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</li> <li id="toc-Priest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Priest </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Priest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Priest subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Priest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-St._Anne_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Anne_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 St. Anne Colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Anne_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_of_the_Precious_Blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_of_the_Precious_Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Society of the Precious Blood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_of_the_Precious_Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sturgeon_Bay_seminary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sturgeon_Bay_seminary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Sturgeon Bay seminary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sturgeon_Bay_seminary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyckesville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyckesville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Dyckesville </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyckesville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Russian Orthodox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Malankara Orthodox Syrian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goanese_schism_in_British_Ceylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goanese_schism_in_British_Ceylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Goanese schism in British Ceylon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goanese_schism_in_British_Ceylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consecration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Consecration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archbishop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Archbishop </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archbishop-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archbishop subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archbishop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_Bay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_Bay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Green Bay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_Bay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emery_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emery_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Emery colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emery_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Chicago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consecrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Consecrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stephen_Kaminski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephen_Kaminski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Stephen Kaminski </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephen_Kaminski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paolo_Miraglia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paolo_Miraglia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Paolo Miraglia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paolo_Miraglia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frederick_Lloyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frederick_Lloyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Frederick Lloyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frederick_Lloyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_Alexander_McGuire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Alexander_McGuire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 George Alexander McGuire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Alexander_McGuire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ordinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edward_Donkin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_Donkin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Edward Donkin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_Donkin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Lyne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Lyne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Joseph Lyne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Lyne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Brothers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Brothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 William Brothers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Brothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ordinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ordinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Other ordinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ordinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St_John's_Home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_John's_Home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 St John's Home </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_John's_Home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Des_Houx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Des_Houx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Des Houx </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Des_Houx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vilatteville,_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vilatteville,_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Vilatteville, Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vilatteville,_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_the_American_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_the_American_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Founding the American Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_the_American_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciliation_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reconciliation and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Occultists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occultists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vilatte_Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vilatte_Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vilatte Orders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vilatte_Orders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vilatte Orders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vilatte_Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thorns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thorns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Order of the Crown of Thorns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thorns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1883_foundation_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1883_foundation_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 1883 foundation story </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1883_foundation_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1891_foundation_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1891_foundation_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 1891 foundation story </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1891_foundation_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Black_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Black_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Order of the Lion and the Black Cross </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Black_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valensi_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valensi_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Valensi affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valensi_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condemnation_by_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemnation_by_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Condemnation by the Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_by_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_ordinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_ordinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Recognition of ordinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_ordinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_or_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_or_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Works or publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_or_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Vilatte, Marie-Antoinette Chorin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Soli Deo honor et gloria (Honour and glory be to God alone)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte_Signature.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph René Vilatte's signature"><img alt="Joseph René Vilatte's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte_Signature.jpeg/130px-Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte_Signature.jpeg" decoding="async" width="130" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte_Signature.jpeg/195px-Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte_Signature.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte_Signature.jpeg/260px-Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte_Signature.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="64" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilatte_Coat_of_Arms.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph René Vilatte's coat of arms"><img alt="Joseph René Vilatte's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vilatte_Coat_of_Arms.gif/50px-Vilatte_Coat_of_Arms.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vilatte_Coat_of_Arms.gif/75px-Vilatte_Coat_of_Arms.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vilatte_Coat_of_Arms.gif/100px-Vilatte_Coat_of_Arms.gif 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="166" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #BDB76B ;"> Ordination history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Diaconal ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Herzog" title="Eduard Herzog">Eduard Herzog</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">June 6, 1885<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Bern, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Herzog" title="Eduard Herzog">Eduard Herzog</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">June 7, 1885<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Bern, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mar_Julius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Julius I">Mar Julius I</a> (Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-consecrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar_Athanasius_Paulos_of_Kottayam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mar Athanasius Paulos of Kottayam (page does not exist)">Mar Athanasius Paulos of Kottayam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar_Gregorius_Gewargis_of_Niranam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mar Gregorius Gewargis of Niranam (page does not exist)">Mar Gregorius Gewargis of Niranam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">May 29, 1892<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">Episcopal succession</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by René Vilatte as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kaminski" title="Stephen Kaminski">Stephen Kaminski</a></th><td class="infobox-data">March 21, 1898<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Miraglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Miraglia (page does not exist)">Paolo Miraglia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">May 6, 1900<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Marsh-Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Marsh-Edwards (page does not exist)">Henry Marsh-Edwards</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 14, 1903<a href="#cite_note-7">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Henry_Carfora" title="Carmel Henry Carfora">Carmel Henry Carfora</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1907(?)<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_von_Kubinyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor von Kubinyi (page does not exist)">Victor von Kubinyi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">April 27, 1913</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ebenezer_Lloyd" title="Frederick Ebenezer Lloyd">Frederick Ebenezer Lloyd</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 29, 1915<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_McGuire" title="George Alexander McGuire">George Alexander McGuire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 28, 1921<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_James_Sneed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar James Sneed (page does not exist)">Edgar James Sneed</a><a href="#cite_note-NotInAnson-3">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-NotInBrandreth-4">[b]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed">attribution needed</a>]</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1, 1923</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_John_Edmund_Barwell-Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis John Edmund Barwell-Walker (page does not exist)">Francis John Edmund Barwell-Walker</a><a href="#cite_note-NotInAnson-3">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-NotInBrandreth-4">[b]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed">attribution needed</a>]</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1, 1923</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Joseph René Vilatte (January 24, 1854 – July 8, 1929), also known as Mar Timotheus I, was a French–American <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> active in <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. He was associated with several <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> before his <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">ordination</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland</a> (CKS) bishop for service in an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> diocese.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a> Eventually, he was reconciled with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and voluntarily entered a <a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">solemn vow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abjuration" title="Abjuration">abjuration</a>. Vilatte was at one point <a href="/wiki/Consecrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">consecrated</a> as a bishop by <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> bishops, with the knowledge and permission of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch</a>. After being expelled from multiple denominations, he was considered an example of an <a href="/wiki/Episcopus_vagans" title="Episcopus vagans">episcopus vagans</a>, or "wandering bishop".<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a> Although never a bishop within an <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">denomination or sect</a> and denounced by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Union of Utrecht</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic churches</a>, Vilatte became known as the "first Old Catholic bishop of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 1  <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_conversion_to_Catholicism">Early life and conversion to Catholicism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and conversion to Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> Vilatte was born in Paris, France, on January 24, 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 91 <a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66  He was raised by his paternal grandparents, who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Petite_%C3%89glise" title="Petite Église">Petite Église</a> (PÉ),<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66  an independent church separated from the Catholic Church after the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>. Vincent Gourdon wrote that this independent church had about 4,000 adherents <a href="#cite_note-Gourdon2002-12">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anson" title="Peter Anson">Peter Anson</a>, in Bishops at large, says that Vilatte's parents were members of the independent church and that he was probably baptized by a layman.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 91  Boyd, however, claims that Vilatte was validly baptized and educated by parents who held <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallican beliefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boyd1907-13">[7]</a>: 181  Some accounts say that Vilatte was born Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 55  Vilatte lost his parents at a "tender age".<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 1  Raised in a Parisian orphanage operated by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools">Brothers of the Christian Schools</a> where he was <a href="/wiki/Conditional_baptism" title="Conditional baptism">conditionally baptized</a>, he received the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacrament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation (Catholic Church)">confirmation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 91 <a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 1  His sister became an <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_nuns" title="Augustinian nuns">Augustinian nun</a>, and was evicted from <a href="/wiki/Montrouge" title="Montrouge">Montrouge</a>, Paris, convent during the enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-Boyd1907-13">[7]</a>: 181 <a href="#cite_note-IndependentXIV45-16">[10]</a> Not yet sixteen, Vilatte served during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> in the battalion of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> militia commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules-Henri-Marius_Bergeret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules-Henri-Marius Bergeret (page does not exist)">Jules-Henri-Marius Bergeret</a>, a future member of the <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_vigilance_de_Montmartre" title="Comité de vigilance de Montmartre">Comité de vigilance de Montmartre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66  He intended to become a Roman Catholic priest but, after the war and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, Vilatte emigrated to Canada. There he became a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_Methodist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protestant Methodist Church (page does not exist)">Protestant Methodist Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66  He worked for two years as a teacher and lay assistant to a French mission priest.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 187  He worked as a <a href="/wiki/Catechist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechist">catechist</a> in a small school near <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and led services.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a> After returning to France in 1873, according to Bernard Vignot in Le phénomène des Églises parallèles, Vilatte was called up for military service but refused to obey. He took refuge in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-Vignot1991-18">[12]</a>: 31  He spent one year in the House of the Christian Brothers at <a href="/wiki/Namur_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namur (city)">Namur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 187–188  Vilatte emigrated to Canada again in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 91–92  Vilatte spent a second year devoted to private preparation for the priesthood before entering, in 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Congregation of the Holy Cross Fathers</a>' <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9gep_de_Saint-Laurent" title="Cégep de Saint-Laurent">College of St. Laurent</a>, Montreal, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 1 <a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 187–188  Marx and Blied wrote that he spent three years at the College of St. Laurent and left voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 1  In the interval between his third and fourth <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> years, Vilatte attended several <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> lectures by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chiniquy" title="Charles Chiniquy">Charles Chiniquy</a>, a priest who left Catholicism and became a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> pastor. Vilatte began to have doctrinal doubts.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  Chiniquy, a <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a>, was known as a gifted public speaker. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Roby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Roby (page does not exist)">Yves Roby</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>, compared Chiniquy to French Bishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_Marie_Joseph,_Count_of_Forbin-Janson" title="Charles Auguste Marie Joseph, Count of Forbin-Janson">Charles Auguste Marie Joseph, Count of Forbin-Janson</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy">Nancy and Toul</a>, in his "spectacular preaching methods", and wrote that Chiniquy's preaching produced "genuine religious transformation".<a href="#cite_note-Roby2000-19">[13]</a> Chiniquy was dubbed the apostle of temperance.<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a> Anthony Cross wrote, in Père Hyacinthe Loyson, the Eglise Catholique Gallicane (1879–1893) and the Anglican Reform Mission, that "some made a living by attacking the Roman Church and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> in particular"; he included Chiniquy among a number of excommunicated Catholic priests, such as former Barnabite friar <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Gavazzi" title="Alessandro Gavazzi">Alessandro Gavazzi</a>, who "became anti-Catholic 'no popery' propagandists" and "received ready support from Protestants."<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 73–74  "Even some Protestants became indignant", according to Roby, at how for five years "Chiniquy conducted an unremitting campaign" of "unrestrained attacks on the Catholic Church, its dogmas, sacraments, moral doctrine, and devotional practices".<a href="#cite_note-Roby2000-19">[13]</a> Nicholas Weber, in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, wrote that Vilatte became an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostate</a> chiefly due to the influence of Chiniquy.<a href="#cite_note-Weber1922-22">[16]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Margrander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Margrander (page does not exist)">Ernest Margrander</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" title="Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a>, Vilatte was unable to continue his seminary studies and transferred to <a href="/wiki/The_Presbyterian_College,_Montreal" title="The Presbyterian College, Montreal">The Presbyterian College, Montreal</a>. Two years' study convinced him of both papal additions to a primitive Catholic faith and defective Protestant interpretation of its traditional teachings.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  By contrast, Anson says there is "no record of Vilatte as a student" at <a href="/wiki/The_Presbyterian_College,_Montreal" title="The Presbyterian College, Montreal">Presbyterian College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 92  In an 1889 article, John Shea wrote in The American Catholic Quarterly Review that Vilatte was unwilling to leave Catholicism. He entered a house of the <a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexian Brothers</a>, and became a cook among the <a href="/wiki/Clerics_of_Saint_Viator" title="Clerics of Saint Viator">Clerics of Saint Viator</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Township,_Kankakee_County,_Illinois" title="Bourbonnais Township, Kankakee County, Illinois">Bourbonnais Township, Kankakee County, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shea1889-23">[17]</a>: 535  But he stayed only six months.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  Vilatte became reacquainted with Chiniquy, who lived in nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Anne,_Illinois" title="St. Anne, Illinois">St. Anne, Illinois</a>. Chiniquy advised him to begin missionary work among a group of French and Belgians in <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>, who had abandoned the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  In April 1884, he was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a> (PCUSA) Board of Home Missions as pastor of a French-language mission in Green Bay.<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> He preached against the Catholic Church and distributed Chiniquy's tracts there and in nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Howard_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Howard (Wisconsin)">Fort Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin" title="Marinette, Wisconsin">Marinette</a>, and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shea1889-23">[17]</a> Although Vilatte did not succeed to any extent, according to Shea, he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in August. When he made an addition to his chapel, he invited Chiniquy to come and dedicate it.<a href="#cite_note-Shea1889-23">[17]</a>: 535  This seemed to close his career as a Presbyterian. Chiniquy introduced Vilatte to <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Loyson" title="Hyacinthe Loyson">Hyacinthe Loyson</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> priest who had been excommunicated in 1869. Loyson married in London in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-Moon1891-25">[19]</a> According to Cross, "Loyson was too profoundly Catholic to associate with such extremists."<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 73–74  Marx and Blied identified Loyson as the source of Vilatte's interest in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholics">Old Catholics</a>' schism.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 2  The Eglise Catholique Gallicane (ECG), founded by Loyson in 1879, was "the Paris mission established under the auspices of the Anglo-Continental Society with oversight of a bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>" and "a bridgehead in a <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture war</a> which had been waged by Anglicans".<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 4, 6–8, 13  The endeavor "was one of a number of Anglican reform mission interventions in Roman Catholic heartlands" among the culture wars that were being fought in Germany, Haiti, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 6, 204  <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, "played an important part in encouraging the foundation" of the <abbr title="Eglise Catholique Gallicane">ECG</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 1–2  Loyson collaborated with the Anglo-Continental Society (ACS) "in his effort to recall Frenchmen to the principles and practices of the ancient Galilean Church before it was corrupted by Papal innovations." The ACS was an ecumenical organization which saw the "hope of Christian Europe appears to rest on the progress of a de-Vaticanised Catholicism and a de-rationalised Protestantism."<a href="#cite_note-ACS1879-26">[20]</a> "It was", Cross emphasizes, the Anglo-Continental Society "which master-minded the extraordinary venture in Paris which resulted in the founding" of the <abbr title="Eglise Catholique Gallicane">ECG</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 172  Robert Nevin, the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (USA)</a> rector in Rome, "seems to have been present at every juncture in the planning" and "appears to have been, with [Frederick] Meyrick, the principal strategist in winning Anglican Episcopal backing."<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 123, 175  Although official Anglican support and "regular substantial financial subsidy" was withdrawn from the <abbr title="Eglise Catholique Gallicane">ECG</abbr> at the end of 1881,<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 6, 19  it remained unofficially supported.<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 19–20  According to Peter-Ben Smit, in Old Catholic and Philippine Independent Ecclesiologies in History, Loyson "was a source of concern" for the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Union of Utrecht</a>'s (UU) <a href="/wiki/International_Old_Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference" title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference</a> (IBC) because "the Dutch did not want to have anything to do with him and others could not."<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 196  It was ceded to the archdiocese of Utrecht in 1893,<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 13  although most parishioners were Gallican Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 3  Shea wrote that, the Old Catholics' schism in the United States, originated with and was managed by the Episcopal Church (USA).<a href="#cite_note-Shea1889-23">[17]</a>: 535  Loyson directed Vilatte, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1884, to apply to Episcopal bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hobart_Brown" title="John Henry Hobart Brown">John H. Brown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac">Fond du Lac</a>, Wisconsin, the nearest <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 2–3  Marx and Blied wrote that Loyson was a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">branch theory</a> within <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> when "Vilatte met Loyson",<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 3  and Margrander wrote that Loyson wanted to personally talk with Vilatte regarding Catholic reform in America, and proposed that Vilatte travel to Europe for <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> as priest by a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland</a> (CKS) bishop, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Herzog" title="Eduard Herzog">Eduard Herzog</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  In 1890, Loyson denied personally knowing Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-Vilatte1893-28">[22]</a>: 17  Marx and Blied did not known if the two also met during Loyson's second, 1893–1894, American tour.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 3  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episcopal_and_Old_Catholic">Episcopal and Old Catholic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Episcopal and Old Catholic">edit</a>]</div> There were two notable missions in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac">Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac</a>, one to the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Oppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Oppen (page does not exist)">Karl Oppen</a>, formerly a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> minister, the other to the French and Belgians on the <a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>, known as the Old Catholic Mission under the leadership of Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 157–158  The Belgian settlement was spread out over parts of <a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Wisconsin" title="Brown County, Wisconsin">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Door_County,_Wisconsin" title="Door County, Wisconsin">Door</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Kewaunee County, Wisconsin">Kewaunee</a> counties. It stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city of Green Bay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of Brown County, to the <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin">city of Sturgeon Bay</a>, the county seat of Door County. Brown's successor, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chapman_Grafton" title="Charles Chapman Grafton">Charles Chapman Grafton</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Bishop Brown was singularly and specially interested in these two movements because they seemed to him to promise a practical solution of the difficult problem of how to deal with the question of Catholic reform among the foreign population drifting from the old moorings in the unrest of our American life.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 158 </blockquote> A feature of area was the number of nationalities represented; Shea described the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Green_Bay" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay">Catholic Diocese of Green Bay</a> as one where the faithful were poor, scattered, and spoke too many languages. The bishop had to find priests able to give instructions and hear confessions in English, French, German, Dutch, Walloon, Bohemian, Polish, and <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> living in Wisconsin. In a small congregation of a hundred families, a priest might find three languages necessary for the exercise of the ministry. It was not easy to obtain priests able to take charge of these missions, or to prevent their becoming discouraged when they found even the scanty allowance expected by a priest almost impossible.<a href="#cite_note-Shea1889-23">[17]</a>: 540  Grafton wrote that it had been said that nearly 70% of the population were foreigners or descendants of foreigners. Grafton also listed <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. Grafton wrote that if the Episcopal Church was Catholic in its doctrine and worship it certainly could reach members of those several nationalities and supply their spiritual needs. The Episcopal Church planted in localities where most of the people were Swedes or Bulgarians or Belgians had found a footing and congregations had developed. Brown had no use for Vilatte as an Episcopal priest, having no French Episcopalians for Vilatte to minister to.<a href="#cite_note-Shea1889-23">[17]</a>: 535–536  A number of Catholics situated in Door County, who were mostly Belgian, had broken away from the Holy See and had taken the position of Old Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 171  Brown laid the situation before the Episcopal bishops in council. They agreed to let Brown take charge of the work as bishop and permitted the use there of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Catholic_liturgy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Catholic liturgy (page does not exist)">Old Catholic liturgy</a> as used in Switzerland. The intention was to form a type of separate rite within the Episcopal Church. Brown informed Grafton of these facts and Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(bishop_of_Connecticut)" title="John Williams (bishop of Connecticut)">John Williams</a>, the Presiding Bishop, also, when Grafton became bishop, he confirmed this intention.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 171–172  A pamphlet published in connection with Vilatte's mission admitted to what Shea considered as fraud and dishonesty; Shea quoted:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This course was decided upon on account of the religious prejudices on the part of the Belgians for whose religious wants Bishop Brown had selected him. If he had gone as an American priest among them, he would have been ignored as a Protestant minister. Anglican orders, particularly when derived from an episcopate officially styled "Protestant", are in disrepute with all Roman Catholics; the very name of Protestant is hateful and makes them shrink back; in short, they will have nothing to do with anything connected with Protestantism. On the other hand. Old Catholic orders, like the Greek, are held to be valid by them. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_of_Fond-du-Lac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop of Fond-du-Lac (page does not exist)">Bishop of Fond-du-Lac</a> had the sagacity to see this and decide accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-Shea1889-23">[17]</a>: 537 </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Holand" title="Hjalmar Holand">Hjalmar Holand</a> wrote, in History of Door County, Wisconsin, the County Beautiful, that "the term Episcopalian was not familiar to the Belgians [so] he represented himself as Old Catholic, a term which is sometimes used synonymously", according to Holand, "and has a more commendable sound to Catholic ears."<a href="#cite_note-Holand1917-30">[24]</a>: 417  Vilatte followed Loyson's alternative advice to consult with Brown.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  Vilatte "had joined the Protestant Episcopal Church in America."<a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 55 <a href="#cite_note-FCCR35-31">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priest">Priest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Priest">edit</a>]</div> Vilatte became, according to their official record, a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy Orders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac">Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac</a>. Vilatte entered the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Milwaukee" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee">Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nashotah_House" title="Nashotah House">Nashotah House</a> <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashotah,_Wisconsin" title="Nashotah, Wisconsin">Nashotah, Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 18  According to the Journal of the eleventh annual council of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Fond du Lac, he was recommended as candidate for ordination as a priest in April 1885;<a href="#cite_note-FdL1885-33">[27]</a>: 13, 28  and in May, he was recommended for ordination as a deacon;<a href="#cite_note-FdL1885-33">[27]</a>: 14  but, the journal does not note that during the annual council, June 2–3, 1885, he was in Europe and would be ordained within days. An unorganized mission called Good Shepherd, located in Fond du Lac, is mentioned but not associated with a missionary by name.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1885-33">[27]</a>: 8, 28  Brown sent Vilatte to Herzog.<a href="#cite_note-35">[g]</a> Shortly after the <abbr title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland (Christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz)">CKS</abbr> synod in Bern, Vilatte arrived with <a href="/wiki/Dimissorial_letters" title="Dimissorial letters">dimissorial letters</a> from Brown.<a href="#cite_note-FCCR35-31">[25]</a> Herzog was advised by Charles Reuben Hale to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 56  Herzog, acting for Brown and at his request "with a generosity which should never be forgotten in the annals of the American Church", ordained Vilatte within three days of his arrival.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 56  This was done "under peculiar circumstances" "to advance the candidate to the priesthood more speedily than the canons of the American Church permit."<a href="#cite_note-FCCR35-31">[25]</a> He was presented for ordination by Hale, "whose share in this transaction ought also gratefully to be remembered".<a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 56 <a href="#cite_note-FCCR35-31">[25]</a> His ordination took place in Bern's Old Catholic cathedral in the following order: <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subdiaconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdiaconate">subdiaconate</a>, June 5, 1885; <a href="/wiki/Diaconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaconate">diaconate</a>, June 6, 1885; and, <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a>, June 7, 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 2  Vilatte took his canonical oath of obedience to the Bishop of Fond du Lac.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 56 <a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 172  It was not until the next year, 1886, that his ordination, "at the request of the Bishop of Fond du Lac", is noted in the Journal of the twelfth annual council of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Fond du Lac. Without mentioning any dates, Brown said that Herzog, at Vilatte's ordination, "had pledged him to canonical obedience to the Bishop of Fond du Lac" and sent him "not as a missionary responsible to himself [...] but as a priest under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of this diocese." Brown then added Vilatte to the diocesan clerical list, as a missionary priest, and made "this public statement of the peculiar circumstances of the case".<a href="#cite_note-FdL1886-36">[29]</a>: 5, 28–29, 46  Grafton revealed years later, in the Journal of the fourteenth annual council of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Fond du Lac, that sending Vilatte to Bern "seemed [...] more expedient, as the Canons [...] would have compelled at least a year's delay in [...] Vilatte's ordination [...]"<a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 56  Herzog ordained others in a similar way. Alexander Robertson described the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Janni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugo Janni (page does not exist)">Ugo Janni</a>, in Campello and Catholic Reform in Italy. After failing to establish a self-sustaining mission in Rome,<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 133  which was supported by the Anglo-Continental Society through "a committee of direction and aid" led by Nevin,<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 84–85  <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> Enrico di Campello, a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> who resigned and left the <abbr title="Roman Catholic Church">RCC</abbr>,<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 33, 63, 72  turned to <a href="/wiki/Arrone" title="Arrone">Arrone</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nera_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nera (Italy)">Nera</a> river valley, which seemed suited for re-establishing his reformation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 133  In 1889, Campello visited <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">San Remo</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">Italian Riviera</a>, as Robertson's guest where he was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">syndic</a> and "to many other persons of influence in the town" on his first visit.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 177–178  He visited a second time. "To secure as influential and representative an audience as possible, admission was made by tickets" to Campello's discourses held, with permission of the syndic, in the town <a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 179–180  "All were, evidently, earnest students and followers of Mazzini", according to Robertson. Therefore, Campello argued that <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>'s idea was realised in his sect, the Chiesa Cattolica Riformata d'Italia, although, according to Campello, Mazzini's philosophy was defective.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 182  Those supporters, in San Remo, decided to establish an exclusive church in San Remo.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 183–185  Robertson wrote that a "fact in connection with the San Remo church is this. All its members gave evidence of their Christian knowledge and character before they were admitted; and their admission was only given in answer to their own written application."<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 185  It included "men of education, position, and influence".<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 184  Robertson added that "the English visitors, who reside there during the winter, have, as a whole, taken a lively interest in Campello's movement, and have extended to it their support."<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 186  Although Janni was only trained by Campello and <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelized</a> in Arrone, "the time had come for him to receive ordination" so he "would then be in a position to organize a congregation at San Remo and administer the sacraments." Campello communicated on this matter with <a href="/wiki/John_Wordsworth" title="John Wordsworth">John Wordsworth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury" title="Bishop of Salisbury">Bishop of Salisbury</a>, "who, after fully satisfying himself as to the candidate's fitness by examination and by other ways", recommended Janni to Herzog, who then ordained him.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 184  As a newly ordained priest, Vilatte went to the tiny settlement of <a href="/wiki/Little_Sturgeon,_Wisconsin" title="Little Sturgeon, Wisconsin">Little Sturgeon, Wisconsin</a>, and secured a <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a> about 3 miles (4.8 km) south, fronting on Green Bay. He divided the log cabin into a dwelling section and a chapel section. This was called the Bon Pasteur mission, Little Sturgeon.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 19 <a href="#cite_note-BonPasteur-38">[h]</a> Classified as an "unorganized mission" in the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, Bon Pasteur was established in 1885 with Vilatte designated as the missionary priest taking charge on July 16, 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1886-36">[29]</a>: 5, 8, 46  He received a missionary stipend.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 4  Grafton wrote that Vilatte was given charge of an Old Catholic mission, the property of the church and buildings belonging to the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac. He was partly supported by funds from the Episcopal diocese, sat in council along with the other priests belonging to the diocese, and was visited by the bishop, who confirmed his candidates and was, like any other clergy, under the bishop's jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 172  It was listed as a rectory without a church or chapel or other property.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1886-36">[29]</a>: appendix E  Bon Pasteur was reclassified for one fiscal year as a "non-reporting unorganized mission" and did not report financial data.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1887-39">[31]</a>: appendix F  Grafton wrote that Vilatte gave exaggerated reports about his work.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 172  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Kirkfleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius Kirkfleet (page does not exist)">Cornelius Kirkfleet</a> wrote, in The White Canons of St. Norbert, that after he was ordained, Vilatte erected a church and parsonage midway between two Catholic parishes in Door County.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 222  In 1888, Bon Pasteur was reclassified again as an "unorganized mission" with Vilatte designated as the missionary priest; that year, 1888, the Old Catholic Mission supported one married priest with his wife and child, two single priests, and two students.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1888-14">[8]</a>: 75–76  This was called the Precious Blood mission, Little Sturgeon (Gardner).<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 51 <a href="#cite_note-PreciousBlood-42">[i]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">spiritualist church</a> was also built in 1888 and became a frequently visited stop on a traveling mediums circuit.<a href="#cite_note-Holand1917-30">[24]</a>: 209 <a href="#cite_note-Spiritualist-44">[j]</a> It is located within .9 miles (1.4 km) of the Precious Blood mission.<a href="#cite_note-GNIS1581396-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-GNIS1576669-43">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a> Although it was admitted in 1888 as an "unorganized mission", the Precious Blood mission was reclassified for the first time as an "organized mission" in 1889, with Vilatte designated as the missionary priest taking charge, years earlier, on July 4, 1885; that year, 1889, the Old Catholic Mission supported two priests, one brother and two students.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1889-46">[36]</a>: 24, 68–69  Kirkfleet wrote that Vilatte's "'revised' religion spread rapidly in the peninsula" and obtained a foothold even in Green Bay.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 222  But Marx and Blied though "it never attained virility" among the Belgians.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 62  According to Jean Ducat, in Brabançons au Nouveau Monde, Vilatte tried to discredit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Brise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adele Brise (page does not exist)">Adele Brise</a> and her work in Robinsonville (<a href="/wiki/Champion,_Wisconsin" title="Champion, Wisconsin">Champion</a>), but the Belgian colonists and priests continued to trust in the "providential work" such as the first free school in the area. Ducat wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help">Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help</a> became a place of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> the importance of which grew steadily and contributed to maintaining the Catholic religion in a region plagued by heresy.<a href="#cite_note-Ducat2000-48">[38]</a> Brise's reputed mystical visions became, over 150 years later, the first and only <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> in the United States approved bya Catholic diocesan bishop.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> In 1890, Vilatte proposed to Grafton to be consecrated as a "bishop-abbot" to the American Old Catholics and as a <a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">suffragan bishop</a> to Grafton;<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 99 <a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 172  but the <abbr title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">PECUSA</abbr> canons did not allow for that and, as Grafton had no authority to do so, he refused Vilatte's request.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 172–173  Grafton thought Vilatte was neither "morally or intellectually fit for the office" of bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 173  Being ambitious to become a bishop, after Brown's death in 1888, Vilatte applied to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_of_the_Netherlands" title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands">Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands</a> (OKKN).