CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Safavid Georgia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0e80b369-5380-496b-a5dc-1fb04a989353","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Safavid_Georgia","wgTitle":"Safavid Georgia","wgCurRevisionId":1253492536,"wgRevisionId":1253492536,"wgArticleId":53941189,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2018","Good articles","Articles containing Persian-language text","Provinces of the Safavid dynasty","16th century in Georgia (country)","17th century in Georgia (country)","18th century in Georgia (country)","Kingdom of Kartli","Kingdom of Kakheti"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Safavid_Georgia", "wgRelevantArticleId":53941189,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q30673322","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model", "platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1451"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="967"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="774"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Safavid Georgia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Georgia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Georgia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Safavid_Georgia rootpage-Safavid_Georgia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Safavid+Georgia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Safavid+Georgia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Safavid+Georgia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Safavid+Georgia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 16th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Mint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stationed_military_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stationed_military_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Stationed military force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stationed_military_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Public offices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silk_and_wine_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silk_and_wine_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Silk and wine production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silk_and_wine_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary_and_rank_of_the_vali_of_Kartli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary_and_rank_of_the_vali_of_Kartli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Salary and rank of the vali of Kartli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary_and_rank_of_the_vali_of_Kartli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural influences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural influences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Georgian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Georgian culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Iranian culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Safavid Georgia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" > 5 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جورجيا الصفوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورجيا الصفوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99f%C9%99vi_G%C3%BCrc%C3%BCstan%C4%B1" title="Səfəvi Gürcüstanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səfəvi Gürcüstanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ولایت گرجستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولایت گرجستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صفوي ګرجستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صفوي ګرجستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сефевидская Грузия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сефевидская Грузия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30673322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Safavid_Georgia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Safavid_Georgia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Safavid_Georgia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&oldid=1253492536" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Safavid_Georgia&id=1253492536&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSafavid_Georgia">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSafavid_Georgia">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Safavid_Georgia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30673322" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Safavid Iran (1518–1736)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Safavid Georgia</div><div class="ib-country-names">Velāyat-e Gorjestān</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1510s – 1736</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_(cropped,_v2).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Northwestern part of Safavid Iran"><img alt="Northwestern part of Safavid Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png/250px-Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png/375px-Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png/500px-Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="665" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Northwestern part of Safavid Iran</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Province of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> (Tbilisi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Velayat" title="Velayat">Velayat</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nader_Shah_Flag.svg/20px-Nader_Shah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nader_Shah_Flag.svg/30px-Nader_Shah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nader_Shah_Flag.svg/40px-Nader_Shah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="480" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The province of Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: ولایت گرجستان, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Velāyat-e Gorjestān) was a <a href="/wiki/Velayat" title="Velayat">velayat</a> (province) of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a> located in the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18-1">[1]</a> The territory of the province was principally made up of the two subordinate eastern Georgian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kartli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: کارتیل, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Kartil) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakheti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: کاخت, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Kakhet) and, briefly, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe%E2%80%93Saatabago" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe–Saatabago">Principality of Samtskhe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a> (present-day Tbilisi) was its administrative center, the base of Safavid power in the province, and the seat of the rulers of Kartli. It also housed an important Safavid <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a>. Safavid rule was mainly exercised through the approval or appointment of Georgian royals of the <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a>, at times converts to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, as <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">valis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> The eastern Georgian kingdoms had been subjected in the early 16th century, their rulers did not commonly convert. Tiflis was garrisoned by an Iranian force as early as Ismail I's reign, but relations between the Georgians and Safavids at the time mostly bore features of traditional <a href="/wiki/Vassalage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassalage">vassalage</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_XI_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="David XI of Kartli">David XI (Davud Khan)</a> was the first Safavid-appointed ruler, whose placement on the throne of Kartli in 1562 marked the start of nearly two and a half centuries of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> political control of eastern Georgia. During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iranian cultural</a> influence dominated eastern Georgia. From <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a>'s reign onwards (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1524–1576), the province was of great strategic importance. Many ethnic <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, generally from Kartli and Kakheti, rose to prominence in the Safavid state. These men held many of the highest positions in the civil and military administration, and many women entered the harem of the ruling class. By the late Safavid period, Georgians formed the mainstay of the Safavid army as well. The establishment of a large <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgian community in Iran</a> proper dates back to the era of Safavid suzerainty in Georgia. As the province was a border entity, the valis of Georgia exercised more autonomy than other provinces of Safavid Iran; it could therefore be compared to the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Arabestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Arabestan">Arabestan Province</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>), in the southwestern part of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18-1">[1]</a> The province of Georgia was one of only four Safavid administrative territories where governors were consistently given the title of vali. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a> <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a> <a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a> <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a> <a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a> <a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a> <a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a> <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a> <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Eastern_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Eastern Georgia">Kingdom of Eastern Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a> <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a> <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Safavid Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 16th century">edit</a>]</div> The first <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> king (<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1501–1524) made the two kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kartli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakheti</a> his <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassals</a> as early as the 1510s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012164,_166-7">[5]</a> However, distracted by the task of establishing power in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, he did not tighten his hold on <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. He did raid Georgia a number of times, notably in 1518, which reconfirmed its status as a vassal, and in 1522, which resulted in Tiflis being garrisoned by a large Safavid force, but it was only under his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a> (r. 1524–1576) that a genuine province with Safavid-appointed rulers and governors began to take shape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012166-9">[7]</a> Tahmasp I undertook active steps to integrate Georgia into the Safavid domains. His four campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Luarsab_I_of_Kartli" title="Luarsab I of Kartli">Luarsab I of Kartli</a> (1540–1541, 1546–1547, 1551, and 1553–1554) resulted in the re-occupation of Kartli, and a Safavid force was permanently stationed in <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> in 1551.