CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Clash of Civilizations - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8f1a6f2d-c95c-4811-ad9c-a7abdbd2c528","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Clash_of_Civilizations","wgTitle":"Clash of Civilizations","wgCurRevisionId":1253529918,"wgRevisionId":1253529918,"wgArticleId":48819,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from September 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009", "CS1: long volume value","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","1996 non-fiction books","Academic journal articles","Books about civilizations","Books about cultural geography","Books about globalization","Books about ideologies","Books about international relations","Cultural geography","Ethnic conflict","Geopolitical rivalry","Identity politics","International relations theory","Civilizations","Political science theories","Political theories","Simon \u0026 Schuster books","Theories of history","Works by Samuel P. Huntington"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Clash_of_Civilizations","wgRelevantArticleId":48819,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q235193","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Clash_civilizations.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1812"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Clash_civilizations.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1208"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="966"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Clash of Civilizations - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Clash_of_Civilizations rootpage-Clash_of_Civilizations skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Clash+of+Civilizations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Clash+of+Civilizations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Clash+of+Civilizations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Clash+of+Civilizations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Major_civilizations_according_to_Huntington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_civilizations_according_to_Huntington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Major civilizations according to Huntington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_civilizations_according_to_Huntington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huntington's_thesis_of_civilizational_clash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huntington's_thesis_of_civilizational_clash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Huntington's thesis of civilizational clash</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Huntington's_thesis_of_civilizational_clash-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Huntington's thesis of civilizational clash subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Huntington's_thesis_of_civilizational_clash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Why_civilizations_will_clash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Why_civilizations_will_clash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Why civilizations will clash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Why_civilizations_will_clash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_West_versus_the_Rest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_West_versus_the_Rest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The West versus the Rest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_West_versus_the_Rest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core_state_and_fault_line_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_state_and_fault_line_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Core state and fault line conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_state_and_fault_line_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernization,_Westernization,_and_"torn_countries"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization,_Westernization,_and_"torn_countries""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modernization, Westernization, and "torn countries"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization,_Westernization,_and_"torn_countries"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intermediate_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intermediate Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Opposing concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_civilizational_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_civilizational_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other civilizational models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_civilizational_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other civilizational models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_civilizational_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Clash of Civilizations</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="صدام الحضارات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صدام الحضارات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilizasiyalar%C4%B1n_toqqu%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Sivilizasiyaların toqquşması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sivilizasiyaların toqquşması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مدنیتلر چاتیشماسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مدنیتلر چاتیشماسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Сутыкненне цывілізацый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сутыкненне цывілізацый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сблъсъкът на цивилизациите и преобразуването на световния ред – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сблъсъкът на цивилизациите и преобразуването на световния ред" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoc_de_civilitzacions" title="Xoc de civilitzacions – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xoc de civilitzacions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_of_Civilizations" title="The Clash of Civilizations – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="The Clash of Civilizations" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99et_civilizac%C3%AD" title="Střet civilizací – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střet civilizací" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthdaro%27r_gwareiddiadau" title="Gwrthdaro'r gwareiddiadau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthdaro'r gwareiddiadau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampf_der_Kulturen" title="Kampf der Kulturen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kampf der Kulturen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsivilisatsioonide_kokkup%C3%B5rge" title="Tsivilisatsioonide kokkupõrge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsivilisatsioonide kokkupõrge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Σύγκρουση των πολιτισμών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύγκρουση των πολιτισμών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_sc%C3%B2unter_ed_sivilt%C3%AA" title="Al scòunter ed siviltê – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Al scòunter ed siviltê" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choque_de_civilizaciones" title="Choque de civilizaciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Choque de civilizaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADstaro_inter_Civilizacioj" title="Kontraŭstaro inter Civilizacioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭstaro inter Civilizacioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="برخورد تمدن‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برخورد تمدن‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Choc_des_civilisations" title="Le Choc des civilisations – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Choc des civilisations" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clash of Civilizations" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choque_de_civilizaci%C3%B3ns" title="Choque de civilizacións – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Choque de civilizacións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85%EC%9D%98_%EC%B6%A9%EB%8F%8C" title="문명의 충돌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문명의 충돌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Քաղաքակրթությունների բախում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքակրթությունների բախում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="सभ्यताओं का संघर्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सभ्यताओं का संघर्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukob_civilizacija" title="Sukob civilizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sukob civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benturan_Peradaban" title="Benturan Peradaban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benturan Peradaban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_scontro_delle_civilt%C3%A0" title="Lo scontro delle civiltà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lo scontro delle civiltà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התנגשות הציביליזציות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנגשות הציביליזציות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ცივილიზაციათა შეჯახება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცივილიზაციათა შეჯახება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAkdana_%C5%9Earistanan" title="Lêkdana Şaristanan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lêkdana Şaristanan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacij%C5%B3_susid%C5%ABrimas" title="Civilizacijų susidūrimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Civilizacijų susidūrimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_civiliz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3k_%C3%B6sszecsap%C3%A1sa_%C3%A9s_a_vil%C3%A1grend_%C3%A1talakul%C3%A1sa" title="A civilizációk összecsapása és a világrend átalakulása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A civilizációk összecsapása és a világrend átalakulása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Судир на цивилизациите – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Судир на цивилизациите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="صدام الحضارات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صدام الحضارات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="تمدونون برخورد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تمدونون برخورد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsende_beschavingen" title="Botsende beschavingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Botsende beschavingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="文明の衝突 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文明の衝突" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_tust_de_las_civilizacions" title="Lo