CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-fe3d812bd3551e468d3",applicationID:"540571234"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="/node/2609" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/all/themes/utfl_subtheme_primary/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link href="/sites/all/themes/utfl/images/iphone-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" /> <title>Prizes and Awards | University of Toronto Faculty of Law</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_lkvHUqwuaMnlSkPLjR6wgdcvM88sr5Mi-fDRQ-vdqKU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_hMt3XEFtoul4uWR3AMEoZfktoYy49uDmlC6F515jLyE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_4K_9pln0GjiI2Fz9--nGQCS-R1ozNbGqH7HmKG0zCHo.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Francois+One" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_zaOco2G8k_Y9ZPkHcPipwrYE0eu9i_I-umrYSytTB3U.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_n2ZAeZinAyNp4KaDpCqIMBTcgoOxlWKcWk8YJ3GC2WY.css" media="all" />    <style type="text/css" media="all"> <![CDATA[/*> </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_OxFfs447FMmNy6B_QJ6cWtx0i8uURHnKUha8mnLIrPY.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_s7yA-hwRxnKty__ED6DuqmTMKG39xvpRyrtyCrbWH4M.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_9UPRFM_M6CprXtgsLI9Nk_cPahVeu2BwTue9xmdsOUo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_RP975CbPvTi1WMS5mBqGDjg8kIQ9ZdOEY7SULoTHwFo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_5IrqzGaT-GZ3-Z-L7bGgcttAy4AYZgdzgUJ-45ojFho.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_ngfzfepmkv0VDz3dJPtHQ_TuVEVvfuO1EfyeZebjj1k.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){ c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)}; t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i; y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y); })(window, document, "clarity", "script", "fjytbl5wya"); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-6NFR2T6V63"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-6NFR2T6V63'); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-2609 node-type-page theme-utfl_subtheme_primary site-www-law-utoronto-ca" > <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KDL5CZV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <div id="page-wrapper"><div id="page"> <div id="header-wrapper"> <div id="header-top"> <div class="container" role="navigation"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Secondary menu</h2><ul id="secondary-menu" class="links"><li class="menu-1302 first"><a href="http://www.utoronto.ca/" title="">U of T</a></li> <li class="menu-1303"><a href="http://library.law.utoronto.ca/" title="The Bora Laskin Law Library">Law Library</a></li> <li class="menu-2194"><a href="/login" title="">e.legal</a></li> <li class="menu-3722"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-1886 last"><a href="/site-map" title="">Site Map</a></li> </ul> <div class="region region-header-top"> <div id="block-user-login" class="block block-user"> <div class="content"> <form action="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards?destination=node/2609" method="post" id="user-login-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><h2>Login to e.legal</h2><strong>the Law School Community</strong><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label for="edit-name">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="15" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label for="edit-pass">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input type="password" id="edit-pass" name="pass" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-ywfEtcrp-IFuBx6B1SSj0_kwqcbPwjS2sO6kbTbJD_8" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="user_login_block" /> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><a href="/user/password">Forgot your password?</a><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Sign in" class="form-submit" /></div></div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="header" class="container"> <a href="/" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law Home Page" rel="home" id="logo"> <img src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/all/themes/utfl_subtheme_primary/logo.png" alt="University of Toronto Faculty of Law" /> </a> <div id="header-right-wrapper"> <div class="region region-header"> <div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search"> <div class="content"> <form action="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-vnAjAIcbq-E7rcqRQ9biSwyoVcVeqYQ617jH56vsWcU" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-10" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-10 menu-name-menu-header-mini-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-5743"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/focus-areas" title="">Focus Areas</a></li> <li class="leaf has-children menu-mlid-6825"><a href="/alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="last leaf has-children menu-mlid-6420"><a href="/giving" title="Parent section of "giving"">Giving</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="main-menu-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div id="navigation" class="container"> <div class="region region-main-nav"> <div id="block-superfish-1" class="block block-superfish"> <h2>Main menu</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-8 sf-parent-items-8 sf-single-items-0"><li id="menu-1219-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/admissions" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Admissions</a><ul><li id="menu-1296-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/welcome-university-toronto-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Message from the Dean</a></li><li id="menu-1289-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Why U of T?</a><ul><li id="menu-4553-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/why-u-t" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Why U of T?</a></li><li id="menu-3031-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-university" title="A Great University" class="sf-depth-3">A Great University</a></li><li id="menu-3030-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-city" title="A Great City" class="sf-depth-3">A Great City</a></li><li id="menu-5476-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/inclusivity-and-diversity-faculty-law" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Inclusivity and Diversity at the Faculty of Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3012-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-16 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-13 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="JD Admissions" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Admissions</a><ul><li id="menu-4544-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions" title="" class="sf-depth-3">JD Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-3016-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-policies" title="Admissions Policies" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Policies</a></li><li id="menu-3018-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/jd-admissions-procedure" title="Application Procedure" class="sf-depth-3">Application Procedure</a></li><li id="menu-3017-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-timeline" title="Admissions Timeline" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Timeline</a></li><li id="menu-3019-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/half-time-program" title="Half-Time Program" class="sf-depth-3">Half-Time Program</a></li><li id="menu-4570-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/aboriginal-applicants" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-6386-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/blackfuturelawyers" class="sf-depth-3">Black Future Lawyers</a></li><li id="menu-3020-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants" title="Upper-Year Applicants" class="sf-depth-3">Upper-Year Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-3021-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/national-committee-accreditation-applicants" title="National Committee on Accreditation Applicants" class="sf-depth-3">National Committee on Accreditation Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-3023-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/financialaid" title="Financial Aid and Fees" class="sf-depth-3">Financial Aid and Fees</a></li><li id="menu-4102-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-faq" title="Frequently Asked Questions regarding JD admissions" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-4361-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-help" title="JD Admissions Enquiries" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Enquiries</a></li><li id="menu-3013-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissionevents" title="Calendar of Admissions Events" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Events</a></li><li id="menu-3015-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-updates" title="Admissions News Updates" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions News Updates</a></li><li id="menu-4934-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/campustour" class="sf-depth-3">Campus Tours</a></li><li id="menu-5384-1" class="last even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3"><a href="/newadmit" class="sf-depth-3">New Admits - JD Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2999-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions" title="Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?