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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iona_Company&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iona Company">Iona Company</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_Wilshire%27s_Ionaco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Advertisement_for_Wilshire%27s_Ionaco.jpg/220px-Advertisement_for_Wilshire%27s_Ionaco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Advertisement_for_Wilshire%27s_Ionaco.jpg/330px-Advertisement_for_Wilshire%27s_Ionaco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Advertisement_for_Wilshire%27s_Ionaco.jpg/440px-Advertisement_for_Wilshire%27s_Ionaco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for the Ionaco</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ionaco</b> (often stylized as <b>I-on-a-co</b> or <b>I-ON-A-CO</b>) was an electric belt developed by <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Wilshire" title="Gaylord Wilshire">Gaylord Wilshire</a> after his career in politics. It was advertised during the 1920s as a curing device but was dismissed by contemporary medical experts as <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_1959_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook_1959-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians have offered different theories on Wilshire's decision to work on the Ionaco. Carolyn Thomas de la Peña wrote that it could have been to make up for Wilshire's political failures.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> Donald G. Davis noted that Wilshire had severe headaches which doctors in the United States and Europe failed to cure. Davis argued that Wilshire was motivated to enter the medical field to find a cure to his own condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup> </p><p>At the age of 64, Wilshire turned from his work in real estate to focus on the area of public health. He explored radium-infused garments, electric heating pads, and distributed a special kind of health bread called "Ex-cell-o" before working on his electric belt.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> This title likely inspired the name for his belt, the "I-on-a-co".<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> He first recorded his theory for "the radiation cure" in 1924. An early idea for this cure was a magnetic turban for head use.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 429">: 429 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilshire developed the "Life Belt" for 15 years starting in 1910. He tried it on himself in 1925, and it reportedly cured his condition. He started giving the belt to his relatives and friends, who also reported positive results.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 429">: 429 </span></sup> About 50,000 devices were sold between 1925 and 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>Wilshire established the Iona Company with general offices in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 429">: 429 </span></sup> Agencies for this company spread throughout the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 432">: 432 </span></sup> Sales for the Ionaco reached a peak in the fall of 1926,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 433">: 433 </span></sup> and the company attempted to establish agents in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 434">: 434 </span></sup> By 1927 the company had 23 regional offices and around 70 demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>Several health organizations started to investigate the Ionaco during this time, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_League_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Health League of Washington (page does not exist)">Public Health League of Washington</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Better_Business_Bureau_of_Seattle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Better Business Bureau of Seattle (page does not exist)">Better Business Bureau of Seattle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 442">: 442 </span></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Institute_of_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research">Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock1949_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> On 18 November 1926 Wilshire challenged the California medical profession to investigate his device in a full-page advertisement in the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock1949_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109–111">: 109–111 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Cramp" title="Arthur J. Cramp">Arthur J. Cramp</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> (AMA) responded to Wilshire's letter with an article that critically analyzed the claims regarding the Ionaco. This eventually led to a decline in device sales in the summer of 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 442–3">: 442–3 </span></sup> The Iona Company dissolved following Wilshire's death in 1927, though sellers continued to promote the Ionaco throughout the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-Pena2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pena2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilshire's concept for his electric belt and his theory of electromagnetic health was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a>'s study of iron in the blood. According to Wilshire, the device's magnetic field was supposed to increase the body's absorption of oxygen to free the body from toxic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> The belt was marketed as both a health-improving device and a cure for most diseases; including <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuritis" title="Neuritis">neuritis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 435–9">: 435–9 </span></sup> </p><p>The interior had a thick coil of insulated wire that generated a weak magnetic field. It also had a smaller wire coil with a flashlight globe that would light up when placed close to the thick coil.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 431">: 431 </span></sup> The exterior of the belt was covered by a thick layer of leather.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> It was roughly 15 to 18 inches (38 to 46 cm) in diameter, and wide enough to fit over the shoulder of a grown adult.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 431">: 431 </span></sup> It weighed about 6.5 pounds (2.9 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 431">: 431 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advertisements for the electric belt relied on testimonials published in newspapers and aired on the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1967_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 435–9">: 435–9 </span></sup> The AMA investigated these claims, some of which were attributed to well-known physicians, and found that many of the quotations had been falsified.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock1949_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> Wilshire and his company marketed the electric device to those most likely to use it, including phone subscribers and power plant customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> Distributors covered certain regions to promote the device by demonstrations and door-to-door sales. In-house sales associates called demonstrators provided both paid and free treatments for potential buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p>Each Ionaco belt cost $3.50 (equivalent to $62 in 2024) to manufacture and each belt was sold for $65 (equivalent to $1,154 in 2024),<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> though it could also be purchased on credit for $5 (equivalent to $89 in 2024) a month.<sup id="cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928 Philip Ilsey, the former manager of the Iona Company in Cleveland, started marketing an Ionaco clone called the Theronoid.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar electric belt imitations appeared during this time, and were given names such as the "Ionizer", or the "Restoro".