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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cornish_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornish_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cornish boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornish_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lancashire_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancashire_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lancashire boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancashire_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotch_marine_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotch_marine_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Scotch marine boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotch_marine_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotive_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotive_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Locomotive boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotive_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_fire-tube_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_fire-tube_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vertical fire-tube boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_fire-tube_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontal_return_tubular_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_return_tubular_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Horizontal return tubular boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_return_tubular_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admiralty-type_direct_tube_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admiralty-type_direct_tube_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Admiralty-type direct tube boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admiralty-type_direct_tube_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immersion_fired_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immersion_fired_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Immersion fired boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immersion_fired_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Water tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_flame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_flame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reverse flame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_flame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Package_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Package_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Package boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Package_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_and_efficiencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_efficiencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economics and efficiencies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics_and_efficiencies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics and efficiencies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_efficiencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excessive_cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excessive_cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Excessive cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excessive_cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fireside_corrosion_in_non-condensing_boilers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fireside_corrosion_in_non-condensing_boilers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Fireside corrosion in non-condensing boilers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fireside_corrosion_in_non-condensing_boilers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condensing_boilers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condensing_boilers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Condensing boilers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condensing_boilers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maintenance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_inspection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_inspection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Daily inspection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_inspection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Washout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodic_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodic_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Periodic examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodic_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_overhaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_overhaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>General overhaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_overhaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A8" title="غلاية أنابيب اللهب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاية أنابيب اللهب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Газотръбен котел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Газотръбен котел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fwasserraumkessel" title="Großwasserraumkessel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großwasserraumkessel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_de_tubos_de_fuego" title="Caldera de tubos de fuego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caldera de tubos de fuego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیگ‌بخار لوله‌آتشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیگ‌بخار لوله‌آتشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re_%C3%A0_tubes_de_fum%C3%A9es" title="Chaudière à tubes de fumées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaudière à tubes de fumées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatrocijevni_kotao" title="Vatrocijevni kotao – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vatrocijevni kotao" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldaia_a_tubi_di_fumo" title="Caldaia a tubi di fumo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caldaia a tubi di fumo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Газотрубный котёл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газотрубный котёл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fire-tube boiler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatrocijevni_kotao" title="Vatrocijevni kotao – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vatrocijevni kotao" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulitorvi-tuliputkikattila" title="Tulitorvi-tuliputkikattila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulitorvi-tuliputkikattila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="లోకోమోటివ్ బాయిలరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లోకోమోటివ్ బాయిలరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1549765#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of boiler</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aufgeschnittener_Kessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aufgeschnittener_Kessel.jpg/250px-Aufgeschnittener_Kessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aufgeschnittener_Kessel.jpg/330px-Aufgeschnittener_Kessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aufgeschnittener_Kessel.jpg/500px-Aufgeschnittener_Kessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sectioned fire-tube boiler from a <a href="/wiki/DRB_Class_50" title="DRB Class 50">DRB Class 50</a> locomotive. Hot flue gases created in the <i><a href="/wiki/Firebox_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firebox (locomotive)">firebox</a></i> (on the left) pass through the tubes in the centre cylindrical section, which is filled with water, to the <i>smokebox</i> and out of the chimney (stack) at far right. The steam collects along the top of the boiler and in the <i>steam dome</i> roughly halfway along the top, where it then flows into the large pipe seen running forward. It is then divided into each side and runs downward in the <i>steam chest</i> (at the rear of the smoke box), where it is then admitted into the <i>cylinders</i> by means of <i>valves</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fire-tube boiler</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> invented in 1828 by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Seguin" title="Marc Seguin">Marc Seguin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which hot gases pass from a fire through one or more tubes running through a sealed container of water. The <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> of the gases is transferred through the walls of the tubes by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal conduction</a>, heating the water and ultimately creating <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>. </p><p>The fire-tube boiler developed as the third of the four major historical types of boilers: low-pressure tank or "<a href="/wiki/Haystack_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack boiler">haystack</a>" boilers, <a href="/wiki/Flued_boiler" title="Flued boiler">flued boilers</a> with one or two large flues, fire-tube boilers with many small tubes, and high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">water-tube boilers</a>. Their advantage over flued boilers with a single large flue is that the many small tubes offer far greater heating surface area for the same overall boiler volume. The general construction is as a tank of water penetrated by tubes that carry the hot <a href="/wiki/Flue_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gases">flue gases</a> from the fire. The tank is usually <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> for the most part—being the strongest practical shape for a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressurized container</a>—and this cylindrical tank may be either horizontal or vertical. </p><p>This type of boiler was used on virtually all <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> in the horizontal "locomotive" form. This has a cylindrical barrel containing the fire tubes, but also has an extension at one end to house the "firebox". This firebox has an open base to provide a large grate area and often extends beyond the cylindrical barrel to form a rectangular or tapered enclosure. The horizontal fire-tube boiler is also typical of marine applications, using the <a href="/wiki/Scotch_marine_boiler" title="Scotch marine boiler">Scotch boiler</a>; thus, these boilers are commonly referred to as "scotch-marine" or "marine" type boilers.<sup id="cite_ref-fda_canneries_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda_canneries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vertical_boiler" title="Vertical boiler">Vertical boilers</a> have also been built of the multiple fire-tube type, although these are comparatively rare; most vertical boilers were either flued, or with cross water-tubes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_fire_tube_boiler_schematic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locomotive_fire_tube_boiler_schematic.png/220px-Locomotive_fire_tube_boiler_schematic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locomotive_fire_tube_boiler_schematic.png/330px-Locomotive_fire_tube_boiler_schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locomotive_fire_tube_boiler_schematic.png/440px-Locomotive_fire_tube_boiler_schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of a "locomotive" type fire-tube boiler</figcaption></figure> <p>In the locomotive-type boiler, fuel is burnt in a <a href="/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)" title="Firebox (steam engine)">firebox</a> to produce hot combustion gases. The firebox is surrounded by a cooling jacket of water connected to the long, cylindrical boiler shell. The hot gases are directed along a series of <i>fire tubes</i>, or <i>flues</i>, that penetrate the boiler and heat the water thereby generating saturated ("wet") steam. The steam rises to the highest point of the boiler, the <i><a href="/wiki/Steam_dome" title="Steam dome">steam dome</a></i>, where it is collected. The dome is the site of the <i>regulator</i> that controls the exit of steam from the boiler. </p><p>In the locomotive boiler, the saturated steam is very often passed into a <i><a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheater</a></i>, back through the larger flues at the top of the boiler, to dry the steam and heat it to <i>superheated steam</i>. The superheated steam is directed to the steam engine's <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">cylinders</a> or very rarely to a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">turbine</a> to produce mechanical work. Exhaust gases are fed out through a <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a>, and may be used to pre-heat the feed water to increase the efficiency of the boiler. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Smokestack#Chimney_draught_or_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokestack">Draught</a> for firetube boilers, particularly in marine applications, is usually provided by a tall <a href="/wiki/Smokestack" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokestack">smokestack</a>. In all steam locomotives since <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">Stephenson's</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket"><i>Rocket</i></a>, additional draught is supplied by directing exhaust steam from the cylinders into the smokestack through a <a href="/wiki/Blastpipe" title="Blastpipe">blastpipe</a>, to provide a partial <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. Modern industrial boilers use fans to provide forced or induced draughting of the boiler. </p><p>Another major advance in the <a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket"><i>Rocket</i></a> was large numbers of small-diameter firetubes (a <i>multi-tubular boiler</i>) instead of a single large flue. This greatly increased the surface area for heat transfer, allowing steam to be produced at a much higher rate. Without this, <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> could never have developed effectively as powerful <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(locomotive)" title="Prime mover (locomotive)">prime movers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>For more details on the related ancestor type, see <a href="/wiki/Flued_boiler" title="Flued boiler">Flued boilers</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornish_boiler">Cornish boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cornish boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cornish_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish boiler">Cornish boiler</a></div> <p>The earliest form of fire-tube boiler was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a>'s "high-pressure" Cornish boiler. This is a long horizontal cylinder with a single large flue containing the fire. The fire itself was on an iron grating placed across this flue, with a shallow ashpan beneath to collect the non-combustible residue. Although considered as low-pressure (perhaps 25 pounds per square inch (170 kPa)) today, the use of a cylindrical boiler shell permitted a higher pressure than the earlier "haystack" boilers of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Newcomen's</a> day. As the furnace relied on natural <a href="/wiki/Chimney_draught" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimney draught">draught</a> (air flow), a tall <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a> was required at the far end of the flue to encourage a good supply of air (oxygen) to the fire. </p><p>For efficiency, the boiler was commonly encased beneath by a <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>-built chamber. Flue gases were routed through this, outside the iron boiler shell, after passing through the fire-tube and so to a chimney that was now placed at the front face of the boiler. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg/250px-Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg/330px-Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg/500px-Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Lancashire boiler in Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancashire_boiler">Lancashire boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lancashire boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire boiler</a></div> <p>The Lancashire boiler is similar to the Cornish, but has two large flues containing the fires. It was the invention of <a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">William Fairbairn</a> in 1844, from a theoretical consideration of the thermodynamics of more efficient boilers that led him to increase the furnace grate area relative to the volume of water. </p><p>Later developments added <i>Galloway tubes</i> (after their inventor, patented in 1848),<sup id="cite_ref-MSIM,_Lancashire_boiler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSIM,_Lancashire_boiler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crosswise water tubes across the flue, thus increasing the heated surface area. As these are short tubes of large diameter and the boiler continues to use a relatively low pressure, this is still not considered to be a water-tube boiler. The tubes are tapered, simply to make their installation through the flue easier.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris,_Model_Boilers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris,_Model_Boilers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotch_marine_boiler_side_section_(Stokers_Manual_1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Scotch_marine_boiler_side_section_%28Stokers_Manual_1912%29.jpg/250px-Scotch_marine_boiler_side_section_%28Stokers_Manual_1912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Scotch_marine_boiler_side_section_%28Stokers_Manual_1912%29.jpg/330px-Scotch_marine_boiler_side_section_%28Stokers_Manual_1912%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Scotch_marine_boiler_side_section_%28Stokers_Manual_1912%29.jpg/500px-Scotch_marine_boiler_side_section_%28Stokers_Manual_1912%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>Side-section of a Scotch marine boiler: the arrows show direction of flue gas flow; the combustion chamber is on the right, the smokebox on the left.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotch_marine_boiler">Scotch marine boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scotch marine boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scotch_marine_boiler" title="Scotch marine boiler">Scotch marine boiler</a></div> <p>The Scotch marine boiler differs dramatically from its predecessors in using a large number of small-diameter tubes. This gives a far greater heating surface area for the volume and weight. The furnace remains a single large-diameter tube with the many small tubes arranged above it. They are connected together through a combustion chamber – an enclosed volume contained entirely within the boiler shell – so that the flow of flue gas through the firetubes is from back to front. An enclosed smokebox covering the front of these tubes leads upwards to the <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a> or funnel. Typical Scotch boilers had a pair of furnaces, larger ones had three. Above this size, such as for large <a href="/wiki/Steam_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam ships">steam ships</a>, it was more usual to install multiple boilers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotive_boiler">Locomotive boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Locomotive boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad_No10_Boiler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad_No10_Boiler.jpg/250px-Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad_No10_Boiler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad_No10_Boiler.jpg/330px-Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad_No10_Boiler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad_No10_Boiler.jpg/500px-Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad_No10_Boiler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7608" data-file-height="5072" /></a><figcaption>Worker tending to a <a href="/wiki/Shay_locomotive" title="Shay locomotive">Shay locomotive</a> boiler.</figcaption></figure> <p>A locomotive boiler has three main components: a double-walled <a href="/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)" title="Firebox (steam engine)">firebox</a>; a horizontal, cylindrical "boiler barrel" containing a large number of small flue-tubes; and a <a href="/wiki/Smokebox" title="Smokebox">smokebox</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a>, for the exhaust gases. The boiler barrel contains larger flue-tubes to carry the <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheater</a> elements, where present. Forced draught is provided in the locomotive boiler by injecting exhausted steam back into the exhaust via a <a href="/wiki/Blast_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Blast pipe">blast pipe</a> in the smokebox. </p><p>Locomotive-type boilers are also used in <a href="/wiki/Traction_engine" title="Traction engine">traction engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steam_roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam roller">steam rollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_engine" title="Portable engine">portable engines</a> and some other steam road vehicles. The inherent strength of the boiler means it is used as the basis for the vehicle: all the other components, including the wheels, are mounted on brackets attached to the boiler. It is rare to find superheaters designed into this type of boiler, and they are generally much smaller (and simpler) than railway locomotive types. </p><p>The locomotive-type boiler is also a characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Overtype_steam_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtype steam wagon">overtype steam wagon</a>, the steam-powered fore-runner of the <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a>. In this case, however, heavy girder frames make up the load-bearing chassis of the vehicle, and the boiler is attached to this. </p> <dl><dt>Taper boiler</dt></dl> <p>Certain railway locomotive boilers are tapered from a larger diameter at the firebox end to a smaller diameter at the <a href="/wiki/Smokebox" title="Smokebox">smokebox</a> end. This reduces weight and improves water circulation. Many later <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">London, Midland and Scottish Railway</a> locomotives were designed or modified to take taper boilers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_fire-tube_boiler">Vertical fire-tube boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vertical fire-tube boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vertical_boiler" title="Vertical boiler">Vertical boiler</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Vertical_fire-tube_boiler" title="Vertical fire-tube boiler">vertical fire-tube boiler</a> (VFT), colloquially known as the "vertical boiler", has a vertical cylindrical shell, containing several vertical flue tubes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_return_tubular_boiler">Horizontal return tubular boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Horizontal return tubular boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flammrohrrauchrohkessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flammrohrrauchrohkessel.jpg/250px-Flammrohrrauchrohkessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flammrohrrauchrohkessel.jpg/330px-Flammrohrrauchrohkessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flammrohrrauchrohkessel.jpg/500px-Flammrohrrauchrohkessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Horizontal