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: #E2E2E2 ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 1px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { border-color : #E2E2E2 ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 26px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #000000 ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-top, .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #000000 ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #000000 ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .builder56 { padding-top : 20px ;} .builder56 { padding-bottom : 30px ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { font-weight : 700 ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { font-style : normal ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { font-size : 14px ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { text-transform : uppercase ;} .builder56__section + .builder56__section { margin-top : 24px ;} .titlebar56__main { width : 600px ;} .titlebar56 .container { padding : 32px 0 ;} .titlebar56 { border-top-width : 0px ;} .titlebar56 { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .titlebar56 .container { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .titlebar56__title { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .titlebar56__title { font-style : normal ;} .titlebar56__title { font-size : 32px ;} .titlebar56__description { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .row56 { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(40px/2), 0 ) ;} .toparea56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 16px ;} .toparea56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -16px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 32px ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -32px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 400px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 400px) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .toparea56 > .container > .blog56--list .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { border-width : 0px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { border-radius : 0px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers:hover, .pagination56 .page-numbers.current { color : #fff ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers:hover, .pagination56 .page-numbers.current { background : #000 ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers:hover, .pagination56 .page-numbers.current { border-color : #000 ;} .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .blog56--grid { column-gap : 20px ;} .blog56--list { column-gap : 20px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(20px/2) ;} .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(20px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-20px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-20px/2) ;} .row56 { column-gap : 20px ;} .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .blog56--grid { row-gap : 40px ;} .blog56--list { row-gap : 40px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-top : 40px ;} .main-masonry { margin-top : -40px ;} .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-40px/2) ;} .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .post56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 360px ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 360px) ;} .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .thumbnail56 img, .thumbnail56__overlay { border-radius : 0px ;} .thumbnail56__overlay { background : #000 ;} .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .title56 { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .title56 { font-size : 26px ;} .title56 a:hover { text-decoration : underline ;} .meta56__author a img { width : 32px ;} .meta56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .meta56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .meta56 { font-style : normal ;} .meta56 { font-size : 12px ;} .meta56 { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-weight : 700 ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-style : normal ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-size : 12px ;} .meta56__category--fancy { text-transform : uppercase ;} .meta56 .meta56__category--fancy a, .meta56 .meta56__category--fancy a:hover { color : #000000 ;} .single56 { padding-top : 20px ;} .single56__title { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .single56__title { font-style : normal ;} .single56__subtitle { font-style : normal ;} .single56__subtitle { font-size : 19px ;} :root { --narrow-width : 660px ;} .single56__post_content { font-family : Lusitana ;} .single56__post_content { font-style : normal ;} .single56__post_content { font-size : 19px ;} .single56__heading { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .single56__heading { font-weight : 400 ;} .single56__heading { font-style : normal ;} .single56__heading { font-size : 14px ;} .single56__heading { text-transform : uppercase ;} .single56__heading { text-align : left ;} .single56--small-heading-normal .single56__heading { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .single56--small-heading-normal .single56__heading { border-top-width : 0px ;} .authorbox56__avatar { width : 90px ;} .authorbox56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .terms56 a { line-height : 24px ;} .terms56 a { font-weight : 400 ;} .terms56 a { font-size : 12px ;} .terms56 a { letter-spacing : 1px ;} .terms56 a { text-transform : uppercase ;} .terms56 a { border-radius : 0px ;} .terms56 a { border-width : 0px ;} .terms56 a { color : #eee ;} .terms56 a { background : #111 ;} .terms56 a { border-color : 0 ;} .terms56 a:hover { color : #fff ;} .terms56 a:hover { background : #111 ;} .singlenav56__post__bg { padding-bottom : 45% ;} .singlenav56--1cols .singlenav56__post__bg { padding-bottom : calc(45%/1.8) ;} .progress56 { height : 2px ;} .share56--inline a { width : 26px ;} .share56--inline a { height : 26px ;} .share56--full a { height : 26px ;} .share56 a { font-size : 18px ;} .share56--inline a { border-radius : 40px ;} .share56--full a { border-radius : 0px ;} .share56--inline li + li { margin-left : 8px ;} .share56--full ul { column-gap : 8px ;} .share56--custom a { background : #555555 ;} .share56--custom a:hover { color : #fff ;} .sidedock56__heading { background : #000 ;} .sidedock56__post .title56 { font-size : 18px ;} .page56__header { text-align : left ;} .footer56__col__sep { border-color : #555555 ;} .footer_sidebar56 { color : #cccccc ;} .footer_sidebar56 .container { padding : 0px 0px ;} .footer56__row .footer56__col { padding : 50px 20px ;} .footer_bottom56 .container { padding : 40px 0 ;} .footer_bottom56 { border-top-width : 1px ;} .footer_bottom56 { border-color : #555555 ;} .footer56__social li + li { margin-left : 3px ;} .footer56__social a { width : 30px ;} .footer56__social a { height : 30px ;} .footer56__social a { font-size : 16px ;} .footer56__social a img { width : 16px ;} .footer56__social a { border-radius : 30px ;} .footer56__social a { border-width : 0px ;} .footer56__social a { background : #ffffff ;} .footer56__social a { color : #111111 ;} .footer56__social a { border-color : #111 ;} .footer56__social a:hover { background : #FFFFFF ;} .footer56__social a:hover { color : #959595 ;} .footer56__social a:hover { border-color : #FFFFFF ;} .footer56__copyright { font-weight : 300 ;} .footer56__copyright { font-style : normal ;} .footer56__copyright { font-size : 13px ;} .footer56__copyright { color : #999999 ;} .footer56__nav li + li { margin-left : 10px ;} .footer56__nav a { font-size : 11px ;} .footer56__nav a { letter-spacing : 1px ;} .footer56__nav a { text-transform : uppercase ;} .scrollup56--noimage { border-width : 0px ;} :root { --content-width : 1170px ;} body { background-color : rgba(255,255,255,1) ;} body { border-color : #000000 ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-size : cover ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-position : center center ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-attachment : scroll ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-repeat : no-repeat ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-top-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-right-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-left-width : 0px ;} :root { --darkmode-bg : #000 ;} body { font-weight : 300 ;} body { font-size : 16px ;} body { line-height : 1.5 ;} body { letter-spacing : 0px ;} body { text-transform : none ;} body { color : #000000 ;} a { color : #e0a979 ;} a:hover { color : #e0a979 ;} :root { --border-color : #e1e1e1 ;} :root { --accent-color : #e0a979 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-weight : 800 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { line-height : 1.05 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { text-transform : none ;} h2 { font-size : 33px ;} h3 { font-size : 26px ;} h4 { font-size : 20px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-weight : 700 ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-style : normal ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-size : 12px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { text-transform : uppercase ;} :root { --button-border-radius : 0px ;} :root { --button-height : 48px ;} :root { --button-padding : 28px ;} :root { --button-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} :root { --button-hover-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-weight : 400 ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-style : normal ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-size : 16px ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { letter-spacing : 0px ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { text-transform : none ;} :root { --input-border-width : 1px ;} :root { --input-border-radius : 1px ;} :root { --input-height : 46px ;} :root { --input-placeholder-opacity : 0.6 ;} :root { --input-background : #f0f0f0 ;} :root { --input-color : #777777 ;} :root { --input-border-color : #e1e1e1 ;} :root { --input-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} :root { --input-focus-border-color : #e1e1e1 ;} :root { --input-focus-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} blockquote { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} blockquote { font-weight : 700 ;} blockquote { font-style : normal ;} blockquote { font-size : 28px ;} blockquote { text-transform : none ;} blockquote { border-top-width : 0px ;} blockquote { border-right-width : 0px ;} blockquote { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} blockquote { border-left-width : 0px ;} .widget + .widget { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-style : normal ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-size : 12px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { text-transform : uppercase ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { text-align : left ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-left-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-top : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-right : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-bottom : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-left : 0px ;} .widget_archive, .widget_nav_menu, .widget_meta, .widget_recent_entries, .widget_categories, .widget_product_categories, .widget_recent_comments { font-size : 12px ;} .widget_archive, .widget_nav_menu, .widget_meta, .widget_recent_entries, .widget_categories, .widget_product_categories, .widget_recent_comments { letter-spacing : 1px ;} .widget_archive, .widget_nav_menu, .widget_meta, .widget_recent_entries, .widget_categories, .widget_product_categories, .widget_recent_comments { text-transform : uppercase ;} :root { --list-widget-border-style : solid ;} :root { --list-widget-border-color : #e1e1e1 ;} .wi-dropcap,.enable-dropcap .dropcap-content > p:first-of-type:first-letter, p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .wi-dropcap,.enable-dropcap .dropcap-content > p:first-of-type:first-letter, p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { font-weight : 700 ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-weight : 400 ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-style : normal ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-size : 14px ;} .wp-caption-text, .wp-element-caption, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { color : #777777 ;} @media(max-width:1024px) { .text-logo { font-size : 40px ;} .minimal-header { height : 54px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel 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.post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 80px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 22px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .heading56 { font-size : 17px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .builder56 { padding-top : 0px ;} .builder56 { padding-bottom : 20px ;} .builder56__section + .builder56__section { margin-top : 20px ;} .titlebar56__title { font-size : 24px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .row56 { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .toparea56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .toparea56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 30px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 30px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 30px ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -30px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-30px/2) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .toparea56 > .container > .blog56--list .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .blog56--grid { column-gap : 16px ;} .blog56--list { column-gap : 16px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(16px/2) ;} .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(16px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-16px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-16px/2) ;} .row56 { column-gap : 16px ;} .blog56__sep { column-gap : 16px ;} .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(16px/2), 0 ) ;} .blog56--grid { row-gap : 30px ;} .blog56--list { row-gap : 30px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-top : 30px ;} .main-masonry { margin-top : -30px ;} .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-30px/2) ;} .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .post56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .title56 { font-size : 22px ;} .meta56__author a img { width : 28px ;} .single56 { padding-top : 0px ;} .sidedock56__post .title56 { font-size : 16px ;} .footer56__row .footer56__col { padding : 30px 20px ;} .footer56__nav li + li { margin-left : 8px ;} blockquote { font-size : 22px ;} } @media (min-width:1024px) { body.layout-boxed #wi-all { margin-top : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { margin-bottom : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { padding-top : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { padding-bottom : 0px ;} } @media only screen and (min-width: 840px) { .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27144.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27122 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27122.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27133 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27133.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27166.