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href="#Arba'in_in_Shia_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arba'in in Shia tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arba'in_in_Shia_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arba'in_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arba'in_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arba'in rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arba'in_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arba'in_in_the_Gregorian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arba'in_in_the_Gregorian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arba'in in the Gregorian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arba'in_in_the_Gregorian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الأربعين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأربعين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frb%C9%99in" title="Ərbəin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərbəin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اربعین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اربعین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="চল্লিশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চল্লিশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27%C3%ADn" title="Arba'ín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arba'ín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arba%27in" title="Al-Arba'in – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Arba'in" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbain" title="Arbain – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arbain" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اربعین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اربعین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%C3%AFn" title="Arbaïn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbaïn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaeen" title="Arbaeen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Arbaeen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8" title="अरबईन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबईन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbain" title="Arbain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arbain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ארבעין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארבעין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅರ್ಬಈನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರ್ಬಈನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbe%C3%AEn" title="Erbeîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erbeîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="അർബൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർബൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الاربعين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاربعين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbain" title="Arbain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arbain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="アルバイーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバイーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27in" title="Arba'in – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arba'in" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%E2%80%99in" title="Arba’in – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arba’in" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اربعین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اربعین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arba%E2%80%99in" title="Al-Arba’in – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Arba’in" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Арбаин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арбаин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaeen" title="Arbaeen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arbaeen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88" title="چاليهو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاليهو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27in" title="Arba'in – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arba'in" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەربەعین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەربەعین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27in" title="Arba'in – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arba'in" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அர்பாயின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அர்பாயின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="อัรบะอีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัรบะอีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbain" title="Erbain – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erbain" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اربعین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اربعین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_%C3%A7ewres%C4%B1ne" title="Roca çewresıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roca çewresıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310740#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arba%27in" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27een&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shia religious observance</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightgreen">Arba'in</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/240px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/360px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/480px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Congregation of worshippers on Arba'in in the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">shrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Other languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">İmamın Qırxı</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">চল্লিশা</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Chollishā</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <i lang="ku" dir="rtl">Çilroj</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">چهلم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Chehelom</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd" dir="rtl">چاليهو</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sindhi">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">Chālīho</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Erbain</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl">چالیسواں</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Urdu">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">Chālīsvān</i></span></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Islamic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Forty days after <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>, the death anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the third <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia imam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage to the shrine of Husayn ibn Ali in Karbala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">annual (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic year">Islamic year</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Husayn_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maqtal_al-Husayn" title="Maqtal al-Husayn">Maqtal al-Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casualties_in_Husayn%27s_army_at_the_Battle_of_Karbala" title="List of casualties in Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala">Casualties of Husayn's caravan in Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_of_Zaynab_bint_Ali_in_the_court_of_Yazid" title="Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid">Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_of_Ali_ibn_Husayn_in_Damascus" title="Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus">Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> (Majlis-e-Aza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Day of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Tasu%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Tasu'a">Day of Tasu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohoof" title="Lohoof">Lohoof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadari_in_Lucknow" title="Azadari in Lucknow">Azadari in Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a>(<a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_of_Arba%27een" title="Ziyarat of Arba'een">Ziyarat</a>,<a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat of Ashura">Ziyarat of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsiya" title="Marsiya">Marsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noha" title="Noha">Noha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddahi" title="Maddahi">Maddahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaz_(poetry)" title="Soaz (poetry)">Soaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Minbari" title="Chehel Minbari">Chehel Minbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup_Tazia" title="Chup Tazia">Chup Tazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatbir" title="Tatbir">Tatbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussaini_Dalan" title="Hussaini Dalan">Hussaini Dalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawda_Khwani" title="Rawda Khwani">Rawda Khwani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" 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href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)" title="Boubou (clothing)">Boubou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">Headscarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">Jilbab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kameez">Kameez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">Salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaand_Raat" title="Chaand Raat">Chaand Raat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamat_Day" title="Imamat Day">Imamat Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">al-Qadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al_Bara%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al Bara'at">Bara’at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib" title="Laylat al-Raghaib">Raghaib</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_literature" title="Gambian literature">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_literature" title="Hausa literature">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kashmir" title="Literature of Kashmir">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature" title="Kyrgyz literature">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">South Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_literature" title="Tatar 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title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">Jari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madih_nabawi" title="Madih nabawi">Madih nabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_songs" title="Mappila songs">Mappilappattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BDat" title="Naʽat">Naʽat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noha" title="Noha">Noha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">Talempong</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theatre">Theatre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsawan" title="Bangsawan">Bangsawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_(Alevism)" title="Cem (Alevism)">Cem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_culture" title="Template:Islamic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_culture" title="Template talk:Islamic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, <b>Arba'in</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأربعين</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'fortieth') marks forty days after <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashura</a>, which is the martyrdom anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the third <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia imam</a>. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his relatives and his small retinue, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> on 10 <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> 61 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (680 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) against the army of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid ibn Mu'awiya</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 680–683</span>). The battle followed Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> historians as impious and immoral. In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, the pinnacle of self-sacrifice, and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission. </p><p>Arba'in coincides with the twentieth of <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a>, the second month of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, and its commemoration is rooted in early Islamic funerary traditions. Shia Muslims annually observe the day through mourning gatherings, dramatic reenactments of Karbala narratives, and charitable acts. Arba'in is also a day of <a href="/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">shrine of Husayn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Pilgrims arrive there in large numbers, often on foot, and many from the city of <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, some eighty kilometers away, home to the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">shrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, the first Shia imam. The Arba'in pilgrimage, banned under the Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, has grown after his deposal in 2003 from two million participants in that year to around twenty million in 2014. As with Ashura, Arba'in can be an occasion for <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">violence against Shia Muslims</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Shia_Islam">Significance in Shia Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance in Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, twentieth of <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a>, known as Arba'in,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChelkowski1988_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelkowski1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marks forty days after <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>, tenth of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, Ashura is the death anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the third <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia imam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husayn, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, were killed on 10 Muharram 61 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (10 October 680 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> against the army of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid ibn Mu'awiya</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 680–683</span>), having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the Umayyad capital <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The battle followed failed negotiations and Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> historians as impious and immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198528_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198528-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault200070_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault200070-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2007117_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2007117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fight took place in the desert land of <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, en route to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, whose residents had invited Husayn to lead them against Yazid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie20049_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie20049-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2007112_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2007112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the pinnacle of self-sacrifice,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChelkowski198519_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelkowski198519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrow2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrow2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains an integral part of their religious identity to date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201677_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201677-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyder20069_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyder20069-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashura to Arba'in is thus a period of mourning for Shia Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault1992188_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault1992188-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the first ten days of Muharram and Arba'in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2014133_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2014133-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2021_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the one hand, Shia mourners hope to share in the pain of Husayn to benefit from his intercession on the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Day of