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Urbanització - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Urbanització rootpage-Urbanització skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu 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</div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d&#039;usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Migració" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migració"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Migració</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migració-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efectes_econòmics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efectes_econòmics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Efectes econòmics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efectes_econòmics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efectes_ambientals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efectes_ambientals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Efectes ambientals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efectes_ambientals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Urbanització</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 79 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstedeliking" title="Verstedeliking - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verstedeliking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1" title="تحضر - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحضر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizasiya" title="Urbanizasiya - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Urbanizasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Урбанизация - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урбанизация" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Урбанізацыя - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урбанізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Урбанизация - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Урбанизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="নগরায়ন - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নগরায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAriekadur" title="Kêriekadur - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kêriekadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizacija" title="Urbanizacija - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Urbanizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizace" title="Urbanizace - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urbanizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoli" title="Trefoli - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trefoli" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisering" title="Urbanisering - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urbanisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisierung" title="Urbanisierung - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urbanisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D_Urbanization" title="ཁྲོམ་སྒྱུར། Urbanization - dzongka" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཁྲོམ་སྒྱུར། Urbanization" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αστικοποίηση - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστικοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Urbanization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizado" title="Urbanizado - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urbanizado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_de_urbanizaci%C3%B3n" title="Proceso de urbanización - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso de urbanización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnastumine" title="Linnastumine - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linnastumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizazio_(prozesua)" title="Urbanizazio (prozesua) - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urbanizazio (prozesua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شهرنشینی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهرنشینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupungistuminen" title="Kaupungistuminen - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupungistuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BDarv%C3%B8ksur" title="Býarvøksur - feroès" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Býarvøksur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation" title="Urbanisation - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Urbanisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisaasje" title="Urbanisaasje - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Urbanisaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="શહેરીકરણ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શહેરીકરણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8" title="עיור - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="शहरीकरण - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शहरीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizacija" title="Urbanizacija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urbanizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbaniz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Urbanizáció - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Urbanizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ուրբանիզացիա - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրբանիզացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisasi" title="Urbanisasi - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Urbanisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A9ttb%C3%BDlismyndun" title="Þéttbýlismyndun - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þéttbýlismyndun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizzazione" title="Urbanizzazione - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Urbanizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="都市化 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ურბანიზაცია - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურბანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizaciya" title="Urbanizaciya - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Urbanizaciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Урбанизация - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Урбанизация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%99%94" title="도시화 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도시화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Урбанизация - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Урбанизация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizatio" title="Urbanizatio - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Urbanizatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizacija" title="Urbanizacija - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urbanizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbaniz%C4%81cija" title="Urbanizācija - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urbanizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Урбанизациясь - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Урбанизациясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Урбанизација - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урбанизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="നഗരവത്കരണം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നഗരവത്കരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Хотжилт - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хотжилт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembandaran" title="Pembandaran - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembandaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सहरीकरण - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सहरीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstedelijking" title="Verstedelijking - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstedelijking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisering" title="Urbanisering - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urbanisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisering" title="Urbanisering - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urbanisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਕਰਨ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizacja" title="Urbanizacja - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Urbanizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8" title="ښاريتوب - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښاريتوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Urbanização - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urbanização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizare" title="Urbanizare - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urbanizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Урбанизация - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урбанизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizacija" title="Urbanizacija - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urbanizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="නාගරීකරණය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාගරීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urbanization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbaniz%C3%A1cia" title="Urbanizácia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urbanizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizacija" title="Urbanizacija - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urbanizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaalaynta" title="Magaalaynta - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Magaalaynta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizimi" title="Urbanizimi - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Urbanizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Урбанизација - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Урбанизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisering" title="Urbanisering - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urbanisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நகராக்கம் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகராக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Шаҳрнишинӣ - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шаҳрнишинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การขยายเขตเมือง - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การขยายเขตเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisasyon" title="Urbanisasyon - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Urbanisasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentle%C5%9Fme" title="Kentleşme - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kentleşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Урбанізація - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урбанізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شہرکاری - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہرکاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizatsiya" title="Urbanizatsiya - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urbanizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4_th%E1%BB%8B_h%C3%B3a" title="Đô thị hóa - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đô thị hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="城市化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="城市化" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34261971">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{width:100%;border-color:#77ccff;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#f5f5f5;margin-bottom:1em;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote{color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#101418)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote{color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#101418)}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="hatnote" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 25px; vertical-align: top;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/22px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/33px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/44px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </td> <td>Per a altres significats, vegeu «<a href="/wiki/Urbanitzaci%C3%B3_(nucli)" title="Urbanització (nucli)">Urbanització (nucli)</a>». </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:LosAngeles05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LosAngeles05.jpg/220px-LosAngeles05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LosAngeles05.jpg/330px-LosAngeles05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LosAngeles05.jpg/440px-LosAngeles05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>L'expansió de l'àrea metropolitana de <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> és un exemple de sub-urbanització.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>urbanització</b> és el fenomen del creixement de les zones urbanes a conseqüència del desenvolupament de la societat i de l'expansió dels modes de vida urbans.