tust de las civilizacions – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lo tust de las civilizacions" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaniyatlar_to%CA%BBqnashuvi" title="Madaniyatlar toʻqnashuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madaniyatlar toʻqnashuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zderzenie_cywilizacji" title="Zderzenie cywilizacji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zderzenie cywilizacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choque_de_civiliza%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Choque de civilizações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Choque de civilizações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciocnirea_civiliza%C8%9Biilor" title="Ciocnirea civilizațiilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciocnirea civilizațiilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Столкновение цивилизаций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Столкновение цивилизаций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ශිෂ්ඨාචාර ඝට්ටනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශිෂ්ඨාචාර ඝට්ටනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%BD%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8F" title="تهذيبن جو ٽڪراءُ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تهذيبن جو ٽڪراءُ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پێکدادانی شارستانیەتەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێکدادانی شارستانیەتەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukob_civilizacija" title="Sukob civilizacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sukob civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukob_civilizacija" title="Sukob civilizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sukob civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuurien_kamppailu_ja_uusi_maailmanj%C3%A4rjestys" title="Kulttuurien kamppailu ja uusi maailmanjärjestys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuurien kamppailu ja uusi maailmanjärjestys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeniyetler_%C3%87at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Medeniyetler Çatışması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medeniyetler Çatışması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Зіткнення цивілізацій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зіткнення цивілізацій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="تہذیبوں کا تصادم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تہذیبوں کا تصادم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E8%AB%96" title="文明衝突論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文明衝突論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Clash_of_Civilizations" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Clash_of_Civilizations" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&oldid=1253529918" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Clash_of_Civilizations&id=1253529918&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClash_of_Civilizations"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClash_of_Civilizations"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clash_of_civilizations" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235193" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theory of cultural conflict by Samuel P. Huntington</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+and+the+Remaking+of+World+Order&rft.author=%5B%5BSamuel+P.+Huntington%5D%5D&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=%5B%5BSimon+%26+Schuster%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Clash_civilizations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Clash_civilizations.jpg/220px-Clash_civilizations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Clash_civilizations.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84441-1">978-0-684-84441-1</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "<b>Clash of Civilizations</b>" is a thesis that people's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_identity" title="Religious identity">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identities</a> will be the primary source of conflict in the post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, which was then developed in a 1993 <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> article titled "<b>The Clash of Civilizations?</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-FAarticle_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAarticle-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to his former student <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>'s 1992 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i>. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book <i><b>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase itself was earlier used by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Girilal_Jain" title="Girilal Jain">Girilal Jain</a> in his analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a> in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> in an article in the September 1990 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i> titled "The Roots of Muslim Rage"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Elmandjra" title="Mahdi Elmandjra">Mahdi El Mandjra</a> in his book "La première guerre civilisationnelle" published in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even earlier, the phrase appears in a 1926 book regarding the Middle East by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Mathews" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Mathews">Basil Mathews</a>: <i>Young Islam on Trek: A Study in the Clash of Civilizations</i> (p. 196). This expression derives from "clash of cultures", already used during the colonial period and the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, and the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Free_market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free market economy">free market economy</a> had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> argued that the world had reached the '<a href="/wiki/End_of_history" title="End of history">end of history</a>' in a <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegelian</a> sense. </p><p>Huntington believed that while the age of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural lines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an extension, he posits that the concept of different <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>, as the highest category of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. At the end of his 1993 <i>Foreign Affairs</i> article, "The Clash of Civilizations?", Huntington writes, "This is not to advocate the desirability of conflicts between civilizations. It is to set forth descriptive hypothesis as to what the future may be like."<sup id="cite_ref-FAarticle_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAarticle-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the clash of civilizations, for Huntington, represents a development of history. In the past, world history was mainly about the struggles between monarchs, nations and ideologies, such as that seen within <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>. However, after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, world politics moved into a new phase, in which non-Western civilizations are no longer the exploited recipients of Western civilization but have become additional important actors joining the West to shape and move world history.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_civilizations_according_to_Huntington">Major civilizations according to Huntington</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major civilizations according to Huntington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png/750px-Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png/1125px-Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The clash of civilizations according to Huntington (1996) <i>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Huntington divided the world into the "major civilizations" in his thesis as such:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilization</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. Whether Latin America and the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former member states</a> of the Soviet Union are included, or are instead their own separate civilizations, will be an important future consideration for those regions, according to Huntington. The traditional Western viewpoint identified Western Civilization with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>) countries and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> civilization, including <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> may be considered a part of Western civilization. Many people in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> regard themselves as full members of Western civilization.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> civilization, comprising <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, great parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. <ul><li><small>Countries with a non-Orthodox majority are usually excluded e.g. Muslim <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and Muslim <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, as well as majority Muslim regions in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and central Russian regions such as <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, Protestant and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> is included, despite its dominant faith, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, being a part of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> is also included, despite its dominant faith being <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.</small></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a> is the mix of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japonic</a> civilizations. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">Sinic civilization</a> of China, the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Koreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. This group also includes the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese diaspora</a>, especially in relation to Southeast Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, considered a hybrid of Chinese civilization and older <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> patterns.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> are identified as separate from other civilizations, but Huntington believes that they do not constitute a major civilization in the sense of international affairs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> civilization, located chiefly in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and culturally adhered to by the global <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian diaspora</a>.