return tubular boilers from the Staatsbad <a href="/wiki/Bad_Steben" title="Bad Steben">Bad Steben</a> GmbH</figcaption></figure> <p>Horizontal return tubular boiler (HRT) has a horizontal cylindrical shell, containing several horizontal flue tubes, with the fire located directly below the boiler's shell, usually within a brickwork setting </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admiralty-type_direct_tube_boiler">Admiralty-type direct tube boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Admiralty-type direct tube boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extensively used by Britain, before and in the early days of ironclads, the only protected place was below the waterline, sometimes under an armoured deck, so to fit below short decks, the tubes were not led back above the furnace but continued straight from it with keeping the combustion chamber in between the two. Hence the name, and considerably reduced diameter, compared to the ubiquitous Scotch or return tube boiler. It was not a great success and its use was being abandoned after the introduction of stronger side armouring – “the furnace crowns, being very near the water-level, are much more liable to over-heating. Further, on account of the length of the boiler, for an equal angle of inclination, the effect on the water-level is much greater. Finally, the unequal expansion of the various parts of the boiler is more pronounced, especially at the top and bottom, due to the increased ratio between the length and the diameter of the boiler; the local strains are also more severe on account of the comparatively feeble circulation in long and low boilers.” All these also resulted in a shorter life. Also, the same length of a combustion chamber was much less effective on a direct tube than on a return tube boiler, at least without baffling.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertin_1906_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertin_1906-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 233-235">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marineboilersthe00bertuoft/page/232/mode/2up">233-235</a> </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immersion_fired_boiler">Immersion fired boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immersion fired boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The immersion fired boiler is a single-pass fire-tube boiler that was developed by Sellers Engineering in the 1940s. It has only firetubes, functioning as a furnace and combustion chamber also, with multiple burner nozzles injecting premixed air and natural gas under pressure. It claims reduced thermal stresses, and lacks refractory brickwork completely due to its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_tubes">Water tubes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire-tube boilers sometimes have water-tubes as well, to increase the heating surface. A Cornish boiler may have several water-tubes across the diameter of the flue (this is common in <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steam launches</a>). A locomotive boiler with a wide firebox may have arch tubes or <a href="/wiki/Thermic_syphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermic syphon">thermic syphons</a>. As firebox technology developed, it was found that placing a baffle of <i>firebricks</i> (heat-resistant bricks) inside the firebox to direct the flow of hot flue gasses up into the top of the firebox before it flowed into the fire tubes increased efficiency by equalizing the heat between upper and lower fire tubes. To hold these in place, a metal bracket was used, but to prevent these brackets from burning and eroding away they were built as water tubes, with cool water from the bottom of the boiler moving upwards by convection as it heated, and carrying the heat away before the metal reached its failure temperature. </p><p>Another technique for increasing the heating surface is to include <a href="/wiki/Internally_rifled_boiler_tubes" title="Internally rifled boiler tubes">internal rifling</a> inside the boiler tubes (also known as Serve tubes). </p><p>Not all shell boilers raise steam; some are designed specifically for heating pressurized water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_flame">Reverse flame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reverse flame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In homage to the Lancashire design, modern shell boilers can come with a twin furnace design. A more recent development has been the reverse flame design where the burner fires into a blind furnace and the combustion gasses double back on themselves. This results in a more compact design and less pipework. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Package_boiler">Package boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Package boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "package" boiler evolved in the early- to mid-20th century; it is used to describe residential heating boilers delivered to the installation site with all insulation, electrical panels, valves, gauges, and fuel burners already assembled by the manufacturer. Other delivery methods more closely resemble prior practice from the coal burning era, when other components were added on-site to either a pre-assembled pressure vessel, or to a "knock-down" boiler, where the pressure vessel is delivered as a set of castings to be assembled on-site. As a general rule, factory assembly is much more cost-effective and the packaged boiler is the preferred option for domestic use. Part-assembled deliveries are only used when necessary because of access limitations - e.g. when the only access to a basement installation site is down a narrow flight of stairs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kewanee_Fire-Tube_Package_Boiler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kewanee_Fire-Tube_Package_Boiler.jpg/220px-Kewanee_Fire-Tube_Package_Boiler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kewanee_Fire-Tube_Package_Boiler.jpg/330px-Kewanee_Fire-Tube_Package_Boiler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kewanee_Fire-Tube_Package_Boiler.jpg/440px-Kewanee_Fire-Tube_Package_Boiler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Kewanee Gas-Fired Packaged Fire-Tube Boiler from 1974 rated at 25 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_considerations">Safety considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boiler_explosion" title="Boiler explosion">Boiler explosion</a></div> <p>Because the fire-flume boiler itself is the pressure vessel, it requires a number of safety features to prevent mechanical failure. Boiler steam explosions, which are a type of <a href="/wiki/BLEVE" class="mw-redirect" title="BLEVE">BLEVE</a> (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion), can be devastating. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valves</a></b> release steam before a dangerous pressure can be built up</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fusible_plug" title="Fusible plug">Fusible plugs</a></b> over the firebox melt at a temperature lower than that of the firebox plates, thereby warning the operators by the noisy escape of steam if the water level is too low to cool the firebox crown safely.</li> <li><b>Stays</b>, or ties, physically link the firebox and boiler casing, preventing them from warping. Since any corrosion is hidden, the stays may have longitudinal holes, called <i><b>tell-tales</b></i>, drilled in them which leak before they become unsafe.