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296-10">[8]</a> A key outcome of these campaigns, apart from cementing Safavid hold in central-eastern Georgia, was that they brought to Iran proper (hereafter, simply "Iran") large numbers of Georgian prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> Beyond this, the sons of notable Georgians were frequently brought up at the shah's court as part of their tributary relationship with the Safavids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200428-11">[9]</a> Beginning with the rule of Tahmasp I, Georgians would contribute greatly to the character of Safavid society and play a major role in its army and civil administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> This newly introduced ethnic element in the Safavid state would later be known in historiography as the "third force" alongside the two "founding elements" of the Safavid state, the Persians and the Turkomans.<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safavid_Courtiers_Leading_Georgian_Captives_(The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Safavid_Courtiers_Leading_Georgian_Captives_%28The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/150px-Safavid_Courtiers_Leading_Georgian_Captives_%28The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Safavid_Courtiers_Leading_Georgian_Captives_%28The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/225px-Safavid_Courtiers_Leading_Georgian_Captives_%28The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Safavid_Courtiers_Leading_Georgian_Captives_%28The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/300px-Safavid_Courtiers_Leading_Georgian_Captives_%28The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="3647" /></a><figcaption>Safavid courtiers leading Georgian captives. A mid-16th century Persian textile panel from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1551 the Safavids gained the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe%E2%80%93Saatabago" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe–Saatabago">principality of Samtskhe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012173-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200885-2">[2]</a> In 1555, during Tahmasp I's reign, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a> was signed with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. According to the terms of the treaty, eastern Georgia (including eastern Samtskhe) remained in Iranian hands while western Georgia (including western Samtskhe) ended up in Turkish hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015xxxi-14">[11]</a> To speed up the process of integration into the empire, Tahmasp I imposed numerous Iranian political and social institutions such as bilingual Georgian–Persian <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">farmâns</a>, with the aim of establishing Persian as the official administrative language of Safavid Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> It was also during his reign that the first Georgian royal, a convert to Islam named <a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Daud Khan of Kartli">Davud Khan</a> (1569–1578) was put on the puppet throne in Tiflis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> These events marked the start of almost 250 years of Iranian political dominance, with a few brief intermissions, over eastern Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199448-15">[12]</a> In 1559, the first provincial <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> province, with authority over the Georgia province as well as <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Shirvan</a> including <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shakki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001108–109-16">[13]</a> These provincial viziers, also known as royal viziers, held the title of vazir-e koll, and received instructions from the central government located in the royal capital, instead of the local governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001108–109-16">[13]</a> Challenging the Safavid possession of eastern Caucasus, the Ottomans invaded the Georgian polities <a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha%27s_Caucasian_campaign" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign">in a victorious campaign</a> in 1578. As a result, the Safavids released the Georgian rebel ruler <a href="/wiki/Simon_I_of_Kartli" title="Simon I of Kartli">Shahnavaz Khan</a> (Simon I of Kartli) from captivity to enable him to join the fight against the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-17">[d]</a> Though Simon achieved considerable success in Kartli, he was eventually captured by the Ottoman troops and died in captivity in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> In the period 1580–1581 the Safavid government sent a force accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Tupchi-bashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupchi-bashi">tupchi-bashi</a> Morad Khan to Georgia together with a number of cannon founders and the materials needed for casting cannon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001233-18">[14]</a> By 1582 the Ottomans were in control of the eastern, Safavid portion of Samtskhe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200185-19">[15]</a> Unable to resist the Ottoman invasion, <a href="/wiki/Manuchar_II_Jaqeli" title="Manuchar II Jaqeli">Manuchar II Jaqeli</a> of Samtskhe accepted the Iranian overlordship as well and moved to the Safavid court, where he lived until his death in 1614.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015379-20">[16]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1590)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1590)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> in 1590, the Safavids lost control over Georgia as they were forced to recognize the whole province as an Ottoman possession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.gif/150px-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.gif/225px-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.gif/300px-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.gif 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rostom_of_Kartli" title="Rostom of Kartli">Rostam Khan</a> (Rostom), vali of Kartli, eastern Georgia, 1633–1658</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a>, the importance of Georgia and the influence of ethnic Georgians in the Safavid state increased and they came to be known as the "third force". Already by 1595 an ethnic Georgian from Kartli, <a href="/wiki/Allahverdi_Khan" title="Allahverdi Khan">Allahverdi Khan</a>, originally surnamed <a href="/wiki/Undiladze" title="Undiladze">Undiladze</a>, had become one of the most powerful figures in the Safavid state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory200781-21">[17]</a> By the end of the 16th century, Georgians, forming an increasingly influential military faction, became a major threat to the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>, the traditional backbone of the Safavid army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> At the same time, the Georgians at the Safavid court vied for influence among each other as well as against their <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200417-22">[18]</a> By and large, Abbas I's policy towards the province can be seen as a continuing the previous efforts to fully integrate the area in the Safavid Empire. In the early years of the 17th century, Abbas re-established Safavid influence in eastern Georgia. There was a resistance in Kakheti in 1605, when the rebels overthrew pro-Iranian patricide <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Kakheti" title="Constantine I of Kakheti">Constantine Khan</a> and Abbas I acceded to their demands to approve <a href="/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti" title="Teimuraz I of Kakheti">Tahmuras Khan</a> (Teimuraz I) as the new king of Kakheti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199450-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> At the same time, he also confirmed <a href="/wiki/Luarsab_II_of_Kartli" title="Luarsab II of Kartli">Lohrasb</a> (Luarsab II) as vali of Kartli. However, when Lohrasb started to work against Safavid interests and refused to convert to Islam, Abbas I had him incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Astarabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Astarabad">Astarabad</a> and later executed in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> In 1607 Abbas appointed <a href="/wiki/Manuchar_III_Jaqeli" title="Manuchar III Jaqeli">Manuchar III Jaqeli</a> as ruler of (eastern) Samtskhe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015379-20">[16]</a> By 1613–1614 Abbas had restored Safavid control over eastern Samtskhe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200185-19">[15]</a> In 1614–1617, as a punishment for disobedience shown by his formerly loyal subjects Lohrasb and Tahmuras Khan, Abbas I launched several <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">major punitive campaigns</a> in his Georgian territories. These campaigns resulted in the sack of <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, the ravaging of the entire area, the massacre of many tens of thousands, and the deportation of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow2009174-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015291,_536-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012191-26">[22]</a> These deportees further augmented the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgian community in Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015536-27">[23]</a> In the meantime, Abbas I appointed <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_VII_of_Kartli" title="Bagrat VII of Kartli">Bagrat Khan</a> as governor of Kartli, and <a href="/wiki/Bektash_of_Kakheti" title="Bektash of Kakheti">Bektash Beg Torkman</a> as governor of Kakheti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015164-28">[24]</a> In 1619 Abbas I appointed Bagrat's son <a href="/wiki/Simon_II_of_Kartli" title="Simon II of Kartli">Semayun Khan</a>, a loyalist born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, as khan, or vali, of Kartli, and appointed another non-royal Safavid official as governor of Kakheti, in order to maintain a tight grip on this part of the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015600-29">[25]</a> He also moved many Qizilbash tribal folk to the Georgia province in order to strengthen central control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012145-30">[26]</a> From the mid-1610s onwards, Kakheti was often under the direct governorship of <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> lords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200186-5">[4]</a> Around 1620 Abbas relocated some 8,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia">Jews</a> from the province, along with 40,000 Armenians, to the newly built city of <a href="/wiki/Farahabad,_Mazandaran" title="Farahabad, Mazandaran">Farahabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee199944-31">[27]</a> In these years, he moved a total of about 15,000 families from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow2009105-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[e]</a> In 1624–25 Manuchar III Jaqeli, appointed earlier by Abbas I as nominal ruler of Samtskhe, moved to Kartli to join the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Saakadze" title="Giorgi