</li> <li><small>Part of <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a>, located in Muslim-Majority countries which icludes <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> countries of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asian">South East Asian</a> countries of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>), northern <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and parts of south-western Philippines.</li> <li>The civilization of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> located in southern Africa, Middle Africa (excluding Chad), East Africa (excluding <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. Considered as a possible eighth civilization by Huntington.</li> <li>Instead of belonging to one of the "major" civilizations, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> are labeled as "Lone" countries. <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> could be considered a unique state with its own civilization, Huntington writes, but one which is extremely similar to the West. Huntington also believes that the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Anglophone Caribbean</a>, former British colonies in the Caribbean, constitutes a distinct entity.</li> <li>There are also others which are considered "cleft countries" because they contain very large groups of people identifying with separate civilizations. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> ("cleft" between its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Eastern Rite Catholic</a>-dominated western section and its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Orthodox</a>-dominated east), <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (cleft between Latin America, and the West), <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> (all cleft between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa), <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (cleft between Hindu and Sub-Saharan African), <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (cleft between Hindu and Buddhist), and the Philippines (cleft between Islam, in the case of south western <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>; Sinic, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a>; and the Westernized Christian Majority). <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> was also included as "cleft" between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa; this division became a formal split in July 2011 following an overwhelming vote for independence by <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> in a <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_independence_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011">January 2011 referendum</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Huntington's_thesis_of_civilizational_clash"><span id="Huntington.27s_thesis_of_civilizational_clash"></span>Huntington's thesis of civilizational clash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Huntington's thesis of civilizational clash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_P._Huntington_(2004_World_Economic_Forum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Samuel_P._Huntington_%282004_World_Economic_Forum%29.jpg/220px-Samuel_P._Huntington_%282004_World_Economic_Forum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Samuel_P._Huntington_%282004_World_Economic_Forum%29.jpg/330px-Samuel_P._Huntington_%282004_World_Economic_Forum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Samuel_P._Huntington_%282004_World_Economic_Forum%29.jpg/440px-Samuel_P._Huntington_%282004_World_Economic_Forum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>Huntington at the 2004 <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Huntington argues that the trends of global conflict after the end of the Cold War are increasingly appearing at these civilizational divisions. Wars such as those following the break up of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, and between India and Pakistan were cited as evidence of inter-civilizational conflict. He also argues that the widespread Western belief in the universality of the West's values and political systems is naïve and that continued insistence on democratization and such "universal" norms will only further antagonize other civilizations. Huntington sees the West as reluctant to accept this because it built the international system, wrote its laws, and gave it substance in the form of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>Huntington identifies a major shift of economic, military, and political power from the West to the other civilizations of the world, most significantly to what he identifies as the two "challenger civilizations", Sinic and Islam. </p><p>In Huntington's view, East Asian Sinic civilization is culturally asserting itself and its values relative to the West due to its rapid economic growth. Specifically, he believes that China's goals are to reassert itself as the regional <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a>, and that other countries in the region will 'bandwagon' with China due to the history of hierarchical command structures implicit in the <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> Sinic civilization, as opposed to the individualism and pluralism valued in the West. Regional powers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam will acquiesce to Chinese demands and become more supportive of China rather than attempting to oppose it. Huntington therefore believes that the rise of China poses one of the most significant problems and the most powerful long-term threat to the West, as Chinese cultural assertion clashes with the American desire for the lack of a regional hegemony in East Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Huntington argues that the Islamic civilization has experienced a massive population explosion which is fueling instability both on the <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">borders of Islam</a> and in its interior, where <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> movements are becoming increasingly popular. Manifestations of what he terms the "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic Resurgence</a>" include the <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian revolution">1979 Iranian revolution</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. Perhaps the most controversial statement Huntington made in the <i>Foreign Affairs</i> article was that "Islam has bloody borders". Huntington believes this to be a real consequence of several factors, including the previously mentioned Muslim <a href="/wiki/Youth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth bulge">youth bulge</a> and population growth and Islamic proximity to many civilizations including Sinic, Orthodox, Western, and African. </p><p>Huntington sees Islamic civilization as a potential ally to China, both having more revisionist goals and sharing common conflicts with other civilizations, especially the West. Specifically, he identifies common Chinese and Islamic interests in the areas of weapons proliferation, human rights, and democracy that conflict with those of the West, and feels that these are areas in which the two civilizations will cooperate. </p><p>Russia, Japan, and India are what Huntington terms 'swing civilizations' and may favor either side. Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border (such as <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>) but—according to Huntington—cooperates with Iran to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to help continue the flow of oil. Huntington argues that a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Islamic_connection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sino-Islamic connection (page does not exist)">Sino-Islamic connection</a>" is emerging in which China will cooperate more closely with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, Pakistan, and other states to augment its international position. </p><p>Huntington also argues that civilizational conflicts are "particularly prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims", identifying the "bloody borders" between Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations. This conflict dates back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">initial thrust of Islam into Europe</a>, its eventual expulsion in the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Iberian reconquest</a>, the attacks of the Ottoman Turks on Eastern Europe and Vienna, and the European imperial division of the Islamic nations in the 1800s and 1900s. </p><p>Huntington also believes that some of the factors contributing to this conflict are that both Christianity (upon which Western civilization is based) and Islam are: </p> <ul><li>Missionary religions, seeking conversion of others</li> <li>Universal, "all-or-nothing" religions, in the sense that it is believed by both sides that only their faith is the correct one</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">Teleological</a> religions, that is, that their values and beliefs represent the goals of existence and purpose in human existence.</li></ul> <p>More recent factors contributing to a Western–Islamic clash, Huntington wrote, are the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic Resurgence</a> and demographic explosion in Islam, coupled with the values of Western universalism—that is, the view that all civilizations should adopt Western values—that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists. All these historical and modern factors combined, Huntington wrote briefly in his <i>Foreign Affairs</i> article and in much more detail in his 1996 book, would lead to a bloody clash between the Islamic and Western civilizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Why_civilizations_will_clash">Why civilizations will clash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Why civilizations will clash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huntington offers six explanations for why civilizations will clash: </p> <ol><li>Differences among civilizations are too basic in that civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition, and, most importantly, religion. These fundamental differences are the product of centuries and the foundations of different civilizations, meaning they will not be gone soon.</li> <li>The world is becoming a smaller place. As a result, interactions across the world are increasing, which intensify "civilization consciousness" and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations.</li> <li>Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites civilizations.</li> <li>The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at a peak of power. At the same time, a return-to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations. A West at the peak of its power confronts non-Western countries that increasingly have the desire, the will and the resources to shape the world in non-Western ways.</li> <li>Cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones.</li> <li>Economic regionalism is increasing. Successful economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness. Economic regionalism may succeed only when it is rooted in a common civilization.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_West_versus_the_Rest">The West versus the Rest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The West versus the Rest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huntington suggests that in the future the central axis of world politics tends to be the conflict between Western and non-Western civilizations, in <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>'s phrase, the conflict between "the West and the Rest". He offers three forms of general and fundamental actions that non-Western civilization can take in response to Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation in order to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. However, Huntington argues that the costs of this action are high and only a few states can pursue it.</li> <li>According to the theory of "<a href="/wiki/Bandwagoning" title="Bandwagoning">band-wagoning</a>", non-Western countries can join and accept Western values.</li> <li>Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization. They can develop economic/military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions. Huntington believes that the increasing power of non-Western civilizations in international society will make the West begin to develop a better understanding of the cultural fundamentals underlying other civilizations. Therefore, Western civilization will cease to be regarded as "universal" but different civilizations will learn to coexist and join to shape the future world.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core_state_and_fault_line_conflicts">Core state and fault line conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Core state and fault line conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Huntington's view, intercivilizational conflict manifests itself in two forms: fault line conflicts and core state conflicts. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fault_line_war" title="Fault line war">Fault line conflicts</a></i> are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations. </p><p><i>Core state conflicts</i> are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core states become involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Huntington1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntington1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These conflicts may result from a number of causes, such as: relative influence or power (military or economic), discrimination against people from a different civilization, intervention to protect kinsmen in a different civilization, or different values and culture, particularly when one civilization attempts to impose its values on people of a different civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Huntington1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntington1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernization,_Westernization,_and_"torn_countries""><span id="Modernization.2C_Westernization.2C_and_.22torn_countries.22"></span>Modernization, Westernization, and "torn countries"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modernization, Westernization, and "torn countries""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan, China and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a> have modernized in many respects while maintaining traditional or authoritarian societies which distinguish them from the West. Some of these countries have clashed with the West and some have not. </p><p>Perhaps the ultimate example of non-Western modernization is Russia, the core state of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> civilization. Huntington argues that Russia is primarily a non-Western state although he seems to agree that it shares a considerable amount of cultural ancestry with the modern West. According to Huntington, the West is distinguished from Orthodox Christian countries by its experience of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>; by overseas <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> rather than contiguous expansion and colonialism; and by the infusion of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a> culture through <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> rather than through the continuous trajectory of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. </p><p>Huntington refers to countries that are seeking to affiliate with another civilization as "torn countries". <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, whose political leadership has systematically tried to Westernize the country since the 1920s, is his chief example. Turkey's history, culture, and traditions are derived from Islamic civilization, but Turkey's elite, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> who took power as first President in 1923, imposed Western institutions and dress, embraced the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and has sought to <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">join the European Union</a>. </p><p>Mexico and Russia are also considered to be torn by Huntington. He also gives the example of Australia as a country torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia. </p><p>According to Huntington, a torn country must meet three requirements to redefine its civilizational identity. Its political and economic elite must support the move. Second, the public must be willing to accept the redefinition. Third, the elites of the civilization that the torn country is trying to join must accept the country. </p><p>The book claims that to date no torn country has successfully redefined its civilizational identity, this mostly due to the elites of the 'host' civilization refusing to accept the torn country, though if Turkey gained membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, it has been noted that many of its people would support Westernization, as in the following quote by EU Minister Egemen Bağış: "This is what Europe needs to do: they need to say that when Turkey fulfills all requirements, Turkey will become a member of the EU on date X. Then, we will regain the Turkish public opinion support in one day."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this were to happen, it would, according to Huntington, be the first to redefine its civilizational identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book has been criticized by various academic writers, who have empirically, historically, logically, or ideologically challenged its claims.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist Paul Musgrave writes that <i>Clash of Civilization</i> "enjoys great cachet among the sort of policymaker who enjoys name-dropping <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>, but few specialists in international relations rely on it or even cite it approvingly. Bluntly, <i>Clash</i> has not proven to be a useful or accurate guide to understanding the world."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article explicitly referring to Huntington, scholar <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1999) argues that "diversity is a feature of most cultures in the world. Western civilization is no exception. The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and particularly in the last century or so. To read in this a historical commitment of the West—over the millennia—to democracy, and then to contrast it with non-Western traditions (treating each as monolithic) would be a great mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>In his 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/Terror_and_Liberalism" title="Terror and Liberalism">Terror and Liberalism</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berman" title="Paul Berman">Paul Berman</a> argues that distinct cultural boundaries do not exist in the present day. He argues there is no "Islamic civilization" nor a "Western civilization", and that the evidence for a civilization clash is not convincing, especially when considering relationships such as that between the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">United States and Saudi Arabia</a>. In addition, he cites the fact that many Islamic extremists spent a significant amount of time living or studying in the Western world. According to Berman, conflict arises because of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> beliefs various groups share (or do not share), regardless of cultural or religious identity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a> objects to the 'extreme cultural determinism... crude to the point of parody' of Huntington's idea that Catholic and Protestant Europe is headed for democracy, but that Orthodox Christian and Islamic Europe must accept dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> issued a response to Huntington's thesis in his 2001 article, "The Clash of Ignorance".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said argues that Huntington's categorization of the world's fixed "civilizations" omits the dynamic interdependency and interaction of culture. A longtime critic of the Huntingtonian paradigm, and an outspoken proponent of Arab issues, Said (2004) also argues that the clash of civilizations thesis is an example of "the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims" (p. 293).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> has criticized the concept of the clash of civilizations as just being a new justification for the United States "for any atrocities that they wanted to carry out", which was required after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was no longer a viable threat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/21_Lessons_for_the_21st_Century" title="21 Lessons for the 21st Century">21 Lessons for the 21st Century</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Noah Harari</a> called the clash of civilizations a misleading thesis. He wrote that Islamic fundamentalism is more of a threat to a global civilization, rather than a confrontation with the West. He also argued that talking about civilizations using analogies from evolutionary biology is wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Nathan J. Robinson</a> criticizes Huntington's thesis as inconsistent. He notes that according to Huntington, "Spanish-speaking Catholic-majority Spain is West, while Spanish-speaking Catholic-majority Mexico is not part of Western civilization, and instead belongs with Brazil as part of Latin American civilization." Robinson concludes, "If you look at the map and think these divisions make sense, which you might, it is because what you are mostly seeing here is a map of prejudices. [Huntington] indeed shows how a lot of people think of the world, especially in America."