<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 172  He claimed that he was elected to the episcopate by the Old Catholic families themselves, at a synod held at the St. Mary's mission.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-StMary-50">[k]</a> The first time Vilatte sought to reconcile with the Catholic Church is recorded in an August 12, 1890, letter from Bishop <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Katzer" title="Frederick Katzer">Frederick Katzer</a>, of the Diocese of Green Bay, to Vilatte, in which, Katzer wrote that Vilatte would have to publicly retract and make a retreat in a religious community.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942c-51">[40]</a>: 113  Marx and Blied wrote that "Vilatte wanted to function as a priest", so, "Katzer added that the Holy See would judge his orders and prescribe what theological studies he should make."<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942c-51">[40]</a>: 113  Vilatte thanked Katzer for the letter and "remarked that he would prefer to see his flock Catholic rather than Protestant."<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942c-51">[40]</a>: 114  Anson wrote that nothing further developed.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 101  Grafton suspended Vilatte for six months after his council declared on March 31, 1891, that, in their opinion, "Vilatte abandoned the Communion of this Church and renounced its ministry."<a href="#cite_note-FdL1891-52">[41]</a>: 16, 38  Grafton consulted with Williams as to what he should do. Acting under Williams' advice, Grafton wrote to the <abbr title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands (Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland)">OKKN</abbr> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Heykamp" title="Johannes Heykamp">Johannes Heykamp</a> of Utrecht that he would transfer Vilatte, if Heykamp so wished, from his jurisdiction to that of Heykamp. In this way the <abbr title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">PECUSA</abbr> would be relieved of Vilatte and not responsible for having any connection with him. Grafton pointed out to Heykamp that all the property of the mission belonged to the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac and was legally held by it. In case of his accepting Vilatte, Vilatte would be obliged to leave this work and Grafton would appoint a replacement.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 173  Heykamp wrote to Grafton that after he understood the situation between Vilatte and Grafton, he "had declined having any further correspondence" with Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1892-53">[42]</a>: 38  The <abbr title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands (Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland)">OKKN</abbr> declined accepting Vilatte. Subsequently, Vilatte repudiated Grafton's jurisdiction and left the <abbr title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">PECUSA</abbr>, whereupon, according to <abbr title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">PECUSA</abbr> canons, Grafton deposed him.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 173 <a href="#cite_note-FdL1892-53">[42]</a>: 41  Vilatte witnessed the complete abandonment by his first congregation.<a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-Weber1922-22">[16]</a> The congregation of the Precious Blood mission was "unfaltering in its allegiance" to Grafton, as was Gauthier, and declared "the unity existing among themselves and their loyalty to the Diocese of Fond du Lac."<a href="#cite_note-FdL1892-53">[42]</a>: 38  When he left, Grafton wrote that Vilatte had lost the confidence of all their clergy and people.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 173  An alternative narrative also can be found: Vilatte suggested to Brown that his (Vilatte's) Presbyterian mission should be taken over by the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac as an Old Catholic outpost.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Brown seized on this as a means of building a bridge with the Old Catholics in Europe and agreed to support Vilatte. In 1888 Brown, who had supported Vilatte morally and financially, died and was succeeded by Grafton. Grafton, unlike Brown, did not favor Vilatte and conflicts soon arose. In order to correct the canonical situation created by Brown, Grafton demanded that Vilatte surrender ownership of his missions to the diocese which had paid for them in the first place; Vilatte complied in August 1890. Despite this, however, the relationship between the two deteriorated fast. At the heart of the dispute was the conflicting vision for Vilatte's missions held by Vilatte and Grafton. Vilatte hoped that Grafton would continue Brown's policy of financing these missions in the hope of converting Roman Catholics to non-papal Old Catholicism and of using these missions as a springboard to founding the Old Catholic Church in North America. Grafton, on the contrary, wished to integrate these missions into his Episcopal diocese. Adding to the dispute was Vilatte's refusal to break with the Franco-Belgians' adamant rejection of Anglican orders as invalid, while accepting the validity of Old Catholic orders; an attitude carried from Roman Catholicism. Brown had been willing to countenance this but Grafton took this as an affront to the legitimacy of his own orders as a bishop.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the meantime Heykamp, hearing of Vilatte's difficulties with Grafton, wrote to him to disassociate himself from Episcopalians. In reply, Vilatte asked whether the <abbr title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands (Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland)">OKKN</abbr> would consecrate him as the Old Catholic bishop for North America. When Grafton was informed of these developments he wrote to the Ultrajectines that he would not oppose their consecrating Vilatte as an Episcopal <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">coadjutor bishop</a> for the Fond du Lac diocese.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As the <abbr title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands (Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland)">OKKN</abbr> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Diocese_of_the_Old_Catholics_in_Germany" title="Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany">Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany</a> and the <abbr title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland (Christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz)">CKS</abbr> delayed answering Vilatte until they had met in the First International Old Catholic Congress in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Vilatte next sought to affiliate himself with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. He began correspondence with the Russian Orthodox bishop Vladimir Sokolovsky of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. When Grafton learned of these developments he published warnings to Episcopalians to stop supporting Vilatte. He also demanded that Vilatte cease operating from the Old Catholic missions owned by the Episcopal diocese. In response Vilatte announced in September 1890 that he was severing relations with the Episcopal Church (USA) and founded a new independent mission near Green Bay. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Anne_Colony">St. Anne Colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: St. Anne Colony">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chiniquy" title="Charles Chiniquy">Charles Chiniquy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_of_the_Precious_Blood">Society of the Precious Blood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Society of the Precious Blood">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Precious_Blood" title="Society of the Precious Blood">Society of the Precious Blood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Precious_Blood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sisters of the Precious Blood (disambiguation)">Sisters of the Precious Blood</a>.</div> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Precious_Blood" title="Society of the Precious Blood">Society of the Precious Blood</a> (SPB) was founded in 1887 in Wisconsin by Vilatte, under the name Société Missionnaire du Précieux Sang pour l'évangélisation des campagnes. There were French Canadians in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a> who worked as laborers and foresters. It was an environment similar to Gatineau in Quebec, where Vilatte had worked as a teacher. Others joined the church, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Gauthier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Gauthier (page does not exist)">John B. Gauthier</a>. He had been a teacher in Ottawa and in Illinois. After his ordination for the Precious Blood mission in 1889, he became master of novices and gave <abbr title="Society of the Precious Blood">SPB</abbr> a great impulse. He was a spiritual man and a good pedagogue. The children liked him and several became religious[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] under his influence. Certain came with him to Quebec, to minister in the Berthier and Maskinongé counties and in Montreal. One of them was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Côté (page does not exist)">Stephen Côté</a>, who was at the origin of the parish of Greater Montreal. The Christian Catholic Church would not have developed as it did without the missionary activity of the religious of the Precious Blood.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] They preached Christ according to Scripture. Their goal is always to do pastoral work under this impulse. The first nuns, Mary Ashmun and Anne Schoen, joined the <abbr title="Society of the Precious Blood">SPB</abbr> in 1894. They were teachers and worked in Wisconsin. Marx and Blied wrote that a letter "indicates that two self-styled sisters who operated among the Belgians were induced to join Vilatte for temporal benefits" and there was extremely little evidence that the women may have belonged to a Jansenist sisterhood of St Martha.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 62  The <abbr title="Society of the Precious Blood">SPB</abbr> tried different formulas, including the Benedictine Abbey of St. Dunstan in Wisconsin (1908) under Bernard Harding, and Vilatteville in Mexico,an ecumenical community devoted to holistic wellbeing (through biological agriculture).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sturgeon_Bay_seminary">Sturgeon Bay seminary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sturgeon Bay seminary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vilatte_seminary_at_Sturgeon_Bay" title="Vilatte seminary at Sturgeon Bay">Vilatte seminary at Sturgeon Bay</a></div> In March 1887, Vilatte, pastor of the Precious Blood mission, visited The Independent newspaper office, in Sturgeon Bay, and informed the newspaper that: he had solicited funds for building a seminary and "secured several thousand dollars for commencing the work", plans were being made in Chicago, furnishings were secured, and "construction will be commenced in June". He was asked about his order and responded that the "order has a large number of adherents" in Europe and "is doubling every three years" in some of those countries. Curiously, the article did not mention the name of the order.<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a> In April, the Door County Advocate reported Vilatte visited Sturgeon Bay on April 25, 1887, to obtain a suitable location for the establishment of a college of his order.<a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> Although months earlier Vilatte said "construction will be commenced in June", by the end of May, the Door County Advocate reported, only that, he had "signified his willingness to establish a seminary in this city provided our people see fit to donate the required real estate", and that, a <a href="/wiki/Benefactor_(law)" title="Benefactor (law)">benefactor</a>, who "will give the society other material aid if it is necessary to secure the institution for this city", donated 1 acre (0.40 ha) of land.<a href="#cite_note-56">[45]</a> In July, land "which has been purchased by the donations of our citizens" for the college, was transferred and work was to start on buildings in September.<a href="#cite_note-57">[46]</a> The next day the city council permitted "himself and family" to reside in a vacant school building; he was to operate a school in that building until his seminary was completed.<a href="#cite_note-58">[47]</a> In October, he began visiting cities along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> "in quest of funds with which to erect the proposed seminary".<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> He was away for several months. But a week after his return from touring the East Coast of the United States,<a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> Vilatte shocked Sturgeon Bay. His "contemplated seminary" would not be established there but elsewhere, wrote The Independent, in an article titled "Can this be true?" which exasperated that, "[t]he reasons given for this change are so extraordinary that we are not prepared to accept the statements made without further testimony." Vilatte wrote to Chris Leonhardt, President of the Business Men's Association, the group which facilitated the land purchase and aided him, that, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our intention to build in this city a college for students of our denomination was about to be carried out, but after mature deliberation we find it necessary, because or ill-feeling and strong antipathy on the part of some of your fellow-citizens against us and our work, to postpone the matter until better days, [...] on many occasions [...] members of our family who have been spending the winter in this city have been publicly insulted in the streets and other places, and you will see how necessary it is that we protect the honor and the feelings of our students from such unpleasant occurrences and to guard them from such sad examples of ill-breeding and uncivilisation. [...] Since a large property in grounds, buildings, library and other requisites for a seminary are offered us elsewhere, we can afford to wait. Therefore, [...] we are compelled, by circumstances depending upon the conduct of your citizens alone, to withdraw for a while from your place, which is the center of our operations.<a href="#cite_note-IndependentXV29-61">[50]</a></blockquote> His letter was seen as a deleterious depiction of their community. The Independent editorialized: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This city is endeavoring to increase its population and resources by inviting manufacturers and others to locate here. A seminary to accommodate a large number of students was about to be built, all preliminary arrangements having been made, but that seminary is now lost to us because, as its projectors allege, they have encountered "ill-feeling, antipathy, and public insults" from some of our citizens. That we should lose an institution which would have annually distributed thousands of dollars among our merchants, farmers and others, is bad enough but to have it charged that our <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigotry">bigotry</a>, bad manners and uncivilization have driven away one of the very institutions which many of us are striving to obtain is a foul blot upon the reputation of Sturgeon Bay and will cost us dearly unless it is removed.<a href="#cite_note-IndependentXV29-61">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[l]</a></blockquote> Brown died within weeks of Vilatte's announcement, on May 2, 1888. By 1889, his scheme was apparent and he was seen as a scoundrel; building a monastery or college, the Door County Advocate wrote, "at any rate is the talk" nevertheless "without ever accomplishing anything" substantial. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What would be thought of a business man who would strike a town and under the promise of erecting a manufacturing establishment obtain the necessary site from the citizens, and after obtaining what he was after, turn around and tell the duped ones that their society was not up to his standard? This is precisely what [...] Vilatte did right here. He induced our people to give him several acres of land for a college site, and after he had secured this he immediately sought elsewhere for a location, using his success here as a lever to induce other towns to do a little better for him. Why, if a man did such things in the transaction of ordinary business he would be branded as a fraud at once, and he might consider himself fortunate were he not arrested for obtaining goods under false pretenses.<a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a></blockquote> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emma_de_Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emma de Beaumont (page does not exist)">Emma de Beaumont</a>, wife of Father Ernest, the Episcopal priest who assisted Vilatte since 1887,<a href="#cite_note-64">[52]</a> wrote to the Door County Advocate that, regardless whatever Vilatte had said, nothing had been done "toward building a college elsewhere" since Brown's death "upset whatever may have been the plan". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[Brown] ordered us here, [...] from New York to take charge of the new college, and after waiting [...] over ten months, during which we suffered much, we were left by [... Vilatte]. [...] We have been the first to suffer from the many changes you speak of in [...] Vilatte. We have given our time and spent our money, and are yet patiently waiting for a new bishop. [...] It is also true that [...] Vilatte intends to convert Little Sturgeon into a monastery, but we consider the matter as one of the many <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopias</a> of his reverence, and do not see how he can do so without his bishop's consent. [...] we received a communication from [...] Vilatte which stated in effect that he intended abandoning the work, and immediately afterward he turns about and commences the erection of a new church at Dyckesville. So you see one cannot well put any faith in what he says, he is so changeable, not considering a project before beginning it. I think it is well that you should know that there is no college anywhere; that the bubble burst long ago, and that any statement made to the contrary is false. [...] Our furniture and other possessions have been packed [...], we are here waiting, wiser, but much poorer, for having seen the work of [...] Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-65">[53]</a></blockquote> This project was never carried out and the land was returned to the donors.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 20  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyckesville">Dyckesville</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dyckesville">edit</a>]</div> A second congregation, classified as an "unorganized mission" in the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, was established in 1888 with Vilatte designated as the missionary priest taking charge on June 1, 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FdL1889-46">[36]</a>: 24, 72  This was called the St. Mary's mission, Dykesville (<a href="/wiki/Duvall,_Wisconsin" title="Duvall, Wisconsin">Duvall</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 50 <a href="#cite_note-StMary-50">[k]</a> By October 11, 1889, less than two years after his Sturgeon Bay seminary scandal, a church, 93 ft (28 m) × 36 ft (11 m), and a parsonage, 30 ft (9.1 m) × 30 ft (9.1 m), was completed, located on 2 acres (0.81 ha) of land including a cemetery. The Independent reported that Gauthier sailed to Europe where he would be ordained and that Vilatte received a letter from Heykamp "informing him that an [O]ld [C]atholic bishop will in a short time be selected to take charge of the [C]hurch in this country."<a href="#cite_note-67">[55]</a> He later received a gift of over 100 antique theology books, "many of them are more than two centuries old", from Heykamp and Jacobus Johannes van Thiel, of the Old Catholic seminary in <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[56]</a> Grafton attempted to remove Vilatte from the St. Mary's mission in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 5  Herzog and Reinken's investigation concluded that Vilatte was an Episcopalian, according to Marx and Blied, Herzog wrote to Vilatte on March 24, 1891, and "ended his letter bluntly: 'I want to have nothing more to do with you'."<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 6 <a href="#cite_note-Vilatte1893-28">[22]</a>: 22–23  An <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> of correspondence excerpts was published, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1893, as Ecclesiastical Relations between the Old Catholics of America and Foreign Churches in response to an 1892 Second International Old Catholic Congress resolution.<a href="#cite_note-Vilatte1893-28">[22]</a>: 1–2 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] In Marx and Blied's opinion, this compilation was probably edited by Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 62  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian Orthodox">edit</a>]</div> Isolated from both the Episcopalians and the Old Catholics, Vilatte turned once again to another denomination. The text of a widely republished and translated 1891 document, purportedly from the Russian Orthodox Church through Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Sokolovsky_of_San_Francisco_and_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Sokolovsky of San Francisco and Alaska (page does not exist)">Vladimir Sokolovsky of San Francisco and Alaska</a>, announced Vilatte's conversion from an Old Catholic confession of faith to an Old Catholic Orthodox confession of faith under Russian Orthodox Church patronage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] It also declared that only the Holy Synod of the Russian Church or Sokolovsky can prohibit or suspend Vilatte's religious functions; and, states that any action contrary to the declaration is null and invalid, based on the liberty of conscience and unspecified United States law but without mention of Russian Orthodox Church canon law.<a href="#cite_note-71">[m]</a> Sokolovsky "appears to have granted him some form of recognition", according to Brandreth.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 32, 48  In 1891, Sokolovsky visited Vilatte at the St. Mary's mission.<a href="#cite_note-72">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-StMary-50">[k]</a> Margrander wrote that Sokolovsky intervened, approved Vilatte's confession of faith and his official acts, and referred him to the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  Sokolovsky was removed, soon after, in the wake of a series of scandals.<a href="#cite_note-74">[n]</a> Harding also corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> General Alexander Kireev.<a href="#cite_note-Vilatte1893-28">[22]</a>: 24–25 <a href="#cite_note-78">[o]</a> However, "owing to the constitution of the Russian Church, Vilatte could not hope to obtain the episcopate from that source, or at least not without great difficulties."<a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 6  While waiting for the Russian Holy Synod's decision, Vilatte also consulted with <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Francisco_Xavier_Alvares" title="Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares">Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares</a>. Alvares offered to come to America and consecrate him bishop;<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  Vilatte responded that he would travel to Ceylon. Anson believed that Vilatte did not want Alvares to realize the diminutive size of the schism.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 106  After months of waiting for a decision from the Russian Holy Synod, Vilatte sailed to Ceylon to receive the offered episcopate.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian">Malankara Orthodox Syrian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Malankara Orthodox Syrian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Saint Thomas Christians, also called Syrian Christians or Nasrani: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bayly" title="Susan Bayly">Susan Bayly</a> wrote, in Saints, Goddesses and Kings, the St. Thomas Christians were by the 1880s fragmented and included a "bewildering array", based mostly on <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Christian evangelicalism</a>, of "wildfire sects, breakaway churches and messianic Christian <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> figures"; and, unlike in the past, they were then <a href="/wiki/Shunned" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunned">shunned</a> as ritually polluting by <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste Hindus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bayly2003-79">[64]</a>: 286–287  There was, and still is, a <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_among_Indian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system among Indian Christians">caste system among Indian Christians</a>. To gain group status, they engaged in mass conversion campaigns, with a goal of increased adherents with maintained caste affiliation of the converts. For example, according to Bayly, baptized low caste Christians were "hived off into separate churches of their own" and not permitted to worship together.<a href="#cite_note-Bayly2003-79">[64]</a>: 315  According to Robert Frykenberg, in Missions and Empire, there are at least six identified communities which claim apostolic tradition that are the historic Saint Thomas Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Etherington2005-80">[65]</a>: 123  Writing about the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> prior to its regaining Catholicity, William Richards wrote, in The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, that their history shows a constant effort to obtain bishops, of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> descent, in communion with the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-Richards1908-81">[66]</a>: 62  Finally, in 1896, three Roman-Syrian priests were consecrated as <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">titular bishops</a>, and sent to Travancore and Cochin as <a href="/wiki/Vicars_apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicars apostolic">vicars apostolic</a>. All the Roman-Syrians are under these Metrans and they use the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> in their churches.<a href="#cite_note-Richards1908-81">[66]</a>: 62, 64 <a href="#cite_note-85">[p]</a> This is not the denomination that consecrated Vilatte. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goanese_schism_in_British_Ceylon">Goanese schism in British Ceylon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Goanese schism in British Ceylon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the Goanese schism in British Ceylon: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Francisco_Xavier_Alvares" title="Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares">Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares</a></div> The denomination that consecrated Vilatte was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> that had a Latin Rite patrimony. <a href="/wiki/V._Nagam_Aiya" title="V. Nagam Aiya">V. Nagam Aiya</a> wrote, in <a href="/wiki/Travancore_State_Manual" title="Travancore State Manual">Travancore State Manual</a>, that Alvares "describe[d] his Church as the Latin branch of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Aiya1906-86">[70]</a> The Holy See sought to consolidate two co-existing jurisdictions, the <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a> jurisdiction and the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Propagation_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Propagation of the Faith">Congregation for Propagation of the Faith</a> jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 6  As part of the transition, churches served by <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Catholic">Goan Catholic</a> priests remained under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the East Indies">Patriarch of the East Indies</a> until 1843. Later, this transition was delayed and extended until December 31, 1883. In <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a>, it ended in 1887 with the appearance of a papal decree that placed all Catholics in the country under the exclusive jurisdiction of the bishops of the island. That measure met resistance. Alvares and Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Manoel_Lisboa_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Manoel Lisboa Pinto (page does not exist)">Pedro Manoel Lisboa Pinto</a> founded in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, an association for the defense of the Padroado. Then, according to G. Bartas, in Échos d'Orient, they complained that the new diocese and vicariates, were headed, almost exclusively, by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> prelates and missionaries, and petitioned the Holy See for the creation of a purely native hierarchy. Bartas did not state if there was a response, but wrote that Alvares settled the difficulty by reinventing himself as the head of his schism, appearing on Ceylon, and settling into the main old Goan Portuguese churches in the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapancandel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapancandel (page does not exist)">Parapancandel</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a> (place name)]<a href="#cite_note-Bartas1904-87">[71]</a> Alvares was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Brahmin" title="Roman Catholic Brahmin">Roman Catholic Brahmin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[q]</a> Aiya wrote that Alvares, an educated man and the editor of a Catholic journal, was a priest in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Goa_and_Daman" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman">Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa</a>. Failing to maintain amicable relations with the Patriarch of the East Indies, Alvares left the <abbr title="Roman Catholic Church">RCC</abbr> and joined Mar Dionysius the Metropolitan in <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> who consecrated Alvares as bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Aiya1906-86">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[r]</a> Later, he returned with title of Alvares Mar Julius Archbishop of Ceylon, Goa and the Indies, and involved about 20 parishes in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jaffna" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaffna">Catholic Diocese of Jaffna</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Colombo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Colombo">Catholic Archdiocese of Colombo</a> on the island in his schism.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 6 <a href="#cite_note-Bartas1904-87">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consecration">Consecration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consecration">edit</a>]</div> According to Marx and Blied, "several shady characters claim to have given him the information" about Alvares but Brandreth and others attribute Harding as the source.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 32 <a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 7  Vilatte "never had a sizable income" according to Marx and Blied but could accumulate money for travel. For example, the people of Dykesville donated $225 for his journey,<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 8  and being elected bishop by his small flock (according to the records of the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, Vilatte had about 500 adherents), Vilatte sailed to Ceylon. There Alvares and two other Jacobite bishops consecrated him with the permission of the Patriarch of Antioch as Timotheos I, Jacobite Old Catholic Bishop of North America on 29 May 1892; Pinto, acting as the U.S. Consul,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] attested to the consecration. When news of this reached North America the <abbr title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">PECUSA</abbr> excommunicated Vilatte. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archbishop">Archbishop</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archbishop">edit</a>]</div> After an investigation forced him to wait nine months on the island,<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 67  Bishop <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Francisco_Xavier_Alvares" title="Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares">Alvares</a>, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Kadavil_Paulose_Mar_Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasius">Athanasius Paulos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">St. Gregorius Gewargis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Niranam" title="Niranam">Niranam</a> consecrated Vilatte to the episcopate in 1892 and named him "Mar Timotheos, Metropolitan of North America", probably with the blessings of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Peter_IV" title="Ignatius Peter IV">Ignatius Peter IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiraz2007-94">[76]</a> Grafton thought they were deceived by Vilatte statements as to his relation to Grafton and the extent of his work.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 173  There are claims that nobody has ever seen the original <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> form of this document.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 67 <a href="#cite_note-Kiraz2007-94">[76]</a>: 159  According to Brandreth, no Syraic authority had authenticated the signatures depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Photostat_machine" title="Photostat machine">photostatic copy</a> of a purported translation of the Syraic document.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 34  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Appolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Appolis (page does not exist)">Émile Appolis</a> wrote, in Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France, that Vilatte was titled "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Babylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Catholic Archbishop of Babylon (page does not exist)">Old Catholic Archbishop of Babylon</a>" (archevêque vieux-catholique de Babylone) and his <a href="/wiki/Cachet" title="Cachet">cachet</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Archiepiscopal_cross" title="Archiepiscopal cross">archiepiscopal cross</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> Ex Oriente Lux—from the east, light.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 67  Likewise, Vignot included an excerpt, of Georges Aubault de la Haulte-Chambre description of Vilatte, from La Connaissance, in which Vilatte was also called the "Old Catholic Archbishop of Babylon".<a href="#cite_note-Vignot1991-18">[12]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-95">[77]</a> For its part, the Episcopal Church, on March 21, 1892, having already degraded from the priesthood and excommunicated Vilatte, stated in its General Convention of the same year that it did not recognize his consecration as it took place in a <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> church which does not accept the dogmas of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 67  The Episcopal Church in the United States bishops declared Vilatte's episcopal orders to be void. The work in the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac has gone on, Grafton had three parishes under three priests, where the Old Catholic services were continued. In all this difficult matter, Grafton consulted his Presiding Bishop and followed his counsel; they did not wish to further a scheme which would make Vilatte a bishop, nor did they wish to offend the Old Catholics of the Netherlands. Williams believed they had saved the Episcopal Church (USA) from what might have become a great scandal.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1914-29">[23]</a>: 173–174  Returning to the United States and to his work in Door County, he ultimately moved to Green Bay, where he erected his <a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 223 During this time, Vilatte used two church buildings: St. Joseph's church in Walhain, and St. Mary's mission in Dykesville.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 60 <a href="#cite_note-StMary-50">[k]</a> He no longer used the Precious Blood mission which belonged to the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 61  A request was sent from Bishop <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Gebhard_Messmer" title="Sebastian Gebhard Messmer">Sebastian Gebhard Messmer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Green_Bay" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay">Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay</a>, Wisconsin, to the <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Premonstratensian">Premonstratensian</a> abbot of <a href="/wiki/Berne_Abbey" title="Berne Abbey">Berne Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heeswijk" title="Heeswijk">Heeswijk</a>, Netherlands, for priests needed to minister to the Belgian and Dutch settlers involved in Vilatte's schism; beginning in 1893, priests whose special mission would be to minister to their spiritual needs were sent.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-Heeswijk-96">[78]</a> Vilatte "did not give up without a struggle" and "[n]umerous letters from him are in the archives of St. Norbert Abbey, some of them of a threatening nature, all giving indirect testimony to the fact that the early Norbertines were successful in stemming the tide of [...] doctrines and religious practices which were disturbing the peace of the Catholic Belgians on the peninsula." The missionaries succeeded, according to Kirkfleet, by "appealing to the native Catholic instinct of the Belgians rather than by refuting the doctrines of the apostate."<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 228  In 1893, Vilatte had a booth at the <a href="/wiki/World_Parliament_of_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="World Parliament of Religions">World Parliament of Religions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, although he was not an invited delegate. Carlos Parra wrote, in Standing with Unfamiliar Company on Uncommon Ground, that "Despite the spectrum of religious traditions and theological views displayed at the Parliament, not everyone was welcome as a delegate. <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Barrows" title="John Henry Barrows">John Barrows</a> emphatically stated that 'the Parliament was rigidly purged from cranks. Many minor sects, however, tried earnestly to secure a representation, for which there was neither time nor fitness'."<a href="#cite_note-Parra2012-97">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrows1893-98">[80]</a> Vilatte was not invited. Barrows wrote, in The World's Parliament of Religions, that people sought unsuccessfully to use the parliament for propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Barrows1893-98">[80]</a> According to Parra, "a character like Vilatte embodied the worst possible nightmare about religious <a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">indifferentism</a> for a Catholic mind. As a result, he was kept at the margins of the Parliament."<a href="#cite_note-Parra2012-97">[79]</a> He did not take an official part in it.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 111  At this time, Vilatte began his dalliance with Polish Catholics who, dissatisfied with non-Polish priests, sought to set up an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic">independent Catholic</a> church at the urgings of the priests <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Kozlowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoni Kozlowski (page does not exist)">Antoni Kozlowski</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Koz%C5%82owski" class="extiw" title="pl:Antoni Kozłowski">pl</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Hodur" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciszek Hodur">Franciszek Hodur</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_Bay">Green Bay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Green Bay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the 1894 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895 independent confederation of churches, composed of congregations which individually separated from the Catholic Church, founded by Anton Francis Kolaszewski and Alfons Mieczyslaw Chrostowski in the United States: <a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_Church_(1894)" title="American Catholic Church (1894)">American Catholic Church (1894)</a></div> On February 23, 1894, Vilatte bought land and built a small frame structure, his cathedral dedicated to St. <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, in the city of Green Bay that year.<a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 28  Later that year, the first convention of the <a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_Church_(1894)" title="American Catholic Church (1894)">American Catholic Church (1894)</a> (ACC1894) appointed Vilatte as its ecclesiastical head "without arbitrary powers".<a href="#cite_note-NYT1894-08-22-100">[82]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Klukowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Klukowski (page does not exist)">Constantine Klukowski</a> wrote, in History of St. Mary of the Angels Catholic Church, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 1898–1954, that the 1894 Green Bay city directory lists Vilatte's cathedral "as 'American Catholic'" and its officials as: Vilatte, archbishop metropolitan and <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Francis_Kolaszewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Francis Kolaszewski (page does not exist)">Anton Francis Kolaszewski</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Ko%C5%82aszewski" class="extiw" title="pl:Franciszek Kołaszewski">pl</a>], <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kaminski" title="Stephen Kaminski">Stephen Kaminski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consultor" title="Consultor">consultor</a>; and, Brother Nicholas, church manager.<a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 28  In 1895, C. Basil, SPB, was listed as rector of St. Louis's cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 28  During this time, Vilatte used three church buildings: St. Louis's cathedral in the city of Green Bay, St. Joseph's church in Walhain, and St. Mary's mission in Dykesville.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 60 <a href="#cite_note-StMary-50">[k]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] He no longer used the Precious Blood mission which belonged to the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 61  Shortly thereafter, reduced to penury, Vilatte traveled the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> offering the sacraments to, and soliciting monetary aid from, Episcopalians and Catholics, but was rebuffed; in some places he was driven away by the Franco-Belgian Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 110–111  Vilatte sought a second time, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1894 – c. 1900, to reconcile with the <abbr title="Roman Catholic Church">RCC</abbr>. In March 1894 he approached Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Satolli" title="Francesco Satolli">Francesco Satolli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_the_United_States" title="Apostolic Nunciature to the United States">Nuncio to the United States</a>, who wrote to Messmer that Vilatte wished to reconcile; the next month, Vilatte wrote to Messmer that he was preparing his people for reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 111  More correspondence took place between Satolli, Messmer and Vilatte. Later that year, the Catholic Church offered to pay the expense of Vilatte's journey to Rome. His case dragged on for almost four years until, in 1898, Satolli wrote to Messmer that Vilatte was ready to reconcile.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 111  But Vilatte remained indecisive.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 112  Messmer "realized that there was no hope for a sincere conversion" and wrote to Satolli:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For the present, he has an asylum among the schismatic Poles, who will pay him court until he will be infatuated and foolish enough to consecrate one of them for the episcopate. Then they will cast him out, and being in such an extremity, he will probably have one more recourse to the Catholic Church, asking for money and pardon. But will it be sincere?<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 112 </blockquote> In 1898, the name was changed from St. Louis cathedral to St. John church and <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._A._Mueller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. A. Mueller (page does not exist)">A. A. Mueller</a> was listed as rector.<a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 28  On February 10, 1898, Vilatte signed over his cathedral church to the company which foreclosed on him; it sold the church to Messmer on the next day. Messmer's dedication of the church as St. Mary of Częstochowa Church, which took place about two weeks later, included a procession accompanied by a city <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 33–34  Marx and Blied did not state the disposition of St. Joseph's church but wrote St. Mary's mission was lost at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">[37]</a>: 60 <a href="#cite_note-StMary-50">[k]</a> "Vilatte's cathedral was never known as Blessed Sacrament cathedral, as some claim", wrote Klukowski.<a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 28  Another mission was founded in Green Bay; it became the <abbr title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">PECUSA</abbr> Church of the Blessed Sacrament in 1908 and a priest ordained by Koslowski was placed in charge.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 21, 55 <a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 28, 31  During this time he consecrated Kaminski and voyaged to Europe where he stop at <a href="/wiki/Llanthony_Abbey" title="Llanthony Abbey">Llanthony Abbey</a>, to ordain <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leycester_Lyne" title="Joseph Leycester Lyne">Joseph Leycester Lyne</a>, and "explained that he was in a hurry, on his way to Russia at the special invitation or the Holy Synod of Moscow" but that was improbable.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 114, 118  In early 1899, he was in Rome and most Catholic newspapers reported that he sought reconciliation with the Catholic Church instead of union with the <abbr title="Russian Orthodox Church">ROC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 118  Messmer disclosed that "Vilatte had admitted to him personally that he had never been in good faith" and both Messmer and Katzer advised the Holy Office to delay passing judgement on his orders to test his sincerity. A <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Holy Office">Congregation of the Holy Office</a> <a href="/wiki/Consultor" title="Consultor">Consultor</a>, Father David Flemming, issued Vilatte's abjuration statement and a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> official, Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Frederick_Otto_Zardetti" title="John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti">John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti</a> wrote to Messmer that Flemming had the case under control.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 118–119  He made a "solemn recantation of his errors" February 2, 1899, but, according to Weber, he "relapsed within a short time" after he outwardly reconciled to the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Weber1922-22">[16]</a> Vilatte disagreed with authorities in Rome and as a result did not return to the Church; authorities would not recognise him as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/licit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:licit">licit</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bishop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bishop">bishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[83]</a> Asa result, he did not take a solemn vow of abjuration and was not reconciled with the Church at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 119  By early 1900, Vilatte was in the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligug%C3%A9_Abbey" title="Ligugé Abbey">Ligugé Abbey</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>. "He appears to have told" the monks that he wanted to make a careful study of ordinations in the Syro-Malabar Church, so that he could convince the authorities in Rome of the validity of his episcopate.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 119  Aubault wrote a picturesque description of when, in the monastery, he met <a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a> and Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 119–120  While living as a guest of the Benedictines of Poitiers, Vilatte did not cease his subversive, anti-Catholic activities, although conducted secretly. News of this reached Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie-Benjamin_Richard" title="François-Marie-Benjamin Richard">François-Marie-Benjamin Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">Archbishop of Paris</a>, who, on 17 April 1900, circulated a warning among his clergy to be on their guard against men who claimed to be ordained or consecrated by Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 120  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emery_colony">Emery colony</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Emery colony">edit</a>]</div> The Advocate in Sturgeon Bay reported August 14, 1897, that Vilatte, living in Green Bay, had bought 160 acres (65 ha) of land in <a href="/wiki/Price_County,_Wisconsin" title="Price County, Wisconsin">Price County, Wisconsin</a>, and planned to erect a church and a monastery. "It is his plan to found a colony of his people about the church as a center, the immigrants to come from Germany, Switzerland and portions of this country. [...] He expects to begin operations right away and will have fifty families, in the colony before winter."