Saakadze">Murav-Beg</a> (Giorgi Saakadze) against Safavid rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015194,_379-34">[29]</a> Some time later, while away from Samtskhe, he decided to accept Ottoman suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015194,_379-34">[29]</a> However, when he returned to Samtskhe in 1625 for negotiations in the western (Ottoman) part of Samtskhe, he was killed by his own uncle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015194,_379-34">[29]</a> Subsequently, the Ottomans incorporated the western part of Samtskhe as a <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">pashalik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199452-35">[30]</a> The Safavids retained control of the eastern part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008140-36">[31]</a> The remaining century of Safavid rule in Georgia, after Abbas I's death in 1629, was marked by unprecedented Iranian influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> Under the vali <a href="/wiki/Rostom_of_Kartli" title="Rostom of Kartli">Khosrow Mirza</a>, Safavid Georgia saw a period of relative peace and prosperity. In return for his loyalty, the then-incumbent king, <a href="/wiki/Safi_of_Persia" title="Safi of Persia">Safi</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1629–1642), had given him the title of Rostam Khan, and had made him governor of Kartli, a post which he held for more than twenty years. Kakheti however, came under direct Safavid rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> Rostam Khan was a childless <a href="/wiki/Widower" class="mw-redirect" title="Widower">widower</a>, however, and thus needed a wife and offspring. Being the loyal servant he was, after consulting the Safavid king, Rostam was allowed to marry a sister of <a href="/wiki/Levan_II_Dadiani" title="Levan II Dadiani">Levan II Dadiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">ruler of Mingrelia</a> (western Georgia), named <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Dadiani" title="Mariam Dadiani">Mariam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">[33]</a> The marriage fit well with the political ambitions of the Safavid state and of Rostam himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">[33]</a> Not only would this alliance with the Dadiani, i.e. Mingrelia, give Rostam an ally against Tahmuras Khan (Teimuraz I) and <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Imereti" title="George III of Imereti">George III of Imereti</a>, but it would also provide Rostam with a line of successors who would be as loyal to the Safavid crown as he was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">[33]</a> Also important was the fact that it would enhance Safavid plans to conquer <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">[33]</a> It would create a perfect circumstance if a campaign was needed against the Ottomans, with whom they <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%931639)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)">were at war at the time</a> over Imereti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">[33]</a> King Safi paid for the wedding gifts, and sent some 50,000 marchil, roughly half a ton of silver, to the ruler of Mingrelia, and provided him with an annual salary of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_toman" title="Iranian toman">tomans</a> (3-gram gold coins); an alliance was thus founded with the Mingrelians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">[33]</a> The marriage preparations alarmed the Imeretians. The groom's party was a 30,000-strong army marching to meet Levan's heavily armed entourage. George III of Imereti blocked the border with Kartli, compelling Rostom's wedding party to take a circuitous route via <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>, and intercepted Dadiani on his way to the marriage, but he was defeated and taken prisoner by Levan at the Kaka Bridge near <a href="/wiki/Baghdati" title="Baghdati">Baghdati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">[33]</a> In 1639, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> which ended the 1623–1639 war, the Caucasus was decisively partitioned between the Safavids and Ottomans roughly along the lines of the earlier Amasya treaty of 1555. Kartli and Kakheti were reconfirmed as Iranian domains, while everything to the west of it remained in Ottoman hands. Samtskhe–Meskheti, including its eastern part, was irrevocably lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200185-19">[15]</a> In 1654, during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Abbas II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1642–1666), Kartli was turned into crown land (khasseh), and therefore subjected to direct Safavid taxation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002209-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008309-40">[35]</a> The amount of land directly taxed by the state reached its greatest extent in this year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002209-39">[34]</a> Also during Abbas II's reign, an earlier plan was revived to populate the eastern part of the province, Kakheti, with Turkic nomads. This measure incited <a href="/wiki/Bakhtrioni_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtrioni Uprising">a general uprising</a> in 1659. The rebels succeeded in expelling the nomads, but still had to accept the Safavid kings's suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> In 1675 a wall was built around Tiflis by king <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I_of_Persia" title="Suleiman I of Persia">Suleiman I</a> (1666–1694).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012211-41">[36]</a> By the 1690s ethnic <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> formed the mainstay of the Safavid army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012114-42">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> In 1701 one of the artillerymen (tupchis) in Tiflis was appointed vakil ("regent") of the <a href="/wiki/Tupchi-bashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupchi-bashi">tupchi-bashi</a> of Tiflis fortress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001198-43">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Kakheti" title="David II of Kakheti">Emamqoli Khan</a> (David II), born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, and known for his loyal service to his Safavid overlords, was made governor of Kakheti in 1703–1709 by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Husayn">Sultan Husayn</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1694–1722) due to his father, <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_I_of_Kakheti" title="Heraclius I of Kakheti">Nazar-Ali Khan</a> (Heraclius I), being stationed at Isfahan during the entire period. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1708._%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_II-%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1708._%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_II-%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg/170px-1708._%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_II-%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1708._%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_II-%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg/255px-1708._%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_II-%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1708._%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_II-%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg/340px-1708._%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_II-%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Kakheti" title="David II of Kakheti">Emamqoli Khan</a> (David II of Kakheti)</figcaption></figure> In 1709, following his father's death, he was formally appointed as the new governor of Kakheti. However, until 1715, he served as vali in absentia due to his being obliged to stay at the court in Isfahan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015249-44">[39]</a> To the west, in Kartli, the administration was given to two successive governors who both served as vali in absentia due to being stationed in other parts of the empire: <a href="/wiki/George_XI_of_Kartli" title="George XI of Kartli">Shah-Navaz Khan II, Gorgin Khan</a> (George XI); and <a href="/wiki/Kaikhosro_of_Kartli" title="Kaikhosro of Kartli">Kaykhosrow Khan</a>. Due to this, in the years 1703–1714, the administration there was led by two successive regents (janeshins) namely <a href="/wiki/Levan_of_Kartli" title="Levan of Kartli">Shah-Qoli Khan</a> (Levan) and <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_VI_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang VI of Kartli">Hosayn-Qoli Khan</a> (Vakhtang VI). In 1712–1719 Hosayn-Qoli Khan was forced to stay in Iran, and the Safavid king therefore gave the governorships of Kartli to others, amongst them <a href="/wiki/Jesse_of_Kartli" title="Jesse of Kartli">Ali-Qoli Khan</a> (Jesse) and janeshins such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Bakar_of_Kartli" title="Prince Bakar of Kartli">Shah-Navaz, Bakar Mirza</a>. In 1719 the Iranian government decided to send Hosayn-Qoli Khan, who had occupied several other high positions since 1716, back to Georgia with the task of handling the Lezgin rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225-45">[40]</a> Assisted by the ruler of neighboring Kakheti, as well as the governor (beglarbeg) of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Shirvan</a>, Hosayn-Qoli made significant progress in putting a halt to the Lezgins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225-45">[40]</a> However, in the winter of 1721, at a crucial moment in the campaign, he was recalled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225-45">[40]</a> The order, which came after the fall of grand vizier <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Khan_Daghestani" title="Fath-Ali Khan Daghestani">Fath-Ali Khan Daghestani</a>, was made at the instigation of the eunuch faction within the royal court, who had persuaded the shah that a successful end to the campaign would do the Safavid realm more harm than good. In their view, it would enable Vakhtang, the Safavid <a href="/wiki/Vali_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali (governor)">vali</a>, to form an alliance with Russia with an eye to conquering Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225-45">[40]</a> Shortly after, the Lezgins overran <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Shirvan</a>, whereafter they <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Shamakhi_(1721)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Shamakhi (1721)">sacked and looted</a> the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Shamakhi" title="Shamakhi">Shamakhi</a> and massacred much of its population. In 1722 Emamqoli Khan died and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Qom,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Qom, Iran">Qom</a>. Sultan Husayn then appointed his brother <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Kakheti" title="Constantine II of Kakheti">Mahmad Qoli Khan</a> (Constantine II) as the new governor of Kakheti. When the capital of Isfahan was put under <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan" title="Siege of Isfahan">siege in 1722</a>, Hosayn-Qoli Khan defied the royal orders and refused to send the requested relief force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199454-46">[41]</a> In the meantime, Russia took full advantage of the situation. With the Safavids on the brink of collapse, they launched a campaign in 