Judgement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlank200184_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlank200184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunson198824_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson198824-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Shia view mourning for Husayn as an act of protest against oppression, and as such a struggle for God (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978142–143_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978142–143-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash1993165_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash1993165-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arba'in_in_Shia_tradition"><span id="Arba.27in_in_Shia_tradition"></span>Arba'in in Shia tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arba'in in Shia tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forty is a sacred number in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commemorating the dead forty days after their death is a long-standing Islamic tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmard1987_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmard1987-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating back to the early Islamic period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the one hand, the fortieth (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">arba'in</i></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">chehellom</i></span>) signifies the maturation of the soul of a deceased believer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus said that <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> learned on the fortieth of <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> to dispose of his body by burying him, that the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> took place on his fortieth, and that the gates of heaven open for a righteous person forty days after their death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the fortieth marks the end of the period of grief in Islamic tradition. It is thus said that Heaven grieves the death of a righteous person for forty days, that <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a> mourned for forty days the death of her father, the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and that son wept for forty days for <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, whose head was cut off and placed on a dish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shia Islam, similar traditions are linked to Arba'in, the fortieth of Husayn. Thus the earth and skies are said to have wept for Husayn for forty days after his death, and the sun became unusually red in that period at dawn and dusk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By some accounts, the body of Husayn, who was decapitated, was reunited with his head and buried in Karbala on Arba'in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahimi2012203_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahimi2012203-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet it is commonly thought that Husayn and his companions were buried by residents of nearby al-Ghadiriyya village when the Umayyad army left Karbala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198533_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198533-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978152_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978152-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably by combining the accounts available to him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Shia scholar <a href="/wiki/Sayyed_Ibn_Tawus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyed Ibn Tawus">Ibn Tawus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1266</span>) reports another Karbala narrative, according to which Husayn's relatives chose to return via Karbala to their hometown of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> when they were freed from captivity in Damascus. Upon arrival in Karbala on Arba'in,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978152_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978152-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmard2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmard2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they met <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd_Allah" title="Jabir ibn Abd Allah">Jabir ibn Abd Allah</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 697</span>), a companion of Muhammad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had learned about the death of Husayn through a divine sign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story was repeated by many authors after Ibn Tawus, even though several scholars before Ibn Tawus report only the Arba'in pilgrimage of Jabir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veracity of Ibn Tawus' account has therefore been questioned by some, including the Shia scholar <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Husain_Noori_Tabarsi" title="Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi">Husain Noori Tabarsi</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1902</span>) and the Islamicist <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Mahmoud M. Ayoub</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2021</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayoub adds that Arba'in is not mentioned in <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_al-Ziyarat" title="Kamil al-Ziyarat">Kamil al-ziyarat</a></i></span>, an early and authoritative hadith collection by the Shia traditionist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qulawayh" title="Ibn Qulawayh">Ibn Qulawayh</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 978</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the case, such narratives may have helped establish Arba'in in Shia culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risking the Umayyads' wrath, commemoration of Karbala was initially small and private.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain200581_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain200581-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyder200620_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyder200620-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, pilgrimage to Karbala remained limited and precarious in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakash1993167_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakash1993167-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the Umayyads fell, however, Shia imams worked to institutionalize the Ashura and Arba'in pilgrimages to the tomb of Husayn. This attempt is reflected in some of the traditions ascribed to the imams. For instance, the Shia imam <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 874</span></span>) is reported to have listed the Arba'in pilgrimage among the five signs of a true believer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arba'in_rituals"><span id="Arba.27in_rituals"></span>Arba'in rituals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arba'in rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">Arba'een Pilgrimage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_of_Arba%27een" title="Ziyarat of Arba'een">Ziyarat of Arba'een</a></div> <p>Arba'in is a day of pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">shrine of Husayn</a> in Karbala, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Pilgrims arrive there in large numbers, often on foot. The most popular route is <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> to Karbala, as many pilgrims first travel to Najaf and then walk from there to Karbala, some eighty kilometers away, which usually takes three days on foot. Along the way, volunteers provide the pilgrims with free meals and services. Indeed, some have considered generosity and hospitality to be the main features of the Arba'in pilgrimage. When they finally reach the shrine of Husayn in Karbala, pilgrims recite the <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_of_Arba%27een" title="Ziyarat of Arba'een"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ziyara</i></span> of Arba'in</a>, a supplication for this occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzanto201814_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzanto201814-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other Shia rituals of Karbala,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010211–212_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010211–212-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Arba'in pilgrimage was banned by the Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1979–2003</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who favored the Sunni community there,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010211–212_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010211–212-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and