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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Concrete block</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="طوب خرساني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوب خرساني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohlblockstein" title="Hohlblockstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hohlblockstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τσιμεντόλιθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσιμεντόλιθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloque_de_hormig%C3%B3n" title="Bloque de hormigón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bloque de hormigón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonbloko" title="Betonbloko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betonbloko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بلوک سیمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوک سیمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_de_b%C3%A9ton_manufactur%C3%A9" title="Bloc de béton manufacturé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bloc de béton manufacturé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9D_(%EA%B1%B4%EC%84%A4)" title="블록 (건설) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블록 (건설)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%AF" title="Որմնաբլոկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որմնաբլոկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бетонски блок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бетонски блок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonblok" title="Betonblok – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betonblok" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="コンクリートブロック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンクリートブロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairon_(ma%C3%A7onari%C3%A1)" title="Cairon (maçonariá) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cairon (maçonariá)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlakli_blok" title="Shlakli blok – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shlakli blok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustak_%C5%9Bcienny" title="Pustak ścienny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pustak ścienny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C8%9Bar" title="Bolțar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bolțar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Шлакоблок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шлакоблок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoniharkko" title="Betoniharkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betoniharkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betongh%C3%A5lsten" title="Betonghålsten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betonghålsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="คอนกรีตบล็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอนกรีตบล็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Бетоніт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бетоніт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinder_block&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinder block">Cinder block</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard-sized block used in construction</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">"Cinder block" redirects here. For the American singer, see <a href="/wiki/Cinder_Block_(musician)" title="Cinder Block (musician)">Cinder Block (musician)</a>. For the DC Comics character, see <a href="/wiki/Cinderblock_(character)" title="Cinderblock (character)">Cinderblock (character)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Breeze block" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Breeze_block_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Breeze block (disambiguation)">Breeze block (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concreteblocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Concreteblocks.jpg/220px-Concreteblocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Concreteblocks.jpg/330px-Concreteblocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Concreteblocks.jpg/440px-Concreteblocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">pallet</a> of "8-inch" concrete blocks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_breeze-cinder_block_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Painted_breeze-cinder_block_wall.jpg/220px-Painted_breeze-cinder_block_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Painted_breeze-cinder_block_wall.jpg/330px-Painted_breeze-cinder_block_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Painted_breeze-cinder_block_wall.jpg/440px-Painted_breeze-cinder_block_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>An interior wall of painted concrete blocks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg/220px-Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg/330px-Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg/440px-Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Concrete masonry blocks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_building_constructed_with_Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_building_constructed_with_Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg/220px-A_building_constructed_with_Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_building_constructed_with_Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg/330px-A_building_constructed_with_Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_building_constructed_with_Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg/440px-A_building_constructed_with_Concrete_Masonry_blocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption>A building constructed with concrete masonry blocks</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>concrete block</b>, also known as a <b>cinder block</b> in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>, <b>breeze block</b> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, or <b>concrete masonry unit</b> (<b>CMU</b>), or by <a href="#Naming">various other terms</a>, is a standard-size rectangular block used in <a href="/wiki/Building_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Building construction">building construction</a>. The use of blockwork allows structures to be built in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> style with layers (or courses) of staggered blocks. </p><p>Concrete blocks may be produced with hollow centers (cores) to reduce <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a>, improve <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a> and provide an interconnected void into which concrete can be poured to solidify the entire wall after it is built. </p><p>Concrete blocks are some of the most versatile <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building products</a> available because of the wide variety of appearances that can be achieved using them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those that use cinders (<a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a>) as an <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(composite)" title="Aggregate (composite)">aggregate</a> material are called <i>cinder blocks</i> in the United States. They are also known as <i>breeze blocks</i>, a term derived from <i>breeze</i>, referring to the small cinders and cinder-dust that are created by partially burned coal.