1722–1723 that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">annexation of the coastal territories</a>. The Ottomans, also taking advantage of the situation, overran the province of Georgia and other territories to the west of the area that the Russians had captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013142-47">[42]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">Treaty of Constantinople</a>, the two powers further divided the annexed territories between them, with the Ottomans again retaining Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012226–227-48">[43]</a> The rebellious Hosayn-Qoli Khan, who had sided with the Russians during their invasion in 1722–1723, in what turned out to be an ill-fated alliance, died in exile in Russia in 1737. When the Safavids were restored by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Qoli Beg</a> (later known as Nader Shah), the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> ruler of Iran, he restored Iranian dominance in the Caucasus and made <a href="/wiki/Teimuraz_II_of_Kakheti" title="Teimuraz II of Kakheti">Teimuraz II</a> vali of Kakheti, while appointing an Iranian as the governor of Kartli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">[6]</a> In 1736 Nader deposed the Safavids and became king himself, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mint">Mint</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mint">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Abbas_II,_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coin_of_Abbas_II%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Abbas_II%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coin_of_Abbas_II%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Abbas_II%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coin_of_Abbas_II%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Abbas_II%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5281" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Abbas II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1642–1666) minted in Tiflis, dated 1665/6</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Safavid_abbasis_of_Sultan_Husayn,_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eight_Safavid_abbasis_of_Sultan_Husayn%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg/220px-Eight_Safavid_abbasis_of_Sultan_Husayn%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eight_Safavid_abbasis_of_Sultan_Husayn%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg/330px-Eight_Safavid_abbasis_of_Sultan_Husayn%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eight_Safavid_abbasis_of_Sultan_Husayn%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg/440px-Eight_Safavid_abbasis_of_Sultan_Husayn%2C_struck_at_the_Tiflis_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Silver abbasis minted in Tiflis during the reign of Sultan Husayn (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1694–1722), with minting dates varying from 1717–1718 to 1719–1720.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abbasi_(currency)" title="Abbasi (currency)">Abbasi (currency)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_abazi" title="Georgian abazi">Georgian abazi</a></div> One of the most important Safavid <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mints</a> was located in the province of Georgia, in Tiflis. Close to the border with the Ottoman Empire, the Tiflis mint was important to the Safavids, for <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> (i.e. silver bars, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">reals</a>, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Rijksdaalder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijksdaalder">rijksdaalders</a>) for the minting of coins was largely imported from and through the Ottoman Empire (and Russia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201353-50">[45]</a> Upon arrival in Iran, the bullion was usually brought to the provincial mints in the border area with the Ottoman Empire such as Tiflis, Erivan (Yerevan), or Tabriz in order to be melted into Iranian coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson20135,_15,_53-51">[46]</a> Tiflis was thus a major stopping point for merchants who returned with silver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468-49">[44]</a> In the 17th century the Tiflis mint was one of the most active Safavid mints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002221-52">[47]</a> The Tiflis mint also lay on a route widely used by silk traders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468-49">[44]</a> According to French traveller <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Tavernier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Tavernier">Jean Baptiste Tavernier</a>, traders who went to Gilan to negotiate over silk, went to the mint at Tiflis, for the mint master (zarrab-bashi) gave a 2% discount on silver for silk traders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468-49">[44]</a> Tavernier notes that this is partly due to the silver coins from Tiflis being a little less <a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">fine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468–69-53">[48]</a> The coins minted at Tiflis were mostly used for the local citizens, rather than for the local Safavid garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317-54">[49]</a> The coins always had to bear the Safavid rulers' name and follow the Safavid types, legends, and weight standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18-1">[1]</a> In many other regards, however, the appointed valis were granted a great deal of autonomy in terms of minting practises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18-1">[1]</a> For example, the vali reportedly was allowed to benefit from the profit accrued by the mints in the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317-54">[49]</a> In the 1660s and 1670s, the office of mint master (zarrab-bashi) of Tiflis was held by a series of local <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201314-55">[50]</a> During the reign of Suleiman I, the economic situation worsened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013130–131-56">[51]</a> The amount of precious metal coming into the country decreased, and as a result the quality of the coins diminished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013130–131-56">[51]</a> This deficiency in weight was also apparent in coins from the Tiflis mint; in 1688, the abbasis and mahmudis struck at the mint were 22.5% below the standard weight they were supposed to have.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013131-57">[52]</a> The royal treasury was aware of the issue, and subsequently stopped accepting mahmudis that had been minted in Tiflis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013131-57">[52]</a> In the years 1682–1685 the only Safavid mints that were recorded as active were the ones at Tiflis and <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013119-58">[53]</a> According to a 1687 report, money played close to no role in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201344-59">[54]</a> French botanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> confirms this: according to his texts of 1701, people in large parts of Georgia preferred to be paid in materials such as bracelets, rings, necklaces, and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201344-59">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stationed_military_force">Stationed military force</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stationed military force">edit</a>]</div> The province of Georgia hosted many Safavid soldiers, as it was considered a territory of the utmost importance. At the same time, it was a province that bordered the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200182–83-60">[55]</a> A Safavid force was permanently stationed in Tiflis from 1551 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296-10">[8]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> reports, some 4,000 Safavid cavalry were stationed in Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> in the 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001135–136-61">[56]</a> According to traveller <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a>, towards the end of Abbas I's reign many troops were stationed in Georgia, of which some 5,000 were "battle-experienced and trained".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001207-62">[57]</a> In the mid-17th century, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Abbas II</a> (1642–1666), some 50,000 Safavid troops were stationed in the province according to Chardin's figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012145-30">[26]</a> The French missionary and traveller Père Sanson, who was in Safavid Iran during the latter part of King <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I_of_Persia" title="Suleiman I of Persia">Suleiman I</a>'s reign (1666–1694), wrote that a "large number" of troops were stationed in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001212-63">[58]</a> Towards the end of Sultan Husayn's reign (1694–1722), the troops at the behest of the then-governor of Kartli, <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_VI_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang VI of Kartli">Hosayn-Qoli Khan</a> (Vakhtang VI), numbered some 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and 3,000–4,000 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225-45">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_offices">Public offices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public offices">edit</a>]</div> According to the Georgian geographer and historian <a href="/wiki/Vakhushti_Bagrationi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhushti Bagrationi">Vakhushti Bagrationi</a>, vali/king Rostom orchestrated changes in the nomenclature of various public offices, substituting Georgian titles with Persian equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388-64">[59]</a> Examples include the transformation of msakhurt’ukhuts’esi (master of servants) to <a href="/wiki/Qurchi-bashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurchi-bashi">qurchi-bashi</a>, ezosmodzghvari (housekeeper) to nazer (steward), and monat’ukhuts’esi (master of slaves) to <a href="/wiki/Qollar-aghasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qollar-aghasi">qollar-aghasi</a> (commander of the royal guard), among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388-64">[59]</a> Despite these alterations in office names, the fundamental structure of the state machinery in Georgia remained largely intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388-64">[59]</a> Furthermore, during Rostom's rule, positions characteristic of the Safavid state, such as vazir (adviser, minister), mostowfi (chief financial clerk), and monshi (scribe), were introduced, serving as supervisory roles for the royal court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388-64">[59]</a> Historical records from the 1570s also document the roles of malek and <a href="/wiki/Darugha" title="Darugha">darugha</a>, officials in the town administration of Georgia, which are associated with the political influence of Iran during that period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388-64">[59]</a> The vali of Georgia had a corps of <a href="/wiki/Qurchi_(royal_bodyguard)" title="Qurchi (royal bodyguard)">qurchis</a> at his disposal, including a qurchi-bashi, and a legion of specialized qurchis for his "<a href="/wiki/Accoutrements" title="Accoutrements">accoutrements</a>" (i.e. qurchi-e zereh, qurchi-e kafsh, qurchi-e