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Drapeau du Tibet — Wikipédia

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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drapeau du Tibet</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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<span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Le <b>drapeau du Tibet</b> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#alphasyllabaire" title="Tibétain">tibétain</a>&nbsp;: <span lang="bo" style="font-family: 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung', Kailasa, 'DDC Uchen', 'Noto Serif Tibetan', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Suring', 'Qomolangma-Title', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen', 'Qomolangma-Subtitle', Jomolhari, 'Qomolangma-Woodblock', Kokonor, 'Qomolangma-Dunhuang', 'DDC Rinzin', 'TCRC Youtso Unicode', 'Tibetan Machine Uni', Wangdi29, 'Noto Sans Tibetan', 'Microsoft Himalaya'; font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:top; word-wrap: break-word;">བོད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་དར</span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Translittération Wylie">Wylie</a>&nbsp;: <i>bod kyi rgyal dar</i>) ou <b>drapeau tibétain</b>, aussi appelé <b>drapeau au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_des_neiges?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lion des neiges">lion des neiges</a></b> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#alphasyllabaire" title="Tibétain">tibétain</a>&nbsp;: <span lang="bo" style="font-family: 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung', Kailasa, 'DDC Uchen', 'Noto Serif Tibetan', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Suring', 'Qomolangma-Title', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen', 'Qomolangma-Subtitle', Jomolhari, 'Qomolangma-Woodblock', Kokonor, 'Qomolangma-Dunhuang', 'DDC Rinzin', 'TCRC Youtso Unicode', 'Tibetan Machine Uni', Wangdi29, 'Noto Sans Tibetan', 'Microsoft Himalaya'; font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:top; word-wrap: break-word;">གངས་སེང་དར་ཆ</span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Translittération Wylie">Wylie</a>&nbsp;: <i>gangs seng dar cha</i>), fut l'emblème officiel du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ganden Phodrang">gouvernement du Tibet</a> à partir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1916?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1916">1916</a>. Créé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thubten_Gyatso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thubten Gyatso"><abbr class="abbr" title="Treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> dalaï-lama</a> et interdit par les autorités chinoises en 1959, c'est aujourd'hui le drapeau du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernement_tib%C3%A9tain_en_exil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement tibétain en exil">gouvernement tibétain en exil</a>, installé à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharamsala?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dharamsala">Dharamsala</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Tibet.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/220px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/330px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/440px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720"></a> <figcaption> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Drapeau historique"><img alt="Symbole décrivant l'usage, explicité ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/35px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150"></span></span> Dernière version, à deux lions des neiges (selon une publication de 1923), de l'ancien drapeau militaire et officiel en usage au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1916?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1916">1916</a><sup id="cite_ref-JN2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JN2009-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1959?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1959">1959</a>. Interdit depuis 1959 en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">république populaire de Chine</a>, il est aujourd'hui celui du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernement_tib%C3%A9tain_en_exil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement tibétain en exil">Gouvernement tibétain en exil</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="toc_niveau_2" style=";"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_drapeau_militaire_ou_officiel_du_Tibet_(1913-1959)"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Le drapeau militaire ou officiel du Tibet (1913-1959)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cr%C3%A9ation_du_drapeau_de_l'infanterie_tib%C3%A9taine_%C3%A0_la_fin_du_XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Création du drapeau de l'infanterie tibétaine à la fin du <span>XVIII</span><sup>e</sup>&nbsp;siècle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cr%C3%A9ation_du_premier_drapeau_officiel_du_Tibet"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Création du premier drapeau officiel du Tibet</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Influence_tib%C3%A9taine"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Influence tibétaine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Influence_japonaise"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Influence japonaise</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89volution_de_la_repr%C3%A9sentation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Évolution de la représentation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mention_parmi_les_%C2%AB_drapeaux_nationaux_du_monde_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mention parmi les «&nbsp;drapeaux nationaux du monde&nbsp;»</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Usages"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Usages</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#T%C3%A9moignage_de_Heinrich_Harrer"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Témoignage de Heinrich Harrer</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#T%C3%A9moignage_de_Phuntsok_Wangyal"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Témoignage de Phuntsok Wangyal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Usage_comme_drapeau_militaire"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Usage comme drapeau militaire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Usage_comme_drapeau_officiel_%C3%A0_la_Conf%C3%A9rence_des_relations_asiatiques_en_Inde"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Usage comme drapeau officiel à la Conférence des relations asiatiques en Inde</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_repr%C3%A9sentation_du_Tibet_dans_le_drapeau_chinois"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">La représentation du Tibet dans le drapeau chinois</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_drapeau_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Chine_(1912-1928)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Le drapeau de la république de Chine (1912-1928)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine_(depuis_1949)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Le drapeau de la République populaire de Chine (depuis 1949)</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Composition_et_symbolisme_du_drapeau_tib%C3%A9tain"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Composition et symbolisme du drapeau tibétain</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_symbolisme_du_drapeau_tib%C3%A9tain_selon_les_Tib%C3%A9tains_en_exil"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Le symbolisme du drapeau tibétain selon les Tibétains en exil</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_divinit%C3%A9s_protectrices"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Les divinités protectrices</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_joyau_tourbillonnant_bicolore"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Le joyau tourbillonnant bicolore</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_symbole_tao%C3%AFste_du_yin_yang"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Le symbole taoïste du yin yang</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_lion_des_neiges"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Le lion des neiges</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C2%AB_Le_r%C3%A9pertoire_royaliste_de_la_pr%C3%AAtrise_lama%C3%AFste_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">«&nbsp;Le répertoire royaliste de la prêtrise lamaïste&nbsp;»</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Perception_du_drapeau_tib%C3%A9tain"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Perception du drapeau tibétain</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Symbole_d'une_revendication_s%C3%A9paratiste_ou_d'une_libert%C3%A9_d'expression_?"