</li></ul> <p>The fire-tube type boiler that was used in the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Steamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Steamer">Stanley Steamer</a> automobile had several hundred tubes which were weaker than the outer shell of the boiler, making an explosion virtually impossible as the tubes would fail and leak long before the boiler exploded. In nearly 100 years since Stanley boilers were first produced, not one has ever exploded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_and_efficiencies">Economics and efficiencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economics and efficiencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excessive_cycling">Excessive cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Excessive cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each time a boiler cycles off and on, it can lose efficiency. When the fire starts <a href="/wiki/Combustion_efficiency" title="Combustion efficiency">combustion efficiency</a> is usually lower until steady state conditions prevail. When the fire stops the warm chimney continues to draw additional air from the interior space until it cools. </p><p>Excessive cycling can be minimized </p> <ul><li>Modulating boilers can run longer (at firing rates that match the loads) than the non-modulating boilers (which operate at the full firing rate). <ul><li>By using condensing modulating boilers.</li> <li>By using non-condensing modulating boiler.</li> <li>By setting the controls (thermostats or controller with temperature sensors) with greater temperature differentials between STOP and START.</li></ul></li> <li>At Non-Condensing Boilers make provisions so that minimum return water temperature of 130 °F (54 °C) to 150 °F (66 °C) to the boiler to avoid fireside corrosion. <ul><li>By setting the MINIMUM OFF times at 8 to 15 minutes. For comfort heating loads, short time intervals do not usually trigger occupant complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Common provisions are to provide a primary piping loop with pump(s) and a secondary piping loop with pump(s); and either a variable speed controlled pump to transfer water from the primary loop to the secondary loop, or a 3-way valve to divert water from the secondary loop to the primary loop.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fireside_corrosion_in_non-condensing_boilers">Fireside corrosion in non-condensing boilers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fireside corrosion in non-condensing boilers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minimum return water temperature of 130 °F (54 °C) to 150 °F (66 °C) to the boiler, depending on the specific design, is used to avoid condensing water vapor from the flue gas and dissolving <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> from the flue gasses forming <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, a corrosive fluid that damages the heat exchanger.<sup id="cite_ref-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condensing_boilers">Condensing boilers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Condensing boilers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Condensing boilers can be 2% or more efficient at lower firing rates by extracting the heat of vaporization from the water vapor in the flue gases. The efficiency increase depends on the fuel and the available energy to be recovered as a fraction of the total. Methane flue gas containing more available energy to recover than propane or fuel oil relatively less. The condensed water is corrosive due to dissolved carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides from the flue and must be neutralized before disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Condensing boilers have a higher seasonal efficiency, typically 84% to 92%, than non-condensing boilers typically 70% to 75%. The seasonal efficiency is an overall efficiency of the boiler over the entire heating season as opposed to the combustion efficiency which is the boiler's efficiency when actively fired, which excludes standing losses. The higher seasonal efficiency is partly because the lower boiler temperature used to condense the flue gas reduces standing losses during the off cycle. The lower boiler temperature precludes a condensing steam boiler and requires lower radiator temperatures in water systems. </p><p>The higher efficiency of operating in the condensing region isn't always available. To produce satisfactory domestic hot water frequently requires boiler water temperature higher than allows effective condensing on the heat exchanger surface. During cold weather the building's radiator surface area is usually not large enough to deliver enough heat at low boiler temperatures so the boiler's control raises the boiler temperature as required to meet heating demand. These two factors account for most of the variability of the efficiency gains experienced at different installations.<sup id="cite_ref-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An intensive schedule of maintenance is needed to keep a high pressure railway steam boiler in safe condition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_inspection">Daily inspection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Daily inspection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tube plates, the <a href="/wiki/Fusible_plug" title="Fusible plug">fusible plug</a> and the heads of the firebox stays should be checked for leaks. The correct operation of the boiler fittings, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sight_glass" title="Sight glass">water gauges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">water feed mechanisms</a>, should be confirmed. Steam pressure should be raised to the level at which the <a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valves</a> lift and compared with the indication of the pressure gauge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washout">Washout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Washout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firebox_cutaway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Firebox_cutaway.jpg/250px-Firebox_cutaway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Firebox_cutaway.jpg/330px-Firebox_cutaway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Firebox_cutaway.jpg/500px-Firebox_cutaway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway of locomotive boiler. Note the narrow water spaces around the firebox and the "mudhole" for access to the crown sheet: these areas require special attention during washout</figcaption></figure><p> The working life of a locomotive boiler is considerably extended if it is spared from a constant cycle of cooling and heating. Historically, a locomotive would be kept “in steam” continuously for a period of about eight to ten days, and then allowed to cool sufficiently for a hot-water boiler washout. The schedule for express engines was based on mileage.<sup id="cite_ref-virtueloco_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtueloco-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's preserved locomotives are not usually kept continuously in steam and the recommended washout interval is now fifteen to thirty days, but anything up to 180 days is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-HSEmanagement_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSEmanagement-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process starts with a <a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">“blowdown”</a> while some pressure remains in the boiler, then the draining away of all the boiler water through the “mudholes” at the base of the firebox and the removal of all the “washout plugs”. <a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Scale</a> is then jetted or scraped from the interior surfaces using a high-pressure water jet and rods of soft metal, such as copper. Areas particularly susceptible to scale buildup, such as the firebox crown and narrow water spaces around the firebox, are given special attention. The inside of the boiler is inspected by sighting through the plug holes, with a particular check paid to the integrity of the firetubes, firebox crown and stays and absence of pitting or cracking of the boiler plates. The gauge glass cocks and tubes and fusible plug should be cleared of scale; if the core of the fusible plug shows signs of calcination the item should be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On reassembly care should be taken that the threaded plugs are replaced in their original holes: the tapers can vary as a result of rethreading. The mudhole door gaskets, if of <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, should be renewed but those made of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> may be reused; special instructions are in force for the disposal of these harmful materials.