tarkesh, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001149-65">[60]</a> They also had the institution of vakil ("regent"), who could take care of all matters in case it was needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor20017-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silk_and_wine_production">Silk and wine production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Silk and wine production">edit</a>]</div> Although the province contributed to the overall <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> production, its silk was said, together with that of <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Beylarbeylik" class="mw-redirect" title="Karabakh Beylarbeylik">Karabakh–Ganja</a>, to be of lesser quality than that of <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee199937-68">[62]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a>'s (1588–1629) decisive subduing of Georgia, he ordered that the province should produce more silk in the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee199941-69">[63]</a> According to Nicolaas Jacobus Overschie, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> representative in the Safavid Empire, of the 2,800 bales of silk that had been produced in 1636, the provinces of Georgia and Karabakh–Ganja had yielded a total of 300 bales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee199941-69">[63]</a> According to Jean Chardin, the wines produced in Georgia and Shiraz were of excellent quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200544-70">[64]</a> Every six months the province of Georgia supplied the royal <a href="/wiki/Wine_cellars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine cellars">wine cellars</a> of the Safavid court with some three hundred liters of wine, as part of the total amount of taxes it paid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543–44-71">[65]</a> The governors were responsible for the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> of their province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200544-70">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary_and_rank_of_the_vali_of_Kartli">Salary and rank of the vali of Kartli</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Salary and rank of the vali of Kartli">edit</a>]</div> As outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Dastur_al-Moluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastur al-Moluk">Dastur al-Moluk</a>, the Kartli vali's annual salary was linked to the profits generated from the Poshkuh, <a href="/wiki/Tarom_County" title="Tarom County">Tarom</a>, and Qazvin regions. This data, as reported by Georgian sources, also indicates that the Kartli vali received compensation from the revenues of <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoein" title="Khoein">Khuyin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lahijan" title="Lahijan">Lahijan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021389-72">[66]</a> Following Iranian customs, the vali was granted villages in exchange for his service to the Iranian Shah. It is worth noting that these villages were not confined to Kartli but also extended to northern Iran, mirroring the similar rewards bestowed upon Georgian nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021389-72">[66]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Tazkerat_al-Moluk" title="Tazkerat al-Moluk">Tadhkirat al-Moluk</a>, the vali of Kartli was the third of the top-ranking officials not residing at court, and held a higher status than the second category of great amirs, those attached to the palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021389-72">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influences">Cultural influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural influences">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_culture">Georgian culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Georgian culture">edit</a>]</div> From the 16th century there was an increase of Iranian influence in Georgian culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a> The genres in which it was most apparent were <a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">literature</a>, painting, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a> During the Safavid period, many Georgian rulers, princes, and nobles had spent time in Iran. Therefore, Iranian traditions also spread throughout Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a> The placement of <a href="/wiki/David_XI_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="David XI of Kartli">Davud Khan</a> (David XI) on the puppet throne of Kartli in 1562 did not just initiate a lengthy period of Iranian political dominance; in the same two and a half centuries that followed, until the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">coming</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iranian cultural</a> influence dominated eastern Georgia (Kartli–Kakheti).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199448-15">[12]</a> According to Jean Chardin, who was in Georgia in 1672, the Georgians followed Iranian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a> Chardin assumed that the process had been influenced by those nobles who had converted to Islam (in order to obtain positions as state officials), as well as those who encouraged their female relatives to become ladies at court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a> In the Safavid period, "a great number of books" were translated from Persian into Georgian. The Rostomiani, the Georgian version of the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>, was further developed and improved, as well as <a href="/wiki/Visramiani" title="Visramiani">Visramiani</a>, the Georgian version of <a href="/wiki/Vis_o_Ramin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vis o Ramin">Vis o Ramin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">[32]</a> According to a letter sent to the Pope by a Catholic missionary who <a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">flourished</a> in the 17th century, Padre Bernardi, it was to his "great regret" that literate Georgians preferred to read works such as the Rostomiani (<a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>), Bezhaniani, and Baramguriani and were less interested in religious texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti" title="Teimuraz I of Kakheti">Teimuraz I of Kakheti</a> (Tahmuras Khan) is perhaps mostly remembered for creating issues for the central government, but he was fluent in Persian and fond of Persian poetry, which he "highly valued".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> In his words:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The sweetness of Persian speech urged me to compose the music of verse.</blockquote> Teimuraz wrote several poems influenced by the contemporary Persian tradition, packed with "Persian imagery and allusions, loanwords, and phraseology". A later Georgian vali, Vakhtang VI (Hosayn-Qoli Khan),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225-45">[40]</a> was also important in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> When he was forced to stay in Iran, he learned to excel in Persian. He later used this skill to translate works into Georgian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> He created a Georgian version of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Qabus-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Qabus-Nama">Qabusnameh</a> known as Amirnasariani ("The story of Amirnasar", Amirnasar being the mythical Iranian king <a href="/wiki/Kaykavus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaykavus">Kaykavus</a>). During his detention in Iran, Vakhtang also translated into Georgian Kashefi's <a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Kalīleh o Demneh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> Later, back in Georgia, he ordered the entire story to be translated once more, while his tutor, <a href="/wiki/Sulkhan-Saba_Orbeliani" title="Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani">Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani</a>, also made a revised version of Vakhtang's own translation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> Though Vakhtang, individually, was heavily involved in further developing Georgian-Iranian literary ties (in other words, by his own writings), he also founded an entire school dedicated to translators from Persian into Georgian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> During this period, a number of folk stories (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Dastan" title="Dastan">dastans</a>) that were extremely popular in Iran, were translated into Georgian on his orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a> One of these was the <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar-nama" title="Bakhtiyar-nama">Bakhtiarnameh</a>, a collection of several novellas, as well as the Baramgulandamiani ("Bahram o Golandam"), originally written by Katebi Nishapuri. The many other Persian-Georgian literary efforts of this era include translations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and books on Shia <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiunashvili2016-74">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_culture">Iranian culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iranian culture">edit</a>]</div> In another, perhaps unorthodox, way Georgia also influenced the culture of Iran. According to a story, an ethnic Georgian named Shedan Chiladze was so renowned for being able to "hold" his liquor, that Safavid King <a href="/wiki/Safi_of_Persia" title="Safi of Persia">Safi</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1629–1642) invited him to the court in order to hold a drinking competition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543-75">[69]</a> After beating everyone at court, the king himself challenged Chiladze, and reportedly died doing so. Though historian <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Matthee" title="Rudi Matthee">Rudi Matthee</a> reports that the story may be "apocryphal", as alcoholism did kill Safi, but not in relation to a drinking contest, it does show that Georgian habits had spread to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543-75">[69]</a> In the Safavid period, large numbers of ethnic Georgian men entered Safavid government service, whereas many Georgian women entered the harems of the ruling elite and the royal court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543-75">[69]</a> Drinking alcohol, a prominent Georgian habits, influenced Iranian society, and more importantly, court culture, during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543-75">[69]</a> It is especially evident in the taxes the province had to pay – they included many liters of wine. The royal harem, the private area of the royal court, was where Safavid rulers grew up; after Abbas I's reign, all Safavid rulers grew up there surrounded by mostly Georgian women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543-75">[69]</a> There were also many <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Safavid_dynasty#Gholam" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Safavid dynasty">gholams</a> who drank. Matthee therefore suggests that it is quite likely that the "fondness" for wine exhibited by Safavid rulers originated in this environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543-75">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Safavid_Georgia" title="List of rulers of Safavid Georgia">List of rulers of Safavid Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Eastern Samtskhe was part of Safavid Iran from 1551 to 1582, as well as for several years after 1613.