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Les <a href="/wiki/Nacions_Unides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacions Unides">Nacions Unides</a> van predit que el 2008 la meitat de la població mundial viuria en àrees urbanes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El 2018 ja eren 55&#160;% i les previsions per a 2050 són de 68%.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La urbanització està estretament vinculada a la <a href="/wiki/Modernitzaci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernització">modernització</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Industrialitzaci%C3%B3" title="Industrialització">industrialització</a> i el procés sociològic de la racionalització. La urbanització pot descriure una situació específica en un temps establert, és a dir, la proporció de la població total o l'àrea en ciutats o pobles, o el terme per descriure l'augment d'aquesta proporció en el temps. Pel que la urbanització termini pot representar el nivell de relació urbana a la població en general, o pot representar la velocitat a la qual la proporció urbana va en augment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migració"><span id="Migraci.C3.B3"></span>Migració</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Migració"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Urbanized_population_2006.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Urbanized_population_2006.png/220px-Urbanized_population_2006.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Urbanized_population_2006.png/330px-Urbanized_population_2006.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Urbanized_population_2006.png/440px-Urbanized_population_2006.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Percentatge de població resident en àrees urbanitzades per país, el 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>La ràpida urbanització de la població mundial durant el segle XX es descriu a la revisió sobre perspectives de la urbanització de les Nacions Unides de 2005. La proporció de la població urbana mundial va augmentar dràsticament del 13% (220&#160;milions) el 1900, al 29% (732&#160;milions) el 1950, al 49% (3.200&#160;milions) el 2005. El mateix informe preveia que la xifra probablement augmentaria a 60% (4.900&#160;milions) el 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG/220px-Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG/330px-Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG/440px-Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Percentatge de la població mundial: Urbà vs. rural.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>D'acord amb l'informe sobre la població mundial 2007 de l'ONU, en algun moment a mitjan 2007, la majoria de la gent a tot el món estaria vivint en ciutats o pobles, per primera vegada en la història, el que es coneix com l'arribada del «Mil·lenni urbà» o el punt d'inflexió. Pel que fa a les tendències futures, s'estimava un 93% del creixement urbà es produirà en els <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_en_desenvolupament" class="mw-redirect" title="Països en desenvolupament">països en desenvolupament</a>, amb el 80% del creixement urbà es produeixen a Àsia i Àfrica.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Les taxes d'urbanització varien segons el país. Els <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a> i <a href="/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit">Regne Unit</a> tenen un nivell d'urbanització molt més alt que la Xina, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swazil%C3%A0ndia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swazilàndia">Swazilàndia</a> o <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger">Níger</a>, però un ritme més lent d'urbanització anual, ja que molt menys la població viu en zones rurals. </p> <ul><li>La urbanització als Estats Units mai va arribar a les <a href="/wiki/Muntanyes_Rocoses" title="Muntanyes Rocoses">muntanyes Rocoses</a> a llocs com <a href="/wiki/Jackson_(Wyoming)" title="Jackson (Wyoming)">Jackson (Wyoming)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telluride" title="Telluride">Telluride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taos_(Nou_M%C3%A8xic)" title="Taos (Nou Mèxic)">Taos (Nou Mèxic)</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Aspen_(Colorado)" title="Aspen (Colorado)">Aspen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_de_Douglas_(Colorado)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Comtat de Douglas (Colorado) (encara no existeix)">Comtat de Douglas (Colorado)</a>. L'estat de <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> també ha estat afectat, igual que la costa de <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama)">Birmingham (Alabama)</a>- <a href="/wiki/Comtat_de_Jefferson_(Alabama)" title="Comtat de Jefferson (Alabama)">Comtat de Jefferson (Alabama)</a>, el nord-oest del Pacífic i les illes barrera de <a href="/wiki/Carolina_del_Nord" title="Carolina del Nord">Carolina del Nord</a>.</li> <li>Al Regne Unit, dos grans exemples de la nova urbanització es pot veure a <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>) i <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aquestes dues ciutats mostren algunes de les taxes de creixement més ràpid a Europa.</li> <li>El procés d'urbanització a Catalunya condueix cap a la integració funcional metropolitana d'àmbits anteriorment considerats perifèrics. El litoral turístic i residencial català s'ha convertit en un dels focus més actius de la metropolització.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_i_Reverté200435_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_i_Reverté200435-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Causes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Brazil_-_SP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brazil_-_SP.jpg/220px-Brazil_-_SP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brazil_-_SP.jpg/330px-Brazil_-_SP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brazil_-_SP.jpg/440px-Brazil_-_SP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4174" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Centre de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, una de les <a href="/wiki/Metr%C3%B2poli" title="Metròpoli">metròpolis</a> més grans del món</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Rural_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/220px-Rural_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/330px-Rural_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/440px-Rural_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Comparació de les piràmides de població entre el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_de_Pocahontas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Comtat