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediate_Region">Intermediate Region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intermediate Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huntington's geopolitical model, especially the structures for North Africa and Eurasia, is largely derived from the "<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Region" title="Intermediate Region">Intermediate Region</a>" geopolitical model first formulated by <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a> and published in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Intermediate Region, which spans the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, is neither Western nor Eastern (at least, with respect to the Far East) but is considered distinct. Concerning this region, Huntington departs from Kitsikis contending that a civilizational fault line exists between the two dominant yet differing religions (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>), hence a dynamic of external conflict. However, Kitsikis establishes an integrated civilization comprising these two peoples along with those belonging to the less dominant religions of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. They have a set of mutual cultural, social, economic and political views and norms which radically differ from those in the West and the Far East. In the Intermediate Region, therefore, one cannot speak of a civilizational clash or external conflict, but rather an internal conflict, not for cultural domination, but for political succession. This has been successfully demonstrated by documenting the rise of Christianity from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic caliphates</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Christianized Roman Empire</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule from the Islamic caliphates and the Christianized Roman Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg/170px-World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg/255px-World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg/340px-World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">reformist</a> president of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (in office 1997–2005), introduced the theory of <i>Dialogue Among Civilizations</i> as a response to Huntington's theory.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_concepts">Opposing concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposing concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a>, a response to Huntington's Clash of Civilizations, has become the center of some international attention. The concept was originally coined by Austrian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a> in an essay on cultural identity (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Köchler had earlier proposed that the cultural organization of the United Nations should take up the issue of a "dialogue between different civilizations" (<i>dialogue entre les différentes civilisations</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> introduced the concept at the global level. At his initiative, the United Nations proclaimed the year 2001 as the "United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Civilizations">Alliance of Civilizations</a> (AOC) initiative was proposed at the 59th <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly of the United Nations</a> in 2005 by the Spanish Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a> and co-sponsored by the Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>. The initiative is intended to galvanize collective action across diverse societies to combat <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a>, to overcome cultural and social barriers between mainly the Western and predominantly Muslim worlds, and to reduce the tensions and polarization between societies which differ in religious and cultural values. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_civilizational_models">Other civilizational models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other civilizational models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a>, a Russian geopolitical concept based on the civilization of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Region" title="Intermediate Region">Intermediate Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-Christian_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamo-Christian Civilization">Islamo-Christian Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulliet" title="Richard Bulliet">Richard Bulliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feliks_Koneczny" title="Feliks Koneczny">Feliks Koneczny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Quigley" title="Carroll Quigley">Carroll Quigley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War II">Cold War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_line_war" title="Fault line war">Fault line war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_policeman" title="Global policeman">Global policeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglehart%E2%80%93Welzel_cultural_map_of_the_world" title="Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world">Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidentalism" title="Occidentalism">Occidentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Despotism" title="Oriental Despotism">Oriental Despotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential superpowers">Potential superpowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protracted_social_conflict" title="Protracted social conflict">Protracted social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-West_Cultural_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Cultural Debate">East-West Cultural Debate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington1993" class="citation journal cs1">Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045621">"The Clash of Civilizations?"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>72</b> (3): 22–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20045621">10.2307/20045621</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045621">20045621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations%3F&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22-49&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20045621%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20045621&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20045621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbse.com.my/v4no10JANUARY2018/Paper-147-i-.pdf">"gbse.com.my"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gbse.com.my</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gbse.com.my&rft.atitle=gbse.com.my&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbse.com.my%2Fv4no10JANUARY2018%2FPaper-147-i-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily2021" class="citation book cs1">Emily, Stacey (October 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RuREEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Contemporary Politics and Social Movements in an Isolated World: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities</i></a>. IGI Global. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-7616-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-7616-8"><bdi>978-1-7998-7616-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Politics+and+Social+Movements+in+an+Isolated+World%3A+Emerging+Research+and+Opportunities%3A+Emerging+Research+and+Opportunities&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-7998-7616-8&rft.aulast=Emily&rft.aufirst=Stacey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRuREEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksenGarstenRanderia2014" class="citation book cs1">Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Garsten, Christina; Randeria, Shalini (October 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiQfAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+is+a+thesis+that+people%27s+cultural+and+religious+identities+will+be+the+primary+source+of+conflict+in+the+post%E2%80%93Cold+War+world.&pg=PA87"><i>Anthropology Now and Next: Essays in Honor of Ulf Hannerz</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-450-2"><bdi>978-1-78238-450-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+Now+and+Next%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Ulf+Hannerz&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-450-2&rft.aulast=Eriksen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hylland&rft.au=Garsten%2C+Christina&rft.au=Randeria%2C+Shalini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiQfAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BClash%2Bof%2BCivilizations%2Bis%2Ba%2Bthesis%2Bthat%2Bpeople%2527s%2Bcultural%2Band%2Breligious%2Bidentities%2Bwill%2Bbe%2Bthe%2Bprimary%2Bsource%2Bof%2Bconflict%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpost%25E2%2580%2593Cold%2BWar%2Bworld.%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrieger2014" class="citation book cs1">Krieger, Douglas W. (November 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OE5VCAAAQBAJ&q=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+is+a+thesis+that+people%27s+cultural+and+religious+identities+will+be+the+primary+source+of+conflict+in+the+post%E2%80%93Cold+War+world.&pg=PT397"><i>The Two Witnesses</i></a>. Lulu Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-312-67075-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-312-67075-4"><bdi>978-1-312-67075-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Witnesses&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-312-67075-4&rft.aulast=Krieger&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOE5VCAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BClash%2Bof%2BCivilizations%2Bis%2Ba%2Bthesis%2Bthat%2Bpeople%2527s%2Bcultural%2Band%2Breligious%2Bidentities%2Bwill%2Bbe%2Bthe%2Bprimary%2Bsource%2Bof%2Bconflict%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpost%25E2%2580%2593Cold%2BWar%2Bworld.%26pg%3DPT397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2021" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Jeffrey (May 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aoeEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+is+a+thesis+that+people%27s+cultural+and+religious+identities+will+be+the+primary+source+of+conflict+in+the+post%E2%80%93Cold+War+world.