find approximate matches with fuzzy search</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/top-k-pattern-matching" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/top-k-pattern-matching" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/top-k-pattern-matching" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Perform top-k pattern matching</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/paginate-search-results" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/paginate-search-results" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/paginate-search-results" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Paginate search results</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-vs-secondary-index" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-vs-secondary-index" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/full-text-search/search-vs-secondary-index" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Search versus secondary indexes</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/pre-warm-database" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/pre-warm-database" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/pre-warm-database" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Warm up database before application launch</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner Graph</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Product overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/set-up" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/set-up" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/set-up" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up and query Spanner Graph</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner Graph schema</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/schema-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/schema-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/schema-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Schema overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/best-practices-designing-schema" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/best-practices-designing-schema" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/best-practices-designing-schema" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best practices for designing a schema</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/create-update-drop-schema" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/create-update-drop-schema" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/create-update-drop-schema" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create, update, or drop a schema</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/insert-update-delete-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/insert-update-delete-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/insert-update-delete-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Insert, update, or delete data</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner Graph queries</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/queries-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/queries-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/queries-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Queries overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/work-with-paths" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/work-with-paths" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/work-with-paths" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Work with paths</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/best-practices-tuning-queries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/best-practices-tuning-queries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/best-practices-tuning-queries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best practices for tuning queries</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/full-text-search-and-graph" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/full-text-search-and-graph" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/full-text-search-and-graph" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use full-text search with Spanner Graph</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/perform-vector-similarity-search" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/perform-vector-similarity-search" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/perform-vector-similarity-search" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use vector search with Spanner Graph</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/migrate" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/migrate" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/migrate" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate to Spanner Graph</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/opencypher-reference" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/opencypher-reference" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/opencypher-reference" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Spanner Graph reference for openCypher users</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/graph/troubleshoot" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/graph/troubleshoot" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/graph/troubleshoot" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot Spanner Graph</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Capture telemetry signals</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/signal-capture-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/signal-capture-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/signal-capture-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Signal capture overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Trace collection</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/tracing-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/tracing-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/tracing-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Trace collection overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/set-up-tracing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/set-up-tracing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/set-up-tracing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up trace collect traces using OpenTelemetry</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Metrics</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/metrics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/metrics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/metrics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Metrics list</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Client-side metric collection</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/view-manage-client-side-metrics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/view-manage-client-side-metrics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/view-manage-client-side-metrics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>View and manage client-side metrics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/client-side-metrics-descriptions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/client-side-metrics-descriptions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/client-side-metrics-descriptions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Client-side metrics description</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Custom client-side metric collection</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/capture-custom-metrics-opentelemetry" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/capture-custom-metrics-opentelemetry" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/capture-custom-metrics-opentelemetry" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Capture custom client-side metrics using OpenTelemetry</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/capture-custom-metrics-opencensus" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/capture-custom-metrics-opencensus" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/capture-custom-metrics-opencensus" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Capture custom client-side metrics using OpenCensus</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/audit-logging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/audit-logging" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/audit-logging" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Audit logs</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor instances</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/monitoring-console" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/monitoring-console" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/monitoring-console" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor instance performance using insights</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/monitoring-cloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/monitoring-cloud" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/monitoring-cloud" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor instances using Cloud Monitoring</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Optimize and troubleshoot</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Optimize Spanner performance</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/performance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/performance" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/performance" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Performance overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/using-query-insights" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/using-query-insights" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/using-query-insights" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze query performance</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/monitor-active-queries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/monitor-active-queries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/monitor-active-queries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor active queries</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Query optimizer</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/query-optimizer/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Query optimizer overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/query-optimizer/versions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/versions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Query optimizer versions</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/version-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/query-optimizer/version-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/version-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>List query optimizer versions</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/manage-query-optimizer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/query-optimizer/manage-query-optimizer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/query-optimizer/manage-query-optimizer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage the query optimizer</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/query-execution-plans" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/query-execution-plans" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/query-execution-plans" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Query execution plans</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/tune-query-with-visualizer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/tune-query-with-visualizer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/tune-query-with-visualizer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Tune a query using the query plan visualizer</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/find-hotspots-in-database" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/find-hotspots-in-database" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/find-hotspots-in-database" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Find hotspots in your database</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/index-advisor" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/index-advisor" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/index-advisor" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use the index advisor</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze usage patterns with Key Visualizer</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/key-visualizer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Key Visualizer overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer/getting-started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/key-visualizer/getting-started" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer/getting-started" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Access Key