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Symbole d'une revendication séparatiste ou d'une liberté d'expression&nbsp;?</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Symbole_de_l'%C2%AB_identit%C3%A9_nationale_tib%C3%A9taine_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Symbole de l'«&nbsp;identité nationale tibétaine&nbsp;»</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p>Contrairement aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_administrative_sp%C3%A9ciale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Région administrative spéciale">régions administratives spéciales</a> (Macao et Hong Kong), mais à l'instar des autres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_autonome_(R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Région autonome (République populaire de Chine)">régions autonomes</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_autonome_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Région autonome du Tibet">région autonome du Tibet</a> ne dispose pas d'un drapeau spécifique. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de la république populaire de Chine">drapeau officiel de la république populaire de Chine</a> y est en usage.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Le_drapeau_militaire_ou_officiel_du_Tibet_(1913-1959)"><span id="Le_drapeau_militaire_ou_officiel_du_Tibet_.281913-1959.29"></span>Le drapeau militaire ou officiel du Tibet (1913-1959)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le drapeau militaire ou officiel du Tibet (1913-1959)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Le «&nbsp;drapeau au(x) lion(s) des neiges&nbsp;» fut tout d'abord un drapeau militaire, en usage dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_tib%C3%A9taine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée tibétaine">régiments tibétains</a> lorsque le pays connut une indépendance <i>de facto</i> entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1913?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1913">1913</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1951?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1951">1951</a>, du fait de l'effacement de la Chine en proie à l'invasion et à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_civile_chinoise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre civile chinoise">guerre civile</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il connut un usage officiel en 1947 lors d'une conférence panasiatique organisée par des représentants du mouvement pour l'indépendance de l'Inde et figura parmi les «&nbsp;drapeaux nationaux du monde&nbsp;» (<span title="Voir la section Mention parmi les « drapeaux nationaux du monde »"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mention_parmi_les_%C2%AB_drapeaux_nationaux_du_monde_%C2%BB">voir <i>infra</i></a></span>) dans une revue royale britannique en 1923 puis dans la revue <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i> en 1934.</p> <p>Alors que chaque pays au monde hisse son drapeau national à l'endroit le plus en vue de sa capitale, le drapeau au lion des neiges ne flotta toutefois jamais sur le palais du Potala à Lhassa ni en d'autres endroits bien en vue<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_%C3%A0_confirmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence à confirmer">[réf.&nbsp;à confirmer]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Création_du_drapeau_de_l'infanterie_tibétaine_à_la_fin_du_XVIIIe_siècle"><span id="Cr.C3.A9ation_du_drapeau_de_l.27infanterie_tib.C3.A9taine_.C3.A0_la_fin_du_XVIIIe_si.C3.A8cle"></span>Création du drapeau de l'infanterie tibétaine à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Création du drapeau de l'infanterie tibétaine à la fin du XVIIIe&nbsp;siècle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relations_entre_le_N%C3%A9pal_et_le_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relations entre le Népal et le Tibet">Relations entre le Népal et le Tibet</a>. </div> </div> <p>Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melvyn_Goldstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melvyn Goldstein">Melvyn C. Goldstein</a>, à la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, le gouvernement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynastie_Qing?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dynastie Qing">Qing</a>, après avoir défendu le Tibet contre l'invasion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9pal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Népal">népalaise</a>, adopta une résolution en 29 points intitulée «&nbsp;Vingt-neuf règles pour mieux gouverner le Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;». Le <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;article de ce décret faisait le constat suivant&nbsp;: «&nbsp;L'absence de l'armée officielle dans la région du Tibet a eu pour conséquence l'instauration de conscriptions d'urgence en temps de crise, ce qui s'est avéré dommageable pour le peuple tibétain&nbsp;». L'empereur donna son aval à la formation par le Tibet d'une troupe de trois mille hommes, lesquels devaient devenir ce qu'on appelle communément l'infanterie tibétaine. Partant du principe qu'un drapeau militaire est une nécessité pour l'entraînement quotidien d'une armée, le gouvernement central des Qing approuva l'adoption du «&nbsp;drapeau au lion des neiges&nbsp;» comme drapeau militaire du Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Création_du_premier_drapeau_officiel_du_Tibet"><span id="Cr.C3.A9ation_du_premier_drapeau_officiel_du_Tibet"></span>Création du premier drapeau officiel du Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Création du premier drapeau officiel du Tibet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Après l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invasion_du_Tibet_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_imp%C3%A9riale_mandchoue?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invasion du Tibet par l'armée impériale mandchoue">invasion du Tibet</a> par le seigneur de la guerre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandchous?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandchous">mandchou</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhao_Erfeng?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhao Erfeng">Zhao Erfeng</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1909?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1909">1909</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thubten_Gyatso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thubten Gyatso"><abbr class="abbr" title="Treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> dalaï-lama</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1876?