&pg=PT117"><i>A Quarter Century of the "Clash of Civilizations"</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-38383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-38383-6"><bdi>978-1-000-38383-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quarter+Century+of+the+%22Clash+of+Civilizations%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.isbn=978-1-000-38383-6&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aoeEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BClash%2Bof%2BCivilizations%2Bis%2Ba%2Bthesis%2Bthat%2Bpeople%2527s%2Bcultural%2Band%2Breligious%2Bidentities%2Bwill%2Bbe%2Bthe%2Bprimary%2Bsource%2Bof%2Bconflict%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpost%25E2%2580%2593Cold%2BWar%2Bworld.%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAarticle-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAarticle_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAarticle_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official copy (free preview): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1993-06-01/clash-civilizations">The Clash of Civilizations?</a>, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, Summer 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/clashofcivilizations.htm">"WashingtonPost.com: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=WashingtonPost.com%3A+The+Clash+of+Civilizations+and+the+Remaking+of+World+Order&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Flongterm%2Fbooks%2Fchap1%2Fclashofcivilizations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>le problème russo-américain, et là nous revenons à l'Algérie, va être dépassé lui-même avant très peu, cela ne sera pas un choc d'empires nous assistons au choc de civilisations et nous voyons dans le monde entier les civilisations colonisées surgir peu à peu et se dresser contre les civilisations colonisatrices.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051854/http://www.ina.fr/audio/PHD85011203">"Page non trouvée | INA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.fr/audio/PHD85011203">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Page+non+trouv%C3%A9e+%7C+INA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ina.fr%2Faudio%2FPHD85011203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElst" class="citation web cs1">Elst, Koenraad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20079544">""Some recollections from my acquaintance with Sita Ram Goel", ch.6 of K. Elst, ed.: India's Only Communalist, In Commemoration of Sita Ram Goel"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2022</span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26quot%3BSome+recollections+from+my+acquaintance+with+Sita+Ram+Goel%26quot%3B%2C+ch.6+of+K.+Elst%2C+ed.%3A+India%27s+Only+Communalist%2C+In+Commemoration+of+Sita+Ram+Goel&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20079544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elst, K. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of Sita Ram Goel, in Sharma, A. (2001). Hinduism and secularism: After Ayodhya. Basingstoke: Palgrave.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Lewis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of-muslim-rage/4643/">The Roots of Muslim Rage</a> <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>, September 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmandjra1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elmandjra, Mahdi (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhVIAAAAMAAJ"><i>Première guerre civilisationnelle</i></a> (in French). Toubkal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premi%C3%A8re+guerre+civilisationnelle&rft.pub=Toubkal&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Elmandjra&rft.aufirst=Mahdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhVIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations (1996), p. 246: " 'La premiere guerre civilisationnelle' the distinguished Moroccan scholar Mahdi Elmandjra called the Gulf War as it was being fought."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Massignon, <i>La psychologie musulmane</i> (1931), in Idem, <i>Ecrits mémorables</i>, t. I, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2009, p. 629: "Après la venue de Bonaparte au Caire, le <i>clash of cultures</i> entre l'ancienne Chrétienté et l'Islam prit un nouvel aspect, par invasion (sans échange) de l'échelle de valeurs occidentales dans la mentalité collective musulmane."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmehbaliyev2010" class="citation web cs1">mehbaliyev (October 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/mehbaliyev/rashad-mehbaliyev-civilizations-their-nature-and-clash-possibilities">"Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal..."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civilizations%2C+their+nature+and+clash+possibilities+%28c%29+Rashad+Mehbal...&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.au=mehbaliyev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fmehbaliyev%2Frashad-mehbaliyev-civilizations-their-nature-and-clash-possibilities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murden S. Cultures in world affairs. In: Baylis J, Smith S, Owens P, editors. The Globalization of World Politics. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 416-426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s02.middlebury.edu/FS056A/Herb_war/clash3.htm">THE WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS: POST-1990</a> scanned image <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312101415/http://s02.middlebury.edu/FS056A/Herb_war/clash3.htm">Archived</a> March 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2016" class="citation web cs1">Walter, Natalie (June 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beyondintractability.org/bksum/huntington-clash">"Summary of "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Beyond Intractability</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beyond+Intractability&rft.atitle=Summary+of+%22The+Clash+of+Civilizations+and+the+Remaking+of+World+Order%22&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyondintractability.org%2Fbksum%2Fhuntington-clash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google.com_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22western+christianity%22+%22western+world%22">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"western christianity" "western world" - Google Search"</a>. <i>google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com&rft.atitle=%22western+christianity%22+%22western+world%22+-+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D%2522western%2Bchristianity%2522%2B%2522western%2Bworld%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hungtington SP, The Clash of Civilizations? In: Lechner FJ, Boli J, editors. The globalization reader. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. 37–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntington1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntington1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntington1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington, Samuel P.</a> (2002) [1997]. "Chapter 9: The Global Politics of Civilizations". <i>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</i> (The Free Press ed.). London: Simon $ Schuster. p. 207f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3149-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3149-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-3149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+The+Global+Politics+of+Civilizations&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+and+the+Remaking+of+World+Order&rft.place=London&rft.pages=207f&rft.edition=The+Free+Press&rft.pub=Simon+%24+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-3149-7&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com.tr/ab-ve-turkiye/article/bagis-fransanin-tutumunda-degisimin-basladigini-goruyoruz-027174">Bağış: Fransa'nın tutumunda değişimin başladığını görüyoruz | AB ve Türkiye | EurActiv.com.tr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109202339/http://www.euractiv.com.tr/ab-ve-turkiye/article/bagis-fransanin-tutumunda-degisimin-basladigini-goruyoruz-027174">Archived</a> January 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, J. (2005). Paradigm Lost: Huntington's Unfulfilled Clash of Civilizations Prediction into the 21st Century. International Politics, 42, pp. 428–457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mungiu-Pippidi, A., & Mindruta, D. (2002). Was Huntington Right? Testing Cultural Legacies and the Civilization Border. International Politics, 39(2), pp. 193 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, E. A., & Tucker, R. (2001). Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 45, pp. 317 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussettOnealCox2000" class="citation journal cs1">Russett, B. M.; Oneal, J. R.; Cox, M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svt.ntnu.no/iss/indra.de.soysa/pol2003h05/russet_oneal_cox_jpr.pdf">"Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>37</b> (5): 583–608. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.460.7212">10.1.1.460.7212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343300037005003">10.1177/0022343300037005003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51897336">51897336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Clash+of+Civilizations%2C+or+Realism+and+Liberalism+D%C3%A9j%C3%A0+Vu%3F+Some+Evidence&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=583-608&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.460.7212%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51897336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343300037005003&rft.aulast=Russett&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rft.au=Oneal%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Cox%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.ntnu.no%2Fiss%2Findra.de.soysa%2Fpol2003h05%2Frusset_oneal_cox_jpr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/5273269/h-diploissf-teaching-roundtable-11-6-clash-civilizations-ir">"H-Diplo/ISSF Teaching Roundtable 11-6 on The Clash of Civilizations in the IR Classroom | H-Diplo | H-Net"</a>. <i>networks.h-net.