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the United States <i>breeze blocks</i> also refers specifically to decorative blocks used on exterior walls to allow the breeze through, which were an important feature of Mid-Century Modern design,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularised by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Durrell_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Durrell Stone">Edward Durrell Stone</a>. </p><p>In Australia, they are often known as <b>besser blocks</b> (because the <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Besser" title="Jesse Besser">Besser Company</a> was a major supplier of machines that made concrete blocks), and also as <b>grey blocks</b> or concrete masonry units (CMUs).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Clinker blocks</b> use <a href="/wiki/Clinker_(waste)" title="Clinker (waste)">clinker</a> (ash created as a waste product from impurities in minerals such as coal, limestone and iron-ore), also called slag.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concrete blocks are made from <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">portland cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregate</a>, usually sand and fine <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, for high-density blocks). In the western United States, where they are easily obtainable, porous lava rock gravels are used for weight reduction. They also have an added decorative effect to certain types of block, such as split-face, due to their distinct red and black colors. Lower-density blocks may use <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial wastes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an aggregate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Recycled" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycled">Recycled</a> materials, such as post-consumer glass, slag cement, or recycled aggregate, are often used in the composition of the blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of recycled materials within blocks can create different appearances in the block, such as a <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> finish, and may help the finished structure earn <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED certification</a>. </p><p>Lightweight blocks can also be produced using <a href="/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete" title="Autoclaved aerated concrete">autoclaved aerated concrete</a>; these are widely used for construction in Finland and other Scandinavian countries, as well as in central Europe, for the material's inherent thermal insulation characteristics, as are <a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">expanded clay aggregate</a> blocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sizes_and_structure">Sizes and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sizes and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blocks come in modular sizes, with the most popular typically referred to (by their thickness) as "4-inch", "6-inch", "8-inch", and "12-inch". In the US, concrete blocks are nominally 16 in (410 mm) long and 8 in (200 mm) wide. Their actual dimensions are <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch (9.5 mm) less than the nominal dimensions (to allow for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>-inch mortar joints between blocks in any orientation).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ireland and the UK, blocks are usually 440 mm × 215 mm × 100 mm (17.3 in × 8.5 in × 3.9 in) excluding mortar joints. In Australia, New Zealand and Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blocks are usually 390 mm × 190 mm × 190 mm (15.4 in × 7.5 in × 7.5 in) excluding mortar joints. </p><p>Block cores are typically tapered so that their top surface (as laid) has a greater surface on which to spread a mortar bed and for easier handling. Most concrete blocks have two cores, but three- and four-core units are also produced. A core also allows for the insertion of <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">steel reinforcement</a> to span courses in order to increase <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>. This is accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">grouting</a> the voids of blocks containing rebar with concrete. Thus reinforced, concrete block walls are better able to resist lateral forces such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind load">wind load</a> and seismic forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeall198761–63_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeall198761–63-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cores may also be filled with <a href="/wiki/Expanded-polystyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded-polystyrene">expanded-polystyrene</a> (EPS) block foam insulation, substantially increasing the <a href="/wiki/R-value_(insulation)" title="R-value (insulation)">R-value</a> of the resulting wall to be in compliance with the US national energy code.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of specialized shapes exist to allow special construction features. U-shaped blocks, or knockout blocks, have notches to allow the construction of <a href="/wiki/Bond_beam" title="Bond beam">bond beams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> assemblies, using horizontal reinforcing grouted into place in the cavity. Blocks with a channel on the end, known as "jamb blocks", allow doors to be secured to wall assemblies. Blocks with grooved ends permit the construction of <a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">control joints</a>, allowing a filler material to be anchored between the un-mortared block ends. Other features, such as radiused corners known as "<a href="/wiki/Bullnose" title="Bullnose">bullnoses</a>", may be incorporated. A wide variety of decorative profiles also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeall198766–68_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeall198766–68-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concrete blocks may be formulated with special aggregates to produce specific colors or textures for finish use. Special textures may be produced by splitting a ribbed or solid two-block unit; such factory-produced units are called "split-rib" or "split-face" blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeall198768–70_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeall198768–70-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blocks may be scored by grooves the width of a mortar joint to simulate different block modules. For example, an 8-by-16-inch (200 mm × 410 mm) block may be scored in the middle to simulate 8-by-8-inch (200 mm × 200 mm) masonry, with the grooves filled with mortar and struck to match the true joints.