</a><ul><li id="menu-2995-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-admissions-standards" title="Graduate Admissions" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-2998-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-faq" title="Graduate Program FAQ" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-2997-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-application-deadlines" title="Graduate Program Application Deadlines" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Application Deadlines</a></li><li id="menu-2993-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-fees-and-financing" title="Graduate Program Fees and Financing" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Fees and Financing</a></li><li id="menu-2992-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/employment-accommodation-and-more" title="Employment, Accommodation and More" class="sf-depth-3">Employment, Accommodation and More</a></li><li id="menu-2994-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/contact-us" title="Contact Us" class="sf-depth-3">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3028-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/professional-legal-education" title="Executive Education" class="sf-depth-2">Executive Education</a></li><li id="menu-4373-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/nca" class="sf-depth-2">National Committee on Accreditation Options</a></li><li id="menu-2991-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/community-outreach" title="Supporting Tomorrow’s Lawyers - Youth Outreach Activities" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Community outreach</a><ul><li id="menu-4103-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/getstarted" title="A description of the process for becoming a lawyer in Ontario" class="sf-depth-3">So, You Want to Become a Lawyer</a></li><li id="menu-6239-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/youth-outreach/black-future-lawyers" class="sf-depth-3">Black Future Lawyers Conference</a></li><li id="menu-4104-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/youth-outreach/high-school-students-frequently-asked-questions" title="Answers to questions frequently asked by high school students about studying law" class="sf-depth-3">High School Students FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-4362-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/lsap" title="LSAT preparation course for low-income students" class="sf-depth-3">Law School Access Program (Free LSAT Prep)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3705-1" class="active-trail middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Academic Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-2908-1" class="active-trail first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-12 sf-parent-children-7 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program" title="JD Program" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Program</a><ul><li id="menu-2910-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-requirements" title="JD Program Requirements" class="sf-depth-3">Program Requirements</a></li><li id="menu-2909-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-opportunities" title="JD Program Opportunities" class="sf-depth-3">Program Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-4916-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/experiential-learning-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-3">Experiential Education</a></li><li id="menu-2906-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" title="Programs combining the JD with other degrees" class="sf-depth-3">Combined Programs</a></li><li id="menu-5455-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financing_JD_education" class="sf-depth-3">Financial Support for JD Education</a></li><li id="menu-2947-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financial-aid-and-fees/student-fees-jd-program" title="JD Program Fees" class="sf-depth-3">JD Program Fees</a></li><li id="menu-2971-1" class="active-trail middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards" title="Prizes and Awards in the JD Program" class="sf-depth-3 active">Prizes and Awards</a></li><li id="menu-2911-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/mooting" title="Mooting" class="sf-depth-3">Mooting</a></li><li id="menu-5095-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/international-opportunities" class="sf-depth-3">International Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-5668-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program" class="sf-depth-3">Leadership Skills Program</a></li><li id="menu-5671-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/lawyers-doing-cool-things" class="sf-depth-3">Lawyers Doing Cool Things</a></li><li id="menu-5738-1" class="last even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program/rotmanlaw" class="sf-depth-3">Rotman@Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2902-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-9 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs" title="Graduate Programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Graduate Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-2815-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/llm-program-master-laws" title="LLM Program (Master of Laws)" class="sf-depth-3">LLM Program (Master of Laws)</a></li><li id="menu-2814-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="https://gpllm.law.utoronto.ca/" title="The Global Professional LLM program" class="sf-depth-3">Global Professional LLM</a></li><li id="menu-2982-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/msl-program-master-studies-in-law" title="MSL Program (Master of Studies in Law)" class="sf-depth-3">MSL Program (Master of Studies in Law)</a></li><li id="menu-2989-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/sjd-program-doctor-juridical-science" title="SJD Program (Doctor of Juridical Science)" class="sf-depth-3">SJD Program (Doctor of Juridical Science)</a></li><li id="menu-2895-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/collaborative-programs" title="Collaborative Programs" class="sf-depth-3">Collaborative Programs</a></li><li id="menu-5471-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/meet-your-graduate-program-team" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Team</a></li><li id="menu-5115-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/see-what-our-alumni-are-doing" class="sf-depth-3">See What Our Alumni Are Doing</a></li><li id="menu-5587-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/current-students" class="sf-depth-3">Resources for Current Students</a></li><li id="menu-5712-1" class="last odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/new-admits-graduate-program" class="sf-depth-3">New Admits - Graduate Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1780-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academic-programs/course-calendar" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Course List</a></li><li id="menu-6270-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/course-match" class="sf-depth-2">Course Match</a></li><li id="menu-4730-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/schedules" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Schedules and Timetables</a><ul><li id="menu-2879-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/timetable-fall-2024" title="Timetable: Fall 2024" class="sf-depth-3">Timetable: Fall 2024</a></li><li id="menu-2880-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/timetable-winter-2024-2025" title="Timetable: Winter 2025" class="sf-depth-3">Timetable: Winter 2025</a></li><li id="menu-2878-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/test-examination-schedules" title="Test & Examination Schedules" class="sf-depth-3">Test & Examination Schedules</a></li><li id="menu-4112-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/intensive-courses-info/intensive-course-schedule" title="Schedule for intensive courses" class="sf-depth-3">Intensive Course Schedule</a></li><li id="menu-2859-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/first-year-mandatory-dates" class="sf-depth-3">First Year Mandatory Dates</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2816-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academic-programs/sessional-dates" title="Sessional Dates" class="sf-depth-2">Sessional Dates</a></li><li id="menu-1560-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="https://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Academic Handbook</a><ul><li id="menu-4379-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/intensive-courses-info/intensive-course-schedule" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Intensive Course Schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2985-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/executive-education" title="Executive Education" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Executive Education</a><ul><li id="menu-4811-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/graduate-programs/gpllm" title="Global Professional LLM" class="sf-depth-2">Global Professional LLM</a></li><li id="menu-5423-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/executive-education/cpd-events" class="sf-depth-2">CPD Events</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2729-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/centres-programs" title="Centres & Programs" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Centres & Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-3060-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/programs-centres/centres" title="Centres" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Centres</a><ul><li id="menu-3061-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/capital-markets-institute" title="Capital Markets Institute" class="sf-depth-3">Capital Markets Institute</a></li><li id="menu-3062-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/centre-innovation-law-and-policy" title="Centre for Innovation Law and Policy" class="sf-depth-3">Centre for Innovation Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-3063-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/centre-legal-profession" title="Centre for the Legal Profession" class="sf-depth-3">Centre for the Legal Profession</a></li><li id="menu-3065-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/david-asper-centre-constitutional-rights" title="David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights" class="sf-depth-3">David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights</a></li><li id="menu-6533-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/future-law-lab" class="sf-depth-3">Future of Law Lab</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3059-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics" title="Legal Clinics" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Legal Clinics</a><ul><li id="menu-3076-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/downtown-legal-services" title="Downtown Legal Services" class="sf-depth-3">Downtown Legal Services</a></li><li id="menu-3073-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics/advocates-injured-workers" title="Advocates for Injured Workers" class="sf-depth-3">Advocates for Injured Workers</a></li><li id="menu-3074-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/barbra-schlifer-commemorative-clinic" title="Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3069-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/clinics/david-asper-centre-constitutional-advocacy-clinic" title="David Asper Centre: Constitutional Advocacy Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">David Asper Centre: Constitutional Advocacy Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3072-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/health-equity-and-law-clinic" title="Health Equity and Law Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Health Equity and