<a href="#cite_note-102">[84]</a> Soon, according to the September 1, 1897 Milwaukee Journal, a Milwaukee German language newspaper printed a letter from Messmer warning people that women were soliciting funds using Messmer's and Katzer's names without authorization. They were seen and reported; when police arrived, "the priest who accompanied the sisters was called before the chief and questioned and cautioned as to obtaining money by any misrepresentations", according to the Milwaukee Journal. Vilatte felt the incident may have "left some wrong impressions" as they solicited funds, for developing the 160 acres (65 ha) of forest, near <a href="/wiki/Emery,_Wisconsin" title="Emery, Wisconsin">Emery, Wisconsin</a>; as Vilatte noted, all within 1 mile (1.6 km) of a logging road. "These sisters were in Milwaukee last week soliciting aid for the asylum, and in some quarters were denounced as frauds", he said. Then, similar to how the Sturgeon Bay seminary scandal began in 1887, he added, "we shall begin active operations within the next month" although "plans for the buildings have not been entirely completed as yet". He envisioned, "[t]he purpose of the church is to found a monastery" as an "agricultural brotherhood of the Old Catholic Church" with a seminary, and an orphanage to bring children "up to agricultural pursuits". A real estate agent working for the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railway_(1897%E2%80%931954)" title="Wisconsin Central Railway (1897–1954)">Wisconsin Central Railway</a> added that, during his negotiations with Vilatte he visited his "large and flourishing congregation" in Green Bay. The agent said they purchased "fine agricultural land" covered with hardwood forest.<a href="#cite_note-103">[85]</a> Less than six months later, his diocese lost possession of its foreclosed cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">[81]</a>: 33–34  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago">Chicago</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chicago">edit</a>]</div> Vilatte acquired U.S. citizenship then returned to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 68  He settled in Chicago in 1902, and used a mission begun by Father Francis Kanski as his next permanent cathedra.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 189  At this time, he had severed all relations with Alvares' Independent Jacobite Church of Ceylon, Goa and India, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Jacobite_Syriac_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a> and the Old Catholic Churches of Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The establishment of the PNCC and Hodur's consecration was the final blow to his hope of being recognized as the Old Catholic Archbishop of North America.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Vilatte used, among other publications, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> publications for his religious education; in a letter attributed to him, in <a href="/wiki/Zion%27s_Watch_Tower_and_Herald_of_Christ%27s_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence">Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</a>, he said: "I do certainly believe that the 'little flock' will be an instrument by whom all the families of earth will be blessed; because all the churches are in a very poor situation and the world in great desolation."<a href="#cite_note-104">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consecrations">Consecrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consecrations">edit</a>]</div> Vilatte's "unilateral arrogation of status as an Old Catholic prelate did not, [...] reflect objective fact", according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Orzell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurence Orzell (page does not exist)">Laurence Orzell</a>, in Polish American Studies. The "European Old Catholics neither sanctioned his consecration nor approved of his attempt to spread Old Catholicism to America."<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 41  After successive annual conferences of the priests and delegates from parishes, a proposal to elect a Polish suffragan bishop was approved, and in 1897 the convention chose Kaminski from <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  Kozlowski, a losing candidate from Chicago, called a second convention in Chicago, which elected him as bishop; Vilatte refused to recognise him.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  When Vilatte advised the Old Catholics against Kozlowski's consecration, his "ecclesiastical antics" were taken into account and they "probably regarded such advice as all the more reason to proceed with the consecration".<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 43  Kozlowski traveled to Europe, and, on November 21, 1897, Herzog, Gul, and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Weber" title="Theodor Weber">Theodor Weber</a> elevated Kozlowski to the episcopate in Bern. Although Vilatte adherents saw a conspiracy, according to Orzell, it remains unclear if Grafton actively promoted Kozlowski's consecration.<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 43–44  Herzog, who ordained Vilatte, assured Grafton, in 1898, that "a desire to counter the French 'rouge' served as a major motive behind the Chicago priest's consecration" and asked Grafton to support Kozlowski and "develop friendly relations with him".<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 44  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stephen_Kaminski">Stephen Kaminski</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stephen Kaminski">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kaminski" title="Stephen Kaminski">Stephen Kaminski</a></div> Kaminski was born in <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 44  According to <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Kruszka" title="Wacław Kruszka">Wacław Kruszka</a> in Historya Polska w Ameryce, Kaminski did not attend any college, but learned how to play the organ from a local <a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">organist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 44  After leaving the army, he <a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">forged official documents</a> for which he received a two-year prison term.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 44  Upon his release, he emigrated to the United States where he clung to various priests as an organist. He felt called to the religious life and joined the Franciscan order in <a href="/wiki/Pulaski,_Wisconsin" title="Pulaski, Wisconsin">Pulaski, Wisconsin</a>, but was expelled and moved to <a href="/wiki/Manitowoc,_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc, Wisconsin">Manitowoc, Wisconsin</a>, where he worked in various menial jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1907-106">[88]</a>: 101  He was organist at the independent <a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Heart_of_Mary_Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Sweetest Heart of Mary Roman Catholic Church">Sweetest Heart of Mary Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a> (which Vilatte consecrated in 1893<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 42 ) but later quarreled with and wrote in newspapers against the pastor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Hippolytus_Kolasinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Hippolytus Kolasinski (page does not exist)">Dominic Hippolytus Kolasinski</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Kolasi%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Dominik Kolasiński">pl</a>], and left.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 44  When Vilatte visited Kolaszewski, his vicar general, in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, to dedicate the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary_Church_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary Church (Cleveland, Ohio)">Immaculate Heart of Mary Church</a> building and cemetery on August 18, 1894, he ordained Kaminski.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908a-107">[89]</a>: 50–55  The dedication ceremonies were marred by a riot, caused by protesters in the streets, that included a stabbing and shooting.<a href="#cite_note-Kaczynski1998-108">[90]</a>: 49–51  In 1895, Kaminski and a faction of his adherents occupied the Polish parish church of St. Paul, a Catholic church of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Omaha" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha">Diocese of Omaha</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="South Omaha, Nebraska">South Omaha, Nebraska</a>, where he conducted <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_devotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic devotions">devotion</a> "in his own way".<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1907-106">[88]</a>: 102 <a href="#cite_note-109">[s]</a> Kaminski wounded a man and then shot at the altar to create the impression that he had also been shot at.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1907-106">[88]</a>: 101–103  Later that month, Kaminski was called "a Polish nationalist who posed as a priest" by <a href="/wiki/Elia_W._Peattie" title="Elia W. Peattie">Elia W. Peattie</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald" title="Omaha World-Herald">Omaha World-Herald</a>. She wrote that he "barricaded himself in the sanctuary and used firearms to retain control, wounding <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xavier_Dargaczewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xavier Dargaczewski (page does not exist)">Xavier Dargaczewski</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Kraycki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Kraycki (page does not exist)">Frank Kraycki</a>." Peattie quoted in her article: "The priest, he say: 'I never leave this town till I see the bare bones of this church!' And he is seein' 'em!"<a href="#cite_note-Peattie2005-110">[91]</a> It was rumored he started the fire that burned the church, at the end of that month, to a pile of rubble and ashes; Kaminski's faction damaged <a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">fire hydrants</a> so there was no way to extinguish the fire. Kaminski was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1907-106">[88]</a>: 102–103  Kruszka described the Buffalo situation as being the same that took place in Omaha.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 43  He wrote that, in June 1894, that <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Mieczys%C5%82aw_Chrostowski" title="Alfons Mieczysław Chrostowski">Alfons Mieczysław Chrostowski</a>'s Jutrzenka, in Cleveland, printed that Kolaszewski and Wladyslaw Debski arrived in Buffalo to establish an independent parish.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 39  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hieronim_Kubiak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieronim Kubiak (page does not exist)">Hieronim Kubiak</a> wrote, in The Polish National Catholic Church in the United States of America from 1897 to 1980, that the first independent parishes in the United States were organized by German, Irish, and French Catholics. A "pattern of a parish conflict" was already in place when Poles set up their independent parishes.<a href="#cite_note-Kubiak1982-111">[92]</a>: 85  "As long as the conflict continued, the parish most often divorced itself from the jurisdiction of the accused bishop and stood independent of him, which did not mean that the parish did not consider itself belonging to the Catholic Church symbolized by the Pope. In the division with the bishops, the parish kept very strictly to the rules of the norm of religious life, finding in it a further support for the rightness of their cause." Return to the previous state of affairs, exist in isolation and then vanish, or create "a self-determined religious movement" are the three alternative results, according to Kubiak.<a href="#cite_note-Kubiak1982-111">[92]</a>: 86–87  According to Kruszka, the causes of this "social ulcer"<a href="#cite_note-SocialUlcer-112">[t]</a> can be found several years earlier when Poles began immigrating to Buffalo in large numbers. They had only one church prior to 1886; they built an additional church, without waiting for the permission of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V._Ryan" title="Stephen V. Ryan">Stephen V. Ryan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Buffalo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo">Catholic Diocese of Buffalo</a>, but a storm demolished it; they demanded another church and only under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Propagation_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Propagation of the Faith">Congregation for Propagation of the Faith</a> was a second church built. Even so, there was by this time resentment and bitterness among the people which created prejudices against the clergy. That "social ulcer"<a href="#cite_note-SocialUlcer-112">[t]</a> burst in 1895 when a group demanded that Ryan relinquish ownership and management of their church; Ryan did not agree to the conditions, so the rebels schismed from the Catholic Church and organized an independent parish. Their parish did not develop at all, because everyone thought their pastor, <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Klawiter" title="Antoni Klawiter">Antoni Klawiter</a>, was morally bankrupt. Klawiter eventually left, intent on reconciling with Rome, and Kaminski, who was according to Kruszka another notorious adventurer like Klawiter, replaced him.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 42–43  From 1896 until May 3, 1907, Kaminski was pastor of Holy Mother of the Rosary Parish in Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Bolek1943-113">[93]</a>: 189–190  According to Kruszka, Kaminski once counted under his jurisdiction a parish in Buffalo, a parish in <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee, Massachusetts</a>, and a parish in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1905b-114">[94]</a>: 50  Kaminski failed to persuade Gul to raise him to the episcopate.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 113 <a href="#cite_note-AER1899-11">[5]</a>: 12  Soon after, Kaminski was to be consecrated bishop by Vilatte, but this was delayed over the fee charged for consecration.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 43  It was deliberate and premeditated <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>, the act of buying and selling an ecclesiastical office,<a href="#cite_note-115">[95]</a> Vilatte demanded money for the consecration but Kaminski did not have enough to give.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 42  Only after Vilatte was bankrupt and had sold his house and cathedral in Green Bay was he less demanding and agreed to consecrate Kaminski.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 43  Kaminski was consecrated, on March 20, 1898, by Vilatte<a href="#cite_note-Bolek1943-113">[93]</a>: 189–190  as suffragan bishop for those Polish priests and parishes which accepted Vilatte's doctrinal reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  In the end, he received $100 in cash from Kaminski and promissory notes for a few hundred dollars more.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 44  Kaminski threatened to take Grafton to court after Grafton publicly criticized him.<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 42  "Notices were sent out", according to Anson, that stated both Cardinal <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbons" title="James Gibbons">James Gibbons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Martinelli" title="Sebastiano Martinelli">Sebastiano Martinelli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_the_United_States" title="Apostolic Nunciature to the United States">apostolic delegate to the United States</a>, "would assist at the ceremony. It is hardly necessary to add that neither of these prelates put in an appearance."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 113  However, the new bishop fled the United States to Canada because of creditors. He was excommunicated by Rome and he abandoned Vilatte. Kaminski was consecrated after the 1889 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic Churches">Old Catholic Churches</a>' <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> and its <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>, "the orders of episcopi vagantes in general, and specifically those of [...] Kaminski, [...] and of all those consecrated by them, are not recognized, and all connections with these persons is formally denied" by the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 197  On September 9, 1898, Vilatte was excommunicated by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Peter_IV" title="Ignatius Peter IV">Ignatius Peter IV</a> for consecrating Kaminski in a way contrary to the canon law of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 67  Anson wrote that in his agreement with Alvares, Vilatte acknowledged that if he "deviated from their Canons and Rules, he would be subject to dismissal from the dignity of Metropolitan."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 108  Bishops were consecrated by Vilatte "without authority" from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (page does not exist)">Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>, who "therefore does not recognize such consecrations or their derivative consecrations and ordinations".<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1929-116">[96]</a>: 1070 <a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 39–40  For both Kaminski and Kozlowski, according to Kubiak, "their movements became isolated in the Polonia community, not so much because of the propaganda of the <abbr title="Roman Catholic Church">RCC</abbr>, but rather because of the public opinion negative assessment of the associations of Polonia toward the dissenters."<a href="#cite_note-Kubiak1982-111">[92]</a>: 116  Kubiak wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no doubt that in many cases, [...] the same followers and inspirers of the independent parishes were activists in [...] unions and [...] the Socialist party. In any case, in many instances independent parishes and groups of the Polish Socialist Alliance arose at the same time. The social postulates, [...] even the language of their propaganda, seems to indicate to a large extent a convergence in the two movements, [...]<a href="#cite_note-Kubiak1982-111">[92]</a>: 116–117 <a href="#cite_note-117">[u]</a></blockquote> Just before the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland</a> and wider <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Osada" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Osada">Stanislaw Osada</a>, in Historya Związku Narodowego Polskiego i rozwój ruchu narodowego Polskiego w Ameryce Północne, wrote in the United States, that Russian agents endeavored to draw believers into Old Catholicism, not for faith but for "implanting in the womb of Catholicism"<a href="#cite_note-119">[v]</a> the basis for Polish discord, to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Osada1905-118">[97]</a>: 502  Kubiak quoted Osada: "There exists yet another danger, namely that in recent times the leaders of that movement (independent) quite unequivocally help spread among the Polish masses the slogans of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary-Socialists</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Kubiak1982-111">[92]</a>: 117 <a href="#cite_note-Osada1905-118">[97]</a>: 502 <a href="#cite_note-121">[w]</a> From 1898 to 1911 he edited and published a weekly Polish newspaper Warta, an organ of his independent church. He died in Buffalo on September 19, 1911.<a href="#cite_note-Bolek1943-113">[93]</a>: 189–190  After his death, the Buffalo center of the independent movement ceased to exist and most of his parishioners affiliated themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Catholic_Church" title="Polish National Catholic Church">Polish National Catholic Church</a> (PNCC), the Scranton center of the independent movement.<a href="#cite_note-Kubiak1982-111">[92]</a>: 95 <a href="#cite_note-Zukowski1967-122">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paolo_Miraglia">Paolo Miraglia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paolo Miraglia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Miraglia-Gulotti" title="Paolo Miraglia-Gulotti">Paolo Miraglia-Gulotti</a></div> Paolo Vescovo Miraglia-Gulotti was a priest from <a href="/wiki/Ucria" title="Ucria">Ucria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, who in 1895 was sent into <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, to preach the May sermons in honor of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a>; there he was embroiled in a series of either scandals or conspiracies. He opened his Oratorio di San Paolo, Chiesa Italiana Internationale <a href="/wiki/Paulina_Irby" title="Paulina Irby">Paulina Irby</a> wrote, in <a href="/wiki/National_Review_(London)" title="National Review (London)">National Review</a> that it began in a former stable of an old <a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzo</a> with church furnishing principally provided by Mazzini's niece. His congregation had just that church, and "is spoken of contemptuously as the congregation of Signor Abbate's stable", she wrote, as the Abbate family own the palazzo.<a href="#cite_note-Irby1899-123">[100]</a>: 111–113  On April 15, 1896, Miraglia, who resided in Piacenza but was a priest of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Patti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Patti">Catholic Diocese of Patti</a> was excommunicated for, what was called, his "incredible, audacious, and obstinant scandals which long troubled the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Piacenza-Bobbio" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio">Catholic Diocese of Piacenza</a>".<a href="#cite_note-AER1900-124">[101]</a> That year, Nevin introduced in The Churchman the "modern <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Savonarola</a>", Nevin wrote "he has placed himself under wise guidance, and will not be apt to do anything rashly or ignorantly" but failed to include any specifics.<a href="#cite_note-125">[102]</a> The following week, The Churchman only hinted at the secular side of that movement by publishing a story from Milan's <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a> which wrote: "The struggle is now not only religious, but civic. The partisans of the bishop will hear of no truce with the partisans of Miraglia, and whenever they can, remove them from the employments that they hold."<a href="#cite_note-126">[103]</a> Within a year, on August 31, 1897, he attended the 4th International Old Catholic Congress in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[104]</a> By 1900, two reformation groups in Italy elected bishops for their churches: one group in Arrone elected Campello as its bishop and the other group in Piacenza elected Miraglia as its bishop.<a href="#cite_note-128">[105]</a> Campello was licensed in 1883 by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Abram_Newkirk_Littlejohn" title="Abram Newkirk Littlejohn">Abram Newkirk Littlejohn</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Long_Island" title="Episcopal Diocese of Long Island">Episcopal Diocese of Long Island</a>, to work as a priest "wherever there may be lawful opportunity" for Campello's reformation efforts in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 88–92  and by that time, Nevin already knew Campello for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1891-37">[30]</a>: 96  Campello was elected bishop by a synod of his church in 1893 and asked Herzog for consecration, who in turn brought Campello's case to the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 196 <a href="#cite_note-Oeyen2007-129">[106]</a>: 345  The <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> refused to consecrate Campello in 1901, according to Oeyen, "because of his limited number of baptisms and marriages and his close relationships with Anglicans, Methodists, and <a href="/wiki/Waldenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldenses">Waldenses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Oeyen2007-129">[106]</a>: 345  The Church of Utrecht thought Campello was to Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 196  Miraglia, by then a leader of reform in northern Italy, wrote to Vilatte regarding the movement and consecration.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188–189  On May 6, 1900, while the Holy See examined Vilatte's case, he consecrated Miraglia in Piacenza. Miraglia was a popular speaker known for his relations with Ferdinando Bracciforti, who represented Milanese liberal Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-Vignot1991-18">[12]</a>: 33–34 <a href="#cite_note-130">[107]</a> According to Smit "the orders of episcopi vagantes in general, and specifically those of [...] Miraglia, and of all those consecrated by them, are not recognized, and all connections with these persons is formally denied" by the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 197  On June 13, 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation of Universal Inquisition</a> declared that major excommunication was incurred by both Miraglia and Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-AER1900-124">[101]</a> The next day, June 14, 1900, the Alexandria Gazette reported that his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholicism</a> offended the sensibilities of an American <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Rome that the "majority of the Protestant congregation interrupted" his discourse "with angry protests against his abuse of the pulpit and the police were finally called to prevent an open riot".<a href="#cite_note-131">[108]</a> In 1901, Tony André Florence, in a report about the liberal movement in Italy presented to the International Council of Unitarian and Other Liberal Religious Thinkers and Workers in London, wrote that Miraglia's "desire to be at the head of a personal movement, after separating him from the Old Catholics whose ideas were akin to his, threw him suddenly into a false path." His consecration by Vilatte "lost him the sympathy of many, and his profession of faith completed their disappointment". Florence wrote that Miraglia's "reformatory movement, therefore, is now in suspense", after he was obliged to refuge abroad.<a href="#cite_note-132">[109]</a> While the Anglo-Continental Society reported, in The Times, that although the "discreditable incident" of Miraglia "having arrogated to himself the dignity" of bishop-elect and his consecration happened, the work of the "real bishop-elect", Campello, was going on independently, with headquarters at Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Times1901-06-20-133">[110]</a> It is unclear if the two juxtaposed groups were concurrent factions of one movement. In 1904, the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> refused to recognize Miraglia's consecration as valid when he presented himself to the sixth International Old Catholic Congress in <a href="/wiki/Olten" title="Olten">Olten</a>, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Nevin1904-134">[111]</a> Already a convicted fugitive who evaded Italian justice, Miraglia was then involved with religious associations in France.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 82  For example, a parish church in <a href="/wiki/Piedigriggio" title="Piedigriggio">Piedigriggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, was confiscated by the government from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ajaccio" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio">Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio</a> and devolved to a religious association formed on December 11, 1906. The parish's priest disappeared after he signed a declaration of adherence to the sect. From May, 1907, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Forcioli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Forcioli (page does not exist)">Jacques Forcioli</a>, a Miraglia ordained priest working for that religious association, conducted schismatic services. In November, a lawsuit was filed by a replacement priest appointed to serve the parish by the Bishop of Ajaccio, against the mayor and Forcioli, demanding the restitution of the church. The court rendered a judgment which condemned the mayor, declared that religious association illegal, and ordered restoration of the property to the Catholic Church's priest.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 80  Miraglia intended to ordain a priest for Christmas there; but he fled and evaded a French deportation order against him on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>. A few days later Forcioli was arrested for stealing items from the church; the mayor and members of the sect were arrested for complicity. Fearing assassination, the mayor refused to implement the restitution on February 25, 1908. Finally, the Court of Appeal in <a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a> dismissed Forcioli and restored exclusive possession of the Piedigriggio church property back to the Catholic Church's priest. On March 14, 1908, La Croix emphasized that the scope of the Bastia decision was of special importance, not only because it was the first judgment on the subject, but also because of the principles of law it invoked.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 82–83 <a href="#cite_note-135">[112]</a> Vilatte and Miraglia united in a joint effort, and except for the brief interval, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1906 – c. 1907, when Vilatte unsuccessfully attempted to organize a religious association in France, their work had chiefly been in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weber1922-22">[16]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a>, in Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine, after being "arrested like a common criminal" Miraglia was deported from the United States, on August 4, 1910, "as though he were [...] an enemy to society."<a href="#cite_note-Watson1910-136">[113]</a> Two days before his <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, the New York Times reported that Miraglia, "self-appointed head" of the Catholic Independent Church of Rome, was detained on <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> "on the charge that he is an undesirable citizen" after being apprehended in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>. He admitted that "while in Piacenza and <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> he served several terms and was heavily fined for libel, and while a professor at the Patti University he forged the signatures of [f]aculty to fake diplomas, which he sold to deficient students."<a href="#cite_note-137">[114]</a> On February 15, 1915, The Evening World reported that he was "charged with obtaining alms under false pretenses", after the Bureau of Charities went to his mission and "found only an empty shack", and arrested along with two of his alleged accomplices by detectives. While in court, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Deputy United States Marshal</a> arrested him "on the charge of writing vicious letters" to a woman.<a href="#cite_note-138">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Over the next few years Vilatte, according to Joanne Pearson in Wicca and the Christian Heritage, "carried on travelling and consecrating, truly a 'wandering bishop'".<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 40  In the middle of 1903, Vilatte was back in South Wales and he raised <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Marsh-Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Marsh-Edwards (page does not exist)">Henry Marsh-Edwards</a>, a former Anglican priest, to the episcopate with the title of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_of_Caerleon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop of Caerleon (page does not exist)">Bishop of Caerleon</a>. The next day both men consecrated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bernard_Ventham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bernard Ventham (page does not exist)">Henry Bernard Ventham</a> with the title of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Dorchester" title="Bishop of Dorchester">Bishop of Dorchester</a>. The Church of England (CoE) found Marsh-Edwards to be "incapable of holding preferment" after he was required to "answer charges against his moral character".<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 39  Although Marsh-Edwards was married, Vilatte consecrated him as a bishop. Mandatory clerical celibacy was required by Old Catholics, according to Oeyen, in Switzerland until 1876, in Germany until 1878, and in the Union of Utrecht until 1922.<a href="#cite_note-Oeyen2011-139">[116]</a>: 298  Margrander explains that this third episcopal consecration, of Marsh-Edwards, conferred by Vilatte is noteworthy because the bishop-elect was not <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">celibate</a>; Vilatte's precedent was followed by Gul in consecrating <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Mathew" title="Arnold Mathew">Arnold Mathew</a> several years later.<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 189  Mathew, a former Catholic priest who resigned and left the Church, was married by the <abbr title="Church of England">CoE</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonds2013-140">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-MathewMalaFide-141">[x]</a> "It is probable", Anson noted, that Vilatte consecrated <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Henry_Carfora" title="Carmel Henry Carfora">Carmel Henry Carfora</a> in 1907. "But there is no documentary evidence", he added, of the event.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 123  In 1913, Vilatte consecrated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_von_Kubinyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor von Kubinyi (page does not exist)">Victor von Kubinyi</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend, Indiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn84027377_1913-04-29-142">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frederick_Lloyd">Frederick Lloyd</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Frederick Lloyd">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ebenezer_Lloyd" title="Frederick Ebenezer Lloyd">Frederick Ebenezer Lloyd</a></div> Frederick Ebenezer John Lloyd was elected <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">coadjutor bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Oregon" title="Episcopal Diocese of Oregon">Episcopal Diocese of Oregon</a> in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1929-143">[119]</a> Nelson Crawford wrote, in American Mercury, that some laity opposed Lloyd's election and sent a letter containing "numerous objections" to the hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1929-143">[119]</a> The letter was influential and Lloyd withdrew his name from consideration.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1929-143">[119]</a> He was not confirmed and was not consecrated by the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Episcopal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Episcopal Church">Protestant Episcopal Church of America</a> (PECUSA).<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1929-143">[119]</a> In 1907, Lloyd was degraded from the priesthood by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cortlandt_Whitehead" title="Cortlandt Whitehead">Cortlandt Whitehead</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Pittsburgh" title="Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh">Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh</a> and converted to the <abbr title="Roman Catholic Church">RCC</abbr> that year.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 40  In 1909, he reverted to the PECUSA.<a href="#cite_note-144">[120]</a> He was a member of the Illinois legislature.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1929-143">[119]</a> Vilatte's sect was incorporated in 1915 in Illinois under the name <a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_Church_(1915)" title="American Catholic Church (1915)">American Catholic Church</a> (ACC);<a href="#cite_note-IlSoS13386871-145">[121]</a> Lloyd was an incorporator along with Vilatte and René Louis Zawistowski.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 35–36  Vilatte consecrated Lloyd later that year.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 40  At the conclusion of the service Vilatte said to Lloyd:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It needs no prophet to foretell for you and the American Catholic Church a great future in the Providence of God. The need for a Church both American and Catholic, and free from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paparchy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:paparchy">paparchy</a> and all foreign denomination, has been felt for many years by Christians of all the denominations. May your zeal and apostolic ministry be crowned with success.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 125 </blockquote> He succeeded Vilatte as head of the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 40  According to Brandreth, Lloyd proselytized and the spread of the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> was "largely due to his initiative".<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 36  Lloyd founded his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Antioch (page does not exist)">Order of Antioch</a> (OoA), which was, according to Douglas, a group for Anglican clergy who were ordained by Lloyd.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xvii  According to Douglas, Lloyd created a "loose organization in which he was looked to as the central episcopus vagans" that consisted to a greater degree of "an underground clientèle of Anglican clergymen" who were members of the <abbr title="Order of Antioch">OoA</abbr> and to a lesser degree of churches.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xvii–xviii  Douglas noted that the <abbr title="Order of Antioch">OoA</abbr> attracted "an appreciable, if not large, membership, which was diffused all over England" but did not include an estimate of its membership.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xviii  Lloyd's assistant, <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill_Sibley" title="John Churchill Sibley">John Churchill Sibley</a>, who Lloyd consecrated in 1929, spread the <abbr title="Order of Antioch">OoA</abbr>, surreptitiously according to Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xviii–xix, 43  From about 1928 until 1934, Lloyd and Sibley used Saint Sarkis' <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> in London. In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> priest informed his hierarchy, after being apprised by Douglas, that the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> had repudiated Vilatte's apostolic succession; the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> then instructed its priest "to cease all relations with Sibley and the Order".<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xviii  Lloyd and Sibley together operated a parallel business entity, called the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercollegiate_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intercollegiate University (page does not exist)">Intercollegiate University</a>" (IU), in which Lloyd was president and Sibley was chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xix <a href="#cite_note-YBoC1924-146">[122]</a> According to the 1924 Year Book of the Churches, "in order to establish a legal bond with the American Catholic Church", the College of Church Musicians (CoCM) was reorganized and incorporated as <abbr title="Intercollegiate University">IU</abbr> in Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-YBoC1924-146">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_Alexander_McGuire">George Alexander McGuire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: George Alexander McGuire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_McGuire" title="George Alexander McGuire">George Alexander McGuire</a></div> George Alexander McGuire was an <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antiguan</a> and a baptized Anglican who graduated from a Moravian theological seminary and served as a <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> pastor on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. He was married and had one daughter. After he immigrated to the United States in 1894, during the <a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">nadir of American race relations</a>, he was eventually ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church.<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hein2004-148">[124]</a>: 246–247  After various assignments, from 1905 he held "the highest position open to a black man serving the church within the United States" as Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Brown" title="William Montgomery Brown">William Montgomery Brown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a> for colored work in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Arkansas" title="Episcopal Diocese of Arkansas">Episcopal Diocese of Arkansas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Convention_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America">General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a> considered proposals for the creation of black bishops, either in missionary districts independent of local dioceses or as suffragan bishops of local dioceses.<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> Brown, a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, proposed that black people should be <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racially segregated</a> into a separate denomination.<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hein2004-148">[124]</a>: 103  Theodore Natsoulas wrote, in <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Religion_in_Africa" title="Journal of Religion in Africa">Journal of Religion in Africa</a>, that McGuire wrote an addendum to a diocesan annual report which endorsed Brown's "Arkansas Plan".<a href="#cite_note-Natsoulas1981-149">[125]</a>: 82  Hein and Shattuck point out that Brown later apostatized and became a Communist; his "extreme theological and social views" eventually led to his removal.<a href="#cite_note-Hein2004-148">[124]</a>: 109  As Brown's archdeacon, "under his own initiative, he attempted to enact Brown's plan" but, according to Bains, McGuire seemed to have preferred the alternative missionary districts plan and "was frustrated by the racism of the Episcopal Church".<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> Natsoulas thought that McGuire "probably came away from Arkansas with the idea of an independent black church."<a href="#cite_note-Natsoulas1981-149">[125]</a>: 83  McGuire later received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> and served as rector in the United States and on Antigua.<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> In New York, he joined <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association">Universal Negro Improvement Association</a> (UNIA) and the African Communities League in 1919, and was elected its chaplain-general the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> While affiliated for a short time with the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a>, when McGuire established the Church of the Good Shepherd, he and his congregation became part of the Independent Episcopal Church which was renamed the <a href="/wiki/African_Orthodox_Church" title="African Orthodox Church">African Orthodox Church</a> (AOC).<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> According to David Hein and Gardiner Shattuck, in The Episcopalians, McGuire created the African Orthodox Church "along the lines of what the Conference of Church Workers and Brown had previously proposed."<a href="#cite_note-Hein2004-148">[124]</a>: 109–110 <a href="#cite_note-150">[y]</a> Garvey did not want a hierarchical church like McGuire created.<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> While Bains called it only "a brief period of estrangement" from Garvey,<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> McGuire actually became involved in a rival organization, the <a href="/wiki/African_Blood_Brotherhood_for_African_Liberation_and_Redemption" class="mw-redirect" title="African Blood Brotherhood for African Liberation and Redemption">African Blood Brotherhood for African Liberation and Redemption</a> (ABB). According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochell_Isaac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochell Isaac (page does not exist)">Rochell Isaac</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Parascandola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Parascandola (page does not exist)">Louis Parascandola</a>, in Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present, the <abbr title="African Blood Brotherhood">ABB</abbr> was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black nationalist">black nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Briggs" title="Cyril Briggs">Cyril Briggs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, New York. It was an <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> self-defense "response to the violent race riots of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Summer_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Summer (1919)">Red Summer</a> of 1919" and the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2009-151">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parascandola2009-152">[127]</a> Parascandola called it a "secret <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> group".<a href="#cite_note-Parascandola2009-152">[127]</a> According to Isaac, much early <abbr title="African Blood Brotherhood">ABB</abbr> history is not documented but she wrote it was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2009-151">[126]</a> Many of its leaders were Caribbean immigrants and its council joined <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2009-151">[126]</a> Briggs, editor of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">Amsterdam News</a>, was fired by that newspaper for his support of an "autonomous black nation within the United States".<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2009-151">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parascandola2009-152">[127]</a> "The <abbr title="African Blood Brotherhood">ABB</abbr> saw <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> as an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and viewed Marxism as the solution to the race problem."<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2009-151">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Oneal" title="James Oneal">James Oneal</a> wrote, in American Communism, that it, the <abbr title="African Blood Brotherhood">ABB</abbr>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[z]</a> appeared some time in 1921 and was used to attract blacks to the Communist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Oneal1927-153">[128]</a> McGuire, who had been active in the <abbr title="Universal Negro Improvement Association">UNIA</abbr>, according to Oneal, "became a prominent leader in the new organization".<a href="#cite_note-Oneal1927-153">[128]</a> Mark Solomon wrote, in The Cry Was Unity, it "enjoyed a burst of good fortune in the fall of 1921 when three <abbr title="Universal Negro Improvement Association">UNIA</abbr> leaders" including McGuire "bolted to the <abbr title="African Black Brotherhood">ABB</abbr>" but "did not widen its ideological appeal".<a href="#cite_note-Solomon1998-155">[129]</a> The <abbr title="African Orthodox Church">AOC</abbr> "took great pains to demonstrate his legitimacy". Natsoulas wrote that it "was important to its mission that the new church be founded on solid grounds" and quoted McGuire's words that "[t]he Negro everywhere must control his own ecclesiastical organization" yet hold the Apostolic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Natsoulas1981-149">[125]</a>: 87  He was refused consecration by Episcopal, Catholic, and Russian Orthodox bishops.<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> About the same time, on September 28, 1921, Vilatte consecrated McGuire.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 42  The <abbr title="African Blood Brotherhood">ABB</abbr>, according to Solomon, contemplated a secret army with weapons "smuggled into Africa by men 'in the guise of missionaries, etc.' as a prelude to gradual liberation of the continent."<a href="#cite_note-Solomon1998-155">[129]</a> But, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeannette_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeannette Jones (page does not exist)">Jeannette Jones</a> writes, in In Search of Brightest Africa, that the <abbr title="African Blood Brotherhood">ABB</abbr> had a flawed understanding of missionaries because, in fact, the "colonial powers distrusted many black missionaries as race agitators".<a href="#cite_note-156">[130]</a>: 121  By the end of 1923 the <abbr title="African Blood Brotherhood">ABB</abbr> was no longer an "independent political organization" as it merged with the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2009-151">[126]</a> and, it was dissolved in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-Parascandola2009-152">[127]</a> McGuire believed that apostolic succession was "essential to authenticate the claims of the <abbr title="African Orthodox Church">AOC</abbr>". According to Bains, however, "the questionable authenticity of Vilatte's consecrations haunted their relations with other churches." For example, although three months after being raised to the episcopate, McGuire was granted an audience with <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Meletius_IV_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople">Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople</a> in New York City,<a href="#cite_note-Natsoulas1981-149">[125]</a>: 89  but the <abbr title="African Orthodox Church">AOC</abbr> "never gained the desired recognition from a major Eastern Orthodox Church."<a href="#cite_note-Natsoulas1981-149">[125]</a>: 90  Bains concluded that McGuire "remained a marginal figure in both the church and predominantly Protestant black America" even with his "claim to apostolic succession that few recognized".<a href="#cite_note-Bains2006-147">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordinations">Ordinations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ordinations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edward_Donkin">Edward Donkin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Edward Donkin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Rufane_Donkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Rufane Donkin (page does not exist)">Edward Rufane Donkin</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[aa]</a> was an infamous impostor with worldwide notoriety.