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .secondary56 { width : 265px ;} .hassidebar > .container--main > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 265px) ;} } @media(max-width:600px) { .text-logo { font-size : 22px ;} .offcanvas56 { top : 54px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .row56__col + .row56__col { margin-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 20px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .excerpt56 { font-size : 12px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .heading56 { font-size : 16px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27111 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .row56__col + .row56__col { margin-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 16px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .heading56 { font-size : 16px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93e1c3c27155 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .row56__col + .row56__col { margin-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .section_64b93e1c3c27144 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left 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class="container container--main single56__outer"> <div class="primary56"> <div class="single56__header single56__block align-left"> <div class="meta56 component56"> <div class="meta56__item meta56__category--fancy meta56__category--fancy--plain"> <a href="https://hybrid.co.id/post/category/hybrid/featured-article/" rel="tag">Featured Article</a><span class="sep">·</span><a href="https://hybrid.co.id/post/category/hybrid/" rel="tag">Hybrid</a> </div> </div> <h1 class="post-title single56__title component56">Sejarah Sony, Masuki Industri Game Karena Marah dengan Nintendo</h1> <div class="meta56 component56"> <div class="meta56__item meta56__author"> by <a href="https://hybrid.co.id/post/author/ellavie/" itemprop="url" rel="author">Ellavie Ichlasa Amalia</a> </div> <div class="meta56__item meta56__reading-time"> 8 mins read </div> <div class="meta56__item meta56__date" title="15 Jul, 2020 19:40:05"> July 15, 2020 </div> </div> <div class="component56 component56--share share56__outer"> 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<img width="1000" height="533" src="https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/d692bba0344f58e5a8c175efc1f0d4a2_sony-playstation-glassdoor.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" loading="eager" decoding="async" srcset="https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/d692bba0344f58e5a8c175efc1f0d4a2_sony-playstation-glassdoor.jpg 1000w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/d692bba0344f58e5a8c175efc1f0d4a2_sony-playstation-glassdoor-300x160.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> <figcaption> Sony mulai membuat konsol karena marah pada Nintendo. </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="single56__body single56__block"> <div class="single56__before_content single56__body_area"> <div class="component56 component56--share share56__outer"> <div class="share56 share56--inline align-right share56--custom"> <ul> <li class="li-facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fhybrid.co.id%2Fpost%2Fsejarah-sony%2F" 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Perusahaan yang identik dengan merek PlayStation itu sekarang menjadi salah satu perusahaan <em>game</em> paling dikenal di dunia. Padahal, pada awal didirikan, Sony bukanlah perusahaan <em>game</em>. Faktanya, perusahaan Jepang itu baru mulai tertarik dengan industri gaming berpuluh-puluh tahun setelah ia didirikan. Menariknya, alasan Sony bersikukuh membuat konsol sendiri adalah karena kesal pada <a href="https://dailysocial.id/post/profil-nintendo/" target="_blank">Nintendo</a>.</p> <p>Bagaimana cerita lengkapnya?</p> <h3>Sejarah Perusahaan Sony</h3> <p>Sony didirikan tak lama setelah Perang Dunia 2 berakhir. Pada 1946,<strong> Masaru Ibuka </strong>dan <strong>Akio Morita</strong> mendirikan perusahaan yang dinamai Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo alias Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corp. Saat didirikan, Sony hanya memiliki delapan karyawan. Mereka meluncurkan produk pertama, sebuah <em>power megaphone</em>, satu tahun setelah perusahaan didirikan. Pada 1950, mereka sukses membuat alat perekam pertama di Jepang, yang dinamai Type-G.</p> <p>Pada pertengahan 1950-an, Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo mulai melakukan ekspansi global. Sayangnya — atau untungnya? — sudah ada perusahaan Jepang lain yang menggunakan inisial TTK. Alhasil, mereka harus mencari nama baru. Mereka memutuskan untuk menggunakan nama “Sony”, yang merupakan gabungan dari kata Sonus (suara dalam Bahasa Latin) dan Sonny (panggilan untuk anak laki-laki di Amerika Serikat). Mereka sengaja mencari nama yang tidak ada dalam bahasa apapun agar mereka bisa menjadikan nama tersebut sebagai <em>trademark</em>.</p> <figure id="attachment_341516" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-341516" style="width: 590px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/293fca5b5d133bc99ca62afad58e2143_tokyo-tsushin-kyogo-sony.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-341516" src="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/293fca5b5d133bc99ca62afad58e2143_tokyo-tsushin-kyogo-sony.jpg" alt="Pada awalnya, Sony dinamai Tokyo Tsushin Kyogo. | Sumber: Sony.net" width="590" height="415" srcset="https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/293fca5b5d133bc99ca62afad58e2143_tokyo-tsushin-kyogo-sony.jpg 590w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/293fca5b5d133bc99ca62afad58e2143_tokyo-tsushin-kyogo-sony-300x211.