<sup id="cite_ref-HSEmanagement_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSEmanagement-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many boilers today make use of high temperature synthetics for the gaskets for both working environments and in preservation service as these materials are safer than the historic options. At large maintenance facilities the boiler would have been both washed and refilled with very hot water from an external supply to bring the locomotive back to service more quickly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodic_examination">Periodic examination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Periodic examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically an annual inspection, this would require the removal and check of external fittings, such as the injectors, safety valves and pressure gauge. High-pressure copper pipework can suffer from <a href="/wiki/Work_hardening" title="Work hardening">work hardening</a> in use and become dangerously brittle: it may be necessary to treat these by <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> before refitting. A hydraulic pressure test on the boiler and pipework may also be called for. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_overhaul">General overhaul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: General overhaul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK the specified maximum interval between full overhauls is ten years. To enable a full inspection the boiler is lifted from the locomotive frame and the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">lagging</a> removed. All firetubes are removed for checking or replacement. All fittings are removed for overhaul. Before returning to use a qualified examiner will check the boiler's fitness for service and issue a safety certificate valid for ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-HSEmanagement_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSEmanagement-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-tube_boiler&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNuttle2020" class="citation web cs1">Nuttle, William (2020-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/eiffels-paris-an-engineers-guide/making-the-rocket-fly-marc-seguin-8e7810105aef">"Making "The Rocket" Fly - Marc Seguin"</a>. <i>Eiffel’s Paris - an Engineer’s Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eiffel%E2%80%99s+Paris+-+an+Engineer%E2%80%99s+Guide&rft.atitle=Making+%22The+Rocket%22+Fly+-+Marc+Seguin&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft.aulast=Nuttle&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Feiffels-paris-an-engineers-guide%2Fmaking-the-rocket-fly-marc-seguin-8e7810105aef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fda_canneries-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fda_canneries_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm064854.htm">"Steam Generation in Canneries"</a>. <i>U.S. Food & Drug Administration</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+%26+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Steam+Generation+in+Canneries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FICECI%2FInspections%2FInspectionGuides%2Fucm064854.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSIM,_Lancashire_boiler-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSIM,_Lancashire_boiler_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204060326/http://www.msim.org.uk/media/33871781/lancashireboiler.pdf">"Lancashire Boiler"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester">Museum of Science & Industry, Manchester</a>. 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lancashire+Boiler&rft.pub=Museum+of+Science+%26+Industry%2C+Manchester&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msim.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F33871781%2Flancashireboiler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris,_Model_Boilers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris,_Model_Boilers_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1967" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Karl N. (1 June 1967). <i>Model Boilers and Boilermaking</i> (New ed.). <a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a>: Model & Allied Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852423776" title="Special:BookSources/978-0852423776"><bdi>978-0852423776</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/821813643">821813643</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8281488M">8281488M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Model+Boilers+and+Boilermaking&rft.place=Kings+Langley&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Model+%26+Allied+Publications&rft.date=1967-06-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F821813643&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8281488M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0852423776&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Karl+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bevs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bevs.org/diving/wkgenera.htm">"SHONAS WRECKS"</a>. <i>www.bevs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bevs.org&rft.atitle=SHONAS+WRECKS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bevs.org%2Fdiving%2Fwkgenera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertin_1906-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bertin_1906_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBertin2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis-%C3%89mile_Bertin" title="Louis-Émile Bertin">Bertin, Louis-Émile</a> (2018) [1906]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marineboilersthe00bertuoft"><i>Marine Boilers, Their Construction and Working: Dealing More Especially With Tubulous Boilers</i></a>. Translated by Robertson, Leslie S. (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Van_Nostrand" title="David Van Nostrand">D. Van Nostrand Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0342330232" title="Special:BookSources/978-0342330232"><bdi>978-0342330232</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30660489">30660489</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL32577492M">32577492M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Boilers%2C+Their+Construction+and+Working%3A+Dealing+More+Especially+With+Tubulous+Boilers&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30660489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL32577492M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0342330232&rft.aulast=Bertin&rft.aufirst=Louis-%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarineboilersthe00bertuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715214237/http://www.gbt-inc.com/sps-single-pass-steam-boilers.html">"Steam Boilers - SPS Immersion Fired Series"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbt-inc.com/sps-single-pass-steam-boilers.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steam+Boilers+-+SPS+Immersion+Fired+Series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbt-inc.com%2Fsps-single-pass-steam-boilers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastechnology.org/Solutions/Pages/PARR-Partnership-for-Advanced-Residential-Retrofit.aspx">"PARR-Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit"</a>. <i>Gas Technology Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gas+Technology+Institute&rft.atitle=PARR-Partnership+for+Advanced+Residential+Retrofit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gastechnology.org%2FSolutions%2FPages%2FPARR-Partnership-for-Advanced-Residential-Retrofit.