de Pocahontas (encara no existeix)">Comtat de Pocahontas</a> (rural) i el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_de_Johnson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Comtat de Johnson (encara no existeix)">Comtat de Johnson</a> (urbà), il·lustratiu de l'emigració de joves adults (vermell) cap a zones urbanes d'<a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg/330px-Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg/440px-Chicago_Downtown_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>La ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, és un exemple desenvolupament primerenc de la xarxa de distribució. La distribució en graella dels carrers s'imposa fins i tot en la topografia irregular</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Los_Angeles_%C3%9Cbergangszone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Los_Angeles_%C3%9Cbergangszone.JPG/220px-Los_Angeles_%C3%9Cbergangszone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Los_Angeles_%C3%9Cbergangszone.JPG/330px-Los_Angeles_%C3%9Cbergangszone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Los_Angeles_%C3%9Cbergangszone.JPG/440px-Los_Angeles_%C3%9Cbergangszone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>La urbanització no sempre està associada a elevades densitats de població. A <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> o altres llocs els habitatges dels suburbis són sovint de planta baixa i la urbanització és de tipus extensiu</figcaption></figure> <p>La urbanització es produeix de forma espontània pels esforços individuals i col·lectius per reduir el temps i les despeses en els desplaçaments i el transport al mateix temps que millora les oportunitats d'<a href="/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3" title="Ocupació">ocupació</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3" title="Educació">educació</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitatge" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitatge">habitatge</a> i <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>. Viure en ciutats permet als individus i les famílies a aprofitar les oportunitats de la proximitat, la diversitat i la <a href="/wiki/Compet%C3%A8ncia_econ%C3%B2mica" title="Competència econòmica">competència</a> dels mercats. </p><p>La gent es desplaça a les ciutats per buscar oportunitats econòmiques. Un factor important que es coneix com a "èxode rural". A les zones rurals, sovint en petites explotacions familiars, és difícil millorar el nivell de vida més enllà del suport bàsic. La vida agrícola depèn de les condicions ambientals impredictibles, i en temps de <a href="/wiki/Sequera" title="Sequera">sequera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inundacions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inundacions">inundacions</a> o la <a href="/wiki/Plagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagues">plagues</a>, la supervivència es converteix en molt problemàtica. En temps moderns, la <a href="/wiki/Industrialitzaci%C3%B3" title="Industrialització">industrialització</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> ha afectat negativament a l'economia d'explotacions petites i mitjanes. </p><p>Les ciutats, en canvi, són llocs on els diners, els serveis i la riquesa estan centralitzats. Les ciutats és on les fortunes es fan i on és possible la <a href="/wiki/Mobilitat_social" title="Mobilitat social">mobilitat social</a>. Les empreses, que generen llocs de treball i capital, es troben normalment a les zones urbanes. Si la font és el <a href="/wiki/Comer%C3%A7" title="Comerç">comerç</a> o el <a href="/wiki/Turisme" title="Turisme">turisme</a>, és també a través de les ciutats que els diners estrangers entren en un país. És fàcil veure per què algú que vivia en una granja potser desitgi tenir la seva oportunitat de traslladar-se a la ciutat i tractar de guanyar diners suficients per enviar a casa a la seva família. </p><p>Hi ha millors serveis bàsics, així com altres serveis especialitzats que no es troben en les zones rurals. Hi ha més oportunitats de treball i una major varietat de llocs de treball. La salut és un altre factor important. La gent, especialment la gent gran es veu obligada a traslladar-se a les ciutats on hi ha metges i hospitals que poden atendre les seves necessitats de salut. Altres factors inclouen una major varietat d'entreteniment (restaurants, cinemes, parcs temàtics, etc.) i una millor qualitat de l'<a href="/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3" title="Educació">educació</a>, a saber: les <a href="/wiki/Universitat" title="Universitat">universitats</a>. A causa de la seva alta població, les zones urbanes també poden tenir les comunitats socials molt més diversa que permet a altres a trobar gent com ells quan no podria ser capaç de en les zones rurals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efectes_econòmics"><span id="Efectes_econ.C3.B2mics"></span>Efectes econòmics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Efectes econòmics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Panorama_ul._Emilii_Plater_w_Warszawie_radek_ko%C5%82akowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panorama_ul._Emilii_Plater_w_Warszawie_radek_ko%C5%82akowski.jpg/220px-Panorama_ul._Emilii_Plater_w_Warszawie_radek_ko%C5%82akowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panorama_ul._Emilii_Plater_w_Warszawie_radek_ko%C5%82akowski.jpg/330px-Panorama_ul._Emilii_Plater_w_Warszawie_radek_ko%C5%82akowski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panorama_ul._Emilii_Plater_w_Warszawie_radek_ko%C5%82akowski.jpg/440px-Panorama_ul._Emilii_Plater_w_Warszawie_radek_ko%C5%82akowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4304" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vars%C3%B2via" title="Varsòvia">Varsòvia</a>, Polònia</figcaption></figure> <p>La recerca d'un creixement urbà accelerat i eficiència sovint pot conduir a un desenvolupament urbà menys equitatiu, <i><a href="/wiki/Think_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Think tank">think tanks</a></i>, com el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overseas_Development_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Overseas Development Institute (encara no existeix)">Overseas Development Institute</a> fins i tot han proposat polítiques que fomentin el creixement intensiu del treball com a mitjà d'absorbir l'afluència de mà d'obra poc qualificada i no qualificada.