Law Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3097-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/international-human-rights-program/ihrp-clinic-course" title="International Human Rights Program Clinic Course" class="sf-depth-3">International Human Rights Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-5231-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics/aboriginal-legal-services-toronto-alst-clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Aboriginal Legal Services Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-6419-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/investor-protection-clinic" title="Investor Protection Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Investor Protection Clinic</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3077-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/programs-centres/programs" title="Programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-3079-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/international-human-rights-program" title="International Human Rights Program" class="sf-depth-3">International Human Rights Program</a></li><li id="menu-3083-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/pbsc-pro-bono-students-canada" title="PBSC (Pro Bono Students Canada)" class="sf-depth-3">PBSC (Pro Bono Students Canada)</a></li><li id="menu-3082-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/laws-law-in-action-within-schools" title="LAWS (Law in Action Within Schools)" class="sf-depth-3">LAWS (Law in Action Within Schools)</a></li><li id="menu-5233-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/indigenous-initiatives-office" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Initiatives Office</a></li><li id="menu-3080-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/irshl-reproductive-and-sexual-health-law" title="International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Program - main page" class="sf-depth-3">International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Program</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1223-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-7 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Scholarship & Publications</a><ul><li id="menu-3276-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship" title="Faculty Scholarship" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Faculty Scholarship</a><ul><li id="menu-4019-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/publications" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Recent Publications</a></li><li id="menu-3277-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/featured-faculty-books" title="Featured Faculty Books" class="sf-depth-3">Featured Faculty Books</a></li><li id="menu-5240-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/faculty-honours" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Honours</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4229-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2"><a href="/blog/faculty" title="Commentary by our faculty" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Blog</a></li><li id="menu-5463-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/student-scholarship" class="sf-depth-2">Student scholarship</a></li><li id="menu-3275-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences" title="Conferences" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Conferences</a><ul><li id="menu-6380-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/equity-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">The Equity Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3397-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/archives" title="Conference Archives" class="sf-depth-3">Archives</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3278-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications" title="Journals and Publications" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Journals and Publications</a><ul><li id="menu-3416-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/university-toronto-law-journal" title="University of Toronto Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-3414-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/u-t-faculty-law-review" title="U of T Faculty of Law Review" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Faculty of Law Review</a></li><li id="menu-3410-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/canadian-business-law-journal" title="Canadian Business Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">Canadian Business Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-5128-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/critical-analysis-law-international" class="sf-depth-3">Critical Analysis of Law: An International & Interdisciplinary Law Review</a></li><li id="menu-3412-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/journal-international-law-and-international" title="Journal of International Law and International Relations" class="sf-depth-3">Journal of International Law and International Relations</a></li><li id="menu-3413-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/middle-east-law-and-governance-journal-melg" title="Middle East Law and Governance journal (MELG)" class="sf-depth-3">Middle East Law and Governance journal (MELG)</a></li><li id="menu-3411-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/indigenous-law-journal" title="Indigenous Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Indigenous Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-3415-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/u-t-journal-law-and-equality" title="U of T Journal of Law and Equality" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Journal of Law and Equality</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3279-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures" title="Special Lectures" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Special Lectures</a><ul><li id="menu-3424-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/cecil-wright-memorial-lecture" title="Cecil A. Wright Memorial Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Cecil A. Wright Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3425-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/david-b-goodman-lecture" title="David B. Goodman Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">David B. Goodman Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3463-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/edwards-memorial-lecture" title="John LI J Edwards Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">John LI J Edwards Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3428-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/morris-gross-memorial-lecture" title="Morris A. Gross Memorial Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Morris A. Gross Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-5457-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/katherine-baker-memorial-lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Katherine Baker Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3430-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/other-lectures" title="Other Lectures" class="sf-depth-3">Other Lectures</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3468-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-projects" title="Special projects of faculty members, on the Bora Laskin Law Library website" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Special Projects</a><ul><li id="menu-3469-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/chaoulli-case-resources-and-commentary" title="Chaoulli case: resources and commentary" class="sf-depth-3">Chaoulli case: resources and commentary</a></li><li id="menu-3470-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/khadr-case-resources-page" title="Khadr Case Resources Page" class="sf-depth-3">Khadr Case Resources Page</a></li><li id="menu-4106-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/lignes-directrices-facultatives-en-mati%C3%A8re-de-pensions-alimentaires-pour-%C3%A9poux" title="Lignes directrices facultatives en matière de pensions alimentaires pour époux" class="sf-depth-3">Lignes directrices facultatives ...</a></li><li id="menu-4387-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/external?site=http://www.aspercentre.ca/constitutional-cases/scc-facta.htm" title="Asper Centre collection of case materials from key Charter cases at the Supreme Court of Canada" class="sf-depth-3">SCC Charter Case Materials</a></li><li id="menu-4105-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/spousal-support-advisory-guidelines" title="Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines" class="sf-depth-3">Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines</a></li><li id="menu-2727-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-projects/law-religion-and-society" title="Law, Religion and Society" class="sf-depth-3">Law, Religion and Society</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3280-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-16 sf-parent-children-11 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars" title="Workshops and Seminars" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Workshops and Seminars</a><ul><li id="menu-6911-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/animals-in-law-and-humanities" class="sf-depth-3">Animals in the Law and Humanities</a></li><li id="menu-3472-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/constitutional-roundtable" title="Constitutional Roundtable" class="sf-depth-3">Constitutional Roundtable</a></li><li id="menu-3474-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/critical-analysis-law-workshop" title="Critical Analysis of Law Workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Critical Analysis of Law Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-6946-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/faculty-colloquium" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Colloquium</a></li><li id="menu-4919-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/globalization-law-justice-workshop-series" class="sf-depth-3">Globalization, Law & Justice Workshop Series</a></li><li id="menu-3478-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/health-law-ethics-and-policy-seminar-series" title="Health Law, Policy and Ethics Seminar Series" class="sf-depth-3">Health Law, Policy and Ethics Seminar Series</a></li><li id="menu-6826-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/innovation-law-and-policy-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Innovation Law and Policy Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3480-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/law-economics-workshop" title="Law & Economics Workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Law & Economics Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-4555-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/law-and-humanities-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Law and Humanities Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3483-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/legal-theory-workshops" title="Legal Theory Workshops" class="sf-depth-3">Legal Theory Workshops</a></li><li id="menu-3485-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/toronto-legal-history-group" class="sf-depth-3">Osgoode Society Legal History Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3484-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/tax-law-and-policy-workshop-series" title="Tax Law and Policy Workshop Series" class="sf-depth-3">Tax Law and Policy Workshop Series</a></li><li id="menu-6938-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/group-ownership-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">The Group Ownership Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-6882-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/university-toronto-annual-patent-colloquium" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Annual Patent Colloquium</a></li><li id="menu-6549-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/yale-toronto-private-law-theory-discussion-group" class="sf-depth-3">Yale-Toronto Private Law Theory Discussion Group</a></li><li id="menu-6449-1" class="last even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3"><a href="/decolonizing-canadian-constitutional-law" class="sf-depth-3">Decolonizing Canadian Constitutional Law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1591-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-5 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Faculty & Staff</a><ul><li id="menu-1802-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Faculty</a><ul><li id="menu-3638-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty" title="Single-page list of faculty (without photos)" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty - List View</a></li><li id="menu-5710-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/emeritus-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Emeritus Faculty</a></li><li id="menu-5501-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/faculty-honours" title="Honours awarded to faculty" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Honours</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3035-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/endowed-chairs" title="Endowed Chairs" class="sf-depth-2">Chairholders</a></li><li id="menu-3859-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Distinguished Visitors</a><ul><li id="menu-3038-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors/about-distinguished-visitors" title="About Distinguished Visitors" class="sf-depth-3">About Distinguished Visitors</a></li><li id="menu-3862-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors/archives" class="sf-depth-3">Distinguished Visitor Archives</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2251-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/adjunct-visiting-faculty" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Adjunct and Visiting Faculty</a><ul><li id="menu-3036-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/adjunct-visiting-faculty/about-adjunct-and-visiting-faculty" title="About Adjunct and Visiting Faculty" class="sf-depth-3">About Adjunct and Visiting Faculty</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-6033-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-visitors-university-toronto-faculty-law/postgraduate-fellows" class="sf-depth-2">Postdoctoral Fellows</a></li><li id="menu-1823-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Staff Directory</a><ul><li id="menu-1887-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/by-department" title="" class="sf-depth-3">By Department</a></li><li id="menu-6880-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/research-associates" class="sf-depth-3">Research Associates</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3033-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-employment" title="Academic Employment Opportunities" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Employment Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-6925-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-visitors-university-toronto-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Visitors to the University of Toronto Faculty of Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2731-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-14 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/student-life" title="Student Life & Services" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Student Life & Services</a><ul><li id="menu-6968-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/meet-your-student-services-team" class="sf-depth-2">Meet your Student Services Team</a></li><li id="menu-4335-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Career Development Office</a><ul><li id="menu-4345-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/students-seeking-employment" class="sf-depth-3">Current Students</a></li><li id="menu-4414-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/prospective-students" class="sf-depth-3">Prospective Students</a></li><li id="menu-4350-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/employers-seeking-students" class="sf-depth-3">Employers</a></li><li id="menu-4349-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-guides-and-resources" class="sf-depth-3">What We Offer</a></li><li id="menu-4357-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-workshops-and-programs" class="sf-depth-3">Upcoming Events</a></li><li id="menu-4346-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-who-we-are" class="sf-depth-3">Contact Us</a></li><li id="menu-4352-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions" class="sf-depth-3">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-5998-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/career-explorer" class="sf-depth-3">Career Explorer: A Map for U of T Law Students</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3505-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/academic-support" title="Academic Support" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Support</a></li><li id="menu-5662-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/mentorship-and-peer-programs-u-t-law" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Mentorship and Peer Programs at U of T Law</a><ul><li id="menu-5669-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-information-alumni-student-mentorship-program" class="sf-depth-3">Alumni-Student Mentorship Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3528-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/personal-support" title="Supporting your life outside of academics" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Student Life</a><ul><li id="menu-3530-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/family-care" title="Students with Families" class="sf-depth-3">Students with Families</a></li><li id="menu-3532-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/housing" title="Housing" class="sf-depth-3">Housing</a></li><li id="menu-4532-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/lgbt-students-uoft-law" class="sf-depth-3">LGBTQ Students at UofT Law</a></li><li id="menu-4534-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/mature-students" class="sf-depth-3">Mature Students</a></li><li id="menu-3534-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/safety-campus" title="Safety on Campus" class="sf-depth-3">Safety on Campus</a></li><li id="menu-5473-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/spiritual-diversity-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Spiritual Diversity at the Law School</a></li><li id="menu-3533-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/other-university-toronto-services" title="Other University of Toronto Services" class="sf-depth-3">Other University of Toronto Services</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3531-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being" title="Health and Wellness" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Health and Wellness</a><ul><li id="menu-3529-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/accessibility-services" title="Accessibility Services / Accommodations" class="sf-depth-3">Accessibility Services / Accommodations</a></li><li id="menu-4562-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Counselling & Support Services</a></li><li id="menu-4563-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-university" class="sf-depth-3">Health & Medical Services</a></li><li id="menu-6369-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/mindfulness-program-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-3">Mindfulness program at the Faculty of Law</a></li><li id="menu-4564-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-local-community" class="sf-depth-3">Other Wellness Resources</a></li><li id="menu-5633-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/tips-staying-well-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Tips for Staying Well at Law School</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5981-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://uoftbookstore.com/law_faculty.asp" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Bookstore (external link)</a></li><li id="menu-5746-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Graduate Health & Wellness</a><ul><li id="menu-5747-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/accessibility-servicesaccommodations" class="sf-depth-3">Accessibility Services/Accommodations</a></li><li id="menu-5748-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/counseling-and-support-services" class="sf-depth-3">Counseling and Support Services</a></li><li id="menu-5749-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/health-and-medical-services" class="sf-depth-3">Health and Medical Services</a></li><li id="menu-5750-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/other-wellness-resources" class="sf-depth-3">Other Wellness Resources</a></li><li id="menu-5751-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/self-assessment-tools" class="sf-depth-3">Self-Assessment Tools</a></li><li id="menu-5752-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/tips-staying-well-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Tips for Staying Well at Law School</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5644-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/programs-centres/programs/indigenous-initiatives-office" title="Indigenous Initiatives Office" class="sf-depth-2">Indigenous Initiatives Office</a></li><li id="menu-3502-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-36 