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=networks.h-net.org&rft.atitle=H-Diplo%2FISSF+Teaching+Roundtable+11-6+on+The+Clash+of+Civilizations+in+the+IR+Classroom+%7C+H-Diplo+%7C+H-Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F28443%2Fdiscussions%2F5273269%2Fh-diploissf-teaching-roundtable-11-6-clash-civilizations-ir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen_A1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sen A (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value". <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.1999.0055">10.1353/jod.1999.0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54556373">54556373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Democracy+as+a+Universal+Value&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.1999.0055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54556373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Sen+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berman, Paul (2003). Terror and Liberalism. W W Norton & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05775-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05775-5">0-393-05775-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a>, <i>History of the Present</i>, Penguin, 2000, p 388-389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Said: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/clash-ignorance/">The Clash of Ignorance</a> The Nation, October 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, E. W. (2004). From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map. New York: Pantheon, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrystanCJ2007" class="citation cs2">TrystanCJ (March 2, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qT64TNho59I"><i>Noam Chomsky on The "Clash of Civilizations"</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/qT64TNho59I">archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky+on+The+%22Clash+of+Civilizations%22&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.au=TrystanCJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqT64TNho59I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari,_Yuval_N.2018" class="citation book cs1">Harari, Yuval N. (2018). <i>21 lessons for the 21st century</i> (First ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-51217-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-51217-2"><bdi>978-0-525-51217-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029771757">1029771757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21+lessons+for+the+21st+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029771757&rft.isbn=978-0-525-51217-2&rft.au=Harari%2C+Yuval+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2022" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Nathan J. (March 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentaffairs.org/news/2022/03/the-clash-of-civilizations-thesis-is-still-ignorant-nonsense">"The "Clash of Civilizations" Thesis Is Still Ignorant Nonsense"</a>. <i>Current Affairs</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2471-2647">2471-2647</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+%22Clash+of+Civilizations%22+Thesis+Is+Still+Ignorant+Nonsense&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft.issn=2471-2647&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentaffairs.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2Fthe-clash-of-civilizations-thesis-is-still-ignorant-nonsense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitri Kitsikis, <i>A Comparative History of Greece and Turkey in the 20th century</i>. In Greek, <i>Συγκριτική Ἱστορία Ἑλλάδος καί Τουρκίας στόν 20ό αἰῶνα</i>, Athens, Hestia, 1978. Supplemented 2nd edition: Hestia, 1990. 3rd edition: Hestia, 1998, 357 pp.. In Turkish, <i>Yırmı Asırda Karşılaştırmalı Türk-Yunan Tarihi</i>, İstanbul, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, II-8, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kulturelles Selbstverständnis und Koexistenz: Voraussetzungen für einen fundamentalen Dialog" (Cultural Identity and Co-existence: Preconditions for a Fundamental Dialogue). Public lecture delivered at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, 19 October 1972, published in: <i>Philosophie und Politik. Dokumentation eines interdisziplinären Seminars</i>. (Publications of the Working Group for Science and Politics at the University of Innsbruck, Vol. IV.) Innsbruck: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wissenschaft und Politik, 1973, pp. 75-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-letter-UNESCO-26Sep1972.jpg">Letter dated 26 September 1972</a>, addressed to the Division of Philosophy of UNESCO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/dialogue2001/en/khatami.htm">Dialogue 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030216050648/http://www.unesco.org/dialogue2001/en/khatami.htm">Archived</a> February 16, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Unesco.org</i> Retrieved on 05-24-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialoguecentre.org/about.html">About</a> <i>Dialoguecentre.org</i> Retrieved 05-24-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.unu.edu/dialogue/">"Dialogue Among Civilizations | United Nations University"</a>. <i>archive.unu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.unu.edu&rft.atitle=Dialogue+Among+Civilizations+%26%23124%3B+United+Nations+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.unu.edu%2Fdialogue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnkerl2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankerl_G%C3%A9za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankerl Géza (page does not exist)">Ankerl, Guy</a> (2000). <i>Global communication without universal civilization</i>. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1"><bdi>978-2-88155-004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+communication+without+universal+civilization&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=INU+societal+research&rft.pub=INU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-88155-004-1&rft.aulast=Ankerl&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Barb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Barbé (page does not exist)">Barbé, Philippe</a>, '[L'Anti-Choc des Civilisations: Méditations Méditerranéennes<i>, Editions de l'Aube, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7526-0208-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7526-0208-4">978-2-7526-0208-4</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barber" title="Benjamin Barber">Barber, Benjamin R.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_vs._McWorld" title="Jihad vs. McWorld">Jihad vs. McWorld</a></i>, Hardcover: Crown, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-2350-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-2350-2">0-8129-2350-2</a>; Paperback: Ballantine Books, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-38304-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-38304-4">0-345-38304-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blankley" title="Tony Blankley">Blankley, Tony</a>, <i>The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?</i>, Washington, D.C., Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-015-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-015-8">0-89526-015-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Harris_(essayist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Harris (essayist) (page does not exist)">Harris, Lee</a>, <i>Civilization and Its Enemies: The Next Stage of History</i>, New York, The Free Press, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5749-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5749-9">0-7432-5749-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Harrison_(academic)" title="Lawrence Harrison (academic)">Harrison, Lawrence E.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> (eds.), <i>Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress</i>, New York, Basic Books, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-03176-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-03176-5">0-465-03176-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2000" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, David (2000). <i>Spaces of Hope</i>. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1269-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-1269-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+of+Hope&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1269-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington, Samuel P.</a>, <i>The Clash of Civilizations?</i>, in "<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>", vol. 72, no. 3, Summer 1993, pp. 22–49</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington, Samuel P.</a>, <i>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</i>, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84441-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84441-9">0-684-84441-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington, Samuel P.</a> (ed.), <i>The Clash of Civilizations?: The Debate</i>, New York, Foreign Affairs, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87609-164-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87609-164-8">0-87609-164-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Kepel, Gilles</a>, <i>Bad Moon Rising: a chronicle of the Middle East today</i>, London, Saqi Books, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-303-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-303-1">0-86356-303-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a> (ed.), <i>Civilizations: Conflict or Dialogue?</i>, Vienna, International Progress Organization, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900704-18-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-900704-18-X">3-900704-18-X</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Gw97VmaeyIC&pg=PA3">Google Print</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-p-o.org/koechler-civilizations-dialogue.pdf">After September 11, 2001: Clash of Civilizations or Dialogue?</a> University of the Philippines, Manila, 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanskoechler.com/Kochler-civilizations-Tbilisi-2004-V3f.pdf">The "Clash of Civilizations": Perception and Reality in the Context of Globalization and International Power Politics</a>, Tbilisi (Georgia), 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pera" title="Marcello Pera">Pera, Marcello</a> and Joseph Ratzinger (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>), <i>Senza radici: Europa, Relativismo, Cristianesimo, Islam</i> [transl.: <i>Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam</i>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Perseus Books Group, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00634-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00634-5">0-465-00634-5</a>], Milano, Mondadori, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-04-54474-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-04-54474-0">88-04-54474-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peters" title="Ralph Peters">Peters, Ralph</a>, <i>Fighting for the Future: Will America Triumph?