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La urbanització sol ser percebuda com una tendència negativa, però de fet pot ser percebut simplement com un fenomen espontani fruit dels esforços individuals i col·lectius per reduir la despesa en desplaçaments i el transport, mentre que la millora d'oportunitats d'ocupació, educació, habitatge i transport. Que viuen a les ciutats permet als individus i les famílies a aprofitar les oportunitats de la proximitat, la diversitat i la competència del mercat.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brand_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brand-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efectes_ambientals">Efectes ambientals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Efectes ambientals"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Illa_de_calor" class="mw-redirect" title="Illa de calor">illa de calor</a> urbana s'ha convertit en una preocupació cada cop més gran i està augmentant en els últims anys. L'illa de calor urbana es forma quan les àrees industrials i urbanes es desenvolupen i la calor es torna més abundant. A les zones rurals, una gran part de l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_solar" title="Energia solar">energia solar</a> es dissipa evaporant l'aigua de vegetació i el sòl. A les ciutats, on tant la vegetació com el sòl exposat és menor que en àrees rurals, la majoria de l'energia del sol és absorbida pels edificis i l'<a href="/wiki/Asfalt" title="Asfalt">asfalt</a>. Per tant, durant les hores de llum, es produeix menys refredament per evaporació a les ciutats i permet que les temperatures de la superfície s'elevin més que en les zones rurals. Calor de la ciutat addicional és emesa pels vehicles i fàbriques, així com per la calefacció industrial i domèstica i les unitats de refrigeració.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aquest efecte fa que la ciutat esdevingui entre 1 i 6&#160;°C més calent que les àrees rurals que l'envolten.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els impactes inclouen la reducció de la humitat de la terra i la intensificació del <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni">diòxid de carboni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Bonnie Richardson reviews Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America, by Alan Berger.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrain.org/reviews/20/drosscape.htm">Can Designers Solve the Problem of Urban Wasteland?</a>».&#32; Terrain,&#32;2008.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/0216469.xml">Urbanització</a>».&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.&#32; Barcelona:&#32; <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/26/news/UN-GEN-UN-Growing-Cities.php">UN says half the world's population will live in urban areas by end of 2008</a>».&#32;<i>International Herald Tribune</i>,&#32;26-02-2008.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html">2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Nacions Unides,&#32;16-05-2018.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" class="mw-redirect" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/docs/sowc08_table_StatisticalTables.pdf">Statistical Tables</a>».</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005wup.htm">World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision, Pop. Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN</a>».</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726105758/http://esa.un.org/unup/">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unup/">original</a> el 2010-07-26.&#32;[Consulta: 16 desembre 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143714/http://web.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/chapter_1/urbanization.html">UN State of the World Population</a>».&#32; UNFPA,&#32;2007. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/chapter_1/urbanization.html">original</a> el 2011-07-28.&#32;[Consulta: 16 desembre 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAnkerl1986"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ankerl</span>, Guy. <i>Urbanization Overspeed in Tropical Africa</i>.&#32; INUPRESS, Geneva,&#32;1986. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/2881550002" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/2881550002">ISBN 2881550002</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Urbanization+Overspeed+in+Tropical+Africa&amp;rft.aulast=Ankerl&amp;rft.aufirst=Guy&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.pub=INUPRESS%2C+Geneva&amp;rft.isbn=2881550002"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton Keynes intelligence Observatory&#32;(10/03/2008).&#32;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkiobservatory.org.uk/page.aspx?id=1914&amp;siteID=1026">Population Bulletin 2007/2008</a>". Nota de premsa. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_i_Reverté200435-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_i_Reverté200435_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_i_Reverté2004">González i Reverté, 2004</a>, p.&#160;35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dades basades en el <a href="/wiki/Cens_dels_Estats_Units_del_2000" title="Cens dels Estats Units del 2000">cens dels Estats Units del 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Ursula (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1969&amp;title=opportunity-exploitation-urban-labour-markets">Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918135852/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1969&amp;title=opportunity-exploitation-urban-labour-markets">Arxivat</a> 2012-09-18 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overseas_Development_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Overseas Development Institute (encara no existeix)">Overseas Development Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Glaeser, Edward&#32;«Are Cities Dying?».&#32;<i>The Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>,&#32;12,&#32;2,&#32;Spring, 1998,&#32;pàg.&#160;139–160.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brand-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brand_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Brand, Stewart.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.me.com/stewartbrand/DISCIPLINE_footnotes/2_-_City_Planet.html">Whole Earth Discipline - annotated extract</a>».&#32;[Consulta: 29 novembre 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nowak, Jeremy. "Neighborhood Iniative and the Regional Economy," Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1, February 1997, pp. 3-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Using the Gall-Peters Projection it is estimated that come 2015 the worlds urban population is set to exceed 4 billion, most of this growth is expected in Africa and Asia and China to be 50% urbanised"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, H.