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-341516" class="wp-caption-text">Pada awalnya, Sony dinamai Tokyo Tsushin Kyogo. | Sumber: <a href="https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/capsule/03/">Sony.net</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Memperkenalkan nama perusahaan baru dalam dunia bisnis bukan perkara gampang. Jadi, tidak heran jika banyak pegawai Sony mempertanyakan keputusan untuk menggunakan nama baru. Namun, pada akhirnya, nama perusahaan diganti menjadi Sony Corp. pada 1958. Dua tahun kemudian, pada 1960, mereka membuka cabang di Amerika Serikat. Pada 1968, mereka memperluas sayap mereka ke Inggris. Mereka memasuki pasar Prancis pada 1973 dan Jerman pada 1986.</p> <p> </p> <h3>Bagaimana Sony Bisa Masuk ke Industri <em>Game</em>?</h3> <p>Nintendo dan Sony hidup dalam harmoni. Semuanya berubah saat Negara Api menyerang… Dalam kasus ini, Nintendo adalah Negara Api. Percaya atau tidak, Sony berkeras untuk membuat konsol <em>game</em> sendiri karena merasa dilecehkan oleh Nintendo.</p> <p>Ialah Ken Kutaragi, teknisi Sony yang menyadari potensi pasar konsol game saat dia melihat anaknya memainkan konsol Nintendo. Kutaragi kini dikenal sebagai Bapak PlayStation, tapi pada akhir 1980-an, dia hanyalah pegawai di Sony. Setelah menyadari potensi pasar konsol game, dia lalu membuat <em>sound chip</em> untuk Super Nintendo di laboratorium Sony Digital Research. Namun, dia membangun <em>chip</em> tersebut secara diam-diam. Dan begitu atasan Kutaragi tahu apa yang dia lakukan, mereka marah besar. Untungnya, Nintendo — yang memang sedang mencari <em>sound chip</em> untuk konsol barunya — memutuskan untuk membeli <em>chip</em> tersebut.</p> <p>Beberapa tahun kemudian, Nintendo mengajak Sony untuk bekerja sama. Konsol Super Nintendo masih menggunakan <em>cartridge</em>. Sony diminta untuk memodifikasi Super Nintendo agar konsol itu juga bisa memainkan <em>game</em> dalam CD. Saat itu, Sony masih belum yakin akan besarnya potensi industri <em>gaming</em>. Namun, Kutaragi berhasil meyakinkan para atasannya bahwa dia bisa mengerjakan apa yang diminta Nintendo. Dia sukses membuat Super Nintendo yang bisa memainkan <em>game</em> pada <em>cartridge</em> dan CD. Konsol itu disebut Nintendo PlayStation.</p> <figure id="attachment_341515" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-341515" style="width: 1280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/8046999df9c2b643c2bc644a761457ba_nintendo-playstation-engadget.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-341515" src="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/8046999df9c2b643c2bc644a761457ba_nintendo-playstation-engadget.jpg" alt="Nintendo PlayStation bisa membaca cartrdige dan CD. | Sumber: Engadget" width="1280" height="685" srcset="https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/8046999df9c2b643c2bc644a761457ba_nintendo-playstation-engadget.jpg 1280w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/8046999df9c2b643c2bc644a761457ba_nintendo-playstation-engadget-300x161.jpg 300w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/8046999df9c2b643c2bc644a761457ba_nintendo-playstation-engadget-1024x548.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-341515" class="wp-caption-text">Nintendo PlayStation bisa membaca cartrdige dan CD. | Sumber: <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2017-05-07-nintendo-playstation-now-runs-cd-games.html">Engadget</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sony memamerkan Nintendo PlayStation dalam ajang Consumer Electronic Shows pada Juni 1991. Masalah muncul ketika Nintendo memutuskan untuk mengkhianati Sony. Pada hari yang sama ketika Sony memperkenalkan Nintendo PlayStation, Nintendo mengumumkan kerja sama mereka dengan Philips, yang merupakan pesaing Sony. Hal ini membuat Sony meradang.</p> <p>Memang, bahkan sebelum Nintendo mengumumkan kolaborasinya dengan Philips, hubungan antara Sony dan Nintendo memang sudah bermasalah. Dua perusahaan Jepang itu tidak bisa mencapai kata mufakat dalam hal pembagian pemasukan dari kerja sama mereka. Sony mengusulkan, Nintendo mendapatkan hasil penjualan <em>cartridge</em>, sementara hasil penjualan CD masuk ke Sony.</p> <p>Nintendo menolak keras, ungkap <strong>Chris Deering</strong>, yang saat itu bekerja di Columbia Pictures milik Sony dan nantinya menjadi Presiden dari Sony Computer Entertainment di Eropa. Nintendo bahkan menganggap, Sony berusaha untuk mengambil jatah mereka. Kerja sama antara Sony dan Nintendo pun berakhir. Dan Nintendo tak terlalu ambil pusing. Ketika itu, mereka yakin, Sony tidak tertarik dengan bisnis <em>game</em>. Namun, apa yang Nintendo lakukan membuat <strong>Norio Ohga</strong>, yang masih menjabat sebagai Presiden Sony, marah besar. Nintendo dianggap telah mempermalukan Sony. Ohga memutuskan bahwa Sony akan membuat konsol sendiri.</p> <p>“Kita tidak akan mundur dari bisnis ini!” kata Ohga dalam sebuah pertemuan yang diadakan pada akhir Juli 1991, seperti dikutip dari GamesRadar. Dia lalu memerintahkan Kutaragi untuk melanjutkan proyek pengembangan konsol yang dia garap. Dengan ini, Kutaragi sukses mendapatkan restu dari bos besar Sony untuk mengembangkan konsol <em>game</em>.