<sup id="cite_ref-ching1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ching1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Concrete_block" title="Special:EditPage/Concrete block">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Concrete block, when built with integral <a href="/wiki/Rebar#Use_in_concrete_and_masonry" title="Rebar">steel reinforcement</a>, is a very common <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">load-bearing walls</a> of buildings, in what is termed <i>concrete block structure</i> (<i>CBS</i>) construction. One of the common foundation types for American <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a> <a href="/wiki/Houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses">houses</a> is the "crawl space foundation" which consists of a concrete block wall on the perimeter on which dimensional lumber floor joists are supported. <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a>, which can also be constructed of concrete blocks, can be constructed, either using blocks designed to be set back each course and used with a sand base and without mortar or reinforcing (gravity wall), or using blocks (typically an architectural style of block or clad with a veneer such as brick) with a concrete base, steel reinforcing and mortar (piling wall). Other very common, non-structural uses for concrete block walls (especially in American schools) are as interior fire-rated and extremely durable partition walls, and as exterior backup curtain walls for attachment of building envelope systems (rigid foam insulation and an air/vapor barrier) and veneers (stucco, steel, brick, or split-face concrete block). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concrete masonry walls may be ungrouted, partially grouted, or fully grouted, the latter two enhancing their structural strength. Additionally, steel reinforcement bars (rebar) can be used both vertically and horizontally inside a concrete block wall to maximize its structural performance. The cells in which the rebar is placed must be grouted for the bars to bond to the wall. For this reason, high-seismic zones typically allow only fully grouted walls in their building codes. The American design code that guides design engineers in using concrete blocks as a structural system is the <i>Masonry Standards Joint Committee's Building Code Requirements & Specification for Masonry Structures</i> (TMS 402/602-16).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> of concrete blocks and masonry walls varies from approximately 3.4 to 34.5 MPa (500–5,000 psi) based on the type of concrete used to manufacture the unit, stacking orientation, the type of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> used to build the wall, and whether it is a load-bearing partition or not, among other factors. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_block" title="Gypsum block">Gypsum block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusticated_concrete_block" title="Rusticated concrete block">Rusticated concrete block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash_brick" title="Fly ash brick">Fly ash brick</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncma.org/building-solutions/concrete-masonry/">"Concrete Masonry"</a>. <i>ncma.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INTERNATIONAL+CODE+COUNCIL&rft.atitle=TMS+402%2F602-16+Building+Code+Requirements+and+Specification+for+Masonry+Structures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.iccsafe.org%2Ftms-402-602-16-building-code-requirements-and-specification-for-masonry-structures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncma.org/resource/astm-specifications-for-concrete-masonry-units/#:~:text=NONLOADBEARING%20CONCRETE%20MASONRY%20UNITS%E2%80%94%20ASTM%20C129,-ASTM%20C129%20(ref&text=11)%20covers%20hollow%20and%20solid,effectively%20protected%20from%20the%20weather">"ASTM Specifications for concrete masonry units"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASTM+Specifications+for+concrete+masonry+units&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncma.org%2Fresource%2Fastm-specifications-for-concrete-masonry-units%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNONLOADBEARING%2520CONCRETE%2520MASONRY%2520UNITS%25E2%2580%2594%2520ASTM%2520C129%2C-ASTM%2520C129%2520%28ref%26text%3D11%29%2520covers%2520hollow%2520and%2520solid%2Ceffectively%2520protected%2520from%2520the%2520weather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cement.org/pdf_files/IS276.pdf">"Compressive Strength of Masonry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Portland Cement Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compressive+Strength+of+Masonry&rft.pub=Portland+Cement+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cement.org%2Fpdf_files%2FIS276.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916124303/http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc26362/nrcc26362.pdf">"Comprehensive Strength of Hollow Concrete Blockwork"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Canada. 4 June 1986. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc26362/nrcc26362.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Strength+of+Hollow+Concrete+Blockwork&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1986-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca%2Fobj%2Firc%2Fdoc%2Fpubs%2Fnrcc26362%2Fnrcc26362.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Henley-s-20th-Century-Formulas-Recipes-Processes-Vol3/Properties-of-Concrete-Blocks-8212-Strength.html">"Properties of Concrete Blocks — Strength"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Properties+of+Concrete+Blocks+%E2%80%94+Strength&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestofbooks.com%2Freference%2FHenley-s-20th-Century-Formulas-Recipes-Processes-Vol3%2FProperties-of-Concrete-Blocks-8212-Strength.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeall1987" class="citation book cs1">Beall, Christine (1987). <i>Masonry Design and Detailing for Architects, Engineers and Builders</i> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-004223-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-004223-3"><bdi>0-07-004223-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masonry+Design+and+Detailing+for+Architects%2C+Engineers+and+Builders&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-07-004223-3&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+block" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_block&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Roman_architectural_revolution" title="Roman architectural revolution">Roman architectural revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Roman concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">Roman engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_concrete#Mix_design" title="Types of concrete">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_aluminate_cements" title="Calcium aluminate cements">Calcium aluminate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energetically_modified_cement" title="Energetically modified cement">Energetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosendale_cement" title="Rosendale cement">Rosendale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water%E2%80%93cement_ratio" title="Water–cement ratio">Water–cement ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">Aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_granulated_blast-furnace_slag" title="Ground granulated blast-furnace slag">Ground granulated blast-furnace slag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_fume" title="Silica fume">Silica fume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metakaolin" title="Metakaolin">Metakaolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Production" title="Concrete">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_plant" title="Concrete plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">Concrete mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_concrete_mixer" title="Volumetric concrete mixer">Volumetric mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_drum_mixer" title="Reversing drum mixer">Reversing drum mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_slump_test" title="Concrete slump test">Slump test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_table_test" title="Flow table test">Flow table test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Curing" title="Concrete">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_cover" title="Concrete cover">Concrete cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_meter" title="Cover meter">Cover meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">Rebar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precast_concrete" title="Precast concrete">Precast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast-in-place_concrete" title="Cast-in-place concrete">Cast-in-place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">Formwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_formwork" title="Climbing formwork">Climbing formwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screed" title="Screed">Screed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_concrete_screed" class="mw-redirect" title="Power concrete screed">Power screed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_grinder" title="Concrete grinder">Grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_trowel" title="Power trowel">Power trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_pump" title="Concrete pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_float" title="Concrete float">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_sealer" title="Concrete sealer">Sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_concrete" title="Properties of concrete">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_structures_durability" title="Reinforced concrete structures durability">Durability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_degradation" title="Concrete degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_concrete" title="Segregation in concrete">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93silica_reaction" title="Alkali–silica reaction">Alkali–silica reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_concrete" title="Types of concrete">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AstroCrete" class="mw-redirect" title="AstroCrete">AstroCrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_concrete" title="Fiber-reinforced concrete">Fiber-reinforced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree_concrete" title="Filigree concrete">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_concrete" title="Foam concrete">Foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunarcrete" title="Lunarcrete">Lunarcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_concrete" title="Mass concrete">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoconcrete" title="Nanoconcrete">Nanoconcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervious_concrete" title="Pervious concrete">Pervious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polished_concrete" title="Polished concrete">Polished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_concrete" title="Polymer concrete">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">Prestressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete" title="Ready-mix concrete">Ready-mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller-compacted_concrete" title="Roller-compacted concrete">Roller-compacting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consolidating_concrete" title="Self-consolidating concrete">Self-consolidating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-leveling_concrete" title="Self-leveling concrete">Self-leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_concrete" title="Sulfur concrete">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabby_concrete" title="Tabby concrete">Tabby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translucent_concrete" title="Translucent concrete">Translucent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_light_concrete" title="Waste light concrete">Waste light</a></li> <li>Aerated <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete" title="Autoclaved aerated concrete">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_autoclaved_aerated_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete">RAAC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_slab" title="Concrete slab">Slab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_slab" title="Waffle slab">waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-core_slab" title="Hollow-core slab">hollow-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voided_biaxial_slab" title="Voided biaxial slab">voided biaxial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation#Slab_on_grade" title="Shallow foundation">slab on grade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concrete block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface#Concrete" title="Road surface">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_column" title="Reinforced concrete column">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete#Use_in_construction" title="Reinforced concrete">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concrete_Institute" title="American Concrete Institute">American Concrete Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers" title="Institution of Structural Engineers">Institution of Structural Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Concrete_Institute" title="Indian Concrete Institute">Indian Concrete Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocem" title="Nanocem">Nanocem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Cement_Association" title="Portland Cement Association">Portland Cement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Structural_Concrete" title="International Federation for Structural Concrete">International Federation for Structural Concrete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocode_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocode 2">Eurocode 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EN_197-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EN 197-1 (page does not exist)">EN 197-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_206-1" class="mw-redirect" title="EN 206-1">EN 206-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_10080" title="EN 10080">EN 10080</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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