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216115212/https://www.taco-hvac.com/uploads/FileLibrary/OM05.pdf">"Taco Radiant Made Easy Application Guide – Setpoint Temperature: Variable Speed Injection Circulators – March 1, 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>taco-hvac.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taco-hvac.com/uploads/FileLibrary/OM05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taco-hvac.com&rft.atitle=Taco+Radiant+Made+Easy+Application+Guide+%E2%80%93+Setpoint+Temperature%3A+Variable+Speed+Injection+Circulators+%E2%80%93+March+1%2C+2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taco-hvac.com%2Fuploads%2FFileLibrary%2FOM05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Consulting-Specifying_Engineer_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabrizi2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Tabrizi, Dominic (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csemag.com/articles/boiler-systems-economics-and-efficiencies/">"Boiler systems: Economics and efficiencies"</a>. BOILERS, CHILLERS. <i><a href="/wiki/Consulting-Specifying_Engineer" title="Consulting-Specifying Engineer">Consulting-Specifying Engineer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-5046">0892-5046</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629090943/https://www.csemag.com/articles/boiler-systems-economics-and-efficiencies/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Fireside corrosion will occur when the flue gases are cooled below the dew point and come in contact with carbon steel pressure vessel. To avoid corrosion, the heating systems should be designed to operate in a way that ensures a minimum return water temperature of 150 F to the boiler. (Note: It is important to verify the return water temperature with the manufacturer's literature to avoid corrosion.) All heating components should be selected to operate with a minimum supply water temperature of 170 F, assuming 20 F differential temperature across supply and return water lines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consulting-Specifying+Engineer&rft.atitle=Boiler+systems%3A+Economics+and+efficiencies&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.issn=0892-5046&rft.aulast=Tabrizi&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csemag.com%2Farticles%2Fboiler-systems-economics-and-efficiencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virtueloco-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-virtueloco_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, A M (1957): <i>Locomotives, seventh edition</i>, Virtue and Company, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSEmanagement-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HSEmanagement_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSEmanagement_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSEmanagement_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athra.asn.au/library/UK_The_Management_of_Steam_%20Locomotive_BoilersVer2.pdf"><i>The Management Of Steam Locomotive Boilers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. Railway Safety Publication 6 (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Sudbury,_Suffolk" title="Sudbury, Suffolk">Sudbury, Suffolk</a>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Rail_and_Road" title="Office of Rail and Road">Office of Rail and Road</a>. 2007 [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206211146/http://www.athra.asn.au/library/UK_The_Management_of_Steam_%20Locomotive_BoilersVer2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span> – via Association of Tourist & Heritage Rail Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Management+Of+Steam+Locomotive+Boilers&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Suffolk&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Office+of+Rail+and+Road&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athra.asn.au%2Flibrary%2FUK_The_Management_of_Steam_%2520Locomotive_BoilersVer2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire-tube+boiler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMfqSMKoiiM"><span class="plainlinks">"Cleaning and inspecting a locomotive"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> 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locomotive boiler</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206002822/http://www.portatreatment.com/pdf/yours.pdf">Picture gallery showing boiler internal features and defects.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103155554/http://www.bsi-global.com/en/Standards-and-Publications/Industry-Sectors/Manufacturing/Pressure-equipment/Shell-boilers/">BS EN 12953 is the relevant contemporary standard, which supersedes BS2790.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211165829/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5558046/description.html">US Patent 5558046 – fire-tube boiler suitable for ash-containing fuels</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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atmospheric engine">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_engine" title="Cornish engine">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve" title="Slide valve">Slide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve#Murdoch's_D_slide_valve" title="Slide valve">D slide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Piston valve (steam engine)">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_beat_valve" title="Double beat valve">Drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_valve" title="Bash valve">Bash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">Valve gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_valve_gear" title="Gab valve gear">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Stephenson link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_valve_gear" title="Joy valve gear">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear" title="Walschaerts valve gear">Walschaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear#Allan_straight_link_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_valve_gear" title="Baker valve gear">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Lentz" title="Hugo Lentz">Lentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprotti_valve_gear" title="Caprotti valve gear">Caprotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresley_conjugated_valve_gear" title="Gresley conjugated valve gear">Gresley conjugated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_valve_gear" title="Southern valve gear">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_(beam_engine)" title="Cataract (beam engine)">Cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">Centrifugal governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod#Steam_engines" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypocycloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocycloidal">hypocycloidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight_line_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight line mechanism">straight line mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Link chain">Link chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion">Parallel motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_chain" title="Roller chain">Plate chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_planet_gear" title="Sun and planet gear">Sun and planet gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Simple boilers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack boiler">Haystack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagon boiler">Wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg-ended_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg-ended