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-35 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events" title="Student Clubs and Events" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Student Clubs and Events</a><ul><li id="menu-3537-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/artists-legal-advice-services" title="Artists' Legal Advice Services" class="sf-depth-3">Artists' Legal Advice Services</a></li><li id="menu-3543-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/asia-law-society" title="Asia Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Asia Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3538-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/black-law-students-association-blsa" title="Black Law Students Association (BLSA)" class="sf-depth-3">Black Law Students Association (BLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-3539-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/business-law-society" title="Business Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Business Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5984-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/canadian-association-refugee-lawyers-carl" class="sf-depth-3">The Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers (CARL)</a></li><li id="menu-6892-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/canadian-hispanic-bar-association" class="sf-depth-3">Canadian Hispanic Bar Association (CHBA), U of T Chapter</a></li><li id="menu-3541-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/clf" title="Christian Legal Fellowship - University of Toronto Chapter" class="sf-depth-3">Christian Legal Fellowship</a></li><li id="menu-6958-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/competition-law-group" class="sf-depth-3">Competition Law Group</a></li><li id="menu-3542-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/criminal-law-students-society-clsa" title="Criminal Law Students' Association (CLSA)" class="sf-depth-3">Criminal Law Students' Association (CLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-6377-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/disabled-law-students-association" class="sf-depth-3">The Disabled Law Students’ Association</a></li><li id="menu-3545-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/environmental-law-club" title="Environmental Law Club" class="sf-depth-3">Environmental Law Club</a></li><li id="menu-3550-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/intramural-sports" title="Intramural Sports" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty of Law Athletic Association/Intramurals</a></li><li id="menu-5685-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/first-generation-network" class="sf-depth-3">First Generation Network</a></li><li id="menu-3547-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/health-law-club" title="Health Law Club" class="sf-depth-3">Health Law Club</a></li><li id="menu-3535-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/indigenous-law-students-association" title="Indigenous Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3549-1" class="middle even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/international-law-society" title="International Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">International Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3552-1" class="middle odd sf-item-17 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/jewish-law-students-association" title="Jewish Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Jewish Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-6914-1" class="middle even sf-item-18 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/korean-law-students-association-klsa" class="sf-depth-3">Korean Law Students’ Association (KLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-5461-1" class="middle odd sf-item-19 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/leap-labour-and-employment-law-in-actual-practice" class="sf-depth-3">The Labour & Employment Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3555-1" class="middle even sf-item-20 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/law-follies" title="Law Follies" class="sf-depth-3">Law Follies</a></li><li id="menu-3556-1" class="middle odd sf-item-21 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/law-games" title="Law Games" class="sf-depth-3">Law Games</a></li><li id="menu-6974-1" class="middle even sf-item-22 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events" title="" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Mock Trial Association</a></li><li id="menu-3558-1" class="middle odd sf-item-23 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/litigation-association" title="Litigation Association" class="sf-depth-3">Litigation Association</a></li><li id="menu-3560-1" class="middle even sf-item-24 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/muslim-law-students-association" title="Muslim Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Muslim Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3561-1" class="middle odd sf-item-25 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/outlaws" title="OutLaws" class="sf-depth-3">OutLaws</a></li><li id="menu-6447-1" class="middle even sf-item-26 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/privacy-and-cybersecurity-law-group" title="Privacy and Cybersecurity Law Group" class="sf-depth-3">Privacy and Cybersecurity Law Group</a></li><li id="menu-6551-1" class="middle odd sf-item-27 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/real-estate-law-society" title="Real Estate Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Real Estate Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5731-1" class="middle even sf-item-28 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/runnymede-society" class="sf-depth-3">Runnymede Society</a></li><li id="menu-3564-1" class="middle odd sf-item-29 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/south-asian-law-students-association-salsa" title="South Asian Law Students' Association (SALSA)" class="sf-depth-3">South Asian Law Students' Association (SALSA)</a></li><li id="menu-3566-1" class="middle even sf-item-30 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/sports-and-entertainment-law-society" title="Sports and Entertainment Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Sports and Entertainment Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5238-1" class="middle odd sf-item-31 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/tax-law-society" class="sf-depth-3">Tax Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3569-1" class="middle even sf-item-32 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/ultra-vires" title="Ultra Vires" class="sf-depth-3">Ultra Vires</a></li><li id="menu-3567-1" class="middle odd sf-item-33 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/student-animal-legal-defense-fund" title="University of Toronto Animal Justice" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Animal Justice</a></li><li id="menu-5108-1" class="middle even sf-item-34 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/u-t-law-union" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Law Union</a></li><li id="menu-4384-1" class="middle odd sf-item-35 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/venture-law-society" class="sf-depth-3">Venture Capital Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3570-1" class="last even sf-item-36 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/women-and-law-student-group" title="Women and the Law (Student Group)" class="sf-depth-3">Women and the Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3504-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/students-law-society-sls" title="Students' Law Society (SLS)" class="sf-depth-2">Students' Law Society (SLS)</a></li><li id="menu-3501-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-law-students-association" title="Graduate Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-2">Graduate Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3503-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-journals" title="Student Journals" class="sf-depth-2">Student Journals</a></li><li id="menu-4915-1" class="last even sf-item-14 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-participation-in-university-and-faculty-law-governance" class="sf-depth-2">Student Participation in University and Faculty of Law Governance</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2730-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-10 sf-parent-children-5 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/about-law-school" title="About the Law School" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About</a><ul><li id="menu-5647-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/about/building-orientation" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Building Orientation</a><ul><li id="menu-5648-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/student-life/building-faqs" class="sf-depth-3">Building FAQs</a></li><li id="menu-5661-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/building-orientation/special-features-jackman-law-building" class="sf-depth-3">Special Features of the Jackman Law Building</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2733-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/brief-history" title="Brief History of the Law School" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Brief History of the Law School</a><ul><li id="menu-2737-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/brief-history/class-1951" title="Class of 1951" class="sf-depth-3">Class of 1951</a></li><li id="menu-2738-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s" title="Trailblazers from the 1970s" class="sf-depth-3">Trailblazers from the 1970s</a></li><li id="menu-2746-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades" title="Women in Law Through the Decades" class="sf-depth-3">Women in Law Through the Decades</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2734-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/fact-sheet" title="Fact Sheet" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Fact Sheet</a><ul><li id="menu-5468-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/jd-first-year-class-profile" class="sf-depth-3">JD First Year Class Profile</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5475-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/inclusivity-and-diversity-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Inclusivity and Diversity at the Faculty of Law</a></li><li id="menu-2805-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings" title="Law School Buildings" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Law School Buildings</a><ul><li id="menu-2806-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings/flavelle-ceiling" title="Flavelle