<sup id="cite_ref-Fishbein_1932_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishbein_1932-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such imitations continued to be sold on the market even after promoters stopped marketing the Ionaco in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-Pena2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pena2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary health experts dismissed the Ionaco and its spin-offs as <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook_1959_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook_1959-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, the physician <a href="/wiki/Morris_Fishbein" title="Morris Fishbein">Morris Fishbein</a> commented: </p> <blockquote><p>Gaylord Wilshire sold these devices for $55 cash or $65 on time payments, and thousands of them were sold by his methods of promotion. Shortly after the development of the device Wilshire himself died of a disease of the kidney in a New York hospital, no doubt without the benefit of his own invention. He was a remarkable charlatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishbein_1932_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishbein_1932-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulvermacher%27s_chain" title="Pulvermacher's chain">Pulvermacher's chain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Holbrook_1959-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_1959_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook_1959_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook1959" class="citation book cs1">Holbrook, Stewart (1959). "Gaylord Wilshire's I-ON-A-CO". <i>The Golden Age of Quackery</i>. Collier Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaylord+Wilshire%27s+I-ON-A-CO&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Quackery&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Technological_Fix-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Technological_Fix_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_de_la_Peña2004" class="citation book cs1">Thomas de la Peña, Carolyn (2004). "Plugging in to Modernity". In Rosner, Lisa (ed.). <i>The Technological Fix: How People Use Technology To Create and Solve Problems</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415947114" title="Special:BookSources/9780415947114"><bdi>9780415947114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plugging+in+to+Modernity&rft.btitle=The+Technological+Fix%3A+How+People+Use+Technology+To+Create+and+Solve+Problems&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415947114&rft.aulast=Thomas+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1967-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis1967_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis1967" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Donald G. (December 1967). "The Ionaco of Gaylord Wilshire". <i>Southern California Quarterly</i>. <b>49</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">425–</span>453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41170129">10.2307/41170129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41170129">41170129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11635993">11635993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ionaco+of+Gaylord+Wilshire&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E425-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=1967-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11635993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41170129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41170129&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hancock1949-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock1949_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock1949_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock1949_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHancock1949" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ralph (1949). <i>Fabulous Boulevard</i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1527024">1527024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabulous+Boulevard&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1527024&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pena2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pena2005_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pena2005_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPena2005" class="citation book cs1">Pena, Carolyn Thomas (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxU8Rf1pKTgC&pg=PA125"><i>The Body Electric: How Strange Machines Built the Modern American</i></a>. NYU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1983-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-1983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+Electric%3A+How+Strange+Machines+Built+the+Modern+American&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1983-1&rft.aulast=Pena&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxU8Rf1pKTgC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Vleck1998" class="citation web cs1">Van Vleck, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanartifacts.com/smma/thero.htm">"Theronoid Electromagnetic Solenoid"</a>. <i>Scientific Medical & Mechanical Antiques</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Medical+%26+Mechanical+Antiques&rft.atitle=Theronoid+Electromagnetic+Solenoid&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Van+Vleck&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanartifacts.com%2Fsmma%2Fthero.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishbein_1932-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fishbein_1932_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishbein_1932_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFishbein1932" class="citation book cs1">Fishbein, Morris (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015029746438;view=2up;seq=170"><i>Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults</i></a>. New York: Covici Friede. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fads+and+Quackery+in+Healing%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Foibles+of+the+Healing+Cults&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Covici+Friede&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Fishbein&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015029746438%3Bview%3D2up%3Bseq%3D170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSterling1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sterling" title="George Sterling">Sterling, George</a> (July 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182856/http://www.george-sterling.org/nonfiction/Rhymes+and+Reactions+(Jul+1926)">"Rhymes and Reactions"</a>. <i>Overland Monthly</i>. <b>84</b> (7). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-sterling.org/nonfiction/Rhymes+and+Reactions+(Jul+1926)">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overland+Monthly&rft.atitle=Rhymes+and+Reactions&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1926-07&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.george-sterling.org%2Fnonfiction%2FRhymes%2Band%2BReactions%2B%28Jul%2B1926%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIonaco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&oldid=1272826099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionaco&oldid=1272826099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_fads_and_trends" title="Category:1920s fads and trends">1920s fads and trends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_California" title="Category:1920s in California">1920s in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1920s in the United States">1920s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1925_establishments_in_California" title="Category:1925 establishments in California">1925 establishments in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bioelectromagnetic-based_therapies" title="Category:Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies">Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrotherapy" title="Category:Electrotherapy">Electrotherapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_fraud_products" title="Category:Health fraud products">Health fraud products</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_devices" title="Category:Medical devices">Medical devices</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2017">Use dmy dates from August 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 January 2025, at 09:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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