</p> <p><strong>Phil Harrison</strong>, yang bergabung dengan Sony pada September 1992 dan nantinya menjadi Presiden dari Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios, menjelaskan bahwa Kutaragi terpukau dengan System-G, komputer khusus <em>special-effects</em> yang biasanya digunakan oleh perusahaan televisi untuk menampilkan gambar 3D pada siaran secara langsung. “Dari segi teknologi, System-G tidak jauh berbeda dengan <em>game</em>. Namun, System-G merupakan mesin yang sangat canggih. Dan Ken ingin membuat mesin serupa secara massal sehingga ia bisa dimainkan di rumah,” kata Harrison.</p> <figure id="attachment_341514" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-341514" style="width: 1280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/1e52cf1fba25c6d035f0e674769709bf_ken-kutaragi-youtube.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-341514" src="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/1e52cf1fba25c6d035f0e674769709bf_ken-kutaragi-youtube.jpg" alt="Ken Kutaragi dikenal sebagai Bapak PlayStation. | Sumber: YouTube" width="1280" height="720" srcset="https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/1e52cf1fba25c6d035f0e674769709bf_ken-kutaragi-youtube.jpg 1280w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/1e52cf1fba25c6d035f0e674769709bf_ken-kutaragi-youtube-300x169.jpg 300w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/1e52cf1fba25c6d035f0e674769709bf_ken-kutaragi-youtube-1024x576.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-341514" class="wp-caption-text">Ken Kutaragi dikenal sebagai Bapak PlayStation. | Sumber: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIp7htql7zk">YouTube</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lagi-lagi, masalah muncul. Kali ini, karena Nintendo mengajak Sony bekerja sama dalam proyek selain <em>game</em>. Diduga, alsaan Nintendo menawarkan kolaborasi pada Sony adalah karena mereka tak ingin Sony mempermasalahkan mereka di pengadilan. Mereka juga diperkirakan ingin mengalihkan perhatian Sony agar mereka tidak bisa fokus dalam mengembangkan konsol mereka sendiri. Hal ini membuat Kutaragi frustasi. Pasalnya, dia juga mendapatkan banyak kritik dari internal Sony, khususnya dari orang-orang yang tidak ingin Sony masuk ke industri <em>game</em>.</p> <p> </p> <h3>Masalah Internal Sony</h3> <p>Pada Mei 1992, Sony akhirnya berhenti bernegoisasi dengan Nintendo. Satu bulan kemudian, para petinggi Sony mengadakan <em>meeting </em>untuk menentukan keberlangsungan proyek Kutaragi dalam membuat konsol <em>game</em>. Sebagian besar merasa, proyek Kutaragi seharusnya dihentikan. Kutaragi lalu mengungkap bahwa dia telah membuat sebuah mesin berbasis CD-Rom yang bisa menampilkan grafik 3D untuk <em>game</em> dan bukannya multimedia. Hanya saja, mesin itu memerlukan <em>chip</em> yang jauh lebih canggih dari yang ada.</p> <p>Meskipun begitu, Kutaragi tak mau menyerah. Dia sengaja menyulut api kemarahan Ohga dengan berkata, “Apakah kita akan menerima penghinaan dari Nintendo begitu saja?” Pada akhirnya, Ohga membiarkan Kutaragi melanjutkan proyeknya. Hanya saja, Kutaragi harus keluar dari Sony karena, Ohga khawatir tekad Kutaragi akan tergerus jika dia harus bekerja di tengah protes dari koleganya.</p> <p>“Banyak orang yang tidak setuju jika Sony masuk ke industri <em>game</em>,” ungkap Harrison. Para petinggi lama Sony menganggap konsol buatan Sega dan Nintendo sebagai mainan. Mereka khawatir, jika Sony mulai membuat “mainan”, reputasi mereka yang telah dipertahankan selama berpuluh-puluh tahun, akan rusak. “Pendapat mereka berubah setelah bisnis <em>gaming</em> memberikan kontribusi 90 persen dari total laba perusahaan selama beberapa tahun,” ujar Harrison.</p> <p>Bersama dengan 9 orang lainnya, Kutaragi dipindahkan ke Sony Music, entitas yang masih ada di bawah Sony Corp. tapi memiliki keuangan yang terpisah. Markas Sony Music ada di distrik Aoyama, Tokyo. Di sana, dia bekerja dengan <strong>Shigeo Maruyama</strong>, CEO Sony Music, yang kemudian menjadi Vice President dari Sony Computer Entertainment International (SCEI), divisi yang bertanggung jawab atas bisnis PlayStation. Kutaragi juga bekerja sama dengan<strong> Akira Sato</strong>, yang juga menjadi seorang VP. Nantinya, Sony Music memiliki peran penting dalam kesukesan PlayStation.</p> <p>Deering menjelaskan, saat itu, musik adalah industri yang besar. Sony tak hanya tahu cara membesarkan musisi bertalenta, mereka juga tahu cara untuk membuat dan memasarkan <em>disc</em>. Sementara dalam industri <em>game</em>, <em>cartridge</em> mulai ditinggalkan, digantikan oleh CD. Jadi, Sony bisa menggunakan pengetahuan mereka dari industri musik ke industri <em>game</em>.</p> <p>Dua orang lain yang memiliki peran penting dalam kesuksesan PlayStation adalah <strong>Olah Olafsson</strong>, Presiden dan CEO dari Sony Interactive Entertainment dan <strong>Terry Tokunaka</strong>, yang pernah bekerja di kantor utama Sony Corp. dan kemudian menjadi Presiden dari SCEI. Strategi Tokunaka untuk membuat PlayStation sukses sederhana. Dia ingin memenangkan hati para developer dan publisher <em>game</em> sehingga mereka bersedia membuat <em>game</em> untuk PlayStation.