Ceiling" class="sf-depth-3">Flavelle Ceiling</a></li><li id="menu-5949-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings/building-tour" class="sf-depth-3">Building Tour</a></li><li id="menu-4817-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/blog/construction" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Construction Blog</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5670-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/statement-acknowledgement-traditional-land" class="sf-depth-2">Statement of Acknowledgement of Traditional Land</a></li><li id="menu-5975-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/truth-and-reconciliation-commission-implementation-committee" class="sf-depth-2">Truth and Reconciliation Commission Implementation Committee</a></li><li id="menu-2803-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/visitor-frequently-asked-questions" title="Visitor Frequently Asked Questions" class="sf-depth-2">Visitor Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-2811-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/visitor-info/how-find-us" title="How to Find Us" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">How to Find Us</a><ul><li id="menu-2812-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/law-school-buildings-internal-maps" title="Law School Buildings: Internal Maps" class="sf-depth-3">Law School Buildings: Internal Maps</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1301-1" class="last even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/contact-us" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div id="main-wrapper"> <div id="main" class="container layout-two-col-left"> <div id="content-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="column"> <div id="breadcrumb"><h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><span class="first"><a href="/">Home</a></span><a href="/academic-programs">Academic Programs</a><span class="separator">></span><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program" title="JD Program">JD Program</a><span class="separator">></span>Prizes and Awards</div></div> <a id="main-content" accesskey="m"></a> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Prizes and Awards</h1> <div id="main-content-region" role="main"> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div id="node-2609" class="node node-page node-page-full clearfix" about="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Prizes and Awards" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><h2>The Burgoyne Award of Excellence</h2><p>The<em> Burgoyne Award of Excellence</em> is the faculty’s largest recognition program, awarded to JD students across all three years, as nominated by their professors for scholarly excellence. Up to twenty inaugural awardees, each receiving a $1,000 prize, will be named later this 2024/2025 academic year.  </p><hr /><ul><li><div><a href="#Overall">Overall </a></div></li><li><div><a href="#combined">Overall in a combined program</a></div></li><li><div><a href="#third">Third year</a></div></li><li><div><a href="#second">Second year</a></div></li><li><div><a href="#areas">Areas of law</a></div></li><li><div><a href="#first_year">First year</a></div></li><li><div>See also: <a title="Convocation Awards" href="/academic-programs/jd/prizes/prizes-and-awards-in-jd-program/convocation-awards" target="_self">Convocation Awards</a></div></li><li><div>See also: <a title="Writing Awards" href="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards/writing-competitions" target="_self">Writing Competitions</a><br /> </div></li></ul><h2><a name="Overall"></a></h2><h2>Overall academic achievement</h2><p><strong>Angus MacMurchy Gold Medal</strong> to be awarded to the student in the graduating year with the highest cumulative average while at law school</p><p><strong>W.P.M. Kennedy Silver Medal</strong> to be awarded to the student in the graduating year with the second highest cumulative average while at law school</p><p><strong>James B. Milner Bronze Medal</strong> for graduating with the third highest cumulative average while at law school to be awarded to the student in the graduating year with the third highest cumulative average while at law school</p><p><a class="backtotop" href="#main-content">Back to Top</a> </p><h2><a name="combined"></a></h2><h2>Overall academic achievement in a combined program</h2><p><strong>Gerald W. Schwartz Gold Medal</strong> for the highest cumulative average over four years in the J.D./M.B.A. program to be awarded to the student in the graduating year with the highest cumulative average over four years in the J.D./M.B.A. program</p><p><strong>Gerald W. Schwartz Silver Medal</strong> for the second highest cumulative average over four years in the J.D./M.B.A. program to be awarded to the student in the graduating year with the second highest cumulative average over four years in the J.D./M.B.A. program</p><p><strong>Gerald W. Schwartz Bronze Medal</strong> for the third highest cumulative average over four years in the J.D./M.B.A. program to be awarded to the student in the graduating year with the third highest cumulative average over four years in the J.D./M.B.A. program</p><p><a class="backtotop" href="#main-content">Back to Top</a> </p><h2>Achievement in Mooting</h2><p><strong>The Stephanie Fleur Couzin Medal in Mooting</strong>: to be awarded annually to a student who has demonstrated outstanding performance in the mooting program and a strong commitment as both a participant and coach. The endowment that supports the Medal was established in memory of Stephanie Fleur Couzin (Class of 2009) through the generous support of her family, the firm of Lenczner Slaght, and many friends and colleagues. Stephanie was an outstanding mooter and competed in the Grand Moot while in law school</p><p> </p><h2><a name="third"></a></h2><h2>Academic achievement in third year</h2><p><strong>Justice Michael J. Moldaver Prize</strong> for standing first in third year to be awarded to the student standing first in third year.</p><p><strong>Class of 1967 Prize</strong> for ranking second in third year</p><p><strong>Class of 1967 Prize</strong> for ranking third in third year</p><p><strong>Gallant Ho Prize</strong> awarded to the graduating student who obtains the highest cumulative average over three years.</p><p><a class="backtotop" href="#main-content">Back to Top</a> </p><h2><a name="second"></a></h2><h2>Academic achievement in second year</h2><p><strong>Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP Prize</strong> for ranking first in second year to be awarded to the student ranking first in second year</p><p><strong>Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP Prizes</strong> for academic achievement in second year for ranking first and second in second year</p><p><strong>McCarthy, Tétrault Prizes</strong> for academic achievement in second year to be awarded to two students in second year who, in the opinion of the teaching faculty, merit special recognition for academic achievement.</p><p><strong>The Norton Rose Group Award</strong> for academic achievement in second year to be awarded to a student in second year on the basis of academic excellence, as well as a demonstrated commitment to teamwork, as evidenced by his/her interactions with faculty and fellow students.</p><p><a class="backtotop" href="#main-content">Back to Top</a> </p><h2><a name="areas"></a></h2><h2>Academic achievement in areas of law</h2><h4>ADMINISTRATIVE LAW</h4><p><strong>Goodmans Prize</strong> in Administrative Law to be awarded to the student(s) taking the highest place(s) in Administrative Law.</p><p><strong>McRuer Scholarship</strong> in Administrative Law to be awarded to the student(s) taking the highest place(s) in Administrative Law</p><h4>CIVIL LIBERTIES</h4><p><strong>A. Alan Borovoy Prize</strong> in Civil Liberties to be awarded to the student(s) taking the highest place(s) in Civil Liberties.</p><h4>COMMUNICATIONS LAW</h4><p><strong>Honourable Jerry S. Grafstein, QC Prize</strong> in Communications Law to be awarded annually to the student or students attaining the highest place(s) in Communications Law</p><h4>CORPORATE & COMMERCIAL LAW</h4><p><strong>Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP Prizes</strong> in Business Organizations to be awarded to up to three students taking the highest places in Business Organizations.</p><p><strong>Edward J Kowal '65 Prize</strong> for achievement in commercial law courses to be awarded to two or more students in second or third year taking the highest places in commercial law subjects.</p><p><strong>Rocco Marcello Prize </strong>in Securities Law to be awarded annually to an outstanding student in a course or courses in the area of securities law.</p><p><strong>Lionel H. Schipper, Q.C. Prize </strong>for achievement in the Advanced Business Law Seminar to be awarded to the student taking the highest place in the Advanced Business Law Seminar</p><h4>CRIMINAL LAW</h4><p><strong>Professor Alan A. Mewett, Q.C. Prize</strong> in Criminal Law to be awarded to the student or students in the graduating class with an outstanding record in the field of criminal law.</p><h4>CRIMINAL PROCEDURE</h4><p><strong>Justice Michael J. Moldaver Prize</strong> in Criminal Procedure to be awarded to the student standing first in Criminal Procedure.</p><h4>ENTERTAINMENT and/or COMMUNICATIONS LAW</h4><p><strong>Gerald Flaherty Prize</strong> in Entertainment and/or Communications Law to be awarded to a student with a demonstrated interest in the area of entertainment and/or communications law, on the basis of academic excellence and financial need.</p><h4>CONSTITUTIONAL LAW</h4><p><strong>Laskin Prizes</strong> in Constitutional Law awarded to students taking the highest places in Constitutional Law</p><h4>CONTRACTS</h4><p><strong>Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP Prizes</strong> awarded to the students taking first, second and third place standing in contracts in first year.</p><p><strong>CRIMINAL LAW</strong></p><p><strong>Michael John Eccles Prize</strong> in Criminal Law awarded to one student achieving the best results in Criminal Law</p><h4>ESTATE PLANNING</h4><p><strong>Warren Lefton Prize</strong> in Estate Planning to be awarded to two students taking the highest places in Tax and Estate Planning.</p><h4>EVIDENCE</h4><p><strong>Leonard Feigman, Q.C. Prize</strong> in Evidence to be awarded to the student or students taking the highest place(s) in Evidence Law</p><p><strong>Genest Murray Prize</strong> in Evidence to be awarded to the student(s) taking the highest place(s) in Evidence.</p><h4>FAMILY LAW</h4><p><strong>Fay Keen Prize</strong> to be awarded to two students taking the highest places in Family Law.</p><h4>FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF LAW</h4><p><strong>The Judy LaMarsh</strong> Prize in Feminist analysis of Law to be awarded to a student in second or third year for outstanding accomplishment in the area of feminist analysis of law.