CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136b9f67a765f71',cH: 'twP0PirF8zpmchmrUcWbzdyIkVTG_XkSQY4PmE3IFg0-1739805259-1.2.1.1-PEwBn4VOffV6snxV0EThOhZv7qOWoIhyzWk1nEHaNsytUjJD1wQ6k7FBWb1hvZ_U',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=students%20of%20Arabic%20and%20Islamic%20studies&__cf_chl_tk=iZtAYwmVdGWBTQ0ptIbAX5miuaO58dU3wZFkAkokG10-1739805259-1.0.1.1-Ohltpt42hq90a.SydoPYHjfddopYRldyqAcybDaVqvU",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739805259',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=students%20of%20Arabic%20and%20Islamic%20studies&__cf_chl_f_tk=iZtAYwmVdGWBTQ0ptIbAX5miuaO58dU3wZFkAkokG10-1739805259-1.0.1.1-Ohltpt42hq90a.SydoPYHjfddopYRldyqAcybDaVqvU",md: "5.X8Uwkn_ENk7V13j0jWrys.vgAvm61JQJua7UWBb_U-1739805259-1.2.1.1-bPnevR3Rzsg3p5gOpHkYxdNuPe4UZEyyude4Yp4_LUfZ7ry.K0W45KX2bc5J_NrTP2DFdZNR8eTHRkxPuCOo1c5JYyHBDnFyFI7ngKg80_izH15TyPBn7_hjV8l_HXIRF28scUn3ei2cPhv5e1nIDKXUB8XjFM6PyB3XMdvxdIcOKSETVn1nF9.Rn6O9wWQTiMISdnKHHyD8ffQj5hNaWzFjMUbGP3d9pCg0H1jZ.6FnI2OEmX05M8Dc5Sj5j9O_l1VJlOvmk6MtT8H575GY2drC5EI1A3t9MAUZdc5INapQGClqq6qtezF.1wo3SmNWrFbN5NpeXc1oK1PI4FYKPelyV9FqDxirV8wxrU9HsqSAsZvbMlT6L0SGhqN40L8hf5IBK_8tgVJZh846o5Yu2dlEe.R4oYfuUZfHiglWQs0H2VUh7NZlrL5sqrKwDzpqknxxJNjFAVGZuTrJmfkQkxUEEPlT3pHQ6XR0eJFXFGd.COMQOaFMlKxkW_EKs3nXmKrmtV5pGZPr8hZoB4GnXduNUjXQxoygZUiw_nOVFgc4xyv4ltuEi312CZskaBLHASwiO3RoOdXjdGVOTHFG9lhxJgKuNN8BaRj2k.DCOBePUGJYTX6nKlkgBKRhS15JLCB1HBuN0LgQ8_kIRhbZWhQcXozxCC6PJdHKOHvvOdIz.25MA.eDOQk0ltgGyaKVlfR_RxClVFypxEKT4gbgFmNjYMcZCd.4kLPNnGYhV_tcH8ixt_cDBMqrXRhMN.HHJw2WXhqykOqAW_svYYeNnRLyqV0ma2m2B.zOKjwTfwGDpznfxmXVAFM.y4HCT9uhjLbtovpp_2d5x.H1RKPSwh9rsOL7jdDLSHf2xta.NHM7xZZp5oDYHTzWGtU3W9HiBWVRtbbP_tuOS_lKXXDaT6Fn6tQ2qNQKegtSjduUBOG00weYb95OLvp5heSFiZgjepbDZKUhxgs3FTuf.xoZ5FXawhzORH1FK2sB37yyqcnNT04Z40UewN29SbrobmimxuxYO0VICcvSm1qxpFp.oxW6riW9z9fzT1srEK3qf8OnOrKlfrqy3WYinCq2El5Or5UbYqhhScfMluUmW.iPdqRtJ_Q6n8GdQNvy3KvzKhpKonxpXhnIfhJaqgeRPpU2FIzxMM1L3z5rB5N1HzTq5gOVPgVSUfjBNhrqWR552i_OHdpj80v4OFTcx0900_qNG.iDyEAC9Pekvr6HVwNRh9gxvVg4jEG39c3dZjh72mQtNDcxBxRlOTlD9AOpDzw2CO5Yshm_Tgjzz19upseq9w40Kar3cLwxkxNfAAxP1b_ttEXoDQaaWcV7cBTublnDhfFH2wGZvmneSWYK_bDgusdNSE4ogvBuD9hDiqWaIxwtXe2LISn8yueAsh7vXJr7ShbdsuPghSmNvPZyK5f6.s.tkoy4invS51Idj7OlCIe..rc3ZIz41Ct7XROQLNMyDcK6u6pk2eQL2BFKFwrZtWskXmE0AVxqtgFVGOmTt6x5Lk6jz5ENaQDxT2eSysh2EYG4tdPrXTdFvgMnO9U5oqO_tXdIpFA0nHiobSBT76QFQDdXln8rymQ87sHdi4X3cvfBDi5UU3agEP50Suj_6uP.Vol9lzT8SKF8VEnRratR4Pc6SY8ov3bXw7WRuED5fS6Pfy4VMZ0uyfuPwhjEGTh7oJVwlqa7CaaU7lILVGxE5PTa3bFv0BtHs1GzGiOx2m3U2cQKosl.4klwavDXM2bezD3acH_MfwrucKkUPjxA.jfuBsGzm.lRpMHIKsyFFJIy92mD7WVb9A_EFb1ytLPNyv7I1ROEyM87Oyd.09kSKv1GDCcaGSyuHcC6aak6BrxiBHmUKfNRby5uctG0jn3CKv1fPFfubboCk5CYb620CSKqlLY5g.KAuA4gJJ8hWyg7LZN5I9vUg2t98_UKT4.uIJYZbKBr0lEXVVeI..FBVu.EgcIbLYtpGKpQ8EdsBxJGjJp7QQ81ePkUcm4A3uloDdrwf6HbP.LhIsdeD2Ze72TWbqmMMEgpMnSrUgob",mdrd: "57B263tWoAncpgW9fYgxIt137ZgSlhHtScHt2YSJNps-1739805259-1.2.1.1-hiYKP6o3DP4wXzMA79S75JW_Mk3nJnFAnyuutpOOIl0IUYx2WMgoCpbYmfkRLZQyaxa.QDJmkh6d7CluIBKvwKJsyDWYjJqOQHZkdpBSHvQIdTSjyMj01KITCwcI7yqxKv5lWExGDXIVWqMOdLREYzviUV38qmUSh7Vo.itcNHn_lW5XsPy2N4d_LRQK5z7vpCJzlQZd.TQFTq84vBbL4R1b0lMaz3902xIXV_1Is7Ntw56QwdgyV1o8qhVNRY0ECU.6nqCYdg38nDgL9SC17iRMY1mDaIFsUgR_ZEknZxq5nibemgT4UXRay6wX6OGmmG58zqbn31UATgwiBxHK9fmR5RSOR0Ze1bHcbfRCNs2xlMIrEsMOtIsth07uLY9Wb44LNQg0u9YtDTeLaAQ6j9DjgPUS7oFCUkpd9kQQ5hpjqN2XvIxfAbIMKEEULgUHdLBl3_.ZpWU9T0McKcgTSKWyQjTdUd8JPGtT66bW3e.5ryd8bcR9oxDciaUdlUH5YIlrNbwtBrk_oifrUDup7A8n50UGKS_XuhKSfCfHtypFMnx8B096mN7TpTlliG1ZJnoLMSqqN1dLpkOPcoLYD2ZDW30TFU9HH3lkQCXZU8qEwqPOp1f.eEZUYNiW4fbptTX4CTNHCUmGoiKqVC8af.Ft3Z9fuDM1Afb4_YMNzaq6XcNR8eRt2cGZuZqJmrwTByMQACOIrLVHLtzr05eJG7iH4ksKSrjHrmGlWK7IiPUVeuBcggCbH3oRKYuKEad75GkxiBUx8W3A8ZuoJVlTC7foK58iJC_jApcgJad_5md9pI6SZ5txgpT8LUwdbzI1FvLjbVRXCZaARtCfIjzTjc7_AtwGbYUXzWoEno3LuzSEtn81xrAqQXWc9V6O0IHtmWIS5PhxufABvm26U1dXkx_qRYQ8_0YroIUElxLZmNq0HmjNPz_mo5Xfc.vICrc_N6CByvEmKDxHA6j.DbBBrJ31J3DADlT86PvHO5FvFwd0Sz4TbCAo8w0M7uzloGNXth6wc0zVAypxNfrvpYl3MRZerUZuUl3RLvvybi_cQhpWpbm7GdtmzGvDulhWzCN7psbRxntAaG1nRQ1jo2qtlP4pdm_aRiRzMGSAzOwvmxTC1X2kTaRZYRTIUetkljhx252MzmqlnSCynbAQtEKk_mLyn9vrdVuMkaYjNs5MEsxo7ZKpF5R3Cnn27wZAMS6CKSWCWycO4DzAUfoc2SvDuI9TFBKRXfDmOTWMynIs_UpgZBlfFTRGaEI6mIe_l4aOidntGz8MzMO2FRPOtBoXBrk6yYngEEAyR35szM2BcuU_uh47rqZExtvVYbRii8V_K1AfNaI0yY4H0dRsfc75Wkqp7TCOnbDejL.BQkdfEy5jLSvbAAfzTveLD7sRXgfh8DwIk.W_wwvLWmNPj5jJGMRulupfSBFcsSKnO1hegvejCQm5NsU1BI6S3HxQoRePJ.OzuLWVRDO76.yHZx6AndcVBj6uQgtn5ZCCh.nhTPKykiEKasHUjQkdLpAWjyR6bHkquhux0KboHfCOPWmysn2g.cj6Yxdjrj.kS5Tj80cfZYK8pjcVpGN5F32sXzsp49pfgptZ5BRBwj_kQq9wgbDvDRA3GKsJEtZe4G.mYrqoRV_KUOlR3pVN.1rSoaK2bhpyzuM2MsaZBuSxZFGqeIboc75Xd47w4JRQ.2CD550FSoS4uIzsX5_3Rl.GHyw4K9oalVbNMefr_pDll72rZGNyvxZ1ryNnoOHYZQojW4c2r9yIqjB1WOq6qE9IIpmDHw6WALN9CxPGjxQ0V2y_w0zA_Bz.MX83pL.cwAb0cpKBa0VpLLu5s391XdBhVME4cBbG7gtNrVICogwerQolUxwpqFuJZ7WBju5Si9ydGJ_8D4q.Yj1twOR.ukRwr3Psn_EcgRlk8QfaBIU3LLBxZkXKd.jGlXoapQ8eGE.Le8BDZGYN2MkB92NK_kxqs4xE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136b9f67a765f71';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=students%20of%20Arabic%20and%20Islamic%20studies&__cf_chl_rt_tk=iZtAYwmVdGWBTQ0ptIbAX5miuaO58dU3wZFkAkokG10-1739805259-1.0.1.1-Ohltpt42hq90a.SydoPYHjfddopYRldyqAcybDaVqvU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>