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1876">1876</a>–<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1933">1933</a>) avait dû fuir en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911">1911</a>, la dynastie mandchoue des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> fut renversée et les Tibétains expulsèrent du Tibet les forces mandchoues restantes. Selon le gouvernement tibétain en exil, le <abbr class="abbr" title="Treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> dalaï-lama, de retour au Tibet, réaffirma l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet_(1912-1951)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet (1912-1951)">Indépendance du Tibet</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1913-02-14" data-sort-value="1913-02-14">14 février 1913</time> par une proclamation<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> destinée à être affichée et conservée dans chaque district du Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon Alfred P. Rubin, il affirma simplement que la relation prêtre-protecteur (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mchod-yon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mchod-yon">mchod-yon</a>) entre les dalaï-lamas et les empereurs chinois s'était éteinte du fait de la fin de l'empire<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dundul_Namgyal_Tsarong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dundul Namgyal Tsarong">Dundul Namgyal Tsarong</a> de nouveaux uniformes et drapeaux militaires conçus et approuvés par le dalaï-lama furent fabriqués à l'hiver 1916<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamyang_Norbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamyang Norbu">Jamyang Norbu</a> la mise au point du drapeau national moderne tibétain remonte à l'année 1916<sup id="cite_ref-JN2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JN2009-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le premier drapeau militaire ou officiel se serait inspiré d'une part de motifs de drapeaux tibétains antérieurs et d'autre part de motifs de drapeaux japonais.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Influence_tibétaine"><span id="Influence_tib.C3.A9taine"></span>Influence tibétaine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Influence tibétaine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le premier drapeau militaire ou officiel s'inspira des motifs de drapeaux antérieurs utilisés par les régiments tibétains, en particulier la figure du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_des_neiges?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lion des neiges">lion des neiges</a>, laquelle remonte au <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, sous le règne du roi du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CTA's_Response-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tibet.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tibet.com-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharpa_Tulkou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharpa Tulkou">Sharpa Tulkou</a>, à cette époque, le régiment de Yoeru Toe pavoisait un drapeau militaire avec deux lions des neiges se faisant face ainsi qu'une flamme blanche sur fond rouge<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon Gyeten Namgyal, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tailleur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tailleur">tailleur</a> de Lhassa, les divisions de l'armée tibétaine possédaient chacune leur bannière, mais il n'existait pas de drapeau national. Le <abbr class="abbr" title="Treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> dalaï-lama dessina un projet, annoté afin d'en expliquer le symbolisme lié aux lions des neiges, à l'épée de la sagesse et aux bannières de la victoire. Plusieurs prototypes furent réalisés, et l'un fut approuvée<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Influence_japonaise">Influence japonaise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Influence japonaise" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/220px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/220px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/330px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/440px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Étendard de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_imp%C3%A9riale_japonaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée impériale japonaise">Armée impériale japonaise</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Berzin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Berzin">Alexander Berzin</a>, le motif du soleil levant entouré de rayons, propre aux drapeaux de la cavalerie et de l'infanterie japonaises de l'époque (motif qui par la suite fournit le dessin des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau du Japon">drapeaux de la marine et de l'armée de terre japonaises</a> pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>) aurait inspiré la création du drapeau. L'incorporation de ce motif serait due à un prêtre bouddhiste japonais, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aoki_Bunkyo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoki Bunkyo">Aoki Bunkyo</a>, qui séjourna de 1912 à 1916 au Tibet où il représentait, ainsi que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tada_Tokan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tada Tokan">Tada Tokan</a>, le comte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%8Ctani_K%C5%8Dzui?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōtani Kōzui">Ōtani Kōzui</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Berry_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Scott_Berry-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Aoki Bunkyo y traduisit des manuels militaires en tibétain et aurait participé à l'élaboration du drapeau<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Scott_Berry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Scott Berry (page inexistante)">Scott Berry</a>, les relations tibéto-japonaises prirent fin en 1914 après la disgrâce du comte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%8Ctani_K%C5%8Dzui?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōtani Kōzui">Ōtani Kōzui</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Berry_16-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Scott_Berry-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Évolution_de_la_représentation"><span id=".C3.89volution_de_la_repr.C3.A9sentation"></span>Évolution de la représentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Évolution de la représentation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandra David-Néel">Alexandra David-Néel</a> décrit un drapeau tibétain <span class="citation">«&nbsp;cramoisi et portant un lion brodé&nbsp;»</span> flottant en 1921 à un poste-frontrière entre Kantzé et Batang, une région récemment conquise par les troupes de Lhassa<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg/220px-Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg/220px-Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg/330px-Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg/440px-Flag_of_Tibet_1920-1925.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Drapeau du Tibet (1920-1925) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le vexillologue <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Breschi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Roberto Breschi (page inexistante)">Roberto Breschi</a> reproduit, sur le site <i>Bandiere Passato e Presente</i> («&nbsp;Drapeaux d'hier et d'aujourd'hui&nbsp;»), un drapeau tibétain qui a été utilisé entre 1920 et 1925, le décrivant ainsi&nbsp;:</p> <blockquote> <p>«&nbsp;Drapeau national et d’État, adopté vers 1920, attesté au printemps de cette même année et décrit dans un document trouvé dans les archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères français. Remplacé peu d’années après (le <i>Flaggenbuch</i> allemand de 1926 fait déjà figurer un nouveau dessin). Proportions 5/6. La représentation, plutôt naïve, montre un lion de montagne, symbole de la puissance du dalaï-lama, le regard tourné vers les seuls éléments supérieurs à lui, le soleil, la lune, les étoiles, par lesquels le dalaï-lama est illuminé. Les montagnes en arrière-plan représentent l’inviolabilité du territoire, et la sphère entourée de flammes à côté des pattes du lion montre la volonté du dalaï-lama de défendre le Tibet contre les ennemis. Il s’agit du premier emblème particulier du Tibet moderne&nbsp;; il semble qu’entre 1912 et 1920 on ait hissé sporadiquement l’ancien drapeau impérial chinois<sup id="cite_ref-Roberto_Breschi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Roberto_Breschi-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.