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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibson_(polityk)" title="Edward Gibson (polityk) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Gibson (polityk)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_1%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%95%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Едвард Гібсон, 1й барон Ешборн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Гібсон, 1й барон Ешборн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Ashbourne</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Edward_Gibson,_1st_Baron_Ashbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Edward_Gibson%2C_1st_Baron_Ashbourne.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Edward_Gibson%2C_1st_Baron_Ashbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Edward_Gibson%2C_1st_Baron_Ashbourne.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Edward_Gibson%2C_1st_Baron_Ashbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Edward_Gibson%2C_1st_Baron_Ashbourne.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Edward_Gibson%2C_1st_Baron_Ashbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1971" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lord Ashbourne, by Dickinson.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1885–1886</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Naish" title="John Naish">John Naish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Naish</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1886–1892</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Naish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Walker,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Samuel Walker, 1st Baronet">Samuel Walker</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1895–1905</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria<br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel Walker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel Walker</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Ireland" title="Attorney-General for Ireland">Attorney-General for Ireland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1877–1880</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Chichester_May" title="George Augustus Chichester May">George Augustus Chichester May</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Law" title="Hugh Law">Hugh Law</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a> <br /><small>alongside <a href="/wiki/David_Robert_Plunket" class="mw-redirect" title="David Robert Plunket">David Robert Plunket</a></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1875–1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Bell" title="John Thomas Bell">John Thomas Bell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Holmes" title="Hugh Holmes">Hugh Holmes</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">4 September 1837</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1913</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></span></span> (4 September 1837 – 22 May 1913), was an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_education">Background and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibson,_1st_Baron_Ashbourne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born at 22 <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Gibson was the son of William Gibson <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">J.P.</a> (1808–1872), of Rockforest, <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>, Dublin, by his first wife, Louisa, daughter of Joseph Grant, barrister of Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the elder brother of <a href="/wiki/John_George_Gibson" title="John George Gibson">John George Gibson</a>, who was also a distinguished lawyer and judge of the High Court. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, graduating <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in 1858, winning the gold medal in History, English Literature and Political Science. He was also an Auditor and a Gold Medallist of the <a href="/wiki/College_Historical_Society_(Trinity_College,_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="College Historical Society (Trinity College, Dublin)">College Historical Society</a>, and became its president in 1883. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_judicial_career">Legal and judicial career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibson,_1st_Baron_Ashbourne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal and judicial career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having been called to the Irish <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar</a> in 1860, Gibson was made an Irish <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> in 1872 and three years later was elected <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a> after unsuccessfully contesting <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>. Enjoying the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a>, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Ireland" title="Attorney-General for Ireland">Attorney-General for Ireland</a> in 1877, before being admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Irish Privy Council</a>, and then appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a> in 1885, becoming a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Counsellor</a> that same year. </p><p>On his appointment as Lord Chancellor, Gibson was raised to the peerage as <b><a href="/wiki/Baron_Ashbourne" title="Baron Ashbourne">Baron Ashbourne</a></b>, of <a href="/wiki/Ashbourne,_County_Meath" title="Ashbourne, County Meath">Ashbourne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">County</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">Meath</a>, in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was almost single-handedly responsible for the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Purchase_of_Land_(Ireland)_Act_1885" title="Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885">Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885</a> which was commonly known as the Ashbourne Act.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Gibson,_Vanity_Fair,_1885-07-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edward_Gibson%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1885-07-04.jpg/220px-Edward_Gibson%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1885-07-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edward_Gibson%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1885-07-04.jpg/330px-Edward_Gibson%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1885-07-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edward_Gibson%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1885-07-04.jpg/440px-Edward_Gibson%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1885-07-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Lord Ashbourne by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Leslie Ward</a>, 1885.</figcaption></figure> <p>He resigned the Lord Chancellor's office in February 1886 on the return of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> to power, but was reappointed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> in August of that year. For the next twenty years (with a short interval of three years when <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> returned to power in 1892), Lord Ashbourne held office as Lord Chancellor of Ireland, finally retiring at the age of 68. He was highly regarded as a judge even at a time when the Irish Bench boasted such outstanding judges as <a href="/wiki/Gerald_FitzGibbon_(Irish_lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald FitzGibbon (Irish lawyer)">Gerald FitzGibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Holmes" title="Hugh Holmes">Hugh Holmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Palles" title="Christopher Palles">Christopher Palles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in part at least due to his presidency that the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Court of Appeal">Irish Court of Appeal</a> gained a reputation as the strongest court ever to sit in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s agent Gerald Christie secured Ashbourne's services to take the chair and introduce the journalist /politician's Dublin lecture on his South African Adventures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibson,_1st_Baron_Ashbourne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lord Ashbourne married Frances Maria Adelaide Colles (1849–1926), daughter of barrister Henry Jonathan Cope Colles and his wife Elizabeth Mary, daughter of John Mayne of Dublin, in 1868. Lady Ashbourne was a niece of <a href="/wiki/John_D._Mayne" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Mayne">John Dawson Mayne</a> and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Colles" title="Abraham Colles">Abraham Colles</a>; her sister Anna married another eminent judge Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Thomas_Bewley" title="Edmund Thomas Bewley">Edmund Thomas Bewley</a> </p><p>They lived in <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Square" title="Fitzwilliam Square">Fitzwilliam Square</a> and produced four sons, the eldest son and heir being <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson,_2nd_Baron_Ashbourne" title="William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne">William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne</a>, and four daughters. One of their daughters, <a href="/wiki/Violet_Gibson" title="Violet Gibson">Violet Gibson</a>, made an attempt to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in 1926. Lord Ashburne died in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1913 and was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green crematorium</a>, his ashes being placed in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jerome_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Jerome Cemetery">Mount Jerome Cemetery</a>, Dublin. In <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kildare_Street_Club" title="Kildare Street Club">Kildare Street Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibson,_1st_Baron_Ashbourne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/225px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/300px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashbourne_Escutcheon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ashbourne_Escutcheon.png/200px-Ashbourne_Escutcheon.