Visualizer</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer/exploring-heatmaps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/key-visualizer/exploring-heatmaps" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer/exploring-heatmaps" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Explore Key Visualizer heatmaps</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer/patterns" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/key-visualizer/patterns" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/key-visualizer/patterns" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Key Visualizer heatmap patterns</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot latency</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/latency-points" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/latency-points" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/latency-points" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Latency points in a Spanner request</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/identify-latency-point" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/identify-latency-point" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/identify-latency-point" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Identify where latency occurs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/latency-metrics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/latency-metrics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/latency-metrics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use metrics to diagnose latency</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/audit-logging-request-latency-guide" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/audit-logging-request-latency-guide" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/audit-logging-request-latency-guide" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Calculate streaming and partition request latency</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/use-lock-and-transaction-insights" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/use-lock-and-transaction-insights" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/use-lock-and-transaction-insights" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Identify transactions that cause high latencies</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot issues using built-in statistics tables</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Built-in statistics tables overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/query-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/query-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/query-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Query statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/oldest-active-queries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/oldest-active-queries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/oldest-active-queries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Oldest active queries statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/active-partitioned-dmls" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/active-partitioned-dmls" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/active-partitioned-dmls" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Active partitioned DMLs statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/read-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/read-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/read-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Read statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/transaction-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/transaction-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/transaction-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Transaction statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/lock-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/lock-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/lock-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Lock statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/table-sizes-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/table-sizes-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/table-sizes-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Table sizes statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/table-operations-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/table-operations-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/table-operations-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Table operations statistics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/hot-split-statistics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/hot-split-statistics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/hot-split-statistics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Split statistics</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot instance utilization</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/cpu-utilization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/cpu-utilization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/cpu-utilization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>CPU utilization overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/investigate-cpu-utilization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/investigate-cpu-utilization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/investigate-cpu-utilization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot high CPU utilization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/storage-utilization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/storage-utilization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/storage-utilization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Storage utilization</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/troubleshooting-performance-regressions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/troubleshooting-performance-regressions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/troubleshooting-performance-regressions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot performance regressions</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/introspection/troubleshooting-with-tags" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/introspection/troubleshooting-with-tags" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/introspection/troubleshooting-with-tags" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot with request tags and transaction tags</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/deadline-exceeded" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/deadline-exceeded" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/deadline-exceeded" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot deadline exceeded errors</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/ml-troubleshoot" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/ml-troubleshoot" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/ml-troubleshoot" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot Vertex AI integration errors</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/error-codes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/error-codes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/error-codes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Error codes</span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Technology areas" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/ai-ml" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: AI and ML" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > AI and ML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/application-development" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Application development" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Application development </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/application-hosting" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Application hosting" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Application hosting </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/compute-area" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compute" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compute </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data analytics and pipelines" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data analytics and pipelines </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/databases" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Databases" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Databases </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/dhm-cloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/generative-ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Generative AI" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Generative AI </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/industry" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Industry solutions" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Industry solutions </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/networking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Networking" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Networking </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/observability" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Observability and monitoring" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Observability and monitoring </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/storage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Storage" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Storage </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" 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</devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>Spanner Data Boost is a fully managed, serverless service that provides independent compute resources for supported Spanner workloads. Data Boost lets you execute analytics queries and data exports with near-zero impact to existing workloads on the provisioned Spanner instance. The service consists of Spanner clusters that Google manages at the region level. For eligible queries that request Data Boost, Spanner routes the workload to these servers transparently. Eligible queries are those for which the first operator in the query execution plan is a distributed union. These queries don't have to change to take advantage of Data Boost.</p> <p>Data Boost is most impactful in the following scenarios where you want to avoid negative impacts to the existing transactional system due to resource contention:</p> <ul> <li>Ad hoc or infrequent queries that involve processing large amounts of data. A typical example is a <a href="/bigquery/docs/spanner-federated-queries">federated query</a> from BigQuery to Spanner.</li> <li>Reporting or data export jobs. An example is a Dataflow job to export Spanner data to Cloud Storage.</li> </ul> <p>The following diagram illustrates how Data Boost coordinates with the Spanner instance to provide independent compute resources.</p> <p><img src="/static/spanner/docs/images/databoost-architecture.png" alt="Data Boost within the Spanner architecture"></p> <h2 id="benefits" data-text="Benefits" tabindex="-1">Benefits</h2> <p>Data Boost offers the following benefits:</p> <ul> <li>Provides workload isolation. You can run supported queries against the latest data with near-zero impact on existing transactional workloads regardless of query complexity or amount of data processed.</li> <li>Provides equal or better latency.</li> <li>Prevents over-provisioning of Spanner instances just to support occasional analytics queries.</li> <li>Offers a high degree of scalability with greater query parallelism that scales elastically with burst loads.</li> <li>Provides comprehensive metrics, which let administrators identify the most expensive queries and determine the cost component to optimize. Administrators can then verify the impact of their optimizations by monitoring the query's serverless processing unit consumption in its next execution.</li> <li>Requires no additional operational overhead. There is no extra service to manage, no capacity planning or provisioning, no need to wait for scaling, and no maintenance.</li> </ul> <h2 id="permissions" data-text="Permissions" tabindex="-1">Permissions</h2> <p>Any principal that runs a query or export that requests Data Boost must have the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">spanner.databases.useDataBoost</code> Identity and Access Management (IAM) permission. We recommend that you use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Cloud Spanner Database Reader With DataBoost</code> (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">roles/spanner.databaseReaderWithDataBoost</code>) IAM role.</p> <h2 id="billing_and_quotas" data-text="Billing and quotas" tabindex="-1">Billing and quotas</h2> <p>You pay only for actual processing units used by queries that run on Data Boost. 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