</i>, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0651-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-0651-6">0-8117-0651-6</a></li> <li>Potter, Robert (2011), 'Recalcitrant Interdependence', Thesis, Flinders University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Sacks, Jonathan</a>, <i>The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations</i>, London, Continuum, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6397-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6397-5">0-8264-6397-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Toft" title="Monica Toft">Toft, Monica Duffy</a>, <i>The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory</i>, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11354-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11354-8">0-691-11354-8</a></li> <li>Tusicisny, Andrej, "Civilizational Conflicts: More Frequent, Longer, and Bloodier?", in <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>, vol. 41, no. 4, 2004, pp. 485–498 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tusicisny.com/research/clash_of_civilizations_abstract_2004.html">available online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Van Creveld, Martin</a>, <i>The Transformation of War</i>, New York & London, The Free Press, 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-933155-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-933155-2">0-02-933155-2</a></li> <li>Venn, Couze "Clash of Civilisations", in Prem Poddar <i>et al.</i>, Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures—Continental Europe and its Empires, Edinburgh University Press, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blankley" title="Tony Blankley">Tony Blankley</a>, <i>The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?</i></li> <li>J. Paul Barker, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/publications/download/file/46002/45163">Huntington's Clash of Civilization: Twenty Years On</a> E-International Relations, Bristol, 2013.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_A._Denaxas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos A. Denaxas (page does not exist)">Nikolaos A. Denaxas</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/103446?ln=el">The clash of civilizations according to Samuel Huntington – Orthodox criticism</a></i>, 2008. (postgraduate thesis in Greek)</li> <li>Hale, H., & Laruelle, M. (2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/rethinking-civilizational-identity-from-the-bottom-up-a-case-study-of-russia-and-a-research-agenda/F5ADC00D938D1A061B8931919233F150">Rethinking Civilizational Identity from the Bottom Up: A Case Study of Russia and a Research Agenda.</a>" <i>Nationalities Papers</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kurth" title="James Kurth">James Kurth</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/article/the-real-clash-570">The Real Clash</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i>, 1994</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeaney2022" class="citation news cs1">Meaney, Thomas (March 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/opinion/nato-russia-the-west-ukraine.html">"The Return of The West"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+The+West&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=Meaney&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F11%2Fopinion%2Fnato-russia-the-west-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davide_Orsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davide Orsi (page does not exist)">Davide Orsi</a>, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/publications/download/file/73568/73575">The 'Clash of Civilizations' 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal</a> <i>E-International Relations</i>, Bristol, 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030181705/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20011022/said"><i>The Clash of Ignorance</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20011022/said">the original</a> on October 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Ignorance&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F20011022%2Fsaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi" class="citation book cs1">Shirazi, Said. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles/Shirazi_Huntington.htm"><i>Your New Enemies</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+New+Enemies&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Said&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissidentvoice.org%2FArticles%2FShirazi_Huntington.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClash+of+Civilizations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clash_of_civilizations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Clash of civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1993-06-01/clash-civilizations">"The Clash of Civilizations?"</a> – Original essay from <i>Foreign Affairs</i> 1993</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/global-commons/1993-12-01/if-not-civilizations-what-samuel-huntington-responds-his-critics">"If Not Civilizations, What? Samuel Huntington Responds to His Critics"</a>, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, 1993</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samuel_P._Huntington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Template:Samuel P. Huntington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Template talk:Samuel P. Huntington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samuel P. Huntington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samuel_P._Huntington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soldier_and_the_State" title="The Soldier and the State">The Soldier and the State</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Order_in_Changing_Societies" title="Political Order in Changing Societies">Political Order in Changing Societies</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Democracy" title="The Crisis of Democracy">The Crisis of Democracy</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Wave:_Democratization_in_the_Late_Twentieth_Century" title="The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century">The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clash_of_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clash of Civilizations">The Clash of Civilizations</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_We%3F_The_Challenges_to_America%27s_National_Identity" title="Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity">Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> (co-founder)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation<br /><i>Enduring Freedom</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i> photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235193#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14546408q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14546408q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2010560335&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&oldid=1253529918">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&oldid=1253529918</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1996_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1996 non-fiction books">1996 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_journal_articles" title="Category:Academic journal articles">Academic journal articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_civilizations" title="Category:Books about civilizations">Books about civilizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_cultural_geography" title="Category:Books about cultural geography">Books about cultural geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_globalization" title="Category:Books about globalization">Books about globalization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_ideologies" title="Category:Books about ideologies">Books about ideologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_international_relations" title="Category:Books about international relations">Books about international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_geography" title="Category:Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_conflict" title="Category:Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_rivalry" title="Category:Geopolitical rivalry">Geopolitical rivalry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Identity_politics" title="Category:Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations_theory" title="Category:International relations theory">International relations theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civilizations" title="Category:Civilizations">Civilizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_science_theories" title="Category:Political science theories">Political science theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_theories" title="Category:Political theories">Political theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Simon_%26_Schuster_books" title="Category:Simon & Schuster books">Simon & Schuster books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">Theories of history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Category:Works by Samuel P. Huntington">Works by Samuel P. Huntington</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2023">Articles with dead external links from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 13:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_Civilizations&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bcf67d78c-xxsmt","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.965","walltime":"1.208","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7556,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":154064,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6700,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":170593,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 992.426 1 -total"," 23.54% 233.647 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.26% 220.908 3 Template:Navbox"," 14.07% 139.649 1 Template:Infobox_book"," 13.69% 135.908 1 Template:Political_philosophy"," 12.30% 122.115 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.09% 119.943 2 Template:Lang"," 9.14% 90.753 1 Template:Samuel_P._Huntington"," 8.58% 85.186 18 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 8.05% 79.874 17 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.530","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19810112,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-dfmjw","timestamp":"20241127201331","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Clash of Civilizations","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clash_of_Civilizations","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q235193","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q235193","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-12T10:49:52Z","dateModified":"2024-10-26T13:45:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/b\/b9\/Clash_civilizations.jpg","headline":"book"}</script> </body> </html>