<a href="#cite_note-EveningStar16603-159">[132]</a> He represented himself, at different times, as D Benedetto, Comte Benedetto Donkin, Lord Cortenay, Benedict Donkin, the cousin of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Minto" title="Earl of Minto">Earl of Minto</a>, the son of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Devon">Duke of Devon</a>. "In the world's long roll of impostors a prominent place must always be found for 'the Right Rev. Edward Rufane Benedict Donkin, Bishop of Santa Croce, and Vicar Apostolic of the Independent Roman Catholic Church'", begins his <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_(South_Australia)" title="The Chronicle (South Australia)">The Chronicle</a>, who committed "a series of frauds" resulting in several imprisonments.<a href="#cite_note-160">[133]</a> Vilatte ordained Donkin. Years later, in 1904, while he represented himself as an Old Catholic Church bishop,<a href="#cite_note-161">[ab]</a> Donkin started "what [was] purported to be an Old Catholic Benedictine Oratory" in a house previously "occupied by genuine Benedictines" and "opened almost entirely on credit". By August, "the bubble burst", Warren Fisher, who guaranteed the furnishings, discovered he had been swindled. Donkin "represented that he had been appointed by the Old Catholic Conference as their bishop at Oxford at a salary of £400 a year and that he produced what purported to be the official record of his appointment." Donkin induced him "to guarantee the bill for the furnishing of the Oratory" with a forged check and Fisher was left to pay his guarantee. Fisher then wrote to Vilatte, he responded, and Fisher forwarded his letter to Truth which published it.<a href="#cite_note-Truth1906b-162">[134]</a>: 140  Vilatte wrote that when Donkin came to him in 1896, "he posed as 'The Rev Fr Dominic, OSA, Church of England Missioner, St Augustine's Priory, London,' and as such he was asked by the Protestant Episcopal clergy of Milwaukee to preach in their cathedral." And, as Vilatte wrote, "I was completely blinded and did ordain him to the priesthood" but "[a]bout eighteen months afterwards his true character was discovered, and I deposed and degraded him". Vilatte explained that a member of his clergy, who he noted was also "humbugged and swindled", introduced him to the impostor, the alias Lord Cortenay, son of the Duke of Devon; that "he 'took in' the clergy of Milwaukee"; that "Donkin never belonged to any 'community' in our Church"; but, Vilatte did not explain why he ordained Donkin, who he thought was a <abbr title="Church of England">CoE</abbr> cleric. Vilatte wrote that later Donkin "posed as a Bishop in Cleveland."<a href="#cite_note-Truth1906b-162">[134]</a>: 140 <a href="#cite_note-163">[ac]</a> According to Smit "the orders of episcopi vagantes in general, and specifically those of [...] Donkin, [...] and of all those consecrated by them, are not recognized, and all connections with these persons is formally denied" by the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 197  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joseph_Lyne">Joseph Lyne</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Joseph Lyne">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leycester_Lyne" title="Joseph Leycester Lyne">Joseph Leycester Lyne</a></div> Vilatte became acquainted with Lyne on his 1890–1891 tour of North America.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Vilatte first visited <a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick George Lee">Frederick George Lee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Corporate_Reunion" title="Order of Corporate Reunion">Order of Corporate Reunion</a>. Lee gave Vilatte a letter of introduction to Lyne.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 114  While Vilatte traveled to Paris to consult with advisers, he interrupted his journey to ordain Joseph Leycester Lyne and another monk at the Anglican Llanthony monastery near <a href="/wiki/Capel-y-ffin" title="Capel-y-ffin">Capel-y-ffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Llanthony_Priory" title="Llanthony Priory">Llanthony Priory</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  on July 27, 1898, Lyne, an ordained deacon in the <abbr title="Church of England">CoE</abbr> but "unable to receive orders in his own church" for over three decades, was ordained priest by Vilatte. Rene Kollar wrote, in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, that "for a time" Lyne "dreamed of establishing a British Old Catholic church."<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2011-164">[135]</a> Years earlier, in 1890–1891, while Lyne was on his tour of North America raising funds for his work in England,<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2011-164">[135]</a> The Cambrian wrote that his order "is not a Catholic Order, nor a Church of England exactly, but an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> movement associated with the idea of a revival of the [a]ncient British Church"—which Pearson calls a "literary fantasm"<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 26 —and his abbey church conducts some services in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>. The Cambrian noted that had Lyne addressed the 1889 <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a>, on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_British_Church" title="Ancient British Church">Ancient British Church</a> and also admitted a Druid, taking the <a href="/wiki/Bardic_name" title="Bardic name">bardic name</a> Dewi Honddu, by the <a href="/wiki/Archdruid" title="Archdruid">Archdruid</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Griffith_(Clwydfardd)" title="David Griffith (Clwydfardd)">David Griffith</a>, also known by his bardic name Clwydfardd; and had spoken for the rights of the Ancient Welsh Church at the English Church Congress held at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, by the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Llandaff" title="Bishop of Llandaff">Bishop of Llandaff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[136]</a> Pearson argues that "concern with ancient, indigenous religions emerging and operating independently of the Church of Rome characterises the heterodox Christian churches of the episcopi vagantes in England, Wales and France" and "was a theme that was to influence the development of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Druidry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 26  She believes, based on accounts published during his tour of him being the "Druid of the Welsh Church" and "belonging to an Ancient British Church, older than any except Antioch and Jerusalem", Lyne may have been part of another episcopus vagans', <a href="/wiki/Richard_Williams_Morgan" title="Richard Williams Morgan">Richard Williams Morgan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 50  recreated <a href="/wiki/Ancient_British_Church" title="Ancient British Church">Ancient British Church</a>, given its overtones of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> and links to neo-druidism.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 129 It was, according to Desmond Morse-Boycott, in Lead, Kindly Light, his accepting ordination "at the hands of a wandering [O]ld Catholic bishop, who was an adventurer" that discredited him with the <abbr title="Church of England">CoE</abbr> which "denied him the priesthood".<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 132 <a href="#cite_note-166">[137]</a> In 1909, after Lyne's death, two surviving Anglican monks, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asaph_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asaph Harris (page does not exist)">Asaph Harris</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gildas_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gildas Taylor (page does not exist)">Gildas Taylor</a>, were ordained, in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada, where Vilatte was staying during a visit of his missions in that part of North America.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 123–124 <a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 189  Both monks eventually joined the Benedictines of <a href="/wiki/Caldey_Island" title="Caldey Island">Caldey Island</a> where <a href="/wiki/Aelred_Carlyle" title="Aelred Carlyle">Aelred Carlyle</a> was Abbot and later Anson was a member.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 124  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="William_Brothers">William Brothers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: William Brothers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Francis_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Francis Brothers">William Henry Francis Brothers</a></div> Grafton was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._John_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. John the Evangelist">Society of St. John the Evangelist</a> who "had strong ideas about the importance of communities of men and their significant contributions to the church" and his "influence on the growth of the religious life", according to Rene Kollar on <a href="/wiki/Project_Canterbury" title="Project Canterbury">Project Canterbury</a>, "extended across the Atlantic".<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2003-167">[138]</a>: 2  <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax</a>, wanted Grafton to install Carlyle as abbot of the monastic community living as guests on Halifax's estate in <a href="/wiki/Painsthorpe" title="Painsthorpe">Painsthorpe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2003-167">[138]</a>: 2  On his return travel from Russia in 1903, Grafton visited Halifax in Painsthorpe where he installed Carlyle and ordained him a subdeacon;<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2003-167">[138]</a>: 1–3  and the next year, 1904, Grafton ordained Carlyle a priest during a secret but officially documented ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin" title="Ripon, Wisconsin">Ripon, Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2003-167">[138]</a>: 5  Both Carlyle and Grafton wanted to establish an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Benedict_(Anglican)" title="Order of St Benedict (Anglican)">Anglican Benedictine</a> brotherhood in Grafton's diocese.<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2003-167">[138]</a>: 4  Several men expressed an interest,<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2003-167">[138]</a>: 5–6  but Anson wrote that Brothers was not among a few Americans at Carlyle's monastery.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 414  It is unclear what happened next but, according to Kollar, Carlyle's involvement stopped in 1904. "Apparently little or no contact existed between Carlyle's brotherhood and his American counterpart", noted Kollar.<a href="#cite_note-Kollar2003-167">[138]</a>: 7  By 1908, Father Herbert Parrish, a <abbr title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">PECUSA</abbr> priest in good standing, was prior of the Anglican Benedictine monastery of St. John the Baptist in Fond du Lac.<a href="#cite_note-LCA1908-168">[139]</a>: 158, 369 <a href="#cite_note-GraftonAbbey-175">[ad]</a> Anson wrote, in The American Benedictine Review, that after Parrish left, it "appears that his followers were replaced or displaced by a group of young men who had been formed into a Benedictine brotherhood" by Brothers in <a href="/wiki/Waukegan,_Illinois" title="Waukegan, Illinois">Waukegan, Illinois</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anson1971-170">[141]</a>: 24  located outside Grafton's Diocese of Fond du Lac. A "rented-house was named St. Dunstan's Abbey" with Grafton self-appointed as "their absentee Abbot";<a href="#cite_note-Anson1971-170">[141]</a>: 24  it was not a monastery listed in the Living Church Annual.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonAbbey-175">[ad]</a> According to Anson, Vilatte ordained Brothers <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910 – c. 1911 and later deposed him.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 124, 418  Anson was not certain whether this group was an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Anglican religious order</a>, "for by 1911 they were styling themselves 'Old Catholics'".<a href="#cite_note-Anson1971-170">[141]</a>: 24  Brothers' group, of about five members, was brought into the remaining part of the <abbr title="Polish Old Catholic Church">POCC</abbr>, then under the jurisdiction Bishop Jan Tichy in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 124, 416–417 <a href="#cite_note-178">[ae]</a> Brothers was consecrated by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_de_Landas_Berghes" title="Rudolph de Landas Berghes">Rudolph de Landas Berghes</a> in 1916 and later deposed by him, for what "appears to have been" to Brandreth, "on the grounds that at the time of the consecration he had not, in fact, received the Orders of deacon and priest."<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 17, 24, 28  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_ordinations">Other ordinations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other ordinations">edit</a>]</div> On June 21, 1907, Vilatte ordained <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Marie-Fran%C3%A7ois_Giraud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Marie-François Giraud (page does not exist)">Louis-Marie-François Giraud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 123  a <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappist</a> monk excommunicated from the Catholic Church for dabbling in magic and the occult. Shortly after Giraud's ordination, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie-Benjamin_Richard" title="François-Marie-Benjamin Richard">François-Marie-Benjamin Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">Archbishop of Paris</a>, warned about apostate priests who were celebrating Mass under cover of a religious association directed by Vilatte. Richard said, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">this plot hatched in the silence characteristic of masonry will not succeed. Catholics will not let themselves be deceived. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a> may rob us of our churches, but not our consciences.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 123 </blockquote> He then excommunicated Vilatte a second time.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 123  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St_John's_Home">St John's Home</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: St John's Home">edit</a>]</div> Vilatte operated a private home for the care of homeless children, <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's Home">St John's Home</a>, in Chicago since 1897. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Basil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Basil (page does not exist)">Claude Basil</a>, known as "Father Basil", was in charge of this institution until three indictments, charging "<a href="/wiki/Crime_against_nature" title="Crime against nature">crime against nature</a>", were found against him by the <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County, Illinois</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">grand jury</a> in June 1903. The indictments were based on accusations of three boys who formerly lived in the home. Basil was arrested. An inspector from the State Board of Charities investigated the home on August 6, 1903, after the St John's Home applied to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Secretary_of_State" title="Illinois Secretary of State">Illinois Secretary of State</a> for incorporation. According to the report, the inspector went to the given address and found the house vacant but upon inquiry was directed to a different location. A new two story frame building with modern conveniences was found at that address. Vilatte was in charge and assisted by two other men, "Father Francis" and "Brother Panchand"; the signatures of all three men appear on the incorporation application. "He informed me that the home was organized in 1897, and that its object is to help poor children who have no homes, no matter what religious denomination they belong to, and that the institution is supported entirely by donations and collections." They cared for eighteen children—17 boys and a girl, the sister of three boys. The inspector recommended that the girl, probably 7 or 8 years old, should be taken out of the home, which had no provision for the separation of the sexes, and placed elsewhere. Furniture was moved in the day before the inspection, and consequently the home was in disorder, but the inspector noted the floors woodwork walls and ceiling appeared to be clean. Vilatte informed him that a doctor was immediately called in case of sickness. The children wore donated clothing and all those of school age attended the public school. Two boys were locked in rooms and the inspector was told by Vilatte that "they were doing penance for running away".<a href="#cite_note-IllinoisCharities-179">[148]</a> The report includes part of an 1898 letter from Grafton, about Vilatte's character, published in Diocese of Fond du Lac, a newspaper. Grafton warned about Basil in that letter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Another co-worker whom he ordained priest under the title of Father Basil, is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renegade" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:renegade">renegade</a> from England, having formerly been connected with the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal [C]hurch</a>, and who fled to America, being accused as his bishop wrote me, of criminal conduct with boys. His name is George Reader, and the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> wrote concerning him, that, while they did not give information to private parties, they would do so to the chief of police of any of our cities.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1898-180">[af]</a></blockquote> To further discredit Vilatte in that letter, which Orzell calls one of his "more <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vituperative" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vituperative">vituperative</a> public pronouncements concerning" Vilatte,<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 41  Grafton also asserted "he was morally rotten; a <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">swindling</a> adventurer [...] reported to me for drunkenness, swindling, obtaining money under false pretenses and other crimes, and as a notorious liar" with "somewhat exceptional gifts as an imposter" and associated with questionable people: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He has been surrounded and had for his tools a small body of men, mostly ex-Romans whose equals in crime and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/debauchery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:debauchery">debauchery</a> are rarely found. His late secretary is now in the State prison. Another [...] is now the inmate of an insane asylum, [...] I know of no clergyman in my diocese who has any other opinion of Vilatte but that his proper place is in the penitentiary. He belongs to the low class of criminals governed by inordinate ambition and insatiate greed for money and power. He has no fixed religious principles, as is seen from the course of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton1898-180">[af]</a></blockquote> Vilatte stated that Basil no longer had a connection with the home at the time of inspection. The board did not find conditions sufficiently favorable to warrant recommending for the St John's Home incorporation; the board recommended that articles of incorporation be withheld by the Secretary of State. He was tried on one of these indictments and found guilty of a "crime against nature" on September 30, 1903. At the time of the report, he was held in jail while his appeals pended. The Secretary of State declined to incorporate St John's Home.<a href="#cite_note-IllinoisCharities-179">[148]</a> Basil requested "friends and acquaintances" back in Sturgeon Bay to send financial contributions, to Vilatte, for his appeal.<a href="#cite_note-181">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Des_Houx">Des Houx</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Des Houx">edit</a>]</div> In 1904, diplomatic relations between the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> and the Holy See were broken.<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> In 1905, all Churches were separated from the State and authorized to form self-supporting corporations for public worship. Those <a href="/wiki/Religious_association" title="Religious association">religious associations</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: associations cultuelles) were designations given to certain "moral persons" or associations which, by the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>, the French Third Republic, wished to incorporate in each diocese and parish to receive as proprietors church properties and revenues, with responsibility of taking care of them.<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> They were based on the principle that the State should only recognize distinct religious associations, having corporate status, formed in each parish for the purpose of worship "in accordance with the rules governing the organization of worship in general".<a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801-183">[151]</a> All buildings used for public worship were made over to the religious associations; in the absence of religious associations, buildings remain at the disposal of the clergy and worshipers, but an administrative act must be secured from the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefect</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> By Article 8, it belonged to the Council of State, a purely lay authority, to pronounce upon the orthodoxy of any religious associations; the revenues were to be subject to state regulation.<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> One such group was the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Durand-Morimbau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Durand-Morimbau (page does not exist)">Henri Durand-Morimbau</a>, a publicist, better known under his <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_des_Houx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri des Houx (page does not exist)">Henri des Houx</a>. Durand-Morimbau, a university <a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">agrégé</a>, first worked with Bishop <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dupanloup" title="Félix Dupanloup">Félix Dupanloup</a> at the liberal newspaper La Défense. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> realized the need of a papal journal through which he could communicate with the foreign press, and he consequently created Journal de Rome. Journal de Rome, inspired by the French Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste François Pitra">Jean Baptiste François Pitra</a> and directed by des Houx, grew critical of Leo XIII's liberal views. The New Zealand Tablet describing Journal de Rome, wrote that, it "distinguished itself for its fierce denunciations of the Italian Government and its equally fierce support, [...] of the Papacy." In 1885, Pitra defended des Houx in an open letter but Journal de Rome did not fulfil Leo XIII's expectations and was closed. Des Houx then returned to Paris, where he became editor of <a href="/wiki/Le_Matin_(France)" title="Le Matin (France)">Le Matin</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Daily_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily newspaper">daily newspaper</a>, in which he retaliated with articles against the Pope and the Curia. In 1886, his memoir Souvenir d'un journaliste français à Rome was placed on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>. But he returned to Leo XIII's favor by publishing, in 1900, Histoire de Léon XIII, Joachim Pecci (1810–1878).<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 53 <a href="#cite_note-184">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[153]</a> By his August 10, 1906, <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a>, Gravissimo officii munere, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> stated that the law threatened to intrude lay authority into the natural operation of the ecclesiastical organization;<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Goyau" title="Georges Goyau">Georges Goyau</a> explains, in the Catholic Encyclopedia, that the Holy See feared that religious associations would furnish the State with a pretext for interfering with the internal life of the Church, and would offer to the laity a constant temptation to control the religious life of the parish.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801-183">[151]</a> Gravissimo officii munere prohibited the formation not only of these religious associations, but of any form of association whatsoever "so long as it should not be certainly and legally evident that the Divine constitution of the Church, the immutable rights of the Roman pontiff and of the bishops, such as their authority over the necessary property of the Church, particularly the sacred edifices, would, in such religious associations, be irrevocably and fully secure."<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801-183">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-GravissimoOfficiiMunere-186">[154]</a> The Catholic ecclesiastical authorities had forbidden the only kind of corporation which the State recognized as authorized to collect funds for purposes of worship or have the right of ownership for purposes of worship. The State considered previously legally-recognized churches, as no longer existing; and, in cases where no religious associations were incorporated, took over the property of the churches and turned the property over by decree to the charitable establishments of the respective <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a>; in such cases, the Church lost this property forever.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801-183">[151]</a> After the publication of the encyclical, des Houx supported a policy opposed to that which he held twenty years earlier in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 53–54  On August 19, 1906, he started a press campaign, in Le Matin, titled: "France for the French" (La France aux Français). He wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a> were unable to save either themselves or <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and the faithful French must now do so; des Houx appealed, to all the faithful, for the formation of a "League of French Catholics" (Ligue des Catholiques de France), whose purpose was to preserve traditional worship churches, religious foundations and properties currently threatened by decommissioning of churches; the group mission was to facilitate the formation of religious associations. He wrote that the majority of bishops disguised their opinions and were forced to abdicate their conscience and their control; that priests were treated like dumb and terrified slaves; and, that they did not have the right to abdicate a wealth which was accumulated by the piety of their ancestors. By September 23, 1806, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Léon Daudet</a> ridiculed, in Libre Parole, what he calls des Houx's "schismicule".<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 54–55  The large circulation of Le Matin made the failed attempt widely known and drew public attention to the acts and the words of Vilatte; Le Matin and des Houx were unable to get people to take their religious association seriously. Vilatte was involved but could not keep des Houx's "French Catholic Church" viable, which des Houx had established in Paris, in the chapel of a former convent.<a href="#cite_note-187">[155]</a> By January 1907, des Houx wanted to create a schismatic Church in Paris and recruited Vilatte,<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 65  though Vilatte was believed to be supported by <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, the Minister of Cults and one of the leaders of the liberal anti-Roman movement.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1907-02-10-188">[156]</a> At des Houx's insistence, Vilatte returned to Paris early in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 68  On February 24, 1907, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald" title="Washington Times-Herald">Washington Times-Herald</a> translated Vilatte, from <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Parisien" title="Le Petit Parisien">Le Petit Parisien</a>, as saying to the French: "You are suffering, [...] but you do not know why you suffer, because you are not clear-sighted and practical—because you are not Americans. But I am an American, and I am the man you want to set things straight for you."<a href="#cite_note-189">[157]</a> Vilatte together with a few laymen founded a religious association in the <a href="/wiki/Church_Notre-Dame-de-Lorette,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Paris">Church Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Paris</a> that filed a demand to receive the church and its possessions. In the meantime he resided in the former <a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabite</a> convent.<a href="#cite_note-190">[ag]</a> A public Mass was partly celebrated in the convent chapel by Roussin, from the diocese of Toulouse, in the presence of Vilatte. Much disorder and tumult followed upon Roussin's appearance in the pulpit, which he was speedily forced to quit by missiles flung at him. Vilatte tried to quell the storm from the sanctuary but was also obliged to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 69 <a href="#cite_note-Boyd1907-13">[7]</a>: 181  The religious association was "founded at the instigation of the Masonic government officials", according to Kirkfleet.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 229  Vilatte's June 13, 1900, excommunication by the Catholic Church was renewed on March 6, 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Boyd1907-13">[7]</a>: 269  Roussin eventually returned to the Church.<a href="#cite_note-Boyd1907-13">[7]</a>: 653  Around the same time, he was involved in another scandal. If Vilatte did not exist, wrote a columnist in <a href="/wiki/Le_Rire" title="Le Rire">Le Rire</a>, he would have to be invented for the <a href="/wiki/Lenten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenten">lenten</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> <a href="/wiki/Foolishness" title="Foolishness">foolishness</a> played out in his church; he <a href="/wiki/Satirized" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirized">satirized</a> the incident of a <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a>, who, in the name of a woman who loaned 3,000 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a> to Vilatte, presented himself at the chapel and seized Vilatte's personal belongings, including his <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">miter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosier">crosier</a>. He wrote of Vilatte's <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>—not even having a miter to put on his head. While the bailiff searched for property to seize, he also found <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>; the church <a href="/wiki/Porter_(doorkeeper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter (doorkeeper)">porter</a> had brought a fourteen-year-old girl, whom he had met on the boulevards during <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>, into his room above the chapel. Snob ended his satire with the sentence: "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/desolation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:desolation">Desolation</a> of the desolation!"<a href="#cite_note-191">[158]</a> The law was modified by a law passed January 2, 1907, permitting exercise of religious worship in churches purely on sufferance and without any legal title; and further by a law passed March 28, 1907, classifying assemblages for religious worship as public meetings, and abolishing in respect of all public meetings the anticipatory declaration required by the Law of 1881 which the Catholic Church refused to make.<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, by the end of 1908, the Catholic Church in France, stripped of all her property, was barely tolerated in her religious edifices.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801-183">[151]</a> Appolis underscores that, ultimately, without the patronage of even a single French episcopate and only a very small number of schismatic priests in service, the "League of French Catholics" completely failed. It is significant that the <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(Roman_Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernism (Roman Catholicism)">modernists</a>, active at that time, paid no attention to the religious associations movement, according to Appolis. He concludes that, while Briand was initially hostile toward religious associations, he later only used them for a short time as a "machine of war" against the Holy See but saw little result and abandoned them.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 87–88  By 1920 diplomatic relations between the French Third Republic and the Holy See, broken in 1904, were resumed.<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> This method was used until 1923 when a new method of administering church properties was inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-NCD1929-182">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vilatteville,_Mexico">Vilatteville, Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Vilatteville, Mexico">edit</a>]</div> Vilatte was involved in at least three speculative <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> ventures near the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>. In each venture he sought out customers who would travel to and settle on land purchased from the venture. In 1906, according to articles published in The Donaldsonville Chief and The Brownsville Daily Herald, settlers could purchase 20 acres (8.1 ha) or 40 acres (16 ha) plots of land from a 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) tract that a venture had planned to purchase near <a href="/wiki/Raymondville,_Texas" title="Raymondville, Texas">Raymondville, Texas</a>. The Brownsville Daily Herald wrote that Vilatte traveled in a <a href="/wiki/Private_railroad_car" title="Private railroad car">private railroad car</a> with several investors. A. M. Davidson, a general immigration agent at Chicago for the <a href="/wiki/Houston_and_Texas_Central_Railway" title="Houston and Texas Central Railway">Houston and Texas Central Railway</a>, purchased 50 acres (20 ha) of land and the Brownsville Railroad donated 40 acres (16 ha) more, on which a monastery was planned, at the center of the planned settlement. Vilatte recruited settlers; one article said he would select the settlers and "see to it that no undesirable immigrants are brought in".<a href="#cite_note-192">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[160]</a> He began calling himself "Archbishop Vilatte, of Texas".<a href="#cite_note-sn83045433-1907-02-17-194">[161]</a> In 1910, with a group of Society of the Precious Blood religious, led by Taylor, who had joined the society after his ordination, Vilatte went to <a href="/wiki/Candelaria,_Texas" title="Candelaria, Texas">Candelaria, Texas</a>. From there, they crossed the Rio Grande to an area in the vicinity of San Antonio El Bravo in Mexico where they founded, on 18 July, a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> settlement called Vilatteville located on 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) in the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a>. Vilatte felt it was a blessing to live there. He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If God sees fit to bless our hard and arduous work of tilling the soil in Vilatteville, our harvest will care for the orphans and cripples, for the friendless and old people, who have no other abode in which to spend the few remaining years of their life, and educate a new generation for the struggle of the world. But our work will not stop there. The land of Vilatteville must be the partage of the people of good will and good fellowship. Be your own master, have your own home, take for your children and yourself a piece of the earth, and under the shadow of our institution, bring up your family, far from the corruption, the degradation and slavery of the great city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </blockquote> According to an article published in the El Paso Herald, only actual settlers could purchase 10 acres (4.0 ha) or 20 acres (8.1 ha) plots of land along with 1 acre (0.40 ha) in the town of Vilatteville from what was described as a "back to the soil" settlement on land the venture purchased in northern <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn88084272-195">[162]</a> On October 1, 1910, Vilatte sailed to Europe to recruit settlers.<a href="#cite_note-sn88084272-195">[162]</a> Unfortunately for the settlement, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> also started in 1910. After <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> was ousted from power and exiled in France, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(governor)" title="Abraham González (governor)">Abraham González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Chihuahua" title="Governor of Chihuahua">Governor of Chihuahua</a>, redistributed the settlement as part of <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_land_reform_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian land reform in Mexico">agrarian land reform in Mexico</a>. Taylor stayed in Chihuahua for a few years where, according to Anson, "he worked with schismatic clergy who were being sponsored by Vilatte as a nucleus of a national church."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 124  Vilatteville was a precursor of Mexican schisms. Although Joaquín Pérez's 1925 Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church (Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana) (ICAM) was dismissed as a "comic opera reformation" sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, Matthew Butler notes, in The Americas, that previously other schisms were attempted such as by <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a>'s revolutionaries and that Vilatteville was built in Chihuahua about 15 years before.<a href="#cite_note-Butler2009-196">[163]</a>: 536–537  It's unclear from Butler if Vilatteville influenced Mexican schisms but Butler wrote that Pérez was consecrated by Carfora.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-Butler2009-196">[163]</a>: 540  Other groups also conducted operations in Mexico. Cross wrote that before the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, "the American Episcopal Church had supported dissident Catholics in Mexico. The reform mission of the American Episcopal Church, with its links to the ACS, is closely related to the growth of American influence and empire."<a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-21">[15]</a>: 7  In 1911, another venture was "Uncle Sam City", in <a href="/wiki/Socorro_County,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro County, New Mexico">Socorro County, New Mexico Territory</a>, with the Ascott Valley Land and Improvement Company of <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>. On at least 10,000 acres (4,000 ha). In a full-page advertisement, in the August 26, 1911, issue of the El Paso Herald, the venture dubiously claims, among other things, that it "gives the first investors a 1000 percent profit within a few years" and "only an infinitesimal part of the water applied to lands in this valley is lost to evaporation" as well as "cattle are rarely afflicted with diseases".<a href="#cite_note-197">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_the_American_Catholic_Church">Founding the American Catholic Church</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Founding the American Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic Church in the United States</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_Church_(1915)" title="American Catholic Church (1915)">American Catholic Church (1915)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the 1894 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895 independent confederation of churches, composed of congregations which individually separated from the Catholic Church, founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Francis_Kolaszewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Francis Kolaszewski (page does not exist)">Anton Francis Kolaszewski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Mieczyslaw_Chrostowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons Mieczyslaw Chrostowski">Alfons Mieczyslaw Chrostowski</a> in the United States: <a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_Church_(1894)" title="American Catholic Church (1894)">American Catholic Church (1894)</a></div> The name "American Catholic Church" was used to identify more than one unique entity. Vilatte founded his independent Christian denomination, the American Catholic Church (ACC), soon after he was consecrated. According to The New York Times, Edward Randall Knowles was Vilatte's first ordination. The 1892 article called the two, Vilatte and Knowles, the hierarchy of the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1892-09-11-198">[165]</a> That <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> had a schism when Knowles desired to be consecrated a bishop. Vilatte wrote to The New York Times, that he had "been pestered with applications from clergymen of other churches for episcopal consecration". I "would render myself ridiculous", wrote Vilatte, "were I to proceed to consecrate Bishops in a hurry." Vilatte rejected Knowles' request and Knowles resigned. Vilatte explained that three canonical conditions were not met: <ol><li>Vilatte was alone, "and the law of the Church is that there should be at least three Bishops to consecrate another"</li> <li>Knowles was married, "whereas in all the Eastern churches a Bishop must be a monk"</li> <li>Knowles was too young, he "has not attained the canonical age"</li></ol> Vilatte complained against attempts to force him "to act against" his "better judgment" and declared: "I am, and intend to remain, faithful to the laws of our orthodox Church."<a href="#cite_note-NYT1892-10-01-199">[166]</a> Vilatte was mocked, in The Sacred Heart Review, as being the "sole proprietor and General Manager of the new Old Catholic Church in America" confronted by a schism. While the "great 'neatness and despatch'" of Knowles' ordination was ridiculed and his judgment, for "resigning from his church because he can't be a bishop all at once", was questioned. "Knowles may ask, [what] is the use of having a [...] church of your own if you are going to let the rules stand in your way?".<a href="#cite_note-200">[167]</a> Knowles was a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> convert to the Catholic Church, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, studied <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> for a time, interviewed Lyne, corresponded with Alvares, Pinto, Herzog and others. He was prepared to sail to Europe to consult with Loyson, Herzog, and the <abbr title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands (Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland)">OKKN</abbr> about the feasibility or desirability of starting missions in America. He abandoned his trip and waited for Vilatte. They met in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and Knowles was ordained in <a href="/wiki/West_Sutton,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sutton, Massachusetts">West Sutton, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1892-10-01-199">[166]</a> On June 20, 1893, The New York Times published that Knowles had received a letter from Loyson. "The letter shows that the Old Catholic Episcopate in Europe have sided with [...] Knowles as against [...] Vilatte, and have entirely repudiated him."<a href="#cite_note-201">[168]</a> The name "American Catholic Church" was also used, from 1894, by a group of Polish parishes, at first associated with Vilatte, which were organized at Immaculate Heart of Mary Church in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-Kaczynski1998-108">[90]</a>: 51  On February 11, 1895, The New York Times reported that Knowles was a guest at <a href="/wiki/Holland_House,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland House, London">Holland House, London</a> and was "a priest of the Old Catholic or Syrian Church" who will in Egypt "study the Coptic and Greek systems". It further reported that, "There is a feeling among the Old Catholics and others who sympathize with them that the present administration of the Church is not vigorous or progressive enough. Hardly any advance has been made since the consecration of Archbishop Vilatte [...] Negotiations were carried on with disaffected Polish Catholics [...] but they failed [...] through a lack of discretion and tact." It went on to report that the "facts will be laid before the Patriarch by Knowles" and that reforms will be suggested.<a href="#cite_note-202">[169]</a> "In point of fact", Orzell wrote, "most Polish dissidents proved more willing to make use of Vilatte's episcopal services at blessings and confirmations than to accept his leadership and embrace his curious blend of Eastern and Western Christian theology."<a href="#cite_note-Orzell1983-105">[87]</a>: 42  Margrander wrote that Poles did not accept Vilatte's doctrinal reforms so he withdrew his approval of their movement; he also wrote that Vilatte was convinced that their motive was a "deliberate defiance of the canonical authority" of their bishops, rather than reform, so he "advised them either to accept fully and freely the Old Catholic principles, or to return to the Roman Church."<a href="#cite_note-Margrander-17">[11]</a>: 188  Statistics about Vilatte's Old Catholic Church (OCC) sect showed its tiny size. Henry Carroll's The Religious Forces of the United States Enumerated, Classified, and Described, summarized United States Census data from 1890 to 1910. It showed the <abbr title="Old Catholic Church (Vilatte)">OCC</abbr> had at most three ministers, five edifices and 700 members;<a href="#cite_note-Carroll1912-203">[170]</a>: 82, 428–429, 468 <a href="#cite_note-Carroll1896-204">[171]</a>: 382–383  Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1910 United States Census">1910 United States Census</a> data showed that prior to 1910, the <abbr title="Old Catholic Church (Vilatte)">OCC</abbr> disintegrated and ceased to exist;<a href="#cite_note-Carroll1912-203">[170]</a>: 428–429, 468  Carroll wrote that "a number of denominations, all quite small, have disappeared, including [...] the Old Catholic Church, and other insignificant bodies."<a href="#cite_note-Carroll1912-203">[170]</a>: lxxiv  Carroll's summaries did not list a sect named "American Catholic Church". <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Catholic_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/American_Catholic_Church.jpg/220px-American_Catholic_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/American_Catholic_Church.jpg/330px-American_Catholic_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/American_Catholic_Church.jpg/440px-American_Catholic_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Bishops of the American Catholic Church: Stephen Kaminski, Joseph René Vilatte, Paolo Miraglia</figcaption></figure> In 1910, Vilatte founded the American Catholic Church in Buffalo. The council of oversight included Vilatte, Kaminski, and Miraglia who agreed:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>a council of churches open to all persons having their residence in this country, whatever may be their nationality;</li> <li>united in the fidelity to the true faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, who is the sole Head of the Universal Church and our High Priest;</li> <li>imbued with the American Spirit of democracy and liberty;</li> <li>a branch or section of the true (Christian) Catholic Church of God, with its own Synod and Conference of Bishops.</li></ul> Partially self-reported statistics about Vilatte's denominations were included in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>'s Religious Bodies, 1916 edition.<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1919-205">[172]</a>: 10  They show two denominations associated with Vilatte were grouped under the name "Old Catholic Churches".<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1919-205">[172]</a>: 534  The report identified similar types of denominations, though not ecclesiastically connected, as the <abbr title="Polish National Catholic Church">PNCC</abbr> and the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Catholic_Church" title="Lithuanian National Catholic Church">Lithuanian National Catholic Church</a> (LNCC).<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1919-205">[172]</a>: 347, 534, 546  Of the two denominations under Vilatte's leadership, first reported in Religious Bodies, 1916 edition, the larger was the Old Roman Catholic Church (ORCC) with an episcopal see in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-ORCCnames-207">[ah]</a> Miraglia was associated with this organization. It was in close fellowship with the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> but a distinct organization. Although some churches had been previously registered, the <abbr title="Old Roman Catholic Church">ORCC</abbr> was not reported in Religious Bodies, 1906 edition. It claimed 12 organizations served by 14 ministers, with a membership of 4,700 with 11 church edifices and four parsonages. The organizations held church service mostly in foreign languages; principally Polish and Russian with others using Portuguese, Lithuanian, and English.<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1919-205">[172]</a>: 534  Of the two denominations under Vilatte's leadership, first reported in Religious Bodies, 1916 edition, the smaller was the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> with an episcopal see in Chicago. It was incorporated in 1915 in the State of Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-IlSoS13386871-145">[121]</a> Lloyd was associated with this organization. The denomination was formed for the special purpose of bringing Roman Catholics into the Old Catholic movement. It was in close fellowship with the <abbr title="Old Roman Catholic Church">ORCC</abbr> but a distinct organization. It claimed three organizations served by seven ministers, with a membership of 475 with one church edifice and one parsonage. The organizations held church service only in English.