viewed large Shia rituals as a political threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilgrimage was revived soon after the deposal of Saddam in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with numbers growing from two million participants in that year to around twenty million in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200718–19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBtimes-2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBtimes-2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arba'in is also commemorated through mourning gatherings, dramatic reenactments of Karbala narratives, and charitable acts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Ashura,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arba'in can be an occasion for <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> violence against Shia Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arba'in_in_the_Gregorian_calendar"><span id="Arba.27in_in_the_Gregorian_calendar"></span>Arba'in in the Gregorian calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arba'in in the Gregorian calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arba'in, twentieth of Safar in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, corresponds to a different day every year in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vangent_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vangent-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Islamic calendar</b> </th> <td>1447 </td> <td>1448 </td> <td>1449 </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Gregorian calendar</b> </th> <td>14 August 2025<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3 August 2026<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>24 July 2027<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arba'in pilgrims"><img alt="Arba'in pilgrims" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg/270px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg/405px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg/540px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arba'in pilgrims</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_32.jpg/270px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_32.jpg/405px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_32.jpg/540px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_46.jpg/270px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_46.jpg/405px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_46.jpg/540px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/270px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/405px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/540px-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_clergymen_on_the_arbane_hike_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_clergymen_on_the_arbane_hike_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_13.jpg/270px-The_clergymen_on_the_arbane_hike_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_clergymen_on_the_arbane_hike_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_13.jpg/405px-The_clergymen_on_the_arbane_hike_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_clergymen_on_the_arbane_hike_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_13.jpg/540px-The_clergymen_on_the_arbane_hike_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasu%27a" title="Tasu'a">Tasu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings in history">List of largest peaceful gatherings in history</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelkowski1988-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChelkowski1988_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChelkowski1988">Chelkowski 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1986_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1986">Ayoub 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAghaie2013">Aghaie 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198528-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IslamicFinder&rft.atitle=Hijri+to+Gregorian+Date+Converter+-+Islamic+Date+Converter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicfinder.org%2Fislamic-date-converter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arba%27in&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaie2004" class="citation book cs1">Aghaie, K.S. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martyrsofkarbala0000agha/mode/2up"><i>The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran</i></a></span>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295984554" title="Special:BookSources/0295984554"><bdi>0295984554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyrs+of+Karbala%3A+Shi%27i+Symbols+and+Rituals+in+Modern+Iran&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0295984554&rft.aulast=Aghaie&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartyrsofkarbala0000agha%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaie2007" class="citation book cs1">Aghaie, K.S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/page/110/mode/2up">"The Passion of 'Ashura in Shiite Islam"</a>. In Cornell, V.J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/mode/2up"><i>Voices of Islam</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. Praeger. pp. 111–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275987343" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275987343"><bdi>978-0275987343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Passion+of+%27Ashura+in+Shiite+Islam&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Islam&rft.pages=111-124&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0275987343&rft.aulast=Aghaie&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicesofislam0000unse_r7b1%2Fpage%2F110%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaie2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aghaie, K.S. (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Āshūrā' (Shī'ism)"</a></span>. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004252684" title="Special:BookSources/9789004252684"><bdi>9789004252684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27%C4%80sh%C5%ABr%C4%81%27+%28Sh%C4%AB%27ism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855&rft.isbn=9789004252684&rft.aulast=Aghaie&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub, M.M.</a> (1978). <i>Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism</i>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027979438" title="Special:BookSources/9789027979438"><bdi>9789027979438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemptive+Suffering+in+Islam%3A+A+Study+of+the+Devotional+Aspects+of+Ashura+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789027979438&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ayoub, M.M. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226056760" title="Special:BookSources/9780226056760"><bdi>9780226056760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mullahs+on+the+Mainframe%3A+Islam+and+Modernity+Among+the+Daudi+Bohras&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780226056760&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmard1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Calmard, J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azadari">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Azādārī"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. III/2. pp. 174–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Az%C4%81d%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=174-177&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Calmard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazadari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmard2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Calmard, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-ii">"Ḥosayn b. 'Ali ii. In Popular Shi'ism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. XII/5. pp. 498–502.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4osayn+b.+%27Ali+ii.+In+Popular+Shi%27ism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=498-502&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Calmard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhosayn-b-ali-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campo, J.E., ed. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-islam_202006/page/318/mode/2up">"Funerary Rituals"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Facts on File. pp. 250–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816054541" title="Special:BookSources/9780816054541"><bdi>9780816054541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Funerary+Rituals&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=250-252&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780816054541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopedia-of-islam_202006%2Fpage%2F318%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelkowski1985" class="citation journal cs1">Chelkowski, P. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1145650">"Shia Muslim Processional Performances"</a>. <i>The Drama Review: TDR</i>. <b>29/3</b> (3): 18–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1145650">10.2307/1145650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145650">1145650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drama+Review%3A+TDR&rft.atitle=Shia+Muslim+Processional+Performances&rft.volume=29%2F3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18-30&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1145650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1145650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chelkowski&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F1145650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelkowski1988" class="citation book cs1">Chelkowski, P. 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State University of New York Press, Albany. pp. 262–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887066909" title="Special:BookSources/0887066909"><bdi>0887066909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diverse+Religious+Practices&rft.btitle=Shi%27ism%3A+Doctrines%2C+Thought%2C+and+Spirituality&rft.pages=262-268&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press%2C+Albany&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0887066909&rft.aulast=Chelkowski&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiismdoctrinest0000unse%2Fpage%2F262%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrow2016" class="citation book cs1">Crow, D.K. (2016). "The Death of al-Ḥusayn b. 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(2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RelivingKarbalaSyedAkbarHyder/mode/2up"><i>Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195373028" title="Special:BookSources/9780195373028"><bdi>9780195373028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliving+Karbala%3A+Martyrdom+in+South+Asian+Memory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195373028&rft.aulast=Hyder&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRelivingKarbalaSyedAkbarHyder%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300046049" title="Special:BookSources/0300046049"><bdi>0300046049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Revolution+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0300046049&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamrevolutioni00muns%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakash1993" class="citation journal cs1">Nakash, Y. 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W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393329681" title="Special:BookSources/9780393329681"><bdi>9780393329681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+Revival%3A+How+Conflicts+within+Islam+will+Shape+the+Future&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780393329681&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=S.V.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiarevivalhowco0000nasr%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakatchi2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pakatchi, A. (2021). "Events of Festivity and Mourning". In Daftary, F. 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St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312079532" title="Special:BookSources/0312079532"><bdi>0312079532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shiites%3A+Ritual+and+Popular+Piety+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0312079532&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiitesritualpop0000pina%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault2000" class="citation book cs1">Pinault, D. (2000). "Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature". In Hambly, G. 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Brill. pp. 199–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004207561_006">10.1163/9789004207561_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004209794" title="Special:BookSources/9789004209794"><bdi>9789004209794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+History+of+%28Safavid%29+Muharram+Rituals&rft.btitle=Theater+State+and+the+Formation+of+Early+Modern+Public+Sphere+in+Iran%3A+Studies+on+Safavid+Muharram+Rituals%2C+1590%E2%80%931641+CE&rft.pages=199-234&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004207561_006&rft.isbn=9789004209794&rft.aulast=Rahimi&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004207561_006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzanto2018" class="citation book cs1">Szanto, E. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315770147" title="Special:BookSources/9781315770147"><bdi>9781315770147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Personalities+in+the+Qur%27an+and+Sunna%3A+Examining+the+Major+Sources+of+Imami+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781315770147&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Veccia Vaglieri, L.</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304">"(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib"</a></span>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0304">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28al-%29%E1%B8%A4usayn+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0304&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArba%27in" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_holidays_and_observances" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_holidays" title="Template:Islamic holidays"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_holidays" title="Template talk:Islamic holidays"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_holidays" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic holidays"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_holidays_and_observances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic holidays</a> and observances</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The two Eids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other holidays and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Day of Arafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Day of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen">Arbaʽeen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib" title="Laylat al-Raghaib">Laylat al-Raghaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra%27_and_Mi%27raj" title="Isra' and Mi'raj">Isra' and Mi'raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Sha%27ban" title="Mid-Sha'ban">Mid-Sha'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Mubahala</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Shia Muslim only</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam only</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi Muslim only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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11.27% 95.695 8 Template:Langx"," 8.34% 70.828 2 Template:Cite_news"," 8.22% 69.853 1 Template:Husayn"," 8.04% 68.277 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.558","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16744579,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAghaie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAghaie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAghaie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyoub1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyoub1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlank2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalmard1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalmard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChelkowski1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChelkowski1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGent\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon_Melton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaj_Manouchehri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanun2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyder2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2016\"] = 1,\n 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[\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 59,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 5,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r2wfs","timestamp":"20241124053323","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arba'in","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arba%27in","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q310740","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q310740","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-26T19:07:11Z","dateModified":"2024-10-21T09:50:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg","headline":"Shi\u2018i commemorative day"}</script> </body> </html>