</p><h4>HEALTH LAW</h4><p><strong>The James Jefferson Prize in Health Law</strong>. Established in 1992 by the members of the Class of 1985 in memory of their classmate James Jefferson who died of AIDS on November 26, 1991. Awarded annually to a student who, in the opinion of the Faculty, merits special recognition for producing a paper of publishable quality in the field of health law. The field of health law shall be broadly defined as including medical jurisprudence; public health law; aspects of social welfare law and family law that relate to access to medical care and related social assistance; and aspects of environmental law that relate to the promotion and protection of the health of individuals and/or society.</p><p><strong>Samuel and Clara Shime Prize</strong> for achievement in Law and Medicine to be awarded annually by the Faculty to a student for outstanding accomplishment in the field of law and medicine.</p><h4>HUMAN RIGHTS</h4><p><strong>John Yaremko Award</strong> in Human Rights to be awarded to an outstanding student in any year who, in the opinion of the faculty, merits special recognition for academic achievement in the area of human rights</p><h4>IMMIGRATION LAW</h4><p><strong>Louis Linden Prize</strong> in Immigration Law to be awarded annually to a student attaining first class honours in Immigration Law.</p><h4>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</h4><p><strong>Bereskin & Parr Prize</strong> in courses concerned with intellectual property to be awarded to the student(s) taking the highest place(s) in a course or courses concerned with intellectual property.</p><h4>INTERNATIONAL LAW</h4><p><strong>Macdonald Prize</strong> in Public International Law to be awarded annually to the student(s) considered by the Faculty to be outstanding in the field of Public International Law (International Law I)</p><h4>INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S RIGHTS</h4><p><strong>Nancy Park Book Prize</strong> in International Women's Rights to be awarded to the top student or students taking the highest place(s) in International Women's Rights Law</p><h4>JURISPRUDENCE</h4><p><strong>Norman Levy Prize</strong> in Jurisprudence to be awarded to the student(s) taking the highest place(s) in courses in jurisprudence.</p><h4>LABOUR LAW</h4><p><strong>Jeffrey W. Egner Prize</strong> in Labour Law Awarded to a student who merits special recognition for excellence in the field of labour law with preference given to a student who has volunteered with the AIW clinic</p><p><strong>Jacob Finkelman Prize</strong> in Labour Law Awarded to the students taking the highest places in Labour Law</p><p><strong>Alexander C. Pathy Q.C. Prize</strong> in Labour Relations Law to be awarded annually to the student in the graduating class with the most outstanding record in the field of labour relations law.</p><p><strong>J.F.W. "Ted" Weatherill Prize</strong> in Labour Arbitration to be awarded annually to the most outstanding student in labour arbitration.</p><p><strong>Warren K. Winkler Prize</strong> in Labour Law to be awarded annually to an outstanding student in a course or courses in the area of labour law.</p><h4>LEGAL HISTORY</h4><p><strong>Osgoode Society Legal History Book Prize</strong> to be awarded to a student who, in the opinion of the Faculty, merits special recognition for work in legal history.</p><h4>LEGAL WRITING</h4><p><strong>Patricia Julia Myhal Scholarship</strong> in legal writing to be awarded annually to one or more second or third year students for excellence in legal writing. Pat Myhal (Class of '72) was the first woman to become a corporate lawyer at Tory Tory Des Lauriers & Binnington. She was a community leader and a strong advocate of the right to die.</p><p><strong>Lily Rubenstein Prize</strong> for an outstanding paper on fundamental freedoms to be awarded in the discretion of the Faculty to a student who writes an outstanding paper on the protection of fundamental freedoms, or a fundamental freedom, under Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Only students who are awarded an Honours or High Distinction grade on the paper are eligible for this prize.</p><h4>LITIGATION</h4><p><strong>John Atkinson Prize</strong> for achievement in litigation courses to be awarded to the student who, in the opinion of the faculty, merit special recognition for achievement in litigation courses including Evidence, Trial Advocacy, Criminal Procedure and Practice of Criminal Law.</p><h4>REAL ESTATE LAW</h4><p><strong><strong><span>Craig Carter Prize</span></strong><span> <strong>for Excellence in Real Estate Law</strong> </span></strong>to be awarded to an upper year student of the Law School that shows demonstrated outstanding interest and leadership in real estate law through academic excellence in upper year courses or seminars in real estate law.</p><p><strong>Orey Fidani Prize</strong> in Real Estate Law to be awarded annually to an outstanding student in a course or courses in the area of real estate law.</p><p><strong>Margaret Grimshaw Prize</strong> in Real Estate to be awarded annually to an outstanding student in a course or courses concerned with real estate.</p><h4>TAXATION</h4><p><strong>Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP Prizes</strong> in Taxation to be awarded to up to three students taking the highest places in Taxation</p><p><strong>Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP Prize</strong> in Corporate Taxation to be awarded to the student taking the highest place in corporate taxation.</p><p><strong>Thorsteinssons Prize</strong> for achievement in taxation courses awarded to a graduating student for outstanding accomplishment in the area of taxation.</p><p><a class="backtotop" href="#main-content">Back to Top</a> </p><h2><a name="first_year"></a></h2><h2>Summer Fellowship in first year</h2><p><strong>Borden Ladner Gervais Research Fellowships</strong> awarded to two first year students as compenstion for summer employment with a faculty member on a research project (15 weeks). Recipients will be selected on the basis of academic excellence and expressed interest in the proposed research project. The Faculty will call for submissions annually for a 5 year period. First award summer 2005.<br /><br /></p><h2>Academic achievement in first year</h2><p><strong>Aird & Berlis Prize</strong> for Overall Academic Excellence in First Year awarded to the two first year students standing first and second in their year after the first-year examinations.</p><p><strong>Borden Ladner Gervais LLP Prizes</strong> for Academic Excellence in first year awarded to three students who, in the opinion of the faculty, have demonstrated academic excellence</p><p><strong>Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP Awards</strong> for Academic Excellence in first year awarded to five students obtaining honours in the annual examinations</p><p><strong>Langford Rowell Prize</strong> for ranking first in first year awarded to the student who ranks highest with honours at the annual examinations</p><p><strong>McCarthy, Tétrault Prizes</strong> for Academic Excellence in first year awarded to two students, who, in the opinion of the teaching faculty, merit special recognition for academic achievement</p><p><strong>McMillan LLP Prize</strong> for Academic Excellence in first year awarded to a first year student who has demonstrated academic excellence after completing the first-year annual examinations and demonstrated leadership in extra-curricular activities.</p></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div id="sidebar-first" class="column sidebar"> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <h2><a href="/academic-programs" class="active-trail">Academic Programs</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded active-trail menu-mlid-2908"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program" title="JD Program" class="active-trail">JD Program</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-2910"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-requirements" title="JD Program Requirements">Program Requirements</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2909"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-opportunities" title="JD Program Opportunities">Program Opportunities</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4916"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/experiential-learning-faculty-law">Experiential Education</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-2906"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" title="Programs combining the JD with other degrees">Combined Programs</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-5455"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financing_JD_education">Financial Support for JD Education</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-2947"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financial-aid-and-fees/student-fees-jd-program" title="JD Program Fees">JD Program Fees</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail active menu-mlid-2971"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards" title="Prizes and Awards in the JD Program" class="active-trail active">Prizes and Awards</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3966"><a href="/academic-programs/jd/prizes/prizes-and-awards-in-jd-program/convocation-awards">Convocation Awards</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5676"><a href="/utsla">University of Toronto Student Leadership Awards</a></li> <li class="last collapsed menu-mlid-2972"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards/writing-competitions" title="Writing Competitions">Writing Competitions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-2911"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/mooting" title="Mooting">Mooting</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-5095"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/international-opportunities">International Opportunities</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-5668"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program">Leadership Skills Program</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5671"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/lawyers-doing-cool-things">Lawyers Doing Cool Things</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-5738"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program/rotmanlaw">Rotman@Law</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-2902"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs" title="Graduate Programs">Graduate Programs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1780"><a href="/academic-programs/course-calendar" title="">Course List</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-6270"><a href="/academic-programs/course-match">Course Match</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-4730"><a