</p> <p> </p> <h3>Memenangkan Hati Developer dan Publisher</h3> <p>Harrison bergabung dengan PlayStation pada 1993. Dia merupakan salah satu orang yang berusaha meyakinkan developer dan publisher agar mereka mau membuat <em>game</em> untuk PlayStation. “Kami harus bekerja keras untuk membuktikan kredibiltas kami,” katanya.</p> <p>Harrison bercerita, mereka menerima banyak pertanyaan terkait model bisnis yang ditawarkan oleh Sony, seperti besar royalti atau sistem distribusi <em>game</em>. Para kreator <em>game</em> lalu membandingkan model bisnis Sony dengan model bisnis Sega dan Nintendo, yang ketika itu dianggap sangat ketat. “Sekarang, model bisnis mereka sudah berubah. Namun, saat itu, membuat <em>game</em> untuk Nintendo 16-bit memiliki risiko besar,” ujar Harrison.</p> <figure id="attachment_341513" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-341513" style="width: 1024px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/4fb21671152a1f389287330d0152367e_nintendo-16-bit-wikipedia.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-341513" src="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/4fb21671152a1f389287330d0152367e_nintendo-16-bit-wikipedia.jpg" alt="Pada awalnya, Nintendo menggunakan cartridge. | Sumber: Wikipedia" width="1024" height="556" srcset="https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/4fb21671152a1f389287330d0152367e_nintendo-16-bit-wikipedia.jpg 1024w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/4fb21671152a1f389287330d0152367e_nintendo-16-bit-wikipedia-300x163.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-341513" class="wp-caption-text">Pada awalnya, Nintendo menggunakan cartridge. | Sumber: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System#/media/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg">Wikipedia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi oleh publisher <em>game</em> Jepang adalah mereka tidak memiliki infrastruktur yang memadai untuk mendistribusikan <em>game</em> yang mereka buat. Ketika mereka membuat <em>game</em> untuk konsol Nintendo, maka Nintendo akan bertanggung jawab atas pendistribusian <em>game</em>. “Semua rekan publisher kami di Jepang senang dengan konsol kami. Hanya saja, mereka tidak tahu bagaimana cara untuk menjual <em>game</em> mereka ke pasar,” jelas Harrison. “Di sinilah kerja sama antara Sony Corp. dan Sony Music membuahkan hasil manis.”</p> <p>Pada 1994, Sony mengundang developer dan publisher <em>game</em> ke hotel di Tokyo. Mereka menjelaskan, mereka sadar bahwa para developer dan publisher tidak tahu bagaimana cara menjual <em>game</em> mereka. Karena itu, mereka mempersiapkan tim sales. Hasilnya, ratusan publisher di Jepang siap untuk merilis <em>game</em> untuk PlayStation, sehingga konsol itu punya <em>game</em> yang sangat beragam.</p> <p>Alasan lain para developer dan publisher memilih untuk membuat <em>game</em> PlayStation adalah karena membuat <em>game</em> untuk konsol Sega dan Nintendo tidak hanya berisiko, tapi juga lambat. Pasalnya, konsol Sega dan Nintendo menggunakan <em>cartridge</em>. Jika dibandingkan dengan proses pembuatan <em>game</em> di cartridge, pembuatan <em>game</em> di CD memakan waktu lebih singkat. Pada akhirnya, hal ini membuat developer dan publisher memiliki modal lebih yang bisa digunakan untuk mengembangkan <em>game</em> dan marketing.</p> <p>Terakhir, alasan para developer dan publisher <em>game</em> tertarik untuk membuat <em>game</em> PlayStation adalah karena Sony tidak memiliki studio <em>game</em> sendiri sampai 1994. Hal itu berarti, Sony sepenuhnya menggantungkan diri pada kreator <em>game</em> pihak ketiga. Selain itu, mereka juga tidak perlu khawatir harus bersaing dengan Sony dalam merebut hati para pemain.</p> <p> </p> <h3>Konsol Buatan Sony</h3> <p>Konsol PlayStation pertama diluncurkan di Jepang pada Desember 1994. PlayStation menjadi konsol pertama yang berhasil terjual lebih dari 100 juta unit. PS tidak memiliki <em>hard drive</em>. Jadi, jika Anda ingin menyimpan data <em>game</em> pada konsol tersebut, Anda perlu menggunakan <em>memory cards</em>, yang hanya memiliki kapasitas 128KB. Pada Juli 2000, Sony meluncurkan PSOne. Dengan ini, Sony memulai tradisi mereka untuk meluncurkan konsol dalam ukuran lebih kecil.</p> <p>Sony meluncurkan PlayStation 2 pada Maret 2000. Sampai sekarang, PlayStation 2 masih menjadi konsol paling laku sepanjang sejarah. Selama 12 tahun, Sony berhasil menjual 155 juta unit PlayStation 2. Salah satu alasan mengapa PlayStation 2 jauh lebih unggul dari para pesaingnya, seperti Microsoft Xbox, Nintendo GameCube, dan Sega Dreamcast, adalah karena ia memiliki <em>game</em> dalam jumlah banyak, mencapai lebih dari dua ribu <em>game</em>.</p> <p>PlayStation 2 menggunakan Emotion Engine — prosesor dengan satu core — sebagai CPU. Konsol itu sudah dilengkapi dengan <em>backward compatibility</em>, fitur yang jarang ditemukan di konsol pada eranya. Dengan fitur <em>backward compatibility</em>, Anda bisa memainkan kebanyakan game PS1 di PS2.</p> <figure id="attachment_341512" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-341512" style="width: 1280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/c36cb920d6f25f5571758092cc6873a1_playstations.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-341512" src="https://cms.dailysocial.