-S. (1987). Variations in the urban heat island intensity affected by geographical environments. Environmental Research Center papers, no. 11. Ibaraki, Japan: Environmental Research Center, The University of Tsukuba.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/">"Heat Island Effect"</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/china-climate.htm">Heating Up: Study Shows Rapid Urbanization in China Warming the Regional Climate Faster than Other Urban Areas</a>».</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGonzález_Pérez2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">González Pérez</span>, Jesús Manuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037895523"><i>Les ciutats de les Balears&#160;: processos d'urbanització i urbanisme</i></a>.&#32; Palma:&#32;Lleonard Muntaner,&#32;2017,&#32;p.&#160;128&#32;(Llibres de la Nostra Terra / 106). <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9788416554973" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9788416554973">ISBN 9788416554973</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+ciutats+de+les+Balears+%3A+processos+d%27urbanitzaci%C3%B3+i+urbanisme&amp;rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+P%C3%A9rez&amp;rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs+Manuel&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.pub=Lleonard+Muntaner&amp;rft.place=Palma&amp;rft.pages=128&amp;rft.series=Llibres+de+la+Nostra+Terra+%2F+106&amp;rft.isbn=9788416554973&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1037895523"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGonzález_i_Reverté2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">González i Reverté</span>, Francesc&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raco.cat/index.php/RevistaGeografia/article/viewFile/46141/59903">Procés d'urbanització i desenvolupament residencial a Catalunya. Lectures territorials sobre el cas del Baix Penedès</a>»&#32;(pdf).&#32;<i>Revista de Geografia</i>,&#32;2004,&#32;pàg.&#160;35-62.</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKorotàiev2006"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Korot%C3%A0iev" title="Andrei Korotàiev"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Korotàiev</span>, Andrei</a>.&#32;«The World System urbanization dynamics». A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1703534"><i>History &amp; Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies</i></a>.&#32; Moscou:&#32;KomKniga,&#32;2006.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+%26+Mathematics%3A+Historical+Dynamics+and+Development+of+Complex+Societies&amp;rft.atitle=The+World+System+urbanization+dynamics&amp;rft.aulast=Korot%C3%A0iev&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrei&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=KomKniga&amp;rft.place=Moscou&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1703534"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMumford1956"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mumford</span>, Lewis</a>.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://habitat.aq.upm.es/boletin/n21/almum.en.html">The Natural History of Urbanization</a>». A:&#32;William L. Thomas, jr (Ed.). <i>Man's Role in the Changing the Face of the Earth</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Chicago &amp; London:&#32;University of Chicago Press,&#32;1956.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Man%27s+Role+in+the+Changing+the+Face+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.atitle=The+Natural+History+of+Urbanization&amp;rft.aulast=Mumford&amp;rft.aufirst=Lewis&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.place=Chicago+%26+London"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanitzaci%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urbanization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urbanization">Urbanització</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-geopolis.eu">Geopolis, the world population database</a>».&#32; França:&#32; Universitat Paris-Diderot.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2007/11/22/irin-presents-tomorrows-crises-today-humanitarian-impact-urbanisation-book">Tomorrow's Crises Today - the humanitarian dimension of urbanization</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; IRIN.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327183722/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf">Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets</a>».&#32; Overseas Development Institute,&#32;01-11-2008. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf">original</a> el 2009-03-27.&#32;[Consulta: 16 desembre 2011].</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtes.gencat.cat/muc-visor/AppJava/home.do">Mapa urbanístic de Catalunya</a>».&#32; Generalitat de Catalunya.</span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX532326">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4063234-9">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85141338">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573353">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph126946&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/urbanitzacio-0">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diccionari_Hist%C3%B2ric_de_Su%C3%AFssa" title="Diccionari Històric de Suïssa">HDS</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F007876.php">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐745f94f9f8‐psdhj Cached time: 20241120061116 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.226 seconds Real time usage: 0.363 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4228/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27216/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11060/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13259/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.064/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2334961/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 302.452 1 -total 35.70% 107.962 1 Plantilla:Commonscat 32.82% 99.252 1 Plantilla:Sister 32.14% 97.220 1 Plantilla:Caixa_lateral 32.08% 97.021 1 Plantilla:Referències 16.40% 49.588 13 Plantilla:Ref-web 8.56% 25.900 1 Plantilla:Autoritat 6.97% 21.093 3 Plantilla:Ref-publicació 5.80% 17.557 3 Plantilla:Ref-llibre 4.98% 15.048 1 Plantilla:Sfn --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:idhash:571049-0!canonical and timestamp 20241120061116 and revision id 31796168. 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