<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1919-205">[172]</a>: 535  After Vilatte retired as head of the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> in 1920, Lloyd was chosen by a synod of that church to replace him; that synod gave Vilatte the honorary title of <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">Exarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 36  According to the Year Book of the Churches, 1923 edition, Vilatte continued as head of the <abbr title="Old Roman Catholic Church">ORCC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-YBoC1923-208">[174]</a> After Vilatte's death, only one denomination derived from Vilatte was included in Religious Bodies, 1926 edition, in the report's Old Catholic Churches group. Religious Bodies explained that, by then, "none of these American bodies or leaders are connected with or recognized by the Old Catholic Churches of any part of continental Europe, nor are their Orders or Apostolic Successions derived directly, if at all, from European Old Catholic Churches" and added a "caution against misinterpretation" of the term "Old Catholic Churches". It identified the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> and "its numerous derivatives" as one of three subsets of denominations in the Old Catholic Churches group. According to Religious Bodies, these entities are no longer either connected with Old Catholic Churches of continental Europe, which "repudiated all responsibility for or connection with" bishops who derived their consecrations from the consecration of Mathew, or with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. "Of the many bishops that have been consecrated in this group, [...] most have assumed other names and titles and founded separate churches for themselves by civil incorporation. For most of these no statistics are published, for the reason that the Census Bureau collects its statistics directly from congregations rather than from the officers of corporations." So, "direct comparisons between the bodies as reported at the two censuses are impossible, [...] because of numerous organic changes", according to the United States Census Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1929-116">[96]</a>: 1070  The bureau also stated that "a reorganization since the census of 1916 makes it impossible to identify the whole group with any of the bodies formerly presented", in the 1916 data, under the name "Old Catholic Churches";<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1929-116">[96]</a>: 1073  the reorganized <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> claimed 11 organizations served by an unreported number of ministers, with a membership of 1,367 with two church edifices and one parsonage.<a href="#cite_note-USBoC1929-116">[96]</a>: 1072  A 1938 notice from the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East">Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East</a> concerning schismatic bodies and episcopi vagantes, states that "after direct expulsion from official Christian communities" some schismatic bodies exist, including "all the sects claiming succession through Vilatte", that claim "without truth to derive their origin and apostolic succession from some ancient Apostolic Church of the East" and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[...] some of these schismatic bodies have with effrontery published statements which are untrue as to an alleged relation "in succession and ordination" to our Holy Apostolic Church and her forefathers, We find it necessary to announce to all whom it may concern that we deny any and every relation whatsoever with these schismatic bodies and repudiate them and their claims absolutely. Furthermore, our Church forbids any and every relationship, and above all, intercommunion with all and any of these schismatic sects and warns the public that their statements and pretensions [...] are altogether without truth.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 70 </blockquote> The notice named the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> specifically as an example of such schismatic bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 70  According to <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">James R. Lewis</a>, in The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions, the <abbr title="American Catholic Church">ACC</abbr> "was taken over by bishops with theosophical leanings" after Vilatte's death.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis2002-209">[175]</a>: 544  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconciliation_and_death">Reconciliation and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reconciliation and death">edit</a>]</div> The Katholik printed that Vilatte returned to France in 1922 with some amount of money. What is certain, according to Appolis, is that money assisted in the election of the socialist <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1924_French_legislative_election" title="1924 French legislative election">1924 French legislative election</a>. Vilatte had friends in the new majority.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 84  In 1925, he returned to France for the last time. "It is possible", Anson wrote, that he hoped that Giraud or <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricaud" title="Jean Bricaud">Jean Bricaud</a> "would befriend him as the virtual founder of their sects".<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 126  Following the election, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church</a> was very concerned about the outbreak of anticlericalism that accompanied the new majority. After conferring with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> and his Secretary of State, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a>, Father Eugène Prévost was given the task of obtaining Vilatte's abjuration. Prévost quickly succeeded.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 85  On June 23, 1925, <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a> reported that Vilatte took a <a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">solemn vow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abjuration" title="Abjuration">abjuration</a> at the hands of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Cerretti" title="Bonaventura Cerretti">Bonaventura Cerretti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to France">Apostolic Nuncio to France</a>, in Paris on June 1, 1925; and published his abjuration text.<a href="#cite_note-210">[176]</a> Vilatte wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I, Rene Joseph Vilatte, declare that I express my most sincere regret for having taught many errors and for having attacked and presented under a false light the Holy Roman Church. Without reserve I retract all such teaching. I believe in and profess the Holy Roman Church, and I submit entirely and unconditionally to her authority, recognizing and confessing that it is the one true Church of Christ, outside of which there is no salvation. In submitting myself, I regret and repent having received Holy Orders and having conferred them on others contrary to the teaching and laws of the Holy Roman Church, in which I hope, by the grace of God, soon to be received. In issuing this formal declaration by which I deplore the past, I ask pardon of God for the scandals I have given and I promise to repair them by the good example of my new life, and I invite all those who have followed my errors to imitate my example. I make this declaration freely and spontaneously to repair the evil which I have done and the scandal I have given.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 286 </blockquote> A week later newspapers announced that Vilatte, with an American boy-servant, was staying at the Cistercian Abbey of Sainte Marie du Pont-Colbert, <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 126  He actually retired to the monastery on June 6, 1925, where he was neither permitted to offer Mass nor recognized as a bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 229  He lived in a small house adjoining the convent, but with its own entrance on the road. In accordance with established Catholic practice, he was treated as if he had never been ordained; so, his only satisfaction, in Appolis' opinion, was dressing like clergy. In doing so, the Church did not assert that his orders were not valid; it just refused to discuss the matter.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 85  He wore a simple <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> "without any episcopal insignia".<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127  "Out of politeness he was addressed as '<a href="/wiki/Monseigneur" title="Monseigneur">Monseigneur</a>'", according to Anson, and for the rest of his life he "led a quiet and secluded life in a cottage within the monastery grounds, waited on by his boy-servant".<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127  Years after Vilatte's death, M. Francis Janssens, abbot-general of the abbey, wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Vilatte was some years in my abbey [...] He lived near the monastery in a separate house with his servant, an American boy. He never offered Mass. He prayed and read in his home and every day came to our church for the high Mass. He received Communion ordinarily on Sunday [...]. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Merry del Val</a>, secretary of the Holy Office, had said many times to me that he was convinced that [...] Vilatte was a priest and a bishop. We always called him "Monsignor." He was very humble and subject to the Holy Father. He was buried in Versailles in the cemetery of the city. The funeral took place in our monastery church.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 229 </blockquote> Anson wrote that there were rumors that Janssens offered Villate a home "at the request of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>" and gossip that Vilatte was granted a pension of 22,000 francs annually.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 126–127  According to Appolis the Roman authorities denied that rumor but it did not seem doubtful to Appolis that the Catholic Church gave Vilatte financial assistance that it often gives to converts.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 85  "Stories went around Paris that Pius XI had been prepared to allow Vilatte's re-ordination" but Vilatte declined the offer because he was "convinced that he was a bishop as well as a priest".<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127  According to Kirkfleet, an article in The Salesianum about Vilatte "raise[d] a well-founded doubt about the sincerity of his reconciliation to the Church, and cites an attempt by him to 'ordain' a young man to the priesthood shortly before his death."<a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 229 <a href="#cite_note-211">[ai]</a> According to Anson, Emanuel-Anatole-Raphaël Chaptal de Chanteloup, Auxiliary Bishop of Paris, wrote to Brandreth that, Vilatte secretly ordained and consecrated a novice at the monastery. "The ridiculous affair was kept quiet", wrote Anson,<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127–128  but others[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] dismissed it as a rumor. According to Appolis, Vilatte hoped that he would be allowed to say Mass at the time of his episcopal jubilee.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 85–86  He died of heart failure on July 8, 1929,<a href="#cite_note-212">[aj]</a> and was buried in a Versailles' cemetery, without episcopal vestments and with a requiem Mass celebrated for a layman.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 128 <a href="#cite_note-213">[ak]</a> "Shortly after the funeral both his American servant and his private papers vanished."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 128  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occultists">Occultists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Occultists">edit</a>]</div> Eugen Weber wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a> that by the nineteenth century, the Church's hold on everyday life had been severely weakened and, "[e]mancipated from formal religious observance, new believers sought new systems to replace the old, adopted the language of the old to present the new".<a href="#cite_note-Weber1988-214">[177]</a>: 402  An extensive underground of secret organisations flourished in the ensuing religious anarchy following the dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution, to such an extent that the 19th century could be characterised as, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">rife with superstition, with occult cults, with counter religions. All had existed before 1789; now the difficulties of orthodox religion gave them a chance to flourish – no longer underground, but visibly, at all levels of society.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-Weber1988-214">[177]</a>: 415 </blockquote> Joanne Pearson describes, in Wicca and the Christian Heritage, these "cults and counter religions" as often "combining <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a> Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualism</a>", and considers the <a href="/wiki/Johannite_Church" title="Johannite Church">Johannite Church</a> (Église Johannite des Chrétiens Primitifs) founded by <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Raymond_Fabr%C3%A9-Palaprat" title="Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat">Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat</a> as an exemplar of sects that were revivals of <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a>; they were linked with "<a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a>, and sought to return to the simplicity of an imagined <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">primitive Christianity</a>." Pearson notes the Johannite Church attracted lapsed Catholic bishops and priests.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 44  The paradox of 19th century French religious revival, alongside <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a>, is characterised by David Blackbourn, in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_in_Society_and_History" title="Comparative Studies in Society and History">Comparative Studies in Society and History</a>, as "a patchwork affair that took place alongside widespread dechristianization".<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 44 <a href="#cite_note-Blackbourn1991-215">[178]</a>: 785 <a href="#cite_note-216">[al]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Massimo Introvigne</a>, in Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism, Vilatte is "grandfather" of hundreds of episcopi vagantes and a "key figure" in the subculture history. He explains that after Bricaud, "in contact with all the European occult underground of his time", was consecrated by Giraud interest in <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> grew in Gnostic Churches which consecrated Freemasons and occultists as bishops. For example, Bricaud consecrated <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Reuss" title="Theodor Reuss">Theodor Reuss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a> (O.T.O.).<a href="#cite_note-Introvigne2012-217">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a> called Bricaud, in Theosophy, an occultist and wrote that Bricaud's presence among the Eglise Catholique Française (ECF) operatives "is an example of the relations that exist between a throng of groups that at first glance one might believe to be complete strangers to one another". According to Guénon, the <abbr title="Eglise Catholique Française">ECF</abbr> "seems to have had only an ephemeral existence" but was unambiguously linked to Theosophists.<a href="#cite_note-Guenon2004-218">[180]</a>: 217  He quoted <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, from <a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a>, who described "the little known movement called the Old Catholic" as a "living, Christian, Church."<a href="#cite_note-Guenon2004-218">[180]</a>: 220 <a href="#cite_note-Besant1916-219">[181]</a> The English edition of Guénon notes that, in Russia, the term <a href="/wiki/Living_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Church">Living Church</a> "was meant to denote a 'modernist' organization set up with aid of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government in order to compete with the Orthodox Church, the intended implication being that the Orthodox Church, by contrast, must be considered a 'dead Church'. Doubtless", Guénon's editor thought, "Besant had precisely the same intention regarding the Roman Catholic Church."<a href="#cite_note-Guenon2004-218">[180]</a>: 220  Bricaud was consecrated as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau_Johannes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau Johannes (page does not exist)">Tau Johannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Gnostic</a> Bishop of Lyon, in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 46  He was previously involved with the Sanctuaire Intérieur du Carmel Elié of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Vintras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Vintras (page does not exist)">Eugène Vintras</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Vintras" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Vintras">fr</a>] (also known as Pierre-Michel-Elie) and Fabre-Paliprat's Eglise Johannites des Chretiens Primitifs<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 46  Joined[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinist Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 46  On June 21, 1907, Vilatte ordained <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Marie-Fran%C3%A7ois_Giraud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Marie-François Giraud (page does not exist)">Louis-Marie-François Giraud</a>, an ex-Trappist monk but then a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magician</a> associated with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Gnostic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Gnostic Church (page does not exist)">Universal Gnostic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 40, 131  Bricaud was consecrated by Giraud, on July 21, 1913, into the Vilatte stream.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 47  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vilatte_Orders">Vilatte Orders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Vilatte Orders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vilatte_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilatte Orders">Vilatte Orders</a></div> The awards or decorations associated Vilatte include the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">Order of the Crown of Thorns</a> (OCT) and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Black_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Lion and the Black Cross">Order of the Lion and the Black Cross</a> (OLBC). Both are condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and Italy lists both as illegal decorations. The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Orders_of_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission on Orders of Chivalry">International Commission on Orders of Chivalry</a> (ICOC) includes a list of ecclesiastical decorations in its Register since 1998, which only "possess full validity as awards of merit or honours within the respective Churches which have instituted them" but excludes bodies "which are often created as a purely private initiative, and which subsequently place themselves under the 'protection' of a Patriarchal See or Archbishopric."<a href="#cite_note-ICOC-220">[182]</a> Neither the <abbr title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">OCT</abbr> or <abbr title="Order of the Lion and the Black Cross">OLBC</abbr> are found in the <abbr title="International Commission on Orders of Chivalry">ICOC</abbr> Register. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thorns">Order of the Crown of Thorns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Order of the Crown of Thorns">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Girardot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-François Girardot (page does not exist)">Louis-François Girardot</a> and Vilatte originated a pair of <abbr title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">OCT</abbr> groups. The two separately founded <abbr title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">OCT</abbr> orders had the same name but different origins and were combined, although it is not clear what that meant. The San Luigi organization says that the orders were inspired by the Ordre du Genest, founded by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, and also that "it is not asserted that there is a continuous and historically verifiable link between the present-day Order and these bodies."<a href="#cite_note-221">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[184]</a> There are two separate foundation stories for the <abbr title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">OCT</abbr>; one in 1883, the other in 1891. These foundation stories were not believed by some during Vilatte's lifetime; Guénon wrote that "dignitaries of this Church have a mania for titles of nobility as others have for fantastic decorations; thus [... Vilatte] invented the 'Order of the Crown of Thorns'."<a href="#cite_note-Guenon2004-218">[180]</a>: 216  The organization acknowledges the lack of verifiable facts about the monastery but says that some documents were destroyed in a house fire in 1918 and other documents were seized by the Vatican in 1929 after Vilatte's death.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a> In 1957, Girardot recanted his 1883 foundation story.<a href="#cite_note-224">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICC1971-225">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1883_foundation_story">1883 foundation story</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 1883 foundation story">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Christian martyrs</a> who lived <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880 in Ghadames.<a href="#cite_note-226">[188]</a> They were Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of Our Lady of Africa of Algeria">Missionaries of Our Lady of Africa of Algeria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Sahara" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Sahara">Apostolic Vicariate of Sahara</a>.</div> The <abbr title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">OCT</abbr> was reputedly founded in 1883. According to the San Luigi organization, after the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate of Tunisia</a> was established in 1881, France sought to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> province as part of the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. A small group of monks settled in <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a> in 1883. The organization says that there is no documentation about their past.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a> It is unclear if the monastery was a satellite of a mother <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a>, if it was ever considered stable enough and large enough to be elevated to the rank of an abbey, if they had the canonically required number of twelve monks to elect an <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, if his election received the approbation of their provincial prior, if after his ecclesiastical confirmation he received abbatial blessing from any bishop in communion with the Holy See, or even if any of their actions were sanctioned at all.<a href="#cite_note-227">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[191]</a> Nevertheless, the monks called their monastery the Abbey-Principality of San Luigi and they claimed sovereignty, as a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, over the surrounding secular territory. Disease was endemic; attempts to convert the local <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population to Catholicism were rejected; and in less than a year, on August 2, 1884, the monastery was sacked and at least one monk was murdered. Five monks, including what the organization calls their third abbot, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mendoza_(abbot)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Mendoza (abbot) (page does not exist)">José Mendoza</a>, survived and were exiled. Mendoza was somehow elected by less than the canonically required twelve monks. Without mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> situated between Ghadames and the <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a>, the organization says that the monks traveled across the Sudd and arrived in the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro">Bunyoro</a>-Kitara on March 15, 1885. There, the organization says, <a href="/wiki/Omukama_of_Bunyoro" title="Omukama of Bunyoro">Omukama</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabarega_of_Bunyoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabarega of Bunyoro">Kabarega of Bunyoro</a> granted territory to the monks to settle and establish a monastery. The organization says that Kabarega conferred a title, Mukungu of the Chieftainship of the Ancient Abbey-Principality of San Luigi, upon Mendoza. In 1888, all the monks died from an epidemic, except Mendoza, who then abandoned the monastery in Bunyoro and returned to Europe. The organization says that "legalization by a French government official established the recognition of the Abbey-Principality by the French state"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] when <a href="/wiki/Seine-Port" title="Seine-Port">Seine-Port</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Clairet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Clairet (page does not exist)">Eugène Clairet</a> was involved in a transfer of titles from Mendoza to Girardot.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi1-230">[192]</a> On May 7, 1899, again with Clairet's involvement, Girardot transferred those Mendoza titles to Vilatte.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi2-231">[193]</a> The organization says that the monastery, of at least seven monks, "was constitutionally independent as a theocratic state" and a "colonising power" under which "the local population had no political rights whatsoever" and "were to be subjugated under the absolute rule" of the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a> The organization confers reputed titles of nobility<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi2-231">[193]</a> The organization also describes itself as an Old Catholic church.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi4-232">[194]</a> The organization believes itself to be the legitimate <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> government-in-exile of its former territory in the Fezzan. "The Abbey-Principality aims ultimately to secure the territorial restoration of the original Abbey-Principality in Libya, but is aware that political and related considerations are likely to preclude this objective for the time being".<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a> The organization also believes that it is also theoretically empowered to open embassies although it has not done so as yet.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1891_foundation_story">1891 foundation story</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 1891 foundation story">edit</a>]</div> The <abbr title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">OCT</abbr> was also allegedly founded in 1891 and authorized by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_IV,_Patriarch_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter IV, Patriarch of Antioch (page does not exist)">Peter IV, Patriarch of Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a> The <abbr title="International Commission on Orders of Chivalry">ICOC</abbr> asserts that because "none of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchal Sees possess any type of direct <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a>, [...] the decorations instituted by them may not be deemed as equivalent to those bestowed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Pontiff">Roman Pontiff</a> not only in his Spiritual Capacity but also in his temporal position as Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a>." "Protection is an attribute of Sovereignty, which none of these Sees actually posses", according to the <abbr title="International Commission on Orders of Chivalry">ICOC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-ICOC-220">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Black_Cross">Order of the Lion and the Black Cross</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Order of the Lion and the Black Cross">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valensi_affair">Valensi affair</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Valensi affair">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valensi_affair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valensi affair (page does not exist)">Valensi affair</a> was a scandal in 1910s France, named after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Valensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Valensi (page does not exist)">Guillaume Valensi</a>. It resulted in arrests and convictions for fraud and trafficking illegal decorations.<a href="#cite_note-PetitParisien1911-04-18-233">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911-05-21-234">[196]</a> Documents and blank diplomas of decorations of various orders were seized which included a number of blanks printed in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and others bearing what purported to be, the signatures of living and dead prominent French statesmen.<a href="#cite_note-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03-235">[197]</a> Five men were placed on trial, excluding Valensi, who was judged to be not mentally competent.<a href="#cite_note-NCH1912-08-17-236">[198]</a> The investigation was begun after a client became suspicious of the authenticity of the signatures on the diploma of the Tunisian order of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Tunisia)" title="Order of Glory (Tunisia)">Nichan Iftikhar</a> that he purchased and reported the whole affair.<a href="#cite_note-PetitParisien1911-04-18-233">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03-235">[197]</a> Valensi and an accomplice were arrested on charges of fraud and trafficking illegal decorations.<a href="#cite_note-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03-235">[197]</a> According to The New York Times, the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger reported that the trafficking in decorations scandal spread as far as Berlin were many well-known persons were decorated.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1911-05-21-234">[196]</a> As it spread, searches were carried out against Valensi and his accomplices which led to several arrests and the revelation that duped officials in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> had been "hoaxed in the most complete and amusing manner" by Valensi and two accomplices into thinking that they were Moorish notables.<a href="#cite_note-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03-235">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCH1912-08-17-236">[198]</a> Vilatte was implicated in the Valensi affair by being identified as the Marie Timothée of the Principality of San Luigi, whose signature appeared on diplomas of the <abbr title="Order of the Lion and the Black Cross">OLBC</abbr> trafficked by Valensi.<a href="#cite_note-LaCroix1911-05-16-237">[199]</a> Vilatte responded to a Le Catholique Français article about the diploma by saying that the article discredited him by incorrectly identifying him as the signatory. He denied having any thing to do with the published diploma, Valensi, or with the <abbr title="Order of the Lion and the Black Cross">OLBC</abbr>. He said that his <abbr title="Order of the Crown of Thorns">OCT</abbr> had nothing in common with the diploma from the Principality of San Luigi. Vilatte said that his religious name was Mar Timothéus I and not Marie Timothée.<a href="#cite_note-LeCatholiqueFrancais1911-238">[200]</a>: 105  In 1913 La Revue critique des idées et des livres printed an article about the Valensi affair based on <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Maurice Pujo</a>'s Pourquoi l'on a étouffé l'affaire Valensi, which connected it to <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LaRevueCritique1913-239">[201]</a>: 81–82  Pujo listed another Vilatte-affiliated group, the Grand Prix Humanitarian of France and the Colonies, networked with a Georges Brassard conglomerate which included the make-believe <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Counani" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Counani">Free State of Counani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LaRevueCritique1913-239">[201]</a>: 85–86 : 86 <a href="#cite_note-240">[202]</a> According to seized documents, Valensi was Chancellor to the Consul-General in Paris for the make-believe state.<a href="#cite_note-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03-235">[197]</a> Pujo included an excerpt from a letter written by Collet, secretary of most Brassard companies, to Adolphe Brézet, "president of the Free State of Counani", which stated that Brézet would receive, among several blank diplomas sent to him, a blank "officer of San Luigi" diploma.<a href="#cite_note-LaRevueCritique1913-239">[201]</a>: 86  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condemnation_by_the_Catholic_Church">Condemnation by the Catholic Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Condemnation by the Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> The Holy See had stated twice, first in 1953 and again in 1970, that it does not recognize either of the orders.<a href="#cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Stair_Sainty" title="Guy Stair Sainty">Guy Stair Sainty</a> wrote that an "increasing number of such bodies" troubled the Holy See which "issued statements condemning such 'Orders'" in 1935, 1953, 1970 and 1976. He noted that the "most complete recent condemnation" was included in Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See, by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Igino_Eugenio_Cardinale" title="Igino Eugenio Cardinale">Igino Eugenio Cardinale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sainty-241">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Self-styled_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-styled orders">self-styled orders</a> are described as "originating from private initiatives and aiming at replacing the legitimate forms of chivalric awards".<a href="#cite_note-Sainty-241">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardinale1985-242">[204]</a>: 231  The statement points out that, they "take their name from" extinct Orders or "which had been planned but were never realized or, ... which are truly fictitious and have no historical precedent at all." While they "style themselves as autonomous", these "private initiatives" qualify their names, according to the statement, with terms to "increase the confusion of those who are not aware of the true history of Orders of Knighthood and of their juridical condition." For example, "these alleged Orders claim for themselves ... such titles as ... Chivalric, ... Sovereign, Nobiliary, Religious, ..." "Among these private initiatives, which in no way are approved of or recognized by the Holy See, one can find alleged Orders such as" The Crown of Thorns and Lion of the Black Cross.<a href="#cite_note-Cardinale1985-242">[204]</a>: 232  The statement explains that, "to avoid equivocations ... because of the abuse of pontifical and ecclesiastical documents, ... and to put an end to the continuation of such abuses, entaling [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] harmful consequences for people in good faith, we ... declare that the Holy See does not recognize the value of the certificates and insignia conferred to the above-named alleged Orders."<a href="#cite_note-Cardinale1985-242">[204]</a>: 233  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_of_ordinations"> Recognition of ordinations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Recognition of ordinations">edit</a>]</div> Vilatte was ordained prior to the 1889 establishment of the Old Catholic Churches' Union of Utrecht and its <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 50  From its inception, the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> decided "to act as a body whenever the Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht were confronted with questions pertaining to relationships with other churches" and as an outcome formalized its decisions as well as refined its view of episcopacy.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 194–196  Peter-Ben Smit wrote, in Old Catholic and Philippine Independent Ecclesiologies in History, that the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> denied the claims of those "who claimed to be Old Catholic bishops" and those "who claimed Old Catholic credentials" on a number of principles such as: "bishops have to be bishops of a church in order to be truly bishops" and "bishops should act in accordance with the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> as far as consecration of further bishops and contacts with other churches." As repercussion, according to Smit, bishops who do not live up to their commitment cease to be members of the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 196–198  Citing various official Old Catholic works, Smit further wrote that, "the orders of episcopi vagantes in general, and specifically those of Vilatte, Donkin, Kaminski, Miraglia, and of all those consecrated by them, are not recognized, and all connections with these persons is formally denied."<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 197  According to Anson, the Bayerischer Kurier published a <abbr title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland (Christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz)">CKS</abbr> statement on June 23, 1925, that "Vilatte had never been a priest of this body nor any other genuine Old Catholic Church".<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127  Cerretti's reply to that <abbr title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland (Christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz)">CKS</abbr> statement was published in the July 11, 1925, Bayerischer Kurier. Cerretti wrote that regardless of the <abbr title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland (Christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz)">CKS</abbr>'s denial, the documents show that Vilatte was ordained by Herzog in Bern and was consecrated by "three Jacobite Bishops" in Colombo.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127  Anson thought Vilatte "must have been pleased that he had managed to convince" Cerretti "of the facts of his priesthood and episcopate, even though they were irregular".<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127  Vilatte wanted the Catholic Church to evaluate his orders but it would not.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942c-51">[40]</a>: 119  After his 1899 recantation, Vilatte was not assigned any post in the Church which would imply a definite acknowledgment of his priestly character.<a href="#cite_note-Heuser1900-243">[205]</a> Anson wrote that "stories went around Paris", after his 1925 recantation, that the pope was "prepared to allow Vilatte's ordination to the priesthood sub conditione, but that he had refused the papal offer, being convinced that he was a bishop as well as a priest."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127  "The pope agreed to let Vilatte be ordained a priest, but that offer was refused", wrote Marx and Blied. "If this proposal was really made, a vexing question about Old Catholic orders is raised. Lack of data precludes any discussion."<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942c-51">[40]</a>: 120  "In practice, the Church ignores orders received by apostates from schismatic bishops", wrote William Whalen, in Faiths For the Few. "These men, if reconciled to the Church, need not recite the Divine Office or even observe celibacy."<a href="#cite_note-Whalen1963-244">[206]</a> "No formal pronouncement on the validity of his orders was ever made by the Roman authorities."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127 <a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942c-51">[40]</a>: 119 <a href="#cite_note-Heuser1900-243">[205]</a> According to Marx and Blied, Merry del Val's opinion was that Vilatte was a genuine bishop.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 8  But Merry del Val "maintained that throughout his episcopal career Vilatte had so 'commercialized' ordinations and consecrations, that he himself was not able to regard them [those which Vilatte conferred] as valid."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 127 <a href="#cite_note-Whalen1963-244">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_or_publications">Works or publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Works or publications">edit</a>]</div> Most works by Vilatte are not readily accessible. Based on <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> searches, some are only a single holding at one library. <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Catéchisme Catholique (in French). Philadelphia: Bryson. 1886. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62778210">62778210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cat%C3%A9chisme+Catholique&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Bryson&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62778210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilatte1890" class="citation book cs1">A sketch of the belief of the Old Catholics (pamphlet). Dyckesville, Wisconsin: [Monastery of the Precious Blood]. 1890. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/770702161">770702161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sketch+of+the+belief+of+the+Old+Catholics&rft.place=Dyckesville%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=%5BMonastery+of+the+Precious+Blood%5D&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F770702161&rft.aulast=Vilatte&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Documents proving the validity of the Episcopal Consecration of S. Renatus, Archbishop Vilatte (pamphlet). London: Hunt, Barnard. 1901. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774559251">774559251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+proving+the+validity+of+the+Episcopal+Consecration+of+S.+Renatus%2C+Archbishop+Vilatte&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hunt%2C+Barnard&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774559251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/misc/vilatte1893.html">An Encyclical to All Bishops Claiming To Be of the Apostolic Succession</a> (pamphlet). [s.l.]: [s.n.] (published 2009). 1893. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10986188">10986188</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112105740/http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/misc/vilatte1893.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2013-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclical+to+All+Bishops+Claiming+To+Be+of+the+Apostolic+Succession&rft.place=%5Bs.l.%5D&rft.pub=%5Bs.n.%5D&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10986188&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fusa%2Fmisc%2Fvilatte1893.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NotInAnson-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NotInAnson_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NotInAnson_3-1">b</a> This person is not found in Anson.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NotInBrandreth-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NotInBrandreth_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NotInBrandreth_4-1">b</a> This person is not found in Brandreth.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Brandreth incorrectly dates this event as 1898-09-09.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 39 <a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 44  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> A sentence editing error in Brandreth incorrectly names the principal consecrator as Paolo Miraglia.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 39  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Anson dates this event as 1915-12-19.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 125  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Anson dates this event as 1921-09-22.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 126  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Marx and Blied noted that although "it seems strange" this was not unique, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Anglican-German_Bishopric_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem">Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem</a>, founded by the English and Prussian <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state churches</a> and established under the <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Foreign_Countries_Act_1841" title="Bishops in Foreign Countries Act 1841">Bishops in Foreign Countries Act 1841</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" title="Apologia Pro Vita Sua">Apologia Pro Vita Sua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 4  "This was the third blow, which finally shattered my faith in the Anglican Church", lamented Newman.<a href="#cite_note-Newman1864-34">[28]</a>: 248  Newman wrote that <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was considered a safe place for an Anglican-Evangelical experiment and "if it succeeded, it gave Protestantism a status in the East, which, in association with the Monophysite or Jacobite and the <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> bodies, formed a political instrument for England, parallel to that which Russia had in the Greek Church, and France in the Latin."<a href="#cite_note-Newman1864-34">[28]</a>: 246  </li> <li id="cite_note-BonPasteur-38"><a href="#cite_ref-BonPasteur_38-0">^</a> The location of Bon Pasteur, identified as Little Sturgeon <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885 – c. 1888,<a href="#cite_note-FdL1886-36">[29]</a>: 33  is currently an unnamed place located in town of Gardner, Door County. It is not the currently named Little Sturgeon, an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a> <a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">census-designated place</a> located in the town of Gardner, Door County. By 1925 this place was not mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a> The mission's log cabin no longer exists. According to Curtiss, it was located along the shore of Green Bay about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the currently named Little Sturgeon. </li> <li id="cite_note-PreciousBlood-42"><a href="#cite_ref-PreciousBlood_42-0">^</a> The location of the Precious Blood mission, identified as Little Sturgeon <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1886 – c. 1900, is currently an unnamed place located in the town of Gardner, Door County. It is not the currently named Little Sturgeon, an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a> <a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">census-designated place</a> located in the town of Gardner, Door County. By 1925, this place was called Gardner.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 51  The current Church of the Precious Blood was this mission's church building and is a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> named feature located at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&params=44.8031_N_87.6198_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-WI_dim:10km_source:gnis&title=Church+of+the+Precious+Blood">44°48′11″N 87°37′11″W / 44.8031°N 87.6198°W / 44.8031; -87.6198 (Church of the Precious Blood)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GNIS1581396-41">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiritualist-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiritualist_44-0">^</a> White Star Spiritualist Church is a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> named feature located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&params=44.7908_N_87.6212_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-WI_dim:10km_source:gnis&title=White+Star+Spiritualist+Church">44°47′27″N 87°37′16″W / 44.7908°N 87.6212°W / 44.7908; -87.6212 (White Star Spiritualist Church)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GNIS1576669-43">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-StMary-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StMary_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StMary_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StMary_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StMary_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StMary_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StMary_50-5">f</a> The location of the St. Mary's, identified as Dyckesville <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885 – c. 1900, is currently named Duvall, an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River,_Kewaunee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Red River, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin">town of Red River</a>, Kewaunee County. It is not the currently named <a href="/wiki/Dyckesville,_Wisconsin" title="Dyckesville, Wisconsin">Dyckesville, Wisconsin</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a> <a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">census-designated place</a> located partially in the town of Red River, <a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaunee County">Kewaunee County</a>, and partially in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(town),_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay (town), Wisconsin">town of Green Bay</a>, Brown County. By 1925, this place was called <a href="/wiki/Duvall,_Wisconsin" title="Duvall, Wisconsin">Duvall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 50  The mission's church building no longer exists but its cemetery, Saint Mary's Cemetery, is a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> named feature located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&params=44.6599_N_87.7134_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-WI_dim:10km_source:gnis&title=Saint+Mary%27s+Cemetery">44°39′36″N 87°42′48″W / 44.6599°N 87.7134°W / 44.6599; -87.7134 (Saint Mary's Cemetery)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GNIS1573299-66">[54]</a> According to Curtiss, the name of the place where the mission was located was called Dykesville, Red River (or Riviere Rouge), and Duvall at various times. Dykesville, the first placename, was from the nearest settlement at the time the mission was established; Red River from the name of the brook where a battle between Indians and white settlers stained the brook red; and Duvall, the current placename, was from the settlement that later emerged in the vicinity of the church.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss1925-32">[26]</a>: 19  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> For letters to the editor about the public reaction to Vilatte changing the location of his development project see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510193240/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001349&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">"Rather a flimsy pretext"</a>. Door County Advocate (letter to the editor). 26 (51). 1888-04-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001349&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=Rather+a+flimsy+pretext&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=51&rft.date=1888-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001349%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D3%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldoon1888" class="citation journal cs1">Muldoon, P (1888-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190503/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897/wsbd0000/20120910/00001350&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">"The Old Catholics and the savages"</a>. Door County Advocate (letter to the editor). 26 (52). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001350&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=The+Old+Catholics+and+the+savages&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=52&rft.date=1888-04-21&rft.aulast=Muldoon&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001350%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D3%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> See French language text printed in Parisot.<a href="#cite_note-Parisot1899-69">[57]</a>: 23–24  See Brandreth translation into English from Parisot text; he notes "there exists no evidence that this is a genuine document and, indeed, its phraseology at several points argues against its genuineness".<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 32  Brandreth cited this text as pp. 23–24;<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 32  this text is also found in a modified copy of Parisot's original publication.<a href="#cite_note-Coster2008-70">[58]</a>: 17–18  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Sokolovsky was no stranger to intrigue, Terence Emmons, in Alleged Sex and Threatened Violence, describes his less than four year tenure as "a series of scandals and lawsuits", assorted "criminations and recriminations" of "arson, theft, perjury, conspiracy, and bribery", three attempted assassinations, "bigamy, adultery, sodomy, and child abuse" centered around "himself and his church administration" and involved several related groups.<a href="#cite_note-Emmons1997-73">[60]</a>: 4  </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Kireev was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 338–341  John Basil wrote, in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, that Kireev knew <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Samarin" title="Yuri Samarin">Yuri Samarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aksakov" title="Ivan Aksakov">Ivan Aksakov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Fyodor Tyutchev</a> and shared their views on Orthodoxy. His works attacked nihilism, which he "considered to be a corrosive agent derived from West European religious decay and carried into Russia by revolutionaries" and were about "Orthodoxy in its relation with Catholicism, the internal development of the Roman Papacy, which he saw as a corrupt tyranny, and the place of the Slavs in world affairs." "It is important to be aware of Kireev's roots in the <a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophile</a> tradition, because his views on Russian political and ecclesiastical life can be understood only in this context", according to Basil.<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 338  He promoted the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> "had fallen into a state of decline because it had emphasized <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>, and also because it relied on <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational thought</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 339  Kireev was a modernist who "was a tireless supporter of the Old Catholics, [...] He saw in this sect the beginning of a new Church that might serve peacefully as the foundation of independent <a href="/wiki/Western_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Orthodoxy">Western Orthodoxy</a>, but in promoting their cause he spoke again and again about how its success would be of practical benefit to Russian interests in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 340  He had a "quite unrealistic belief in the great destiny of the Old Catholics. This conviction produced an irritating effect on most conservative Orthodox theologians in both Russia and Greece who were suspicious of the Old Catholics because they were reluctant to accept the traditional description of the sacrament of the Eucharist."<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 341  His <a href="/wiki/Weltanschauung" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltanschauung">Weltanschauung</a> presuppositions included: <ul><li>"the need for a holy and indissoluble link among church, state and the people of Russia"</li> <li>"the belief that special gifts had been granted to Slavic peoples"</li> <li>"the conviction that the basis of Western Christianity was weak"</li></ul> Kireev "rejected parliamentary and democratic procedures as unsuited for Russia";<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 432  for him, Western <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> exemplified "false illusions created by popular rule" and he "harbored a deep suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">formal juridical systems</a>, because they threatened to substitute written <a href="/wiki/Codes_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Codes of law">codes of law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Court system">court systems</a> for the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> that guided the people." As a proponent of an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> with unlimited imperial power, he was "against any effort to install a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> or revolutionary form of government in Russia" and was an opponent of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">independent religion</a> "where bishops were free to make decisions without acting in concert with the state".<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 340, 345  Basil wrote that Kireev's views were still popular with some Russians in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 432  Kireev's younger sister was <a href="/wiki/Olga_Novikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga Novikov">Olga Novikov</a>, "a well-known figure on the European diplomatic scene" whom Stephen Graham, quoted by Basil, described: "She stood for Russia, she was Russia."<a href="#cite_note-Basil1991-75">[61]</a>: 338  She was a close friend of Gladstone and rumored to be a Russian agent exerting a "foreign female influence" on him.<a href="#cite_note-Mellon2010-76">[62]</a>: 2, 18–22, 59–60  She was his source for "information about Russian affairs, particularly in respect of the union of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Old Catholics of the West."<a href="#cite_note-Isba2006-77">[63]</a>: 171  <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> scoffed her as "the MP for Russia" in England.<a href="#cite_note-Mellon2010-76">[62]</a>: 8  She, along with Baroness Natalie Uxkull-Gyllenband, encouraged and financially assisted Mathew, and according to Anson, one of them also introduced Mathew to de Landas.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 185–187, 189  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> A photograph, in Richards, titled "Group of Six Jacobite Metrans and some Kattanars and deacons" identifies the leftmost seated figure as "Mar Abd'Esa, formerly a Roman Catholic";<a href="#cite_note-Richards1908-81">[66]</a>: 63  poor quality digital images of this photo, reproduced on the internet,<a href="#cite_note-82">[67]</a> label the same figure as Vilatte, who is not mentioned in Richards' 1908 book. "The picture resembles definitely Mar Abdisho Thondanat", wrote Mar Aprem, in Mar Abdisho Thondanat.<a href="#cite_note-83">[68]</a> While M. Kurian Thomas explains, Vilatte "never visited India and the bishop on the far left is recognized as Mar Abdisho Thondanat" also a "cross examination with the portraits available with the Arch Bishop's house of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldian Syrian Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India confirms that the bishop on the far left is Mar Abdisho Thondanat."<a href="#cite_note-84">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Aiya and Richards use brahman;<a href="#cite_note-Richards1908-81">[66]</a>: 64 <a href="#cite_note-Aiya1906-86">[70]</a> a member of the first of the four castes of Hinduism, a sacerdotal class.<a href="#cite_note-88">[72]</a> Pearson uses <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 129  a broader term that also includes a scholar, teacher, priest, intellectual, researcher, scientist, knowledge-seeker, or knowledge worker.<a href="#cite_note-90">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Marx and Blied noted that Fortescue believed Alvares was consecrated by the reformed group.<a href="#cite_note-MarxBlied1942a-15">[9]</a>: 7 <a href="#cite_note-Fortescue1913-92">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">sense-for-sense translation</a> of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Idiomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiomatic">idiomatic</a> expression "po swojemu" is "in his own way".<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1907-106">[88]</a>: 102  The <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literal translation</a> does not convey the meaning. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1975" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Maria Zagórska (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m84Rtmj2iuwC&q=phrase%20%22po%20swojemu%22&pg=PA302">Polish Reference Grammar</a>. Slavistic printings and reprintings., Text-book series. Vol. 2. The Hague: Mouton. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027933133" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027933133"><bdi>978-9027933133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.series=Slavistic+printings+and+reprintings.%2C+Text-book+series&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-9027933133&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Maria+Zag%C3%B3rska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm84Rtmj2iuwC%26q%3Dphrase%2520%2522po%2520swojemu%2522%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SocialUlcer-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SocialUlcer_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SocialUlcer_112-1">b</a> A literal translation of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Idiomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiomatic">idiomatic</a> expression wrzód społeczny.<a href="#cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">[3]</a>: 39  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieczerzak1983" class="citation journal cs1">Wieczerzak, Joseph W (Autumn 1983). "Bishop Francis Hodur and the Socialists: associations and disassociations". Polish American Studies. 40 (2): 5–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2806">0032-2806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20148131">20148131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Bishop+Francis+Hodur+and+the+Socialists%3A+associations+and+disassociations&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-35&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20148131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0032-2806&rft.aulast=Wieczerzak&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> A literal translation of the Polish idiomatic expression zaszczepienia w łonie katolicyzmu.<a href="#cite_note-Osada1905-118">[97]</a>: 502  </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Edward Roslof wrote, in Red priests, that by 1905, renovationists in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> had an agenda for reform and joined with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialist">Christian Socialists</a> to form the Union of Church Regeneration. "Orthodox adaptation of revolutionary rhetoric in 1905 disturbed the church leaders, who viewed it as incompatible with church teaching." Roslof quoted <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a>, that the reform "sought 'not only to renovate the church life, but even to create its new forms, almost a new religion' following the model of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>." According to Roslof, this "charge of creating a 'new religion' surfaced repeatedly."<a href="#cite_note-Roslof2002-120">[98]</a>: 7–8  </li> <li id="cite_note-MathewMalaFide-141"><a href="#cite_ref-MathewMalaFide_141-0">^</a> Smit explained that in 1913, "ties of the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> with Mathew were formally severed",<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 197  and after World War I, the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> "distanced itself more from the 'episcopus vagans' Mathew and those ordained and consecrated by him."<a href="#cite_note-Smit2011-27">[21]</a>: 213  Consecrations derived from Mathew were not recognised by the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xvi  After Mathew died in 1919, the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> declared in 1920 that Mathew's "consecration was obtained <a href="/wiki/Mala_fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala fide">mala fide</a> and that consequently it is null and void."<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: xvi, pp14–15  </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1969" class="citation magazine cs1">White, Gavin (Jun 1969). "Patriarch McGuire and the Episcopal Church". Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Vol. 38, no. 2. Church Historical Society. pp. 109–141. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2486">0018-2486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Magazine+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=Patriarch+McGuire+and+the+Episcopal+Church&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-141&rft.date=1969-06&rft.issn=0018-2486&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-Hein2004-148">[124]</a>: 110  </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Oneal calls the organization African Black Brotherhood instead of African Blood Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-Oneal1927-153">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> This is the name used in his extradition file at <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a> online catalog.<a href="#cite_note-157">[131]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> For details discrediting Donkin's alleged consecration, including the May 4, 1906 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> text of the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, Giuseppe Ignazio Eduardo Sánchez Camacho's statement refuting Donkin, with an English translation, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1423">"The late Bishop of Santa Croce"</a>. Truth. 59 (1537): 1423–1425. 1906-06-13. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sf85009847">sf85009847</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth&rft.atitle=The+late+Bishop+of+Santa+Croce&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1537&rft.pages=1423-1425&rft.date=1906-06-13&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsf85009847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHQxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Vilatte wrote to Fisher: "I desire to say that you could take much information about him by reading Truth, of London, of August 4, 1904, and especially the number of September 22, 1904, pages 707 and 708."<a href="#cite_note-Truth1906b-162">[134]</a>: 140  </li> <li id="cite_note-GraftonAbbey-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonAbbey_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonAbbey_175-1">b</a> The 1908 issue of Living Church Annual lists what appears to be one order, contained in the list of recognized religious orders, of two groups with two different priors and no abbot: one in Fond du Lac, and another in <a href="/wiki/Greens_Farms,_Connecticut" title="Greens Farms, Connecticut">Greens Farms, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LCA1908-168">[139]</a> The 1909 issue lists what appears to be one order, contained in the list of recognized religious orders, of one monastery with one prior and Grafton as abbot.<a href="#cite_note-169">[140]</a> Anson mistakenly wrote that Living Church Annual did not reference the Fond du Lac monastery after 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Anson1971-170">[141]</a>: 24  The 1910 issue lists what appears to be one order, but no longer contained in the list of recognized religious orders, of one monastery with one prior and Grafton as abbot.<a href="#cite_note-171">[142]</a> The 1911 issue lists neither an order nor a monastery.<a href="#cite_note-172">[143]</a> The 1912 issue does not list the order but does list a monastery with one prior and Grafton as abbot; the 1913 issue, published after Grafton's death, was the same as 1912 but without an abbot.<a href="#cite_note-LCA1912-173">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[145]</a> From 1914 onward, neither a Benedictine monastery nor a Benedictine order were listed. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> It is unclear if Tichy was consecrated a bishop; there is no consensus about who consecrated him. Anson wrote that "brief references to Bishop Tichy" are contained in [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglican_and_Foreign_Church_Society1907" class="citation journal cs1">Anglican and Foreign Church Society (1907). "Report and accounts". London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54506697">54506697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+and+accounts&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54506697&rft.au=Anglican+and+Foreign+Church+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)]. But, in 1904, the <abbr title="International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference">IBC</abbr> refused Kozlowski's request to consecrate Tichy after Kozlowski presented him as his vicar general at the sixth International Old Catholic Congress in Olten, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Nevin1904-134">[111]</a> Congruously, Anson and Brandreth also quote <abbr title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands (Oud-Katholieke Kerk van Nederland)">OKKN</abbr> Bishop Casparus Johannes Rinkel, of Haarlem, who wrote that Tichy was never appointed or acknowledged as bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 417 <a href="#cite_note-Brandreth1987-2">[2]</a>: 17  Ronald Sadlowski's opinion, in Polish American Studies, was that Kozlowski "seems to have consecrated" Tichy between 1904 and 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Sadlowski1967-176">[146]</a>: 45  Anson thought "it may have been Kozlowski."<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 416  Theodore Andrews, in The Polish National Catholic Church in America and Poland, stated that Kozlowski did not consecrate any bishops in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews1953-177">[147]</a>: 19  </li> <li id="cite_note-Grafton1898-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grafton1898_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grafton1898_180-1">b</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafton1898" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chapman_Grafton" title="Charles Chapman Grafton">Grafton, Charles C</a> (Oct 1898). "[letter]". Diocese of Fond du Lac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rft.atitle=%5Bletter%5D&rft.date=1898-10&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Charles+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-IllinoisCharities-179">[148]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Located at 22bis Rue Legendre in the <a href="/wiki/17th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="17th arrondissement of Paris">17th arrondissement of Paris</a>. Now the Église Saint-Charles-de-Monceau.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 69 <a href="#cite_note-Boyd1907-13">[7]</a>: 181  </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCCnames-207"><a href="#cite_ref-ORCCnames_207-0">^</a> The "Old Roman Catholic Church" is also known as the "Old Roman Catholic Church of America".<a href="#cite_note-YBoC1919-206">[173]</a>: 47  </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxBlied1942" class="citation journal cs1">Marx, Joseph A; Blied, Benjamin J (Jul 1942). "Vilatte and the Catholic Church". The Salesianum. 37 (3): 112–120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-6525">0740-6525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salesianum&rft.atitle=Vilatte+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=112-120&rft.date=1942-07&rft.issn=0740-6525&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A&rft.au=Blied%2C+Benjamin+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkfleet1943-40">[32]</a>: 229  </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Appolis dates his death on 2 July 1929.<a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 86  </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> According to Appolis, Janssens ordered his body clothed in pontifical vestments and miter. The funeral was attended by few people, among them was one of the bishops he consecrated and two priests he ordained were among the mourners.<a href="#cite_note-Anson2006-1">[1]</a>: 128 <a href="#cite_note-Appolis1963-10">[4]</a>: 86  </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Pearson noted <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a> in France grew rapidly in the 19th century, as did religious orders, particularly for females. Roman Catholic approved <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparitions</a> were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Miraculous_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">La Salette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pontmain" title="Our Lady of Pontmain">Pontmain</a>. Nearly 400 female orders were established by 1880, with 135,000 female religious in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2007-89">[73]</a>: 130 <a href="#cite_note-Blackbourn1991-215">[178]</a>: 781–782  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Anson2006-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson2006_1-63">bl</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Anson" title="Peter Anson">Anson, Peter F</a> (2006) [1964]. Bishops at large. Independent Catholic Heritage series (1st Apocryphile ed.). 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T. (1987) [First published in 1947]. Episcopi vagantes and the Anglican Church. San Bernardino, California: Borgo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89370-558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89370-558-9"><bdi>978-0-89370-558-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Episcopi+vagantes+and+the+Anglican+Church&rft.place=San+Bernardino%2C+California&rft.pub=Borgo+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-89370-558-9&rft.aulast=Brandreth&rft.aufirst=Henry+R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruszka1908b-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908b_5-12">m</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruszka1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Kruszka" title="Wacław Kruszka">Kruszka, Wacław</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:886071?n=2290">Historya polska w Ameryce; poczatek, wzrost i rozwój dziejowy osad polskich w Pólnocnej Ameryce (w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Kanadzie)</a> [Polish History in America; beginning, growth and development of the historical Polish settlements in North America (U.S. and Canada)] (in Polish). 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"En marge de la Séparation: les associations culturelles schismatiques" [Margins of Separation: religious associations' schismatics]. Revue d'Histoire de l'Église de France (in French). 49 (146): 47–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frhef.1963.1719">10.3406/rhef.1963.1719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2109-9502">2109-9502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+de+l%27%C3%89glise+de+France&rft.atitle=En+marge+de+la+S%C3%A9paration%3A+les+associations+culturelles+schismatiques&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=47-88&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frhef.1963.1719&rft.issn=2109-9502&rft.aulast=Appolis&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AER1899-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AER1899_11-7">h</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Close_Observer_(pseud.)1899" class="citation journal cs1">A Close Observer (pseud.) 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Retrieved 2013-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ecclesiastical+Review&rft.atitle=Recent+Schismatical+Movements+Among+Catholics+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1899-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9059779&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F46037491&rft.au=A+Close+Observer+%28pseud.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Famericanecclesia21cathuoft%2Famericanecclesia21cathuoft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gourdon2002-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Gourdon2002_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourdon2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gourdon, Vincent (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/hes_0752-5702_2002_num_21_2_2300_t1_0281_0000_3">"Guy Janssen, La Petite Église en trente questions"</a>. 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The Independent. Vol. 14, no. 45. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. 1887-08-05. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000584&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=5&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Pere+Rene+Vilatte&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1887-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252fwsbd0000%252f20120522%252f00000584%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D5%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margrander-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margrander_17-20">u</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from a publication in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargrander1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Margrander, Ernest C (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc12/Page_187.html">"Vilatte, Joseph René (Archbishop Mar Timotheus)"</a>. In Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a>. Vol. 12 (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. pp. 187–189. 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In English, John (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online">Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online</a>. Vol. 12. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada and National Library of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1709-6812">1709-6812</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463897210">463897210</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001152927/http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=6029">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2013-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chiniquy%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography+Online&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Canada+and+National+Library+of+Canada&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463897210&rft.issn=1709-6812&rft.aulast=Roby&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D6029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/01/17/118933199.pdf">"Father Chiniquy is dead"</a> (PDF). 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Reading: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>. Retrieved 2013-07-14. <q>The thesis [...] chronicle[s] and explain[s] the Anglican involvement in the "Eglise Catholique Gallicane" (ECG) in Paris from its foundation in 1879 until it was ceded to the archdiocese of Utrecht in 1893.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=P%C3%A8re+Hyacinthe+Loyson%2C+the+Eglise+Catholique+Gallicane+%281879%E2%80%931893%29+and+the+Anglican+Reform+Mission&rft.inst=University+of+Reading&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fdid%3D1%26uin%3Duk.bl.ethos.553120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber1922-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1922_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1922_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1922_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1922_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Weber, Nicholas A (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-UXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA558">"Old Catholics in the United States"</a>. 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New York. p. 558.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Catholics+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=558&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-UXAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shea1889-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1889_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1889_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1889_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1889_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1889_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1889_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1889_23-6">g</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea1889" class="citation journal cs1">Shea, John G (Jan–Oct 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/americancatholic14philuoft/americancatholic14philuoft.pdf">"Jansenists, Old Catholics, and Their Friends in America"</a> (PDF). 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Haber. pp. 18–21, 50–51. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89064496789">2027/wu.89064496789</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608970358">608970358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac+and+Its+Several+Congregations&rft.place=Fond+du+Lac%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=18-21%2C+50-51&rft.pub=P.+B.+Haber&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89064496789&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608970358&rft.aulast=Curtiss&rft.aufirst=A.+Parker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FdL1885-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1885_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1885_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1885_33-2">c</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpiscopal_Church._Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac1885" class="citation conference cs1">Episcopal Church. 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Retrieved 2013-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Episcopal+Church&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A1581396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNIS1576669-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GNIS1576669_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNIS1576669_43-1">b</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1576669">White Star Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. Retrieved 2013-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Star+Church&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A1576669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=44.7908,+-87.6212&daddr=44.8031,+-87.6198&hl=en&sll=40.365277,-82.669252">"Distance between Church of the Precious Blood and White Star Spiritualist Church"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved 2013-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Distance+between+Church+of+the+Precious+Blood+and+White+Star+Spiritualist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2Fmaps%3Fsaddr%3D44.7908%2C%2B-87.6212%26daddr%3D44.8031%2C%2B-87.6198%26hl%3Den%26sll%3D40.365277%2C-82.669252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FdL1889-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1889_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1889_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpiscopal_Church._Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac1889" class="citation conference cs1">Episcopal Church. Diocese of Fond du Lac (1889). Journal of the fifteenth annual council of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Fond du Lac. 15th Annual Council. Fond du Lac. June 4–5, 1889. Fond du Lac, Wisconsin: P. B. Haber. pp. 3, 24, 68–69, 72, appendix F. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89064496813">2027/wu.89064496813</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/616079205">616079205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+fifteenth+annual+council+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church+in+the+Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rft.place=Fond+du+Lac%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=3%2C+24%2C+68-69%2C+72%2C+appendix+F&rft.pub=P.+B.+Haber&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89064496813&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F616079205&rft.au=Episcopal+Church.+Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarxBlied1942b-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942b_47-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxBlied1942" class="citation journal cs1">Marx, Joseph A; Blied, Benjamin J (April 1942). "Archbishop Vilatte". The Salesianum. 37 (2): 59–67. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89064467475">2027/wu.89064467475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-6525">0740-6525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salesianum&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Vilatte&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-67&rft.date=1942-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89064467475&rft.issn=0740-6525&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A&rft.au=Blied%2C+Benjamin+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ducat2000-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Ducat2000_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucat2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ducat, Jean (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.DucBrabNouv">Brabançons au Nouveau Monde: contribution à l'étude de l'émigration de Belgique méridionale vers les Amériques au 19e siècle</a> [Brabantians in the New World: contribution to the study of southern Belgian emigration to the Americas in the 19th century] (in French). Biesme-Mettet, BE: Belgian American Heritage. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50659742">50659742</a>. Retrieved 2013-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braban%C3%A7ons+au+Nouveau+Monde%3A+contribution+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude+de+l%27%C3%A9migration+de+Belgique+m%C3%A9ridionale+vers+les+Am%C3%A9riques+au+19e+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Biesme-Mettet%2C+BE&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Belgian+American+Heritage&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50659742&rft.aulast=Ducat&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FWI.DucBrabNouv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckholm2010" class="citation news cs1">Eckholm, Erik (2010-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/24/us/24mary.html">"Wisconsin on the map to pray with Mary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121305/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/24/us/24mary.html?_r=1&">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+on+the+map+to+pray+with+Mary&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Eckholm&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F24%2Fus%2F24mary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarxBlied1942c-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942c_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942c_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942c_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942c_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942c_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxBlied1942c_51-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxBlied1942" class="citation journal cs1">Marx, Joseph A; Blied, Benjamin J (Jul 1942). "Vilatte and the Catholic Church". The Salesianum. 37 (3): 112–120. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89064467475">2027/wu.89064467475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-6525">0740-6525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salesianum&rft.atitle=Vilatte+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=112-120&rft.date=1942-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89064467475&rft.issn=0740-6525&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A&rft.au=Blied%2C+Benjamin+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FdL1891-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FdL1891_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpiscopal_Church._Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac1891" class="citation conference cs1">Episcopal Church. Diocese of Fond du Lac (1891). Journal of the seventeenth annual council of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Fond du Lac. 17th Annual Council. Fond du Lac. 2 June 1891. Fond du Lac, Wisconsin: P. B. Haber. pp. 3, 6, 16, 28–29, 38, 69, appendix G. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89064496813">2027/wu.89064496813</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/616079205">616079205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+seventeenth+annual+council+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church+in+the+Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rft.place=Fond+du+Lac%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=3%2C+6%2C+16%2C+28-29%2C+38%2C+69%2C+appendix+G&rft.pub=P.+B.+Haber&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89064496813&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F616079205&rft.au=Episcopal+Church.+Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FdL1892-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1892_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1892_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FdL1892_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpiscopal_Church._Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac1892" class="citation conference cs1">Episcopal Church. Diocese of Fond du Lac (1892). Journal of the eighteenth annual council of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Fond du Lac. 18th Annual Council. Fond du Lac. 7 June 1892. Fond du Lac, Wisconsin: P. B. Haber. pp. 25, 38, 41, 64, appendix E. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89064496813">2027/wu.89064496813</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/616079205">616079205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+eighteenth+annual+council+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church+in+the+Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rft.place=Fond+du+Lac%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=25%2C+38%2C+41%2C+64%2C+appendix+E&rft.pub=P.+B.+Haber&rft.date=1892&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89064496813&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F616079205&rft.au=Episcopal+Church.+Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116151122/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2Fwsbd0000%2F20120522%2F00000565&view_width=20&rotation=0&query1=Vilatte&query1_field=0&collection_filter=false&search_doc=vilatte">"Old Catholic"</a>. The Independent. Vol. 14, no. 26. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. 1887-03-25. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2Fwsbd0000%2F20120522%2F00000565&view_width=20&rotation=0&query1=Vilatte&query1_field=0&collection_filter=false&search_doc=vilatte">the original</a> on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Old+Catholic&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1887-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252Fwsbd0000%252F20120522%252F00000565%26view_width%3D20%26rotation%3D0%26query1%3DVilatte%26query1_field%3D0%26collection_filter%3Dfalse%26search_doc%3Dvilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105153/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897/wsbd0000/20120910/00001299&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">"Personal mention"</a>. Door County Advocate. 26 (1): 3. 1887-04-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001299&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=Personal+mention&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1887-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001299%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D3%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510193241/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001303&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">"Short takes"</a>. Door County Advocate. 26 (5): 3. 1887-05-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001303&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=Short+takes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1887-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001303%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D3%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510193250/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000582&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=8&query1=Vilatte">"Home happenings"</a>. The Independent. Vol. 14, no. 43. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. 1887-07-22. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000582&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=8&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Home+happenings&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1887-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252fwsbd0000%252f20120522%252f00000582%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D8%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510193253/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001311&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">"Short takes"</a>. Door County Advocate. 26 (13): 3. 1887-07-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001311&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=Short+takes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1887-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001311%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D3%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185803/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897/wsbd0000/20120910/00001324&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">"Personal mention"</a>. Door County Advocate. 26 (26): 3. 1887-10-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001324&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=3&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=Personal+mention&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1887-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001324%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D3%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190046/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890/wsbd0000/20120522/00000619&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=8&query1=Vilatte">"County news"</a>. The Independent. Vol. 15, no. 28. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. 1888-04-06. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000619&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=8&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=County+news&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1888-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252fwsbd0000%252f20120522%252f00000619%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D8%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndependentXV29-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IndependentXV29_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndependentXV29_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510193244/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000620&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=4&query1=Vilatte">"Can this be true?"</a>. The Independent. Vol. 15, no. 29. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. 1888-04-13. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000620&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=4&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Can+this+be+true%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1888-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252fwsbd0000%252f20120522%252f00000620%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D4%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Article includes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilattede_Beaumont1888" class="citation book cs1">Vilatte, R.; de Beaumont, Ernest B (1888-04-05). [letter to] Chris Leonhardt, President of the Business Men's Association (letter). Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bletter+to%5D+Chris+Leonhardt%2C+President+of+the+Business+Men%27s+Association&rft.place=Sturgeon+Bay%2C+Wisconsin&rft.date=1888-04-05&rft.aulast=Vilatte&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=de+Beaumont%2C+Ernest+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116151122/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001390&collection_filter=false&query1=monastery&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">"Short takes"</a>. Door County Advocate. 27 (40): 3. 1889-01-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001390&collection_filter=false&query1=monastery&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">the original</a> on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=Short+takes&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1889-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001390%26collection_filter%3Dfalse%26query1%3Dmonastery%26query1_field%3D0%26query2_modifier%3D0%26query2%3D%26query2_field%3D0%26query3_modifier%3D0%26query3%3D%26query3_field%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190129/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890/wsbd0000/20120522/00000578&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=5&query1=Beaumont">"Little Sturgeon"</a>. The Independent. Vol. 14, no. 39. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. 1887-06-24. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000578&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=5&query1=Beaumont">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Little+Sturgeon&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1887-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252fwsbd0000%252f20120522%252f00000578%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D5%26query1%3DBeaumont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beaumont1889" class="citation journal cs1">de Beaumont, Emma (1889-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610231755/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001392&collection_filter=false&query1=monastery&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">"Mrs. DeBeaumont rises to explain"</a>. Door County Advocate. 27 (42): 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=Door+County+Advocate+1862-1897%2fwsbd0000%2f20120910%2f00001392&collection_filter=false&query1=monastery&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">the original</a> on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Door+County+Advocate&rft.atitle=Mrs.+DeBeaumont+rises+to+explain&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1889-02-09&rft.aulast=de+Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DDoor%2BCounty%2BAdvocate%2B1862-1897%252fwsbd0000%252f20120910%252f00001392%26collection_filter%3Dfalse%26query1%3Dmonastery%26query1_field%3D0%26query2_modifier%3D0%26query2%3D%26query2_field%3D0%26query3_modifier%3D0%26query3%3D%26query3_field%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNIS1573299-66"><a href="#cite_ref-GNIS1573299_66-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1573299">Saint Marys Cemetery</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. Retrieved 2013-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Marys+Cemetery&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A1573299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120044/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890/wsbd0000/20120522/00000698&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=2&query1=Vilatte">"Personals"</a>. The Independent. Vol. 17, no. 1. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. 1889-10-11. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000698&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=2&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Personals&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1889-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252fwsbd0000%252f20120522%252f00000698%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D2%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_de_Angelis_(pseud._of_William_Harding)1890" class="citation news cs1">Augustine de Angelis (pseud. of William Harding) (1890-04-25) [letter composed 1890-04-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105149/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890/wsbd0000/20120522/00000726&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=2&query1=Vilatte">"A welcome contribution"</a>. The Independent (letter to the editor). Vol. 17, no. 29. Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Independent Publishing Company. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Independent+1886-1890%2fwsbd0000%2f20120522%2f00000726&collection_filter=true&pg_seq=2&query1=Vilatte">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=A+welcome+contribution&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1890-04-25&rft.au=Augustine+de+Angelis+%28pseud.