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/c36cb920d6f25f5571758092cc6873a1_playstations.jpg" alt="Perubahan desain PlayStation dari masa ke masa. | Sumber: GameSpot" width="1280" height="870" srcset="https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/c36cb920d6f25f5571758092cc6873a1_playstations.jpg 1280w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/c36cb920d6f25f5571758092cc6873a1_playstations-300x204.jpg 300w, https://hybrid.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/c36cb920d6f25f5571758092cc6873a1_playstations-1024x696.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-341512" class="wp-caption-text">Perubahan desain PlayStation dari masa ke masa. | Sumber: <a href="https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/the-evolution-of-playstation-consoles/2900-899/#1">GameSpot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>PlayStation 2 juga menjadi konsol pertama yang kompatibel dengan DVD dan dilengkapi dengan <em>port</em> USB. Meskipun Anda bisa memasang <em>hard drive</em> sebesar 40GB pada PS2, konsol ini juga masih menggunakan <em>memory card</em>. Hanya saja, <em>memory card</em> PS2 memiliki kapasitas yang lebih besar, yaitu sampai 8MB. Melanjutkan tradisi, Sony meluncurkan PlayStation 2 Slimline pada September 2004.</p> <p>PlayStation 3 diluncurkan pada November 2006. Ketika diluncurkan, konsol itu dihargai US$600, lebih mahal daripada Xbox 360 dan Nintendo Wii. Namun, konsol tersebut memang dilengkapi dengan Blu-ray <em>drive</em>. Dan jika dibandingkan dengan harga Blu-ray <em>player</em>, harga PlayStation 3 lebih murah.</p> <p>Sony menggunakan prosesor Cell sebagai jantung dari PlayStation 3. Untuk membuat <em>chip</em> tersebut, Sony bekerja sama dengan Toshiba dan IBM. Sayangnya, <em>chip</em> tersebut mendapatkan protes dari banyak developer karena sulit untuk diprogram. Pada awalnya, PS3 dilengkapi dengan fitur <em>backward compatibility</em> dengan PS2. Hanya saja, untuk menyediakan fitur tersebut, Sony harus menanamkan prosesor PS2 di dalam konsol barunya. Demi memangkas harga PS3, Sony lalu memutuskan untuk menghilangkan prosesor PS2 tersebut.</p> <p>PS3 menjadi konsol PlayStation pertama yang mendukung HDMI dan video 1080p. Konsol ini juga bisa terhubung ke jaringan WiFi. Sony juga sudah melengkapi PS3 dengan <em>hard drive </em>sebesar 20GB. Tak hanya itu, Anda juga bisa memasang HDD sendiri jika mau. Sama seperti konsol pendahulunya, PlayStation 3 juga dirilis dengan desain yang lebih ramping. Tidak tanggung-tanggung, Sony meluncurkan dua versi “Slim” dari PS3, yaitu PlayStation 3 Slim pada September 2009 dan PlayStation 3 Super Slim pada 2012.</p> <p>Sony meluncurkan PlayStation 4 pada November 2013. Konsol itu terjual sebanyak satu juta unit pada hari pertama, menjadikannya sebagai konsol dengan penjualan terbanyak dalam periode satu hari. Konsol ini juga menjadi konsol pertama Sony yang memiliki CPU berbasis x86, arsitektur yang sama dengan arsitektur pada kebanyakan prosesor PC <em>gaming</em>. Pada 2019, PlayStation 4 <a href="https://hybrid.co.id/post/penjualan-ps4-tembus-91-juta-unit">terjual sebanyak 91 juta unit</a>. Per Maret 2020, angka itu naik <a href="https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/12/playstation-4-sales-reach-110-4-million/">menjadi 110,4 juta unit</a>.</p> <p>Pada tahun ini, Sony menjadi pembicaraan hangat kerena akan merilis PlayStation 5. Pada pertengahan Juni lalu, mereka <a href="https://hybrid.co.id/post/sony-resmi-perkenalkan-playstation-5-beserta-lusinan-game-nya">memamerkan PS5 beserta puluhan <em>game</em></a> yang bisa dimainkan di konsol tersebut. PlayStation 5 akan bersaing dengan Xbox Series X dari Microsoft. Menariknya, bahkan sebelum kedua konsol itu beredar di pasar, analis memperkirakan bahwa <a href="https://hybrid.co.id/post/analis-playstation-5-bakal-lebih-laku-dari-xbox-series-x">PS5 akan lebih laku dari Xbox Series X</a>.</p> <h3>Kesimpulan</h3> <p>Jangan sembarangan menghina orang lain. Siapa tahu, teman culun yang sering menjadi bahan ledekan saat SMP atau SMA justru menjadi orang sukses saat sudah bekerja. Kesimpulan kedua: jangan menyinggung harga diri orang Jepang. Mereka mengerikan saat menyimpan dendam. Siapa yang mengira, keputusan Nintendo untuk memutus kerja sama Sony justru berujung dengan munculnya pesaing super tangguh di industri konsol <em>game</em>?</p> <p><em>Sumber: <a href="https://www.gamesradar.com/playstation-25th-anniversary-how-sony-created-the-console-that-redefined-the-game-industry/">GamesRadar</a>, <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/technology/your-turn-a-brief-history-of-sony-and-the-playstation-20131023-2vyql.html">Sydney Morning Herald</a>, <a href="https://bizfluent.com/about-5176244-sony-corporation-history-background.html">BizFluent</a>, <a href="https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/the-evolution-of-playstation-consoles/2900-899/#9">GameSpot</a></em></p> <p><em>Sumber header: <a href="https://www.glassdoor.com/Photos/Sony-Office-Photos-IMG3621687.htm">Glassdoor</a></em></p> </div> <div class="single56__after_content single56__body_area"> <div class="component56 component56--share share56__outer"> <div class="share56 share56--inline align-right share56--custom"> 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