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ashbourne_Escutcheon.png/300px-Ashbourne_Escutcheon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Ashbourne_Escutcheon.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>On a bank of reeds a pelican in her piety all Proper.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Ermine three keys fesswise in pale Azure and in chief as many trefoils slipped Vert.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter a female figure representing Mercy her interior hand resting on a sword point downwards all Proper; sinister a female figure representing Justice holding in her left hand a sword point upwards and in her right hand a balance all Proper; each charged on the breast with a trefoil slipped Vert and each standing on a fasces also Proper.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Coelestes Pandite Portae<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibson,_1st_Baron_Ashbourne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpR6uNPmV1EC&pg=PA1013">Family of Lord Ashbourne – Visitation of Ireland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1885/jul/06/new-peers#S3V0298P0_18850706_HOL_5">"New Peers 06 July 1885"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 6 July 1885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=New+Peers+06+July+1885&rft.date=1885-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1885%2Fjul%2F06%2Fnew-peers%23S3V0298P0_18850706_HOL_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Gibson%2C+1st+Baron+Ashbourne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Jackson_(historian)" title="Alvin Jackson (historian)">Alvin Jackson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy, Maurice. <i>The Old Munster Circuit</i> Mercier Press Cork, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delaney V. T. H., <i>Christopher Palles</i>, Alan Figgis and Co. 1960, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill; Roy Jenkins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Hay Sweet Escott, <i>Club Makers and Club Members</i> (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028066979#page/n371/mode/2up">pp. 329–333</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Burke's Peerage</i>. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Gibson%2C+1st+Baron+Ashbourne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibson,_1st_Baron_Ashbourne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-edward-gibson">contributions in Parliament by Edward Gibson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_ASH">Parliamentary Archives, Papers of Edward Gibson (1837-1913), 1st Baron Ashbourne, of Ashbourne, County Meath</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Ball" title="John Thomas Ball">John Thomas Ball</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Plunket,_1st_Baron_Rathmore" title="David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore">David Plunket</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/January_1875_Dublin_University_by-election" title="January 1875 Dublin University by-election">1875</a>–<a href="/wiki/1885_Dublin_University_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="1885 Dublin University by-election">1885</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/David_Plunket,_1st_Baron_Rathmore" title="David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore">David Plunket</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Holmes" title="Hugh Holmes">Hugh Holmes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Plunket,_1st_Baron_Rathmore" title="David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore">David Plunket</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Chichester_May" title="George Augustus Chichester May">George Augustus Chichester May</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Ireland" title="Attorney-General for Ireland">Attorney-General for Ireland</a> </b><br />1877–1880 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Law" title="Hugh Law">Hugh Law</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Naish" title="John Naish">John Naish</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a> </b><br />1885–1886 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Naish" title="John Naish">John Naish</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Naish" title="John Naish">John Naish</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a> </b><br />1886–1892 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Walker,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Samuel Walker, 1st Baronet">Samuel Walker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Walker,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Samuel Walker, 1st Baronet">Samuel Walker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a> </b><br />1895–1905 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Walker,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Samuel Walker, 1st Baronet">Samuel Walker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Ashbourne" title="Baron Ashbourne">Baron Ashbourne</a> </b><br />1886–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson,_2nd_Baron_Ashbourne" title="William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne">William Gibson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> 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title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="18" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg/100px-Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg/150px-Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg/200px-Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3681" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">The Earl of Iddesleigh</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardinge_Giffard,_1st_Earl_of_Halsbury" title="Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury">The Lord Halsbury</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">The Viscount Cranbrook</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_3rd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 3rd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td 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A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Sir Richard Cross</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">Sir Frederick Stanley</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Henry Smith</a> (1885–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">The Viscount Cranbrook</a> (1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Sir Michael Hicks Beach</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills">President of the Board of Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanhope" title="Edward Stanhope">Edward Stanhope</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Henry Smith</a> (1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postmaster General of the United Kingdom">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_7th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland">Lord John Manners</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon">The Earl of Carnarvon</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord Ashbourne</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for Scotland">Secretary for Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education_and_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Education and Skills">Vice President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanhope" title="Edward Stanhope">Edward Stanhope</a> (1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5343102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5343102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5343102#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/105027167X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009042761">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p078372097">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987008575683705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.003457.v1">Ireland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/088942880">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67739gj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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