boiler">Egg-ended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Box boiler">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flued_boiler" title="Flued boiler">Flued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish boiler">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fire-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotive boiler">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_marine_boiler" title="Scotch marine boiler">Scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch-type_boiler" title="Launch-type boiler">Launch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">Water-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Babcock & Wilcox boiler">Babcock & Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-tube_boiler" title="Field-tube boiler">Field-tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_boiler" title="Sentinel boiler">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_boiler" title="Stirling boiler">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimble_tube_boiler" title="Thimble tube boiler">Thimble tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-drum_boiler" title="Three-drum boiler">Three-drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_boiler" title="Yarrow boiler">Yarrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Boiler feed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feedwater_heater" title="Feedwater heater">Feedwater heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_feedwater_pump" title="Boiler feedwater pump">Feedwater pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">Injector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-_and_double-acting_cylinders" title="Single- and double-acting cylinders">Single- and double-acting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_steam_locomotive" title="Condensing steam locomotive">Condensing steam locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet condenser">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchweger_condenser" title="Kirchweger condenser">Kirchweger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine#Separate_condenser" title="Watt steam engine">Watt's separate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen#After_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">"Pickle-pot"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">Surface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(steam_engine)" title="Blowback (steam engine)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosshead" title="Crosshead">Crosshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutoff_(steam_engine)" title="Cutoff (steam engine)">Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Expansion valve (steam engine)">Expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolock" title="Hydrolock">Hydrolock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine" title="Return connecting rod engine">Return connecting rod engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-column_beam_engine" title="Six-column beam engine">Six-column beam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine#Steeple_engines" title="Return connecting rod engine">Steeple engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeple_compound_engine" title="Steeple compound engine">Steeple compound engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">Working fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine" title="History of the steam engine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#Precursors" title="History of the steam engine">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Savery Engine</a> (1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Newcomen engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_Memorial_Engine" title="Newcomen Memorial Engine">Newcomen Memorial Engine</a> (1725)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairbottom_Bobs" title="Fairbottom Bobs">Fairbottom Bobs</a></i> (1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsecar_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsecar Engine">Elsecar Engine</a> (1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinneil_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinneil Engine">Kinneil Engine</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bess_(beam_engine)" title="Old Bess (beam engine)"><i>Old Bess</i></a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheal_Busy" title="Wheal Busy">Chacewater Mine engine</a> (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smethwick_Engine" title="Smethwick Engine">Smethwick Engine</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_(beam_engine)" title="Resolution (beam engine)"><i>Resolution</i></a> (1781)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory#Steam_engines" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory engine</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)#Boring_machine_for_steam_engines" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">Bradley Works engine</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitbread_Engine" title="Whitbread Engine">Whitbread Engine</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Preserved_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">National Museum of Scotland engine</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_Engine" title="Lap Engine">Lap Engine</a> (1788)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#High-pressure_engines" title="History of the steam engine">High-pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#High-pressure_engine" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Puffing_Devil" title="Richard Trevithick"><i>Puffing Devil</i></a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#London_Steam_Carriage" title="Richard Trevithick">London Steam Carriage</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Coalbrookdale_Locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#"Pen-y-Darren"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive</a> (1804)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Woolf" title="Arthur Woolf">Woolf's compound engine</a> (1803)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray%27s_Hypocycloidal_Engine" title="Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine">Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(locomotive)" title="Salamanca (locomotive)"><i>Salamanca</i></a> (1812)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_steam_engine" title="High-speed steam engine">High-speed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porter-Allen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter-Allen engine">Porter-Allen</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_turbine" title="Ljungström turbine">Ljungström</a> (1908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_steam_locomotive_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of steam locomotive components">Glossary of steam locomotive components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot#The_first_self-propelled_vehicle" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Cugnot's <i>fardier à vapeur</i></a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch#Steam_powered_locomotion" title="William Murdoch">Murdoch's model steam carriage</a> (1784)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lean%27s_Engine_Reporter" title="Lean's Engine Reporter">Lean's Engine Reporter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_technology_patents" title="List of steam technology patents">List of steam technology patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_steam_technology" title="Advanced steam technology">Modern steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_steam_power" title="Timeline of steam power">Timeline of steam power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-returning_engine" title="Water-returning engine">Water-returning engine</a></li></ul> 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