href="/academic-programs/schedules">Schedules and Timetables</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-2816"><a href="/academic-programs/sessional-dates" title="Sessional Dates">Sessional Dates</a></li> <li class="last collapsed menu-mlid-1560"><a href="https://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" title="">JD Academic Handbook</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="footer-wrapper"> <div id="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer-top"> <div id="block-block-2" class="block block-block"> <h2>Social media</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="social-media"> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/uoftlaw" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li> <li class="facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/UofTLaw" target="_blank">Facebook</a></li> <li class="linked-in"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/university-of-toronto-faculty-of-law" target="_blank">Linked In</a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/UTorontoLaw/" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li> <li class="instagram"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/UofTLaw/" target="_blank">Instagram</a></li> <li class="tumblr"><a href="http://84queenspark.tumblr.com/" target="_blank">Tumblr</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-superfish-3" class="block block-superfish"> <h2>Footer menu</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-3" class="menu sf-menu sf-menu-footer-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-5 sf-parent-items-5 sf-single-items-0"><li id="menu-1310-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-11 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-11 menuparent"><a href="/future-students" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Future Students</a><ul><li id="menu-4536-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/welcome-university-toronto-faculty-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Message from the Dean</a></li><li id="menu-3726-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-3727-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/financialaid" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Financial Aid</a></li><li id="menu-3728-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Combined Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3729-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/focus-areas" class="sf-depth-2">Focus Areas</a></li><li id="menu-3730-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Special Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3731-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Student Life</a></li><li id="menu-3732-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty</a></li><li id="menu-3839-3" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/brief-history" title="" class="sf-depth-2">History</a></li><li id="menu-3840-3" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law School Buildings</a></li><li id="menu-3841-3" class="last odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-city" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Toronto</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1311-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/current-students" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Current Students</a><ul><li id="menu-5488-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" title="Academic Handbook (external link)" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Handbook</a></li><li id="menu-3843-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/course-calendar" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Course Calendar</a></li><li id="menu-3844-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/sessional-dates" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Sessional Dates</a></li><li id="menu-5489-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/schedules" title="Schedules and Timetables" class="sf-depth-2">Schedules and Timetables</a></li><li id="menu-5490-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/bookstore" title="Bookstore" class="sf-depth-2">Bookstore</a></li><li id="menu-4374-3" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Career Development Office</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1312-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-9 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-9 menuparent"><a href="/visitors" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Visitors</a><ul><li id="menu-5491-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Welcome to the Law School</a></li><li id="menu-3849-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty & Staff Directories</a></li><li id="menu-3850-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://library.law.utoronto.ca" title="Bora Laskin Law Library (external link)" class="sf-depth-2">Bora Laskin Law Library</a></li><li id="menu-3851-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/executive-education" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Executive Education</a></li><li id="menu-3852-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics" title="Legal Clinics" class="sf-depth-2">Legal Clinics</a></li><li id="menu-3853-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs" title="Centers & Programs" class="sf-depth-2">Centers & Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3854-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Special Lectures, Workshops, Seminars, and Conferences</a></li><li id="menu-3855-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/visitor-frequently-asked-questions" title="Frequently Asked Questions" class="sf-depth-2">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-3857-3" class="last odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/events/month" title="Events Calendar (this month)" class="sf-depth-2">Events Calendar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1314-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff" title="" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Faculty & Staff</a><ul><li id="menu-5494-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="Faculty Directory, with photos" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Directory (Photo)</a></li><li id="menu-5495-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty" title="Faculty Directory, one-page list" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Directory (List)</a></li><li id="menu-5496-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff" title="Staff Directory, list view" class="sf-depth-2">Staff Directory</a></li><li id="menu-5497-3" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/by-department" title="Staff Directory by department" class="sf-depth-2">Staff Directory (Department)</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4232-3" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-15 sf-parent-children-14 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/focus-areas" title="" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Focus Areas</a><ul><li id="menu-2149-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/aboriginal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Aboriginal Law</a></li><li id="menu-6887-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/focus-area/animal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Animal Law</a></li><li id="menu-2153-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/business-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Business Law</a></li><li id="menu-2156-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/constitutional-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Constitutional Law</a></li><li id="menu-4522-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/criminal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Criminal Law</a></li><li id="menu-2159-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/environmental-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Environmental Law</a></li><li id="menu-2162-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/health-law-and-policy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Health Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-5143-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/innovation-law" title="Innovation Law focus area" class="sf-depth-2">Innovation Law</a></li><li id="menu-2165-3" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/international-law-and-policy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">International Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-5732-3" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-economics" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Economics</a></li><li id="menu-6383-3" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-history" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and History</a></li><li id="menu-2168-3" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-literature" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Literature</a></li><li id="menu-2171-3" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-philosophy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Philosophy</a></li><li id="menu-2174-3" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/public-interest-and-diversity" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Public Interest and Diversity</a></li><li id="menu-2177-3" class="last odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/women-law-and-social-change" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Women in Law and Social Change</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer-bottom"> <div id="block-menu-block-8" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-8 menu-name-menu-footer-utility parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-2128"><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5578"><a href="/privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2129"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Contact the Faculty</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2130"><a href="/comments-or-questions">Comments or Questions?</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-3" class="block block-block"> <h2>University of Toronto Faculty of Law</h2> <div class="content"> <p>78 Queen's Park ( <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/about/contact-us"><span style="color: #ffffff;">View Map</span></a></span> )<br />Toronto, ON M5S 2C5<br />Tel: 416-978-0210 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div></div>  <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-fe3d812bd3551e468d3","applicationID":"540571234","transactionName":"ZVxVZ0YCCBVSWhIPC1wWYkFdTEkPXV0DHkpCUUc=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":344,"atts":"SRtWEQ4YGxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>