+of+William+Harding%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BIndependent%2B1886-1890%252fwsbd0000%252f20120522%252f00000726%26collection_filter%3Dtrue%26pg_seq%3D2%26query1%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parisot1899-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Parisot1899_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParisot1899" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Parisot, Jean (1899). Mgr Vilatte, fondateur de l'église vieille catholique aux États-Unis d'Amérique (in French). Tours; Mayenne: impr. de E. Soudée. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459118522">459118522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mgr+Vilatte%2C+fondateur+de+l%27%C3%A9glise+vieille+catholique+aux+%C3%89tats-Unis+d%27Am%C3%A9rique&rft.place=Tours%3B+Mayenne&rft.pub=impr.+de+E.+Soud%C3%A9e&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459118522&rft.aulast=Parisot&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coster2008-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Coster2008_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParisot2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Parisot, Jean (2008-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abbeysanluigi.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/vilatte_parisot-1898.pdf">"Monseigneur Vilatte, fondateur de l'église Vieille-Catholique aux États-Unis d'Amérique"</a> (PDF). In Coster, Philippe Laurent De (ed.). Vilatte_doc (PDF) (in French). [s.l.]: [s.n.] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004201818/http://abbeysanluigi.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/vilatte_parisot-1898.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monseigneur+Vilatte%2C+fondateur+de+l%27%C3%A9glise+Vieille-Catholique+aux+%C3%89tats-Unis+d%27Am%C3%A9rique&rft.btitle=Vilatte_doc&rft.place=%5Bs.l.%5D&rft.pub=%5Bs.n.%5D&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.aulast=Parisot&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabbeysanluigi.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fvilatte_parisot-1898.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> This is a modified copy of Parisot's original publication; this copy contains cropped and incorrectly renumbered pages and does not include photos. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Gossip about people". Milwaukee Sentinel. 1891-04-13. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Gossip+about+people&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1891-04-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmons1997-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Emmons1997_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmons1997" class="citation book cs1">Emmons, Terence (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO1HqVYtFZEC">Alleged Sex and Threatened Violence: Doctor Russel, Bishop Vladimir, and the Russians in San Francisco, 1887–1892</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2767-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2767-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-2767-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alleged+Sex+and+Threatened+Violence%3A+Doctor+Russel%2C+Bishop+Vladimir%2C+and+the+Russians+in+San+Francisco%2C+1887%E2%80%931892&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2767-9&rft.aulast=Emmons&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO1HqVYtFZEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basil1991-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basil1991_75-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasil1991" class="citation journal cs1">Basil, John D (Jul–Sep 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151639/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/cmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2285/article_cmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2285.pdf">"Alexander Kireev: Turn-of-the-century Slavophile and the Russian Orthodox Church, 1890–1910"</a> (PDF). Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique. 32 (3): 337–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcmr.1991.2285">10.3406/cmr.1991.2285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1777-5388">1777-5388</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/cmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2285/article_cmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2285.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+Monde+Russe+et+Sovi%C3%A9tique&rft.atitle=Alexander+Kireev%3A+Turn-of-the-century+Slavophile+and+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church%2C+1890%E2%80%931910&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-347&rft.date=1991-07%2F1991-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcmr.1991.2285&rft.issn=1777-5388&rft.aulast=Basil&rft.aufirst=John+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FarticleAsPDF%2Fcmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2285%2Farticle_cmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumontNégrel1991" class="citation journal cs1">Dumont, M; Négrel, Dominique (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/cmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2728">"Résumés/Abstracts"</a>. Cahiers du Monde Russe. 32 (3): 431–432. Retrieved 2013-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+Monde+Russe&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9s%2FAbstracts&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-432&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=N%C3%A9grel%2C+Dominique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fcmr_0008-0160_1991_num_32_3_2728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellon2010-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellon2010_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellon2010_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellon2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Mellon, Mary (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019115152/http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/etd/id/3150">Friend or femme fatale?: Olga Novikova in the British press, 1877–1925</a> (MA). Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/etd/id/3150">the original</a> on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Friend+or+femme+fatale%3F%3A+Olga+Novikova+in+the+British+press%2C+1877%E2%80%931925&rft.inst=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mellon&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdc.lib.unc.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fetd%2Fid%2F3150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isba2006-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Isba2006_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsba2006" class="citation book cs1">Isba, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaxDs8_oz_QC&q=Olga%20Novikov&pg=PA171">Gladstone and women</a>. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-471-3"><bdi>978-1-85285-471-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+and+women&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-471-3&rft.aulast=Isba&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaxDs8_oz_QC%26q%3DOlga%2520Novikov%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayly2003-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayly2003_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayly2003_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2003" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2003) [First published 1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&pg=PA316">"The collapse of Syrian Christian 'integration'"</a>. Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900. Cambridge South Asian studies. Vol. 43. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89103-5"><bdi>978-0-521-89103-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+collapse+of+Syrian+Christian+%27integration%27&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Goddesses+and+Kings%3A+Muslims+and+Christians+in+South+Indian+Society%2C+1700%E2%80%931900&rft.series=Cambridge+South+Asian+studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89103-5&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxqtx8SflEsC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etherington2005-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Etherington2005_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert E (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Br1v53OmBl8C">"Christian Missions and the Raj"</a>. In Etherington, Norman (ed.). Missions and Empire. Oxford History of the British Empire companion series. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925347-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925347-0"><bdi>978-0-19-925347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Missions+and+the+Raj&rft.btitle=Missions+and+Empire&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+companion+series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925347-0&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBr1v53OmBl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards1908-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards1908_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards1908_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards1908_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards1908_81-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1908" class="citation book cs1">Richards, William J (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924029361379/cu31924029361379.pdf">The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: otherwise called the Syrian Christians of Malabar</a> (PDF). London: Bemrose & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5089145">5089145</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029361379">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2013-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Christians+of+St.+Thomas%3A+otherwise+called+the+Syrian+Christians+of+Malabar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bemrose+%26+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5089145&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fcu31924029361379%2Fcu31924029361379.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GTA1rRVn?url=http://abbeysanluigi.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vilatte-after-consecration.jpg">vilatte-after-consecration.jpg</a> (digital image). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abbeysanluigi.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/vilatte-after-consecration.jpg">the original</a> (JPG) on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vilatte-after-consecration.jpg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabbeysanluigi.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F05%2Fvilatte-after-consecration.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> From <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersey2012" class="citation web cs1">Kersey, John (2012-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://san-luigi.org/2012/11/06/the-vilatte-declaration/">"The Vilatte Declaration"</a>. London: Abbey-Principality of San Luigi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GTBuuvhV?url=http://san-luigi.org/2012/11/06/the-vilatte-declaration/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vilatte+Declaration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abbey-Principality+of+San+Luigi&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft.aulast=Kersey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan-luigi.org%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fthe-vilatte-declaration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GT9zKqXH?url=http://www.thomasapostolic.com/malankarabishops.jpg">malankarabishops.jpg</a> (digital image). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasapostolic.com/malankarabishops.jpg">the original</a> (JPG) on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=malankarabishops.jpg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasapostolic.com%2Fmalankarabishops.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> From <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GTAcICFX?url=http://www.thomasapostolic.com/history4.html">"The First American Archbishop – Mar Timotheos I"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasapostolic.com/history4.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+American+Archbishop+%E2%80%93+Mar+Timotheos+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasapostolic.com%2Fhistory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GT9x7wxZ?url=http://www.orthodoxcatholicchurch.org/images/consecration.gif">consecration.gif</a> (digital image). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxcatholicchurch.org/images/consecration.gif">the original</a> (GIF) on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=consecration.gif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxcatholicchurch.org%2Fimages%2Fconsecration.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> From <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2009" class="citation web cs1">Hyde, George A (2009-12-12). Fisher, Gordon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GTB7FzNp?url=http://www.orthodoxcatholicchurch.org/history.html">"Genesis of the Orthodox-Catholic Church of America"</a>. The Orthodox-Catholic Church of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxcatholicchurch.org/history.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genesis+of+the+Orthodox-Catholic+Church+of+America&rft.pub=The+Orthodox-Catholic+Church+of+America&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=George+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxcatholicchurch.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMar_Aprem1987" class="citation book cs1">Mar Aprem (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mar+Abd'Esa%22">Mar Abdisho Thondanat: a biography</a>. Trichur, Kerala, India: Mar Narsai Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/88905860">88905860</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645453062">645453062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mar+Abdisho+Thondanat%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Trichur%2C+Kerala%2C+India&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Mar+Narsai+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645453062&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F88905860&rft.au=Mar+Aprem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZxKAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Mar%2BAbd%27Esa%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, M. Kurian (2011-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthoman.tv/kurianthomas/mistaken_pictures.pdf">"Two Mistaken Pictures"</a> (PDF). Writings of Dr. M. Kurian Thomas. Kottayam, Kerala, India: Sophia Print House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019163645/http://marthoman.tv/kurianthomas/mistaken_pictures.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Mistaken+Pictures&rft.place=Kottayam%2C+Kerala%2C+India&rft.series=Writings+of+Dr.+M.+Kurian+Thomas&rft.pub=Sophia+Print+House&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=M.+Kurian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarthoman.tv%2Fkurianthomas%2Fmistaken_pictures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aiya1906-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aiya1906_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiya1906_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiya1906_86-2">c</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiya1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._Nagam_Aiya" title="V. Nagam Aiya">Aiya, V. Nagam</a> (1906). Travancore State Manual. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a>, India: Travancore Government Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951p00335772y">2027/umn.31951p00335772y</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827203062">827203062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travancore+State+Manual&rft.place=Trivandrum%2C+India&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Travancore+Government+Press&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fumn.31951p00335772y&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827203062&rft.aulast=Aiya&rft.aufirst=V.+Nagam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Here, the surname Alvares is spelled Alvarez. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartas1904-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartas1904_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartas1904_87-1">b</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartas1904" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartas, G (Nov 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5QQAAAAYAAJ&q=Alvarez&pg=PA371">"Coup d'oeil sur l'Orient greco-slave"</a>. Échos d'Orient (in French). 7 (49): 371–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1904.3573">10.3406/rebyz.1904.3573</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sc82003358">sc82003358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89chos+d%27Orient&rft.atitle=Coup+d%27oeil+sur+l%27Orient+greco-slave&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=371-372&rft.date=1904-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1904.3573&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsc82003358&rft.aulast=Bartas&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5QQAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlvarez%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Here, the surname Alvares is spelled Alvarez. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brahman" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:brahman">brahman</a> at Wiktionary </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson2007-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2007_89-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2007" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Joanne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Au_paUclEZkC">Wicca and the Christian Heritage: Ritual, sex and magic</a>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96198-8"><bdi>978-0-203-96198-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca+and+the+Christian+Heritage%3A+Ritual%2C+sex+and+magic&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96198-8&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAu_paUclEZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brahmin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:brahmin">brahmin</a> at Wiktionary </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue1913-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue1913_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue" title="Adrian Fortescue">Fortescue, Adrian</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/lessereasternchu00fortuoft/lessereasternchu00fortuoft.pdf">The Lesser Eastern Churches</a> (PDF). London: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Truth_Society" title="Catholic Truth Society">Catholic Truth Society</a>. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/551695750">551695750</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lessereasternchu00fortuoft">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2013-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lesser+Eastern+Churches&rft.place=London&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Catholic+Truth+Society&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F551695750&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Flessereasternchu00fortuoft%2Flessereasternchu00fortuoft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiraz2007-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiraz2007_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiraz2007_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiraz2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kiraz" title="George Kiraz">Kiraz, George Anton</a> (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethmardutho.org/images/hugoye/volume7/hv7n2kiraz.pdf">"The Credentials of Mar Julius Alvares, Bishop of Ceylon, Goa and India Excluding Malabar"</a> (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 7 (2): 158. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-3702">1097-3702</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040823181903/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol7No2/HV7N2Kiraz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2004-08-23. Retrieved 2012-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Credentials+of+Mar+Julius+Alvares%2C+Bishop+of+Ceylon%2C+Goa+and+India+Excluding+Malabar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2004-07&rft.issn=1097-3702&rft.aulast=Kiraz&rft.aufirst=George+Anton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethmardutho.org%2Fimages%2Fhugoye%2Fvolume7%2Fhv7n2kiraz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubault_de_la_Haulte-Chambre1922" class="citation journal cs1">Aubault de la Haulte-Chambre, Georges (Apr 1922). "A propos de J.-K. Huysmans". La Connaissance; Revue de Lettres et d'Idées. 3 (24): 1122. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015011938340">2027/mdp.39015011938340</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/565522011">565522011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Connaissance%3B+Revue+de+Lettres+et+d%27Id%C3%A9es&rft.atitle=A+propos+de+J.-K.+Huysmans&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=1122&rft.date=1922-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015011938340&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F565522011&rft.aulast=Aubault+de+la+Haulte-Chambre&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-Heeswijk-96"><a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-Heeswijk_96-0">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeudens1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Geudens, Francis M (1910). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Heeswijk" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Heeswijk">Heeswijk</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heeswijk&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Geudens&rft.aufirst=Francis+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parra2012-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parra2012_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parra2012_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParra2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Parra, Carlos H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234954/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/34835/1/Parra_Carlos_H_201211_PhD_thesis.pdf">Standing with Unfamiliar Company on Uncommon Ground: The Catholic Church and the Chicago Parliaments of Religions</a> (PDF) (PhD). Toronto: University of Toronto. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F34835">1807/34835</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/34835/1/Parra_Carlos_H_201211_PhD_thesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Standing+with+Unfamiliar+Company+on+Uncommon+Ground%3A+The+Catholic+Church+and+the+Chicago+Parliaments+of+Religions&rft.inst=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F34835&rft.aulast=Parra&rft.aufirst=Carlos+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F34835%2F1%2FParra_Carlos_H_201211_PhD_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrows1893-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrows1893_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrows1893_98-1">b</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrows1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Barrows" title="John Henry Barrows">Barrows, John H</a>, ed. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924031017704/cu31924031017704.pdf">The World's Parliament of Religions; an illustrated and popular story of the World's First Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in connections with the Columbian Exposition of 1893</a> (PDF). Vol. 2. Chicago: Parliament Publishing. p. 1561. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/03031808">03031808</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924031017704">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2013-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Parliament+of+Religions%3B+an+illustrated+and+popular+story+of+the+World%27s+First+Parliament+of+Religions+held+in+Chicago+in+connections+with+the+Columbian+Exposition+of+1893&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=1561&rft.pub=Parliament+Publishing&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F03031808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fcu31924031017704%2Fcu31924031017704.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klukowski1956-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klukowski1956_99-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlukowski1956" class="citation book cs1">Klukowski, Constantine (1956). History of St. Mary of the Angels Catholic Church, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 1898–1954 (abridged ed.). Pulaski, Wisconsin: Franciscan Publishers. pp. 28–36. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89060960903">2027/wu.89060960903</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/617241555">617241555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+St.+Mary+of+the+Angels+Catholic+Church%2C+Green+Bay%2C+Wisconsin%2C+1898%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Pulaski%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=28-36&rft.edition=abridged&rft.pub=Franciscan+Publishers&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89060960903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F617241555&rft.aulast=Klukowski&rft.aufirst=Constantine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1894-08-22-100"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1894-08-22_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/08/22/106914626.pdf">"Poles organize a new Church"</a> (PDF). New York Times. 1894-08-22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Poles+organize+a+new+Church&rft.date=1894-08-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F08%2F22%2F106914626.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/12/25/102535917.pdf">"J. Rene Vilatte not in Roman Church"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 1899-12-25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2013-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=J.+Rene+Vilatte+not+in+Roman+Church&rft.date=1899-12-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1899%2F12%2F25%2F102535917.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222024/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Advocate+1897-1912%2fwsbd0000%2f20130111%2f00000085&collection_filter=false&query1=monastery&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">"Local more or less"</a>. The Advocate. 36 (19): 4. 1897-08-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Advocate+1897-1912%2fwsbd0000%2f20130111%2f00000085&collection_filter=false&query1=monastery&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">the original</a> on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=Local+more+or+less&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1897-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BAdvocate%2B1897-1912%252fwsbd0000%252f20130111%252f00000085%26collection_filter%3Dfalse%26query1%3Dmonastery%26query1_field%3D0%26query2_modifier%3D0%26query2%3D%26query2_field%3D0%26query3_modifier%3D0%26query3%3D%26query3_field%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=53MxAAAAIBAJ&pg=1293%2C5155632">"Vilatte's Plan"</a>. Milwaukee Journal. Milwaukee. 1897-09-01. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-4452">1052-4452</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Vilatte%27s+Plan&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1897-09-01&rft.issn=1052-4452&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D53MxAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1293%252C5155632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Reprint of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilatte1901" class="citation journal cs1">Vilatte, J. R. 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Retrieved 2013-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+polska+w+Ameryce%3B+poczatek%2C+wzrost+i+rozw%C3%B3j+dziejowy+osad+polskich+w+P%C3%B3lnocnej+Ameryce+%28w+Stanach+Zjednoczonych+i+Kanadzie%29&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=101-103&rft.edition=poprawione+i+illustrowane&rft.pub=Drukiem+Sp%C3%B3lki+Wydawniczej+Kuryera&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F06003780&rft.aulast=Kruszka&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AFHCL%3A886071%3Fn%3D1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruszka1908a-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1908a_107-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruszka1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Kruszka" title="Wacław Kruszka">Kruszka, Wacław</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:886071?n=2087">Historya polska w Ameryce; poczatek, wzrost i rozwój dziejowy osad polskich w Pólnocnej Ameryce (w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Kanadzie)</a> [Polish History in America; beginning, growth and development of the historical Polish settlements in North America (U.S. and Canada)] (in Polish). Vol. 12 (poprawione i illustrowane ed.). Milwaukee: Drukiem Spólki Wydawniczej Kuryera. pp. 50–55. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/06003780">06003780</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+polska+w+Ameryce%3B+poczatek%2C+wzrost+i+rozw%C3%B3j+dziejowy+osad+polskich+w+P%C3%B3lnocnej+Ameryce+%28w+Stanach+Zjednoczonych+i+Kanadzie%29&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=50-55&rft.edition=poprawione+i+illustrowane&rft.pub=Drukiem+Sp%C3%B3lki+Wydawniczej+Kuryera&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F06003780&rft.aulast=Kruszka&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AFHCL%3A886071%3Fn%3D2087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaczynski1998-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaczynski1998_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaczynski1998_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczynski1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kaczynski, Charles R (1998). "'What Mean Ye By These Stones?' 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Polish American Studies. 55 (2): 25–54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2806">0032-2806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20148543">20148543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%27What+Mean+Ye+By+These+Stones%3F%27+Cleveland%27s+Immaculate+Heart+of+Mary+Parish+and+the+Construction+of+a+Polish+American+Rhetoric&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-54&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20148543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0032-2806&rft.aulast=Kaczynski&rft.aufirst=Charles+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peattie2005-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Peattie2005_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeattie2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elia_W._Peattie" title="Elia W. Peattie">Peattie, Elia W</a> (2005) [Newspaper article dated 1895-03-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsWN4zvNkhcC&q=kaminski&pg=PA29">"How they live at Sheely: pen picture of a strange settlement and its queer set of inhabitants"</a>. In George-Bloomfield, Susanne (ed.). Impertinences: selected writings of Elia Peattie, a journalist in the Gilded Age. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3748-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-3748-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+they+live+at+Sheely%3A+pen+picture+of+a+strange+settlement+and+its+queer+set+of+inhabitants&rft.btitle=Impertinences%3A+selected+writings+of+Elia+Peattie%2C+a+journalist+in+the+Gilded+Age&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3748-3&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=Elia+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsWN4zvNkhcC%26q%3Dkaminski%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubiak1982-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak1982_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak1982_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak1982_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak1982_111-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak1982_111-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak1982_111-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubiak1982" class="citation book cs1">Kubiak, Hieronim E (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7UJpAAAAMAAJ">The Polish National Catholic Church in the United States of America from 1897 to 1980: its social conditioning and social functions</a>. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego: Prace Polonijne. Vol. 6. Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Uniwersytet Jagielloński</a>. pp. 18, 85–96, 110–111, 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301040192" title="Special:BookSources/9788301040192"><bdi>9788301040192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+National+Catholic+Church+in+the+United+States+of+America+from+1897+to+1980%3A+its+social+conditioning+and+social+functions&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.series=Zeszyty+Naukowe+Uniwersytetu+Jagiello%C5%84skiego%3A+Prace+Polonijne&rft.pages=18%2C+85-96%2C+110-111%2C+115-117&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9788301040192&rft.aulast=Kubiak&rft.aufirst=Hieronim+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7UJpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Translation, with additional chapter, of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubiak1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kubiak, Hieronim E (1970). Polski Narodowy Kościól Katolicki w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki w latach 1897–1965 jego spoleczne unwarunkowania i spoleczne funkcje. Prace Komisji Socjologicznej (in Polish). Vol. 18. <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Zakład Narodowy im Ossolińskich</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015002274887">2027/mdp.39015002274887</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/70266428">70266428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polski+Narodowy+Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3l+Katolicki+w+Stanach+Zjednoczonych+Ameryki+w+latach+1897%E2%80%931965+jego+spoleczne+unwarunkowania+i+spoleczne+funkcje&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.series=Prace+Komisji+Socjologicznej&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015002274887&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F70266428&rft.aulast=Kubiak&rft.aufirst=Hieronim+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolek1943-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolek1943_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolek1943_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolek1943_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolek1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bolek, Francis, ed. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8td1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kaminski%2C+Rt.+Rev.+Stephen%22">"Kaminski, Rt. Rev. Stephen"</a>. Who's Who in Polish America (3rd ed.). New York: Harbinger House. pp. 189–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaminski%2C+Rt.+Rev.+Stephen&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Polish+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=189-190&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Harbinger+House&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8td1AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Kaminski%252C%2BRt.%2BRev.%2BStephen%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolek1940" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bolek, Francis (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Lx2AAAAMAAJ&q=Vilatte">Kanski, Most Rev. Francis Victor, D.D</a>. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanski%2C+Most+Rev.+Francis+Victor%2C+D.D&rft.pages=191&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Bolek&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Lx2AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolek1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bolek, Francis (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8td1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kozlowski%2C">Kozlowski, Anthony, Most Rev. Bishop</a>. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kozlowski%2C+Anthony%2C+Most+Rev.+Bishop&rft.pages=230&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Bolek&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8td1AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Kozlowski%252C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruszka1905b-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Kruszka1905b_114-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruszka1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Kruszka" title="Wacław Kruszka">Kruszka, Wacław</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:886071?n=205">Historya polska w Ameryce; poczatek, wzrost i rozwój dziejowy osad polskich w Pólnocnej Ameryce (w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Kanadzie)</a> [Polish History in America; beginning, growth and development of the historical Polish settlements in North America (U.S. and Canada)] (in Polish). Vol. 2 (poprawione i illustrowane ed.). Milwaukee: Drukiem Spólki Wydawniczej Kuryera. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/06003780">06003780</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+polska+w+Ameryce%3B+poczatek%2C+wzrost+i+rozw%C3%B3j+dziejowy+osad+polskich+w+P%C3%B3lnocnej+Ameryce+%28w+Stanach+Zjednoczonych+i+Kanadzie%29&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=poprawione+i+illustrowane&rft.pub=Drukiem+Sp%C3%B3lki+Wydawniczej+Kuryera&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F06003780&rft.aulast=Kruszka&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AFHCL%3A886071%3Fn%3D205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simony" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:simony">simony</a> at Wiktionary </li> <li id="cite_note-USBoC1929-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1929_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1929_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1929_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1929_116-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Bureau_of_the_Census1929" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States. Bureau of the Census</a> (1929). "Religious bodies: 1926". Religious bodies. Vol. 2 (1926 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 45–49, 1069–1081. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015002601345">2027/mdp.39015002601345</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/628203882">628203882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+bodies%3A+1926&rft.btitle=Religious+bodies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=45-49%2C+1069-1081&rft.edition=1926&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015002601345&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F628203882&rft.au=United+States.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osada1905-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osada1905_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osada1905_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osada1905_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsada1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Osada, Stanisław (1905). 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Chicago: Nakładem i drukiem Związku Narodowego Polskiego. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnjp.32101058870666">2027/njp.32101058870666</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/05032492">05032492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+Zwi%C4%85zku+Narodowego+Polskiego+i+rozw%C3%B3j+ruchu+narodowego+Polskiego+w+Ameryce+P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej%3A+w+dwudziest%C4%85+pi%C4%85t%C4%85+rocznic%C4%99+za%C5%82o%C5%BCenia+Zwi%C4%85zku&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Nak%C5%82adem+i+drukiem+Zwi%C4%85zku+Narodowego+Polskiego&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnjp.32101058870666&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F05032492&rft.aulast=Osada&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roslof2002-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Roslof2002_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoslof2002" class="citation book cs1">Roslof, Edward E (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGWgyseIGrAC&q=Bulgakov&pg=PA8">Red priests: renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and revolution, 1905–1946</a>. Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34128-0"><bdi>978-0-253-34128-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+priests%3A+renovationism%2C+Russian+Orthodoxy%2C+and+revolution%2C+1905%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.series=Indiana-Michigan+series+in+Russian+and+East+European+studies&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34128-0&rft.aulast=Roslof&rft.aufirst=Edward+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGWgyseIGrAC%26q%3DBulgakov%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zukowski1967-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Zukowski1967_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZukowski1967" class="citation journal cs1">Zukowski, Edward (Jan–Jun 1967). 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Washington. October 5–25, 1898. Boston: Alfred Mudge and Son Printers. pp. 628–630. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433081980496">2027/nyp.33433081980496</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608768821">608768821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+proceedings+of+the+bishops%2C+the+clergy+and+the+laity+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=628-630&rft.pub=Alfred+Mudge+and+Son+Printers&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433081980496&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608768821&rft.au=Episcopal+Church.+General+Convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF[s.n.]1900" class="citation journal cs1">[s.n.] (1900-05-05). "Present status of the 'Old Catholic' movement". <a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Digest" title="The Literary Digest">The Literary Digest</a>. 20 (18): 550. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015031442000">2027/mdp.39015031442000</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/07022244">07022244</a>. <q>Italy is thus placed on the same footing as Austria, where the congregations have long been recognized as forming part of the Old Catholic communion with their bishop-elect awaiting consecration at the requirement of the state that a fixed endowment shall first be secured to the See.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Digest&rft.atitle=Present+status+of+the+%27Old+Catholic%27+movement&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=550&rft.date=1900-05-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015031442000&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F07022244&rft.au=%5Bs.n.%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oeyen2007-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oeyen2007_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oeyen2007_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOeyen2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oeyen, Christian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/campello-enrico-di-SIM_02723">"Campello, Enrico di"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Betz" title="Hans Dieter Betz">Betz, Hans D</a>; et al. (eds.). Religion Past and Present: encyclopedia of theology and religion. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004146082" title="Special:BookSources/9789004146082"><bdi>9789004146082</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campello%2C+Enrico+di&rft.btitle=Religion+Past+and+Present%3A+encyclopedia+of+theology+and+religion&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=345&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004146082&rft.aulast=Oeyen&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Freligion-past-and-present%2Fcampello-enrico-di-SIM_02723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenEddy1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Allen" title="Joseph Henry Allen">Allen, Joseph Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Eddy_(clergyman)" title="Richard Eddy (clergyman)">Eddy, Richard</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofunitari00alle">A history of the Unitarians and the Universalists in the United States</a>. American church history series. Vol. 10. New York: The Christian Literature Co. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/262464610">262464610</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/historyofunitari00alle/historyofunitari00alle.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2013-04-16. <q>In northern Italy an active Unitarian propaganda has for many years been conducted by Professor Ferdinando Bracciforti, of the Polytechnic college in Milan, and has had friendly recognition from the royal family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Unitarians+and+the+Universalists+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=American+church+history+series&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Co&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F262464610&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Henry&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fhistoryofunitari00alle%2Fhistoryofunitari00alle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1900-06-14/ed-1/seq-2/">"Abused his privilege"</a>. 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Retrieved 2013-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Abused+his+privilege&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=140&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1900-06-14&rft.issn=1946-6153&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1900-06-14%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorence1901" class="citation conference cs1">Florence, Tony André (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231161925/http://books.google.com/books?id=aBCO9MHxHTAC&vq=Miraglia&pg=PA164">"The Liberal Movement in Italy"</a>. In Bowie, W. Copeland (ed.). Liberal Religious Thought at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. [1st meeting of the] International Council of Unitarian and Other Liberal Religious Thinkers and Workers. May, 1901. London. London: P. Green. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79314246">79314246</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBCO9MHxHTAC&q=Miraglia&pg=PA164">the original</a> on 31 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Liberal+Movement+in+Italy&rft.btitle=Liberal+Religious+Thought+at+the+Beginning+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=P.+Green&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79314246&rft.aulast=Florence&rft.aufirst=Tony+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBCO9MHxHTAC%26q%3DMiraglia%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times1901-06-20-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Times1901-06-20_133-0">^</a> The Times (London). 1901-06-20. p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevin1904-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nevin1904_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nevin1904_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevin1904" class="citation journal cs1">Nevin, Robert J (1904-09-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7AgjAQAAMAAJ&q=villatte%20tichi&pg=PA506">"The Old Catholic Congress"</a>. The Churchman. 90 (13): 506.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Churchman&rft.atitle=The+Old+Catholic+Congress&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=506&rft.date=1904-09-24&rft.aulast=Nevin&rft.aufirst=Robert+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7AgjAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvillatte%2520tichi%26pg%3DPA506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Here, the name Tichy is spelled Tichi and the name Vilatte is spelled Villatte. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k257012m.langFR">"Le premier arrêt contre les associations cultuelles"</a> [The first judgment against the religious associations]. La Croix (in French). Paris. 1908-03-14. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0242-6412">0242-6412</a>. Retrieved 2013-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=Le+premier+arr%C3%AAt+contre+les+associations+cultuelles&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1908-03-14&rft.issn=0242-6412&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k257012m.langFR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson1910-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson1910_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1910" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Watson, Thomas E</a> (Sep 1910). 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Watson. p. 711. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnc01.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft0vq39r10">2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t0vq39r10</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/08020434">08020434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Watson%27s+Jeffersonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Catholic+hierarchy+the+deadliest+menace+to+our+liberties+and+our+civilization&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=711&rft.date=1910-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnc01.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft0vq39r10&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F08020434&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/08/02/104945538.pdf">"Admits he's an ex-convict"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 1910-08-02. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Admits+he%27s+an+ex-convict&rft.date=1910-08-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1910%2F08%2F02%2F104945538.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1915-02-15/ed-1/seq-6/">"Says he's a bishop and not a bunco man"</a>. The Evening World (final ed.). New York. 1915-02-15. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0654">1941-0654</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+World&rft.atitle=Says+he%27s+a+bishop+and+not+a+bunco+man&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1915-02-15&rft.issn=1941-0654&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030193%2F1915-02-15%2Fed-1%2Fseq-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oeyen2011-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Oeyen2011_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOeyen2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oeyen, Christian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/old-catholics-COM_00529">"Old Catholics"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Betz" title="Hans Dieter Betz">Betz, Hans D</a>; et al. (eds.). Religion Past and Present: encyclopedia of theology and religion. Vol. 9 (4th ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 297–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004146938" title="Special:BookSources/9789004146938"><bdi>9789004146938</bdi></a>. 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The American Mercury. 17 (68): 425. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-998X">0002-998X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mercury&rft.atitle=We+elect+a+bishop&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=425&rft.date=1929-08&rft.issn=0002-998X&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Nelson+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1seAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522numerous%2Bobjections%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/04/13/101876779.pdf">"Dr. Lloyd back in Episcopal Church"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 1909-04-13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Westport, CN: Praeger Publishers. pp. 103–110, 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22958-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22958-9"><bdi>978-0-313-22958-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Episcopalians&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.series=Denominations+in+America&rft.pages=103-110%2C+246-247&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-22958-9&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Shattuck%2C+Gardiner+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iK5VggudLkC%26q%3DMcguire%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natsoulas1981-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natsoulas1981_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natsoulas1981_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natsoulas1981_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natsoulas1981_149-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natsoulas1981_149-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatsoulas1981" class="citation journal cs1">Natsoulas, Theodore (1981). 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Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crywasunitycommu0000solo/page/26">26</a>–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-095-5"><bdi>978-1-57806-095-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cry+Was+Unity%3A+Communists+and+African+Americans%2C+1917%E2%80%931936&rft.place=Jackson&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-095-5&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Mark+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrywasunitycommu0000solo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Jeannette E (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD_U2zimHRoC&pg=PA121">In Search If Brightest Africa: Reimagining the Dark Continent in America Culture, 1884–1936</a>. 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Truth. 59 (1516): 136–141. 1906-01-18. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sf85009847">sf85009847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth&rft.atitle=The+story+of+%27Bishop+Donkin%27&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1516&rft.pages=136-141&rft.date=1906-01-18&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsf85009847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHQxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kollar2011-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2011_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2011_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollar2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kollar, Rene (2011) [2004]. 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C, ed. (May 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmAwAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Ancient%20British%20Church%22%20Ignatius&pg=PA129">"Father Ignatius, Llanthony Abbey, South Wales. Now on a visit to the United States"</a>. 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Lead, Kindly Light: Studies of Saints and Heroes of the Oxford Movement. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3486733">3486733</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060113000001/http://anglicanhistory.org/bios/kindly/ignatius.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-01-13. Retrieved 2013-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Father+Ignatius&rft.btitle=Lead%2C+Kindly+Light%3A+Studies+of+Saints+and+Heroes+of+the+Oxford+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3486733&rft.aulast=Morse-Boycott&rft.aufirst=Desmond+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fbios%2Fkindly%2Fignatius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kollar2003-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2003_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2003_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2003_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2003_167-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2003_167-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2003_167-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollar2003_167-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollar2003" class="citation web cs1">Kollar, Rene (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/essays/kollar/travels.pdf">"Travels in America: Aelred Carlyle, His American "Allies", and Anglican Benedictine Monasticism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Project_Canterbury" title="Project Canterbury">Project Canterbury</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511211524/http://anglicanhistory.org/essays/kollar/travels.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Canterbury&rft.atitle=Travels+in+America%3A+Aelred+Carlyle%2C+His+American+%22Allies%22%2C+and+Anglican+Benedictine+Monasticism&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kollar&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fessays%2Fkollar%2Ftravels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCA1908-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LCA1908_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCA1908_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Diocese of Fond du Lac". Living Church Annual. Milwaukee: Young Churchman. 1908. pp. 158, 369. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433070791565">2027/nyp.33433070791565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rft.btitle=Living+Church+Annual&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=158%2C+369&rft.pub=Young+Churchman&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433070791565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Diocese of Fond du Lac". Living Church Annual. Milwaukee: Young Churchman. 1909. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433084127897">2027/nyp.33433084127897</a>. <q>Monastery American Benedictines. The Bishop, Abbot; Bro. Thomas, Prior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rft.btitle=Living+Church+Annual&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Young+Churchman&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433084127897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">The American Congregation of the Order of St. Benedict. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433084127897">2027/nyp.33433084127897</a>. <q>Mother House and Novitiate, St. Paul's Abbey, Fond du Lac, Wis. The Right Rev. C. C. Grafton, Abbot. Brother Thomas, O.S.B., Prior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Congregation+of+the+Order+of+St.+Benedict&rft.pages=125&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433084127897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anson1971-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anson1971_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson1971_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson1971_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson1971_170-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Anson" title="Peter Anson">Anson, Peter F</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YgNp6gOQR4C&q=Dunstan+Abbey+Waukegan">"Anglican Benedictines"</a>. 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Milwaukee: Young Churchman. 1912. pp. 141, 208. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433070791540">2027/nyp.33433070791540</a>. <q>Benedictine Monastery, Fond du Lac. Abbot, The Bishop; Prior, Bro. Francis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Fond+du+Lac&rft.btitle=Living+Church+Annual&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=141%2C+208&rft.pub=Young+Churchman&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433070791540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Diocese of Fond du Lac". Living Church Annual. 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London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/54003735">54003735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+National+Catholic+Church+in+America+and+Poland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F54003735&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IllinoisCharities-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IllinoisCharities_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IllinoisCharities_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IllinoisCharities_179-2">c</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Eighteenth biennial report of the board of state commissioners of public charities of the State of Illinois. Springfield: Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers. 1905 [Presented to the Governor 1 October 1904]. pp. 9, 50, 149–150. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiuo.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft79s1xm9d">2027/uiuo.ark:/13960/t79s1xm9d</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sn91034120">sn91034120</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664618440">664618440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteenth+biennial+report+of+the+board+of+state+commissioners+of+public+charities+of+the+State+of+Illinois&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pages=9%2C+50%2C+149-150&rft.pub=Illinois+State+Journal+Co.%2C+State+Printers&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664618440&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsn91034120&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuiuo.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft79s1xm9d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610231845/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Advocate+1897-1912%2fwsbd0000%2f20130111%2f00000412&collection_filter=false&query1=vilatte&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">"West side"</a>. The Advocate. 42 (31): 5. 1903-11-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=The+Advocate+1897-1912%2fwsbd0000%2f20130111%2f00000412&collection_filter=false&query1=vilatte&query1_field=0&query2_modifier=0&query2=&query2_field=0&query3_modifier=0&query3=&query3_field=0">the original</a> on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=West+side&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1903-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubinfo.co.door.wi.us%3A8080%2Fjsp%2FRcWebImageViewer.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3DThe%2BAdvocate%2B1897-1912%252fwsbd0000%252f20130111%252f00000412%26collection_filter%3Dfalse%26query1%3Dvilatte%26query1_field%3D0%26query2_modifier%3D0%26query2%3D%26query2_field%3D0%26query3_modifier%3D0%26query3%3D%26query3_field%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCD1929-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCD1929_182-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallenWynneWemyss_BrownKelly1929" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen" title="Condé Benoist Pallen">Pallen, Conde B</a>; Wynne, John J; et al., eds. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/TheNewCatholicDictionary/TheNewCatholicDictionary.pdf">"Associations Cultuelles"</a> (PDF). New Catholic Dictionary. Under the auspices of the editors of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> (Vatican ed.). New York: Universal Knowledge Foundation. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/29028970">29028970</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6585570">6585570</a>. Retrieved 2013-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Associations+Cultuelles&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=Vatican&rft.pub=Universal+Knowledge+Foundation&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6585570&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F29028970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FTheNewCatholicDictionary%2FTheNewCatholicDictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"France". New Catholic Dictionary. p. 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Dictionary&rft.pages=377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801_183-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801_183-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-ConcordatOf1801_183-4">e</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyau1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Goyau" title="Georges Goyau">Goyau, Georges</a> (1908). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_French_Concordat_of_1801" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The French Concordat of 1801">The French Concordat of 1801</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 4. 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"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Periodical_Literature_(Italy)" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Periodical Literature (Italy)">Periodical Literature (Italy)</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 11. 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New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. lxxiv, pp82, 428–429, 468. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433068188105">2027/nyp.33433068188105</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12025100">12025100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religious+forces+of+the+United+States+enumerated%2C+classified%2C+and+described%3A+returns+for+1900+and+1910+compared+with+the+government+census+of+1890%3A+condition+and+characteristics+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=lxxiv%2C+pp82%2C+428-429%2C+468&rft.edition=Rev.+to+1910&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433068188105&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12025100&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Henry+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousforces02carrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll1896-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll1896_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollc._1896" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Henry K (c. 1896) [first 1893]. The religious forces of the United States, enumerated, classified, and described on the basis of the government census of 1890; with an introduction on the condition and character of American Christianity. The American Church History Series. Vol. 1 (Rev. 1 January 1896 ed.). New York: Christian Literature. pp. 82, 382–383, 396, 444–445. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuva.x002419105">2027/uva.x002419105</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/04004646">04004646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religious+forces+of+the+United+States%2C+enumerated%2C+classified%2C+and+described+on+the+basis+of+the+government+census+of+1890%3B+with+an+introduction+on+the+condition+and+character+of+American+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+American+Church+History+Series&rft.pages=82%2C+382-383%2C+396%2C+444-445&rft.edition=Rev.+1+January+1896&rft.pub=Christian+Literature&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuva.x002419105&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F04004646&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Henry+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USBoC1919-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1919_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1919_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1919_205-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1919_205-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USBoC1919_205-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Bureau_of_the_Census1919" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States. Bureau of the Census</a> (1919). "Religious bodies: 1916". Religious bodies. Vol. 2 (1916 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 10, 533–535, 546–548. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112104110793">2027/uiug.30112104110793</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/20026045">20026045</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644719921">644719921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+bodies%3A+1916&rft.btitle=Religious+bodies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=10%2C+533-535%2C+546-548&rft.edition=1916&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644719921&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F20026045&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuiug.30112104110793&rft.au=United+States.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YBoC1919-206"><a href="#cite_ref-YBoC1919_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage1919" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Armitage, Clyde F, ed. (1919). "Old Catholic Churches". Year book of the churches (covering the year 1918 ed.). New York: The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. pp. 47, 78. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89059494211">2027/wu.89059494211</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sn87022857">sn87022857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Catholic+Churches&rft.btitle=Year+book+of+the+churches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47%2C+78&rft.edition=covering+the+year+1918&rft.pub=The+Federal+Council+of+the+Churches+of+Christ+in+America&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89059494211&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsn87022857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YBoC1923-208"><a href="#cite_ref-YBoC1923_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/yearbookofthechu029034mbp/yearbookofthechu029034mbp.pdf">"American Catholic Church"</a> (PDF). Year book of the churches (1923 ed.). New York: The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. 1923. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sn87022857">sn87022857</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearbookofthechu029034mbp">Archived</a> from the original on 2004-05-21. Retrieved 2013-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Catholic+Church&rft.btitle=Year+book+of+the+churches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12-13&rft.edition=1923&rft.pub=The+Federal+Council+of+the+Churches+of+Christ+in+America&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsn87022857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fyearbookofthechu029034mbp%2Fyearbookofthechu029034mbp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Old Roman Catholic Church. pp. 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Roman+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=13-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2002-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2002_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lk8_ARNz-dYC&pg=PA543">"Old Catholic Movement"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions (2nd ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 542–545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-738-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-738-8"><bdi>978-1-61592-738-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Catholic+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=542-545&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-61592-738-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlk8_ARNz-dYC%26pg%3DPA543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2621873/f1">"Une grande conversion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a> (in French). 46 (12969): 1. 1925-06-23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0242-6412">0242-6412</a>. Retrieved 2013-02-22. <q>En émettant cette formelle déclaration par laquelle je déplore le passé, je demande pardon à Dieu des scandales que j'ai donnés et je promets de les réparer par le bon example de ma nouvelle vie et j'invite tous ceux qui ont suivi mes erreurs à imiter mon example. Je fais cette déclaration librement et spontanément pour réparer tout le mal que j'ai fait et les scandales que j'ai donnés.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=Une+grande+conversion&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=12969&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1925-06-23&rft.issn=0242-6412&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k2621873%2Ff1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber1988-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1988_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1988_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1988" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Eugen (Jun 1988). "Religion and Superstition in Nineteenth-Century France". The Historical Journal. 31 (2): 399–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x00012954">10.1017/s0018246x00012954</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639221">2639221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154539146">154539146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Superstition+in+Nineteenth-Century+France&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=399-423&rft.date=1988-06&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154539146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639221%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x00012954&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackbourn1991-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackbourn1991_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackbourn1991_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbourn1991" class="citation journal cs1">Blackbourn, David (Oct 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3693476">"The Catholic Church in Europe since the French Revolution: A Review Article"</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 33 (4): 778–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500017321">10.1017/s0010417500017321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179090">179090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53418509">53418509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+Europe+since+the+French+Revolution%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=778-790&rft.date=1991-10&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53418509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179090%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500017321&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A3693476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introvigne2012-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Introvigne2012_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntrovigne2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Introvigne, Massimo</a> (2012). 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Oxford University Press (published 2013). pp. 261–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199863075.003.0011">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199863075.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986307-5"><bdi>978-0-19-986307-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beast+and+the+Prophet+Aleister+Crowley%27s+Fascination+with+Joseph+Smith&rft.btitle=Aleister+Crowley+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.pages=261-262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199863075.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986307-5&rft.aulast=Introvigne&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guenon2004-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guenon2004_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guenon2004_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guenon2004_218-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guenon2004_218-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a> (2004) [First published 2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_WwVFntyFwC&pg=PA216">"The Old Catholic Church"</a>. Theosophy: History of a Pseudo-Religion. Translated by Alvin Moore Jr. Hillsdale, New York: Sophia Perennis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900588-79-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900588-79-2"><bdi>978-0-900588-79-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Catholic+Church&rft.btitle=Theosophy%3A+History+of+a+Pseudo-Religion&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-900588-79-2&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_WwVFntyFwC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Translation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénon1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/lethosophismeh00gu/lethosophismeh00gu.pdf">"L'Église vieille-catholique"</a> (PDF). Le théosophisme: histoire d'une pseudo-religion (in French). Paris: Nouvelle librairie nationale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lethosophismeh00gu">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2013-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%89glise+vieille-catholique&rft.btitle=Le+th%C3%A9osophisme%3A+histoire+d%27une+pseudo-religion&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nouvelle+librairie+nationale&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Flethosophismeh00gu%2Flethosophismeh00gu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Besant1916-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Besant1916_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesant1916" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Besant, Annie</a> (Oct 1916). Besant, Annie (ed.). "On the watchtower". <a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a>. 38 (1) (published 1917): 5. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433087382671">2027/nyp.33433087382671</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5892">0040-5892</a>. <q>What can be specially done for the great religion [...] to which the western world instinctively turns, for the millions who cling to it, who love its ritual, who cherish its traditions, who <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fain" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fain">fain</a> would be distinctively Christian while still seeking for mystical interpretations, who feel the need of the sacramental order and the living environment of the Church? There is slowly growing up in Europe, silently but steadily, with its strongest centre perhaps in Holland, but with members scattered in other European countries, the little known movement called the Old Catholic, with the ancient ritual, with unchallenged Orders, yet holding itself aloof from the Papal Obedience. This is a living, Christian, Church [...] This is the second movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Theosophist&rft.atitle=On+the+watchtower&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1916-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433087382671&rft.issn=0040-5892&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICOC-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICOC_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICOC_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_for_Orders_of_Chivalry2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Orders_of_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission on Orders of Chivalry">International Commission for Orders of Chivalry</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icocregister.org/2006ecclesiasticaldecorations.htm">"Ecclesiastical Decorations"</a>. Register of Orders of Chivalry (pamphlet). [s.l.]: [s.n.] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120190731/http://www.icocregister.org/2006ecclesiasticaldecorations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Decorations&rft.btitle=Register+of+Orders+of+Chivalry&rft.place=%5Bs.l.%5D&rft.pub=%5Bs.n.%5D&rft.date=2006&rft.au=International+Commission+for+Orders+of+Chivalry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icocregister.org%2F2006ecclesiasticaldecorations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_for_Orders_of_Chivalry2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Orders_of_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission on Orders of Chivalry">International Commission for Orders of Chivalry</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icocregister.org/2007ICOCRegister.pdf">Register of Orders of Chivalry</a> (PDF) (pamphlet). [s.l.]: [s.n.] xiv, xix–xx. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+Orders+of+Chivalry&rft.place=%5Bs.l.%5D&rft.pages=xiv%2C+xix-xx&rft.pub=%5Bs.n.%5D&rft.date=2007&rft.au=International+Commission+for+Orders+of+Chivalry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icocregister.org%2F2007ICOCRegister.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://san-luigi.org/orders/statutes-of-the-order-of-the-crown-of-thorns/">"Statutes of the Order of the Crown of Thorns"</a>. Orders. London: Abbey-Principality of San Luigi. 29 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730002530/http://san-luigi.org/orders/statutes-of-the-order-of-the-crown-of-thorns/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orders&rft.atitle=Statutes+of+the+Order+of+the+Crown+of+Thorns&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan-luigi.org%2Forders%2Fstatutes-of-the-order-of-the-crown-of-thorns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChéreul1884" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chéreul, Pierre Adolphe (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/dictionnairehist01chre/dictionnairehist01chre.pdf">"Chevalerie (Ordres de)"</a> (PDF). Dictionnaire historique des institutions, moeurs et coutumes de la France (in French). Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Paris: Hachette et cie. p. 147. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionnairehist01chre">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2012-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chevalerie+%28Ordres+de%29&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+des+institutions%2C+moeurs+et+coutumes+de+la+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Hachette+et+cie&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A9reul&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Adolphe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fdictionnairehist01chre%2Fdictionnairehist01chre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Genest ou Genêt (Ordre du). p. 485.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genest+ou+Gen%C3%AAt+%28Ordre+du%29&rft.pages=485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanLuigi3-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi3_223-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://san-luigi.org/history/the-abbey-principality-in-international-law/">"The Abbey-Principality in international law"</a>. History. London: Abbey-Principality of San Luigi. 2012-02-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702005048/http://san-luigi.org/history/the-abbey-principality-in-international-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Abbey-Principality+in+international+law&rft.date=2012-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan-luigi.org%2Fhistory%2Fthe-abbey-principality-in-international-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirardot2012" class="citation book cs1">Girardot, Louis-François (2012-07-22). Thériault, Serge A (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6G1Q38Z0k?url=http://www.ccrcc.ca/documents/oct_statement20120722b.pdf">Statement by Louis-François Girardot regarding the Abbey-Principality of San Luigi and its Order of the Crown of Thorns, Said of the Lion and Black Cross made on August 14 and 11 October 1957</a> (PDF). Translated by the editor. Ottawa: Christian Catholic Church of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccrcc.ca/documents/oct_statement20120722b.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2013-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statement+by+Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois+Girardot+regarding+the+Abbey-Principality+of+San+Luigi+and+its+Order+of+the+Crown+of+Thorns%2C+Said+of+the+Lion+and+Black+Cross+made+on+August+14+and+11+October+1957&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Christian+Catholic+Church+of+Canada&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft.aulast=Girardot&rft.aufirst=Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccrcc.ca%2Fdocuments%2Foct_statement20120722b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|translator=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ICC1971-225"><a href="#cite_ref-ICC1971_225-0">^</a> Author unknown, Title unknown, <a href="/wiki/Interm%C3%A9diaire_des_Chercheurs_et_Curieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermédiaire des Chercheurs et Curieux">Intermédiaire des Chercheurs et Curieux</a> (in French) (Paris) 21. Sep 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0020-5613">0020-5613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhUFAQAAIAAJ">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyau1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Goyau" title="Georges Goyau">Goyau, Georges</a> (1912). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Vicariate_Apostolic_of_Sahara" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara">Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vicariate+Apostolic+of+Sahara&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Goyau&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, Michael (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Priory" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Priory">Priory</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priory&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, Michael (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Prior" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Prior">Prior</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 12. 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London: Abbey-Principality of San Luigi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419115730/http://san-luigi.org/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2013-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Part+1+%E2%80%93+Fezzan%2C+Bunyoro+and+the+pre-Vilatte+era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan-luigi.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanLuigi2-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi2_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi2_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://san-luigi.org/history/history-part-2/">"Part 2 – The Vilatte era and beyond"</a>. History. London: Abbey-Principality of San Luigi. 2012-01-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219113828/http://san-luigi.org/history/history-part-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2013-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Part+2+%E2%80%93+The+Vilatte+era+and+beyond&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan-luigi.org%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-part-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanLuigi4-232"><a href="#cite_ref-SanLuigi4_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419120105/http://san-luigi.org/ecclesia/the-ecclesial-jurisdiction-of-san-luigi/">"The Ecclesial Jurisdiction of San Luigi"</a>. Ecclesia. London: Abbey-Principality of San Luigi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://san-luigi.org/ecclesia/the-ecclesial-jurisdiction-of-san-luigi/">the original</a> on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecclesia&rft.atitle=The+Ecclesial+Jurisdiction+of+San+Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan-luigi.org%2Fecclesia%2Fthe-ecclesial-jurisdiction-of-san-luigi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PetitParisien1911-04-18-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PetitParisien1911-04-18_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetitParisien1911-04-18_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k563945b/f1">"Le trafic des decorations"</a> [The trafficking of decorations]. Le Petit Parisien. Paris. 1911-04-18. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0999-2707">0999-2707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Petit+Parisien&rft.atitle=Le+trafic+des+decorations&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1911-04-18&rft.issn=0999-2707&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k563945b%2Ff1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1911-05-21-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1911-05-21_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1911-05-21_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/05/21/104825671.pdf">"Bogus decorations still dupe French"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 1911-05-21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2013-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bogus+decorations+still+dupe+French&rft.date=1911-05-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1911%2F05%2F21%2F104825671.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03_235-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03_235-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewZealandHerald1911-06-03_235-4">e</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH19110603.2.114.16&e=-------10--1----0--">"Lawyer hoaxes a town"</a>. New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 1911-06-03. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777">1170-0777</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312191300/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH19110603.2.114.16&e=-------10--1----0--">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2013-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Lawyer+hoaxes+a+town&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1911-06-03&rft.issn=1170-0777&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DNZH19110603.2.114.16%26e%3D-------10--1----0--&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCH1912-08-17-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCH1912-08-17_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCH1912-08-17_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Clever Paris hoax". The North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette. Vol. 104, no. 2349. Shanghai. 1912-08-17 [written 1912-07-26]. p. 455. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015084570848">2027/mdp.39015084570848</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sn97034383">sn97034383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North-China+Herald+and+Supreme+Court+%26+Consular+Gazette&rft.atitle=Clever+Paris+hoax&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2349&rft.pages=455&rft.date=1912-08-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015084570848&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsn97034383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaCroix1911-05-16-237"><a href="#cite_ref-LaCroix1911-05-16_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k257996p/f1">"La vertu récompensée"</a> [The virtue rewarded]. La Croix (in French). Paris. 1911-05-16. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0242-6412">0242-6412</a>. Retrieved 2013-10-04. <q>Marie-Timothée, Archevêque, Prince-Grand Maître des Ordres de la Couronne d'Epines, du Lion et de la Croix-Noire de l'Ex-Abbaye-Principautè de San-Luigi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=La+vertu+r%C3%A9compens%C3%A9e&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1911-05-16&rft.issn=0242-6412&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k257996p%2Ff1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeCatholiqueFrancais1911-238"><a href="#cite_ref-LeCatholiqueFrancais1911_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HEpXtD5pKk0C&q=%22ne+porte+pas+le+titre+de+Marie+Timoth%C3%A9e%22">"[title unknown]"</a>. Le catholique français: organe de l'église catholique gallicane (in French). Vol. [volume unknown], no. [issue unknown]. Paris. 1911. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/420108020">420108020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+catholique+fran%C3%A7ais%3A+organe+de+l%27%C3%A9glise+catholique+gallicane&rft.atitle=%5Btitle+unknown%5D&rft.volume=%5Bvolume+unknown%5D&rft.issue=%5Bissue+unknown%5D&rft.pages=105-106&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F420108020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHEpXtD5pKk0C%26q%3D%2522ne%2Bporte%2Bpas%2Ble%2Btitre%2Bde%2BMarie%2BTimoth%25C3%25A9e%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaRevueCritique1913-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaRevueCritique1913_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaRevueCritique1913_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaRevueCritique1913_239-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._G.1913" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">P. G. (1913-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56629603/f84.image">"L'affaire Valensi"</a>. La Revue Critique des Idées et des Livres (in French). 20 (114): 80–91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2017-6775">2017-6775</a>. Retrieved 2013-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Revue+Critique+des+Id%C3%A9es+et+des+Livres&rft.atitle=L%27affaire+Valensi&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=114&rft.pages=80-91&rft.date=1913-01-13&rft.issn=2017-6775&rft.au=P.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k56629603%2Ff84.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPujo1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo, Maurice</a> (1912). Pourquoi l'on a étouffé l'affaire Valensi: les cadres de la démocratie [Why was the Valensi affair stifled] (in French). Paris: Nouvelle librairie nationale. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/464981352">464981352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pourquoi+l%27on+a+%C3%A9touff%C3%A9+l%27affaire+Valensi%3A+les+cadres+de+la+d%C3%A9mocratie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nouvelle+librairie+nationale&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F464981352&rft.aulast=Pujo&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQxAQAAMAAJ&q=counani&pg=PA1103">"The Counani mystery"</a>. Truth. 59 (1532): 1103–1104. 1906-05-09. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/10011613">10011613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth&rft.atitle=The+Counani+mystery&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1532&rft.pages=1103-1104&rft.date=1906-05-09&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F10011613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHQxAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcounani%26pg%3DPA1103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQxAQAAMAAJ&q=counani&pg=PA1355">"The Counani imposture"</a>. Truth. 59 (1536): 1355–1357. 1906-06-06. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/10011613">10011613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth&rft.atitle=The+Counani+imposture&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1536&rft.pages=1355-1357&rft.date=1906-06-06&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F10011613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHQxAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcounani%26pg%3DPA1355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sainty-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sainty_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainty_241-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainty" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Stair_Sainty" title="Guy Stair Sainty">Sainty, Guy Stair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/self-styled/selfstyl.htm">"The Self-Styled Orders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000511180613/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/self-styled/selfstyl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2000-05-11. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Self-Styled+Orders&rft.aulast=Sainty&rft.aufirst=Guy+Stair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chivalricorders.org%2Forders%2Fself-styled%2Fselfstyl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardinale1985-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardinale1985_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardinale1985_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardinale1985_242-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardinale1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igino_Eugenio_Cardinale" title="Igino Eugenio Cardinale">Cardinale, Hygenius E</a> (1985) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjYOAQAAMAAJ&q=thorns">"Autonomous and self-styled orders of knighthood"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bander_van_Duren" title="Peter Bander van Duren">Bander van Duren, Peter</a> (ed.). Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gerrards_Cross" title="Gerrards Cross">Gerrards Cross</a>, GB: Van Duren. pp. 231–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905715-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905715-26-1"><bdi>978-0-905715-26-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autonomous+and+self-styled+orders+of+knighthood&rft.btitle=Orders+of+Knighthood%2C+Awards+and+the+Holy+See&rft.place=Gerrards+Cross%2C+GB&rft.pages=231-237&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Van+Duren&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-905715-26-1&rft.aulast=Cardinale&rft.aufirst=Hygenius+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjYOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthorns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heuser1900-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heuser1900_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heuser1900_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuser1900" class="citation journal cs1">Heuser, Herman J (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mp5JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108">"Mr. Vilatte's Status in the Church"</a>. Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 11: 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7790">0002-7790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+American+Catholic+Historical+Society+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Mr.+Vilatte%27s+Status+in+the+Church&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=108-109&rft.date=1900&rft.issn=0002-7790&rft.aulast=Heuser&rft.aufirst=Herman+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmp5JAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whalen1963-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whalen1963_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whalen1963_244-1">b</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalen1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Whalen" title="William J. Whalen">Whalen, William J</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/faithsforfew00whal/faithsforfew00whal.pdf">Faiths for the few: a study of minority religions</a> (PDF). Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. pp. 72, 76. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/63019634">63019634</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithsforfew00whal">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-03-18. Retrieved 2013-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+for+the+few%3A+a+study+of+minority+religions&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=72%2C+76&rft.pub=Bruce+Pub.&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F63019634&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Ffaithsforfew00whal%2Ffaithsforfew00whal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaworek2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gaworek, Leah (Jun 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2fhAAAAMAAJ&q=Vilatte">"Good Shepherd or Wolf in Sheep's Clothing? Joseph Rene Vilatte"</a>. Voyageur: Northeast Wisconsin's Historical Review. 20 (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-7634">1062-7634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voyageur%3A+Northeast+Wisconsin%27s+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Good+Shepherd+or+Wolf+in+Sheep%27s+Clothing%3F+Joseph+Rene+Vilatte&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004-06&rft.issn=1062-7634&rft.aulast=Gaworek&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2fhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DVilatte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Alexis Tancibok, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13784/">Early Independent Catholicism in Context: A Re-examination of the Career of Archbishop Joseph René Vilatte (1884-1929)</a>, Durham University, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2001" class="citation web cs1">Kemp, Leah (2001-07-01) [Composed Spring, 2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/study/old_catholics/old_catholics.htm">"Shepherd or Wolf? Joseph René Vilatte in Francophone Wisconsin"</a>. Wisconsin's French Connections Project. Green Bay, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Green_Bay" title="University of Wisconsin–Green Bay">University of Wisconsin–Green Bay</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510093140/http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/study/old_catholics/old_catholics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2013-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin%27s+French+Connections+Project&rft.atitle=Shepherd+or+Wolf%3F+Joseph+Ren%C3%A9+Vilatte+in+Francophone+Wisconsin&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwgb.edu%2Fwisfrench%2Fstudy%2Fold_catholics%2Fold_catholics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARen%C3%A9+Vilatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallican.org/vilatte.htm">Gallican.org webpage in French – Gallican National Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnostique.net/ecclesia/vilatte.htm">Biography on Gnostique.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908083841/http://www.gnostique.net/ecclesia/vilatte.htm">Archived</a> 2008-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331115#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331115#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1042916543">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002110575">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d23vd3">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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