&nbsp;»</p> </blockquote> <p>L'historien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurent_Deshayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laurent Deshayes">Laurent Deshayes</a> indique, lui aussi, que le premier drapeau national derrière lequel les troupes vont défiler ne comporte qu'un lion, ainsi que l'atteste une photographie de 1920 conservée dans les archives diplomatiques françaises, et qu'il ne s'agit pas du drapeau utilisé actuellement par les Tibétains en exil<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon Roberto Breschi, le drapeau au lion des neiges (singulier) devint drapeau aux lions des neiges (pluriel) à partir du milieu des années 1930&nbsp;: le lion unique céda la place à deux lions affrontés comme dans le drapeau actuel, les seules différences (légères) d'avec ce dernier ne concernant que le tracé et les proportions<sup id="cite_ref-Roberto_Breschi_21-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Roberto_Breschi-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mention_parmi_les_«_drapeaux_nationaux_du_monde_»"><span id="Mention_parmi_les_.C2.AB_drapeaux_nationaux_du_monde_.C2.BB"></span>Mention parmi les «&nbsp;drapeaux nationaux du monde&nbsp;»</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mention parmi les «&nbsp;drapeaux nationaux du monde&nbsp;»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>En 1923, <i>Drawings of the Flags in Use at the Present Time by Various Nations</i> de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Stationery Office">His Majesty's Stationery Office</a></i> est une des premières publications figurant le drapeau du Tibet tel que dans sa version actuelle<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le numéro de septembre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1934?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1934">1934</a> de la revue <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>, consacré aux caractéristiques de drapeaux de nombreuses nations du monde, comportait le drapeau tibétain décrit ainsi&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Avec sa montagne de neige imposante, devant laquelle se tiennent deux lions des neiges combattant pour une gemme flambante, le drapeau du Tibet est un des plus distinctifs de l'Orient<sup id="cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CTA's_Response-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le titre de la section de l’article où le drapeau du Tibet apparaît est <i>Drapeaux de nombreuses nations</i>, et la page est notée <i>Drapeaux nationaux du monde</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Écrit par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a> et William J. Showalter, l’article montre une reproduction du drapeau du Tibet identique à sa version actuelle<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La même revue avait fait paraître, en 1917, un premier numéro consacré aux drapeaux du monde mais celui du Tibet n'y figurait pas. Pour Jamyang Norbu, qui puise dans une biographie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsarong_Dzasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsarong Dzasa">Dasang Damdul Tsarong</a> la date de 1916 comme date de création du drapeau<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, celui-ci était trop récent et trop peu connu pour y figurer<sup id="cite_ref-JN2009_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JN2009-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Usages">Usages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Usages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Témoignage_de_Heinrich_Harrer"><span id="T.C3.A9moignage_de_Heinrich_Harrer"></span>Témoignage de Heinrich Harrer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Témoignage de Heinrich Harrer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Harrer">Heinrich Harrer</a>, alpiniste autrichien, membre d'une expédition allemande au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanga_Parbat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> en 1939, évadé avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Aufschnaiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Aufschnaiter">Peter Aufschnaiter</a> d'un camp de prisonniers de guerre de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raj_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raj britannique">Inde britannique</a>, traversa l'Himalaya et atteignit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lhassa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lhassa">Lhassa</a> en 1946<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il indique dans son livre, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lhassa_:_le_Tibet_disparu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lhassa : le Tibet disparu">Lhassa&nbsp;: le Tibet disparu</a></i>, publié en 1997, que deux drapeaux précédaient le convoi du dalaï-lama dans sa fuite de <time class="nowrap" datetime="1950-11" data-sort-value="1950-11">novembre 1950</time>&nbsp;: «&nbsp;son drapeau personnel et le drapeau national tibétain. Ce dernier arborait deux lions des neiges sur une montagne blanche<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;». Dans <i>Seven Years in Tibet</i>, publié en 1953, on apprend qu'à cette occasion «&nbsp;Le dalaï-lama était accompagné d'une escorte de quarante nobles et d'une garde de quelque deux cents soldats triés sur le volet, dotés de mitrailleuses et d'obusiers. (..) Les drapeaux étaient le signe de la présence du monarque<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;». Une photographie présentant ces deux drapeaux, portés par des cavaliers en armes, est visible sur le site Internet «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flags_of_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flags of the World">Flags of the World</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;». Une autre photographie des deux drapeaux est reproduite dans le livre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Brauen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Brauen">Martin Brauen</a>, <i>Les dalaï-lamas&nbsp;: les 14 réincarnations du bodhisattva Avalokitesvara</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Quelques mois plus tôt, au printemps 1950, le même Harrer rapportait que le gouvernement tibétain, devant les menaces d'intervention de Pékin, s'était mis à lever de nouvelles troupes et à organiser exercices et parades militaires, «&nbsp;le dalaï-lama en personne bénissant les nouvelles couleurs de l'armée&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Par ailleurs, Heinrich Harrer évoque dans son livre <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sept_ans_d%27aventures_au_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet">Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet</a></i> les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ces_de_monnaie_tib%C3%A9taines?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pièces de monnaie tibétaines">pièces de monnaie tibétaines</a>. Il indique que ces pièces portent les emblèmes du Tibet&nbsp;: lion des neiges et montagne, «&nbsp;reproduits aussi sur le drapeau national à côté du soleil levant&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans l'édition anglaise du même livre (<i>Seven Years in Tibet</i>), parue en 1953, il est question non pas de drapeau national mais de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timbre_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbre du Tibet">timbres postaux</a>&nbsp;: «&nbsp;<i>Gold, silver, and copper coins are also used. They are stamped with the emblems of Tibet - mountains and lions, which also appear on postage stamps, beside the rising sun</i>&nbsp;» (p. 112).