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200885-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a>'s reign (1588–1629), governors of Georgia were usually referred to as hakem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200183-4">[3]</a> Sometimes they were also styled as <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">soltan</a> (salatin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200186-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The "third force" included the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Simon I was earlier known for his fierce resistance against the Safavid domination, which resulted in his being imprisoned for several years at the <a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut Castle</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Amongst the deportees there were also Muslims from Georgia, and sections of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Shirvan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Qarabagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Qarabagh">Karabakh</a> population. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> The vakil sometimes also functioned as a tutor (<a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">laleh</a>), in cases when the governor was young.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor20017-66">[61]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317–18_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200885-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200885_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200885_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2008">Floor 2008</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200183-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200183_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200186-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200186_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200186_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012164,_166-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012164,_166_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, pp. 164, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_8-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2001">Hitchins 2001</a>, pp. 464–470. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012166-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012166_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2008">Floor 2008</a>, pp. 295–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200428-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200428_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad2004">Babaie et al. 2004</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012173-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012173_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015xxxi-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015xxxi_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. xxxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199448-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199448_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199448_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001108–109-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001108–109_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001108–109_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001233-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001233_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200185-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200185_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200185_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200185_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015379-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015379_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015379_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory200781-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory200781_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavory2007">Savory 2007</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200417-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200417_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad2004">Babaie et al. 2004</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199450-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199450_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow2009174-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlow2009174_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlow2009">Blow 2009</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015291,_536-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015291,_536_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, pp. 291, 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012191-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012191_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015536-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015536_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015164-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015164_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015600-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015600_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012145-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012145_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012145_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2012">Matthee 2012</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee199944-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee199944_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee1999">Matthee 1999</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow2009105-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlow2009105_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlow2009">Blow 2009</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015194,_379-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015194,_379_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015194,_379_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015194,_379_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, pp. 194, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199452-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199452_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008140-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008140_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2008">Floor 2008</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelashvili2012494_37-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFGelashvili2012">Gelashvili 2012</a>, p. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012199_38-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002209-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002209_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002209_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarendse2002">Barendse 2002</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008309-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008309_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2008">Floor 2008</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012211-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012211_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012114-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012114_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2012">Matthee 2012</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001198-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001198_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015249-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015249_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012225_45-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2012">Matthee 2012</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199454-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199454_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013142-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013142_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012226–227-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2012226–227_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2012">Matthee 2012</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468_49-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad2004">Babaie et al. 2004</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201353-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201353_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson20135,_15,_53-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson20135,_15,_53_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, pp. 5, 15, 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002221-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarendse2002221_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarendse2002">Barendse 2002</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468–69-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad200468–69_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad2004">Babaie et al. 2004</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201317_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201314-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201314_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013130–131-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013130–131_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013130–131_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013131-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013131_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013131_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013119-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson2013119_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201344-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201344_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheeFloorClawson201344_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013">Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200182–83-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200182–83_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001135–136-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001135–136_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001207-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001207_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001212-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001212_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021387–388_64-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanikidze2021">Sanikidze 2021</a>, pp. 387–388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2001149-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2001149_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor20017-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor20017_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor20017_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee199937-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee199937_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee1999">Matthee 1999</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee199941-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee199941_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee199941_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee1999">Matthee 1999</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200544-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200544_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200544_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2005">Matthee 2005</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543–44-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543–44_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2005">Matthee 2005</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021389-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021389_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021389_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanikidze2021389_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanikidze2021">Sanikidze 2021</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvakharia2001481–486_73-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFGvakharia2001">Gvakharia 2001</a>, pp. 481–486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiunashvili2016-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiunashvili2016_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiunashvili2016">Giunashvili 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee200543_75-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2005">Matthee 2005</a>, p. 43. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad2004" class="citation book cs1">Babaie, Sussan; Babayan, Kathryn; Baghdiantz-McCabe, Ina; Farhad, Massumeh (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857716866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857716866"><bdi>978-0857716866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+of+the+Shah%3A+New+Elites+of+Safavid+Iran&rft.pages=1-256&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0857716866&rft.aulast=Babaie&rft.aufirst=Sussan&rft.au=Babayan%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Baghdiantz-McCabe%2C+Ina&rft.au=Farhad%2C+Massumeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarendse2002" class="citation book cs1">Barendse, R.J. (2002). The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765633644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765633644"><bdi>978-0765633644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Seas%3A+The+Indian+Ocean+World+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0765633644&rft.aulast=Barendse&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlow2009" class="citation book cs1">Blow, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_kBAwAAQBAJ&pg=">Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend</a>. London, UK: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845119898" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845119898"><bdi>978-1845119898</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009464064">2009464064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Abbas%3A+The+Ruthless+King+Who+became+an+Iranian+Legend&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009464064&rft.isbn=978-1845119898&rft.aulast=Blow&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_kBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Floor" title="Willem Floor">Floor, Willem</a> (2001). Safavid Government Institutions. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568591353" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568591353"><bdi>978-1568591353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safavid+Government+Institutions&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1568591353&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2008" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. pp. 1–324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933823232" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933823232"><bdi>978-1933823232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titles+and+Emoluments+in+Safavid+Iran%3A+A+Third+Manual+of+Safavid+Administration%2C+by+Mirza+Naqi+Nasiri&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1-324&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1933823232&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelashvili2012" class="citation book cs1">Gelashvili, Nana (2012). "Iranian-Georgian relations during the Reign of Rostom (1633–58)". In Floor, Willem; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Herzig" title="Edmund Herzig">Herzig, Edmund</a> (eds.). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780769905" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780769905"><bdi>978-1780769905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian-Georgian+relations+during+the+Reign+of+Rostom+%281633%E2%80%9358%29&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+World+in+the+Safavid+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780769905&rft.aulast=Gelashvili&rft.aufirst=Nana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiunashvili2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Giunashvili" title="Jamshid Giunashvili">Giunashvili, Jemshid</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgijanidze-parsadan">"Gorgijanidze, Parsadan"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gorgijanidze%2C+Parsadan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Giunashvili&rft.aufirst=Jemshid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgorgijanidze-parsadan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGvakharia2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gvakharia, Aleksandre (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iv--1">"Georgia iv. Literary contacts with Persia"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume X/5: Geography IV–Germany VI. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 481–486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-53-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-53-5"><bdi>978-0-933273-53-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georgia+iv.+Literary+contacts+with+Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+X%2F5%3A+Geography+IV%E2%80%93Germany+VI&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=481-486&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-53-5&rft.aulast=Gvakharia&rft.aufirst=Aleksandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-iv--1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchins2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hitchins, Keith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-ii-history-">"Georgia ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 4. pp. 464–470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georgia+ii.+History+of+Iranian-Georgian+Relations&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+X%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=464-470&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-ii-history-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Matthee" title="Rudi Matthee">Matthee, Rudolph P.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5U0yECMV--wC&dq=qazaq+khan+cherkes">The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64131-9"><bdi>978-0-521-64131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Trade+in+Safavid+Iran%3A+Silk+for+Silver%2C+1600%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64131-9&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5U0yECMV--wC%26dq%3Dqazaq%2Bkhan%2Bcherkes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691118550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691118550"><bdi>978-0691118550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Pleasure%3A+Drugs+and+Stimulants+in+Iranian+History%2C+1500-1900&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0691118550&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2012" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-745-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-745-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-745-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+in+Crisis%3A+Safavid+Decline+and+the+Fall+of+Isfahan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-371&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-745-0&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudi; Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2013). The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars. London; New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857721723" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857721723"><bdi>978-0857721723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monetary+History+of+Iran%3A+From+the+Safavids+to+the+Qajars&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=1-320&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0857721723&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft.au=Floor%2C+Willem&rft.au=Clawson%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a> (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442241466" title="Special:BookSources/9781442241466"><bdi>9781442241466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442241466&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Rayfield, Donald</a> (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780230702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780230702"><bdi>978-1780230702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780230702&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanikidze2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Sanikidze" title="Giorgi Sanikidze">Sanikidze, George</a> (2021). "The Evolution of the Safavid Policy towards Eastern Georgia". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires, the Idea of Iran Vol. 10. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755633807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755633807"><bdi>978-0755633807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Safavid+Policy+towards+Eastern+Georgia&rft.btitle=Safavid+Persia+in+the+Age+of+Empires%2C+the+Idea+of+Iran+Vol.+10&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0755633807&rft.aulast=Sanikidze&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Savory" title="Roger Savory">Savory, Roger</a> (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521042512" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521042512"><bdi>978-0521042512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Under+the+Safavids&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521042512&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253209153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253209153"><bdi>978-0253209153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0253209153&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkopyan2021" class="citation book cs1">Akopyan, Alexander V. (2021). "Coinage and the monetary system". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coinage+and+the+monetary+system&rft.btitle=The+Safavid+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Akopyan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloorFaghfoory2007" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem; Faghfoory, Mohammad H. (2007). The Dastur Al-moluk: A Safavid State Manual, by Mohammad Rafi' al-Din Ansari. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 1–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568591957" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568591957"><bdi>978-1568591957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dastur+Al-moluk%3A+A+Safavid+State+Manual%2C+by+Mohammad+Rafi%27+al-Din+Ansari&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.pages=1-355&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1568591957&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Faghfoory%2C+Mohammad+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2021" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem (2021). "The economy". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economy&rft.btitle=The+Safavid+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2021" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem (2021). "The Safavid court and government". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Safavid+court+and+government&rft.btitle=The+Safavid+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2021" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem (2021). "Trade in Safavid Iran". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trade+in+Safavid+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Safavid+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeda2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hirotake_Maeda" title="Hirotake Maeda">Maeda, Hirotake</a> (2003). "On the Ethno-Social Background of Four Gholām Families from Georgia in Safavid Iran". Studia Iranica (32). Peeters Publishers: 1–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FSI.32.2.563203">10.2143/SI.32.2.563203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Iranica&rft.atitle=On+the+Ethno-Social+Background+of+Four+Ghol%C4%81m+Families+from+Georgia+in+Safavid+Iran&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=1-278&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FSI.32.2.563203&rft.aulast=Maeda&rft.aufirst=Hirotake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeda2021" class="citation book cs1">Maeda, Hirotake (2021). "Against all odds: the Safavids and the Georgians". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Against+all+odds%3A+the+Safavids+and+the+Georgians&rft.btitle=The+Safavid+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Maeda&rft.aufirst=Hirotake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaghavaBennett2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paghava, Irakli; Bennett, Kirk (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_225.pdf#page=25">"THE EARLIEST DATE FOR THE KINGDOM OF K'AKHETI SILVER ISSUES OF THE 16TH CENTURY"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society. 225: 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Oriental+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=THE+EARLIEST+DATE+FOR+THE+KINGDOM+OF+K%E2%80%99AKHETI+SILVER+ISSUES+OF+THE+16TH+CENTURY&rft.volume=225&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Paghava&rft.aufirst=Irakli&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientalnumismaticsociety.org%2Farchive%2FONS_225.pdf%23page%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaghava2016" class="citation journal cs1">Paghava, Irakli (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36725568/K_ak_i_K%C4%81khed_K%C4%81khet%C4%81b%C4%81d_One_More_Georgian_Coin_Minting_Urban_Center">"K'ak'i (Kākhed, Kākhetābād): One More Georgian Coin-Minting Urban Center"</a>. Pro Georgia. 26: 117–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Georgia&rft.atitle=K%E2%80%99ak%E2%80%99i+%28K%C4%81khed%2C+K%C4%81khet%C4%81b%C4%81d%29%3A+One+More+Georgian+Coin-Minting+Urban+Center&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=117-140&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Paghava&rft.aufirst=Irakli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36725568%2FK_ak_i_K%25C4%2581khed_K%25C4%2581khet%25C4%2581b%25C4%2581d_One_More_Georgian_Coin_Minting_Urban_Center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaghava2019" class="citation journal cs1">Paghava, Irakli (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_235.pdf#page=23">"Kākhetābād, a new Georgian-Safavid mint"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society. 235: 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1818-1252">1818-1252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Oriental+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=K%C4%81khet%C4%81b%C4%81d%2C+a+new+Georgian-Safavid+mint&rft.volume=235&rft.pages=23-25&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1818-1252&rft.aulast=Paghava&rft.aufirst=Irakli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientalnumismaticsociety.org%2Farchive%2FONS_235.pdf%23page%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMousavi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mousavi, Mohammad A. (2008). "The Autonomous State in Iran: Mobility and Prosperity in the Reign of Shah 'Abbas the Great (1587–1629)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (1): 17–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338408X326172">10.1163/157338408X326172</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597352">25597352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=The+Autonomous+State+in+Iran%3A+Mobility+and+Prosperity+in+the+Reign+of+Shah+%27Abbas+the+Great+%281587%E2%80%931629%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-33&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338408X326172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25597352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mousavi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafavid+Georgia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Safavid_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Safavid_provinces" title="Template:Safavid provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Safavid_provinces" title="Template talk:Safavid provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Safavid_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Safavid provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Safavid_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Astarabad" title="Safavid Astarabad">Astarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_province_(Safavid_Iran)" title="Azerbaijan province (Safavid Iran)">Azarbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_province_(Safavid_Empire)" title="Baghdad province (Safavid Empire)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Daghestan" title="Safavid Daghestan">Daghestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Diyarbakr" title="Safavid Diyarbakr">Diyarbakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_province_(Safavid_Iran)" title="Erivan province (Safavid Iran)">Erivan (Chokhur-e Sa'd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadan_province" title="Hamadan province">Hamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat province">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_province" title="Isfahan province">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Kandahar" title="Safavid Kandahar">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Karabakh" title="Safavid Karabakh">Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerman_province" title="Kerman province">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Khuzestan" title="Safavid Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_province" title="Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province">Kuhgiluyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Kurdistan" title="Safavid Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Lorestan" title="Safavid Lorestan">Lorestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Marv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:The_maximum_extent_of_the_Safavid_Empire_under_Shah_Abbas_I.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Extent of the Safavid dynasty"><img alt="Extent of the Safavid dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_maximum_extent_of_the_Safavid_Empire_under_Shah_Abbas_I.png/50px-The_maximum_extent_of_the_Safavid_Empire_under_Shah_Abbas_I.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_maximum_extent_of_the_Safavid_Empire_under_Shah_Abbas_I.png/75px-The_maximum_extent_of_the_Safavid_Empire_under_Shah_Abbas_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_maximum_extent_of_the_Safavid_Empire_under_Shah_Abbas_I.png/100px-The_maximum_extent_of_the_Safavid_Empire_under_Shah_Abbas_I.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="428" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&oldid=1253492536">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&oldid=1253492536</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_of_the_Safavid_dynasty" title="Category:Provinces of the Safavid dynasty">Provinces of the Safavid dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:16th century in Georgia (country)">16th century in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th_century_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:17th century in Georgia (country)">17th century in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:18th century in Georgia (country)">18th century in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Category:Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Category:Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2018">Use dmy dates from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 08:04 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Georgia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7cd56fbfb6-c2ltq","wgBackendResponseTime":212,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.291","walltime":"1.636","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14902,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":122960,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15753,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":144706,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1402.191 1 -total"," 29.83% 418.258 152 Template:Sfn"," 12.79% 179.298 21 Template:Cite_book"," 12.43% 174.353 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 8.61% 120.749 3 Template:Langx"," 5.60% 78.546 1 Template:Encyclopædia_Iranica_Online"," 5.35% 74.985 1 Template:History_of_Georgia_(country)"," 5.34% 74.924 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.21% 73.007 162 Template:Main_other"," 5.16% 72.355 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.837","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22369798,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAkopyan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabaieBabayanBaghdiantz-McCabeFarhad2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarendse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlow2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloor2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFFloorFaghfoory2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelashvili2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaeda2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaeda2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattheeFloorClawson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMousavi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaghava2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaghava2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaghavaBennett2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanikidze2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavory2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny1994\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Encyclopaedia Iranica\"] = 1,\n [\"Encyclopædia Iranica Online\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Georgia (country)\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 30,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 8,\n [\"Safavid Provinces\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 152,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-68db4b6789-dqv87","timestamp":"20241126004538","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Safavid Georgia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safavid_Georgia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q30673322","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q30673322","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-05-02T17:33:23Z","dateModified":"2024-10-26T08:04:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/60\/Northwestern_part_of_the_Safavid_Empire_%28cropped%2C_v2%29.png","headline":"a velayat (province) of the Safavid Empire (1518-1736)"}</script> </body> </html>