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Témoignage_de_Phuntsok_Wangyal"><span id="T.C3.A9moignage_de_Phuntsok_Wangyal"></span>Témoignage de Phuntsok Wangyal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Témoignage de Phuntsok Wangyal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>De son côté, le fondateur du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_tib%C3%A9tain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste tibétain">Parti communiste tibétain</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phuntsok_Wangyal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phuntsok Wangyal">Phuntsok Wangyal</a> (cité par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melvyn_Goldstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melvyn Goldstein">Melvyn Goldstein</a>), rapporte qu'en 1952, l'un des deux premiers ministres en exercice de l'époque, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lukhangwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lukhangwa">Lukhangwa</a>, avait affirmé que le drapeau «&nbsp;n'était pas du tout un drapeau national, mais plutôt le drapeau des militaires tibétains&nbsp;». Il en voulait «&nbsp;pour preuve&nbsp;» le fait «&nbsp;que ce drapeau n'avait jamais flotté sur un quelconque bâtiment public tibétain&nbsp;». Et Phuntsok Wangyal d'ajouter&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Sur le plan technique, il avait raison&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Phuntsok Wangyal rapporte également que lorsqu'il quitta le Tibet en 1958 pour se rendre en Chine, le drapeau national de la Chine était porté en même temps que le drapeau militaire par l'armée tibétaine<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Il affirme aussi que lors d’une conversation en 1955 avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenzin Gyatso"><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">14<sup>e</sup></abbr> dalaï-lama</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mao_Zedong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> avait approuvé l'usage du drapeau comme drapeau national tibétain, à la condition qu'il soit utilisé conjointement avec le drapeau national chinois. Il n'y a cependant aucune reconnaissance officielle de cela dans les documents chinois<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette conversation fut retranscrite par Phuntsok Wangyal, désireux d'en laisser un témoignage, alors qu'il était emprisonné<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle est confirmée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phuntsok_Tashi_Takla?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phuntsok Tashi Takla">Phuntsok Tashi Takla</a> dans les années 1980<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et le 14e dalaï-lama en 2008<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On y apprend également qu'à la question de Mao Zedong «&nbsp;J'apprends que vous avez un drapeau national, est-ce vrai&nbsp;?&nbsp;», le dalaï-lama se serait contenté de répondre&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Nous avons un drapeau de l'armée&nbsp;». Mao Zedong aurait répliqué en ces termes «&nbsp;Ce n'est pas un problème. Vous pouvez garder votre drapeau national&nbsp;». Il aurait cependant demandé au dalaï-lama si celui-ci était d'accord pour que le drapeau national de la république populaire de Chine soit hissé en plus du drapeau tibétain. Son jeune interlocuteur aurait hoché la tête et dit oui<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Usage_comme_drapeau_militaire">Usage comme drapeau militaire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Usage comme drapeau militaire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17,_Tibetexpedition,_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="556"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-11-07-17%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Milit%C3%A4rparade.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Parade militaire devant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palais_du_Potala?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palais du Potala">Potala</a> à Lhassa (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernst Schäfer">Ernst Schäfer</a>, 1938) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Un film tourné au Tibet entre juin et <time class="nowrap" datetime="1933-09" data-sort-value="1933-09">septembre 1933</time> par l'agent britannique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Williamson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Frederick Williamson (page inexistante)">Frederick Williamson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Williamson" class="extiw" title="en:Frederick Williamson"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Frederick Williamson&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> montre des soldats tibétains présentant les armes et défilant dans la cour d'une caserne sous le drapeau aux lions des neiges, reconnaissable à son soleil et ses rais rouges et bleus. Les uniformes de la troupe et des officiers sont de type britannique<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 1938-1939, les membres de l'expédition ethnographique allemande au Tibet, patronnée par institut <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahnenerbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a> et dirigée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernst Schäfer">Ernst Schäfer</a>, eurent l'occasion de photographier des soldats tibétains à la parade, précédés de deux drapeaux où l'on reconnaît, dans le triangle inférieur, deux lions des neiges affrontés, et, dans la partie supérieure, un fond sombre, sans rais visibles (voir photo ci-contre).</p> <p>Le 1er octobre 1951, alors que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte_nationale_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête nationale de la république populaire de Chine">fête nationale chinoise</a> fut célébrée pour la première fois au Tibet, l'armée tibétaine pavoisa les drapeaux chinois et tibétain<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 1951, le drapeau tibétain flottait sur les casernes de l'armée tibétaine, et le premier ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lukhangwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lukhangwa">Lukhangwa</a>, selon le site du groupe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chushi Gangdruk">Tchousi Gangdroug</a>, avait refusé que le drapeau chinois soit hissé à sa place<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1951?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1951">1951</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1959?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1959">1959</a>, certains régiments tibétains incorporés dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_populaire_de_lib%C3%A9ration?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée populaire de libération">Armée populaire de libération</a> continuèrent à l'employer lors d'exercices et de cérémonies, non sans provoquer des polémiques. Certains membres de l'Armée populaire de libération n'y voyaient pas d'inconvénient, estimant qu'il s'agissait d'un emblème purement militaire&nbsp;; d'autres étaient d'avis que le Tibet, n'étant pas un pays indépendant, ne pouvait ni ne devait avoir de drapeau qui lui soit propre. Beaucoup dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste chinois">Parti communiste chinois</a> pensaient que l'usage du drapeau indiquait le séparatisme, mais le gouvernement tibétain de l’époque insistait sur son emploi comme drapeau d'une armée — l'armée tibétaine a continué à exister parallèlement à l'infanterie de l'Armée populaire de libération — et non comme drapeau national<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon le dalaï-lama, les Tibétains aimaient mettre côte à côte les drapeaux tibétains et chinois, au Tibet, pour montrer «&nbsp;leur soutien à ce grand pays&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Une photo de l'armée tibétaine accompagnée du drapeau aux lions des neiges à Lhassa en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952">1952</a> figure dans le livre de Melvyn C. Goldstein, <i>A Tibetan revolutionary: the political life and times of <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phuntsok_Wangyal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phuntsok Wangyal">Bapa Phuntso Wangye</a></i>, à la page 175<sup id="cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Après le conflit avec la Chine en 1962, la <i>Special Frontier Force</i> composée de militaires tibétains est créée en Inde. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09" data-sort-value="2020-09">septembre 2020</time>, un soldat tibétain, Nyima Tenzin, est accidentellement tué lors d’une patrouille à la frontière entre la Chine et l’Inde. Lors des honneurs militaires, les troupes présentaient les drapeaux du Tibet et de l’Inde<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Usage_comme_drapeau_officiel_à_la_Conférence_des_relations_asiatiques_en_Inde"><span id="Usage_comme_drapeau_officiel_.C3.A0_la_Conf.C3.A9rence_des_relations_asiatiques_en_Inde"></span>Usage comme drapeau officiel à la Conférence des relations asiatiques en Inde</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Usage comme drapeau officiel à la Conférence des relations asiatiques en Inde" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference,_Delhi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg/250px-Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="582"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg/250px-Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg/375px-Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg/500px-Mahatma_Gandhi_speaks_at_the_1947_Asian_Relations_Conference%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Deux délégués du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_relations_asiatiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conférence des relations asiatiques">Conférence des relations asiatiques</a> lors du discours de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Gandhi</a>&nbsp;; un emblème circulaire figurant le drapeau du Tibet est apposé sur le podium, devant eux, à côté des emblèmes des autres pays<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le drapeau fut utilisé pour la première fois à une réunion internationale en mars et avril <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1947?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1947">1947</a> à New Delhi en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_relations_asiatiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conférence des relations asiatiques">conférence panasiatique</a> organisée par des représentants du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_pour_l%27ind%C3%A9pendance_de_l%27Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement pour l'indépendance de l'Inde">mouvement pour l'indépendance de l'Inde</a>. Y participèrent Teiji <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sampho_Tsewang_Rigzin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sampho Tsewang Rigzin">Tsewang Rigzing Sampho</a> et Khenchung Lobsang Wangyal, deux délégués du Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CTA's_Response-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyibu_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyibu II">Kyibug Wangdue Norbu</a>, interprète permanent du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bureau_des_Affaires_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bureau des Affaires étrangères du Tibet">Bureau des Affaires étrangères du Tibet</a> et du Bureau du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashag">Kashag</a>, fut le troisième délégué du Bureau qui représenta le Tibet à cette conférence<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Comme les délégués n'avaient pas de drapeau, l'attaché commercial de l'ambassade britannique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh_Richardson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Richardson">Hugh Richardson</a> en manda un auprès du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashag">Kashag</a>, lequel envoya un drapeau militaire comportant la représentation du lion des neiges (situation qui a amené les historiens chinois Wang Jiawei et Nyima Gyancain à se demander comment un drapeau de l'armée pouvait bien servir de drapeau national à la suggestion d'un étranger&nbsp;?)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon l'écrivain et journaliste <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Arpi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Arpi">Claude Arpi</a>, directeur du pavillon tibétain d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auroville?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auroville">Auroville</a>, le drapeau du Tibet leur fut remis par un messager du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashag">Kashag</a> à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_Chumbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vallée de Chumbi">vallée de Chumbi</a> et ils le hissèrent durant la conférence comme demandé<sup id="cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claude_Arpi-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La conférence plénière se tint à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purana_Qila,_Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana Qila, Delhi">Purana Qila</a>, 32 délégations étaient présentes, chacune sur une estrade, avec une plaque portant le nom de son pays, et un drapeau national<sup id="cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claude_Arpi-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La délégation du Tibet avait son drapeau, ainsi qu'une carte de l'Asie où le Tibet était figuré comme pays séparé<sup id="cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claude_Arpi-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pour Claude Arpi, cette conférence démontre qu'en 1947 les dirigeants indiens du gouvernement intérimaire de l'Inde reconnaissaient le Tibet comme indépendant<sup id="cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claude_Arpi-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pour l'historien américain Tom Grunfeld, comme cette conférence non officielle n'était pas parrainée par le gouvernement, la présence du drapeau et de la carte n'avait aucune importance diplomatique&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon les sources officielles chinoises, la tentative des Britanniques de faire figurer le Tibet comme pays indépendant sur la carte de la Asie dans la salle de conférence et parmi les drapeaux des différents pays entraîna une protestation solennelle de la part de la délégation chinoise, ce qui obligea les organisateurs à rectifier le tir<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Quotidien_du_Peuple_52-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Le_Quotidien_du_Peuple-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Tom Grunfeld affirme que les cartes furent modifiées et le drapeau abaissé après les protestations de l'ambassadeur de Chine à la Nouvelle Delhi mais que les délégués restèrent jusqu'à la fin<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon Claude Arpi, le drapeau n'aurait pas été enlevé malgré les protestations de la délégation chinoise<sup id="cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claude_Arpi-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les organisateurs de la conférence firent une déclaration indiquant que les délégués tibétains avaient été invités par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> en son nom personnel<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans sa biographie du dalaï-lama, publiée en 2003, Patricia Cronin Marcello affirme que si les organisateurs ne retirèrent pas le drapeau de la table de la délégation tibétaine, par contre ils enlevèrent la carte, ce qui non seulement témoignait de l'influence accrue de la Chine mais augurait peut-être de la position future de l'Inde sur le Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="La_représentation_du_Tibet_dans_le_drapeau_chinois"><span id="La_repr.C3.A9sentation_du_Tibet_dans_le_drapeau_chinois"></span>La représentation du Tibet dans le drapeau chinois</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La représentation du Tibet dans le drapeau chinois" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Dans son livre blanc<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> intitulé <i>Tibet – Its Ownership and Human Rights Situation</i> publié en 1992, le Conseil d’État de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="République populaire de Chine">république populaire de Chine</a> rappelle que la constitution de 1912 disposait que le Tibet faisait partie intégrante de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Chine_(1912-1949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République de Chine (1912-1949)">république de Chine</a>. Le livre blanc souligne également que les Tibétains envoyèrent des représentants à l'Assemblée nationale de la république de Chine de 1931 qui réaffirma l'appartenance du Tibet à la république de Chine. De même, des représentants tibétains siégèrent à l'Assemblée nationale de 1946, convoquée par le gouvernement national de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nankin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nankin">Nankin</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_drapeau_de_la_république_de_Chine_(1912-1928)"><span id="Le_drapeau_de_la_r.C3.A9publique_de_Chine_.281912-1928.29"></span>Le drapeau de la république de Chine (1912-1928)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le drapeau de la république de Chine (1912-1928)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931928).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Drapeau historique"> <noscript> <img alt="Symbole décrivant l'usage, explicité ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" data-alt="Symbole décrivant l'usage, explicité ci-après" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/35px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de la république de Chine">Drapeau de la république de Chine</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912">1912</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1928?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1928">1928</a>) représentant «&nbsp;Les Cinq peuples rassemblés&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_(ethnie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han (ethnie)">Hans</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandchous?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandchous">Mandchous</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongols?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ou%C3%AFgours?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouïgours">Ouïgours</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibétains">Tibétains</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Après le renversement de la dynastie mandchoue des Qing par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_chinoise_de_1911?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution chinoise de 1911">révolution chinoise de 1911</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> annonça, dans son discours inaugural comme premier président de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Chine_(1912-1949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République de Chine (1912-1949)">république de Chine</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1912?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1912">1912</a>, «&nbsp;l'unification des peuples han, mandchou, mongol, hui et tibétain<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;». Selon Thomas Laird, promouvoir un état multiethnique fut le moyen choisi par Pékin pour affirmer son héritage de l'empire<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_Laird_61-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thomas_Laird-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 1912, sous la présidence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuan_Shikai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, un édit déclara que le Tibet, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolie">Mongolie</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> étaient sur le même pied que les provinces de la Chine proprement dite et faisaient partie intégrante de la république de Chine. Des sièges furent réservés aux Tibétains à l'Assemblée nationale et le premier drapeau de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Chine_(1912-1949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République de Chine (1912-1949)">république de Chine</a>, dit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de la république de Chine">drapeau des «&nbsp;Cinq ethnies dans une même union&nbsp;»</a>, fut créé, symbolisant cette unification<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 1924, dans le manifeste du premier Congrès de la république de Chine, Sun Yat-sen reconnaît le droit à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_des_peuples_%C3%A0_disposer_d%27eux-m%C3%AAmes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes">autodétermination</a> des nationalités de Chine<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Baogang_He&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Baogang He (page inexistante)">Baogang He</a>, plus tard, Sun Yat-sen et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guomindang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guomindang">Guomindang</a> abandonnèrent cette politique, en faveur d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ralisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fédéralisme">système fédéraliste</a>, politique abandonnée également en raison de la montée des militaristes régionaux (<i>Geju</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le drapeau fut employé principalement à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> et dans les régions orientales de la Chine du Nord jusqu'en 1928. L'ethnie tibétaine y était symbolisée par la bande de couleur noire<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les autres bandes représentaient les autres ethnies, à savoir les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_(groupe_ethnique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans (groupe ethnique)">Hans</a> (rouge), les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandchous?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandchous">Mandchous</a> (jaune), les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongols?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> (bleu), les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ou%C3%AFghours?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ouïghours">Ouïghours</a> (blanc).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_drapeau_de_la_République_populaire_de_Chine_(depuis_1949)"><span id="Le_drapeau_de_la_R.C3.A9publique_populaire_de_Chine_.28depuis_1949.29"></span>Le drapeau de la République populaire de Chine (depuis 1949)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le drapeau de la République populaire de Chine (depuis 1949)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Drapeau de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">république populaire de Chine</a>, drapeau officiel de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_autonome_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Région autonome du Tibet">Région autonome du Tibet</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Faisant partie intégrante de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">république populaire de Chine</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_autonome_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Région autonome du Tibet">région autonome du Tibet</a> (<i>Xīzàng</i>) a pour drapeau le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Drapeau de la République populaire de Chine">drapeau officiel de la RPC</a> — le drapeau rouge aux cinq étoiles<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>À l'exception des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_administrative_sp%C3%A9ciale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Région administrative spéciale">régions administratives spéciales</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macao?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macao">Macao</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> qui ont chacune adopté un drapeau officiel, les provinces et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_autonome_(R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Région autonome (République populaire de Chine)">régions autonomes</a> n'ont pas de drapeau spécifique et sont soumises à l'interdiction de s'en choisir<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon diverses interprétations, les cinq étoiles du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Drapeau de la République populaire de Chine">drapeau chinois</a> ou certaines d'entre elles représenteraient les différents groupes ethniques peuplant la Chine, dont les Tibétains<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shambaugh_70-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shambaugh-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ce qui est généralement considéré comme un amalgame erroné avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_%C3%A0_cinq_couleurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau à cinq couleurs">drapeau à cinq couleurs</a>, utilisé entre 1912 et 1928 par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernement_de_Beiyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernement de Beiyang">gouvernement de Beiyang</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la république de Chine">république de Chine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shambaugh_70-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shambaugh-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zarrow_71-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Zarrow-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon l'interprétation actuelle du drapeau par le gouvernement<sup id="cite_ref-govprcflag_72-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-govprcflag-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la plus grande étoile représente le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste chinois">Parti communiste chinois</a> et les étoiles qui l'entourent symbolisent les quatre classes sociales du peuple chinois mentionnées par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mao_Zedong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> dans <i>De la dictature démocratique populaire</i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Composition_et_symbolisme_du_drapeau_tibétain"><span id="Composition_et_symbolisme_du_drapeau_tib.C3.A9tain"></span>Composition et symbolisme du drapeau tibétain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Composition et symbolisme du drapeau tibétain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_symbolisme_du_drapeau_tibétain_selon_les_Tibétains_en_exil"><span id="Le_symbolisme_du_drapeau_tib.C3.A9tain_selon_les_Tib.C3.A9tains_en_exil"></span>Le symbolisme du drapeau tibétain selon les Tibétains en exil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le symbolisme du drapeau tibétain selon les Tibétains en exil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:KailashTanka.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/KailashTanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="152"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/KailashTanka.JPG" data-width="210" data-height="152" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le mont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kailash?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailash">Kailash</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thangka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thangka">Thangka</a> tibétain (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%B6n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bön">Bön</a>). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Selon le site officiel du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernement_tib%C3%A9tain_en_exil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement tibétain en exil">gouvernement tibétain en exil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tibet.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tibet.com-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et le site <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Campaign for Tibet">International Campaign for Tibet</a>, la symbolique du drapeau tibétain est composée comme expliqué ci-dessous dans un ouvrage scolaire publié en 1989 par les éditions <i>Tibetan Cultural Printing Press</i> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharamsala?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dharamsala">Dharamsala</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et traduit du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89criture_tib%C3%A9taine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Écriture tibétaine">tibétain</a> en français<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;En position centrale se trouve une somptueuse montagne recouverte par les neiges, symbole de la grande nation du Tibet universellement connue comme étant le <i>Pays aux Monts enneigés</i>&nbsp;»</span>. La montagne enneigée sur le drapeau du Tibet correspond au nom d'un ancien roi du Tibet, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namri_Songtsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namri Songtsen">Namri</a>, qui signifie <span class="citation">«&nbsp;montagne du ciel&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Dans le ciel, les 6 raies rouges sont le symbole des “Six Tribus” qui sont traditionnellement considérées comme étant à l'origine du pays&nbsp;: les <i>Se</i>, <i>Mu</i>, <i>Dong</i>, <i>Tong</i>, <i>Dru</i>, et <i>Ra</i>. Les 6 raies bleu foncé sont le symbole du ciel. La combinaison de ces 12 raies, les 6 rouges pour les <i>ancêtres</i> et les 6 bleu foncé pour le <i>ciel</i>, symbolise l'incessante activité déployée par les protecteurs <i>noirs et rouges</i> agissant au Tibet afin d'y préserver l'harmonie, tant spirituelle que séculière<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>77<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;»</span></li> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Au sommet de la montagne enneigée, il y a un soleil dont le rayonnement s'étend dans toutes les directions. Il est le symbole de la prospérité ainsi que de la liberté sociale et spirituelle équitablement partagées par tous les habitants du Tibet&nbsp;»</span></li> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Sur les versants de la montagne se tiennent fièrement deux <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_des_neiges?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lion des neiges">lions des neiges</a></i> dont la crinière flamboyante est la marque qu'ils ignorent la peur. Ils sont le symbole de la réussite et de l'accomplissement du pays et de ses habitants, tant sur un plan social que sur un plan spirituel&nbsp;»</span></li> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Les <i>trois joyaux</i> qu'ils maintiennent élevés devant eux sont le symbole de l'éternel respect et indestructible confiance que le peuple tibétain conserve à l'égard de ceux qui, dans le Bouddhisme, sont les <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trois_Refuges?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trois Refuges">Trois Refuges</a> sublimes</i>&nbsp;: <i>le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bouddha">Bouddha</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangha_(bouddhisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sangha (bouddhisme)">Sangha</a></i>&nbsp;»</span></li> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Entre les deux lions, il y a un joyau coloré composé de deux parties inextricablement enchâssées l'une dans l'autre. C'est le symbole de l'attention que porte le peuple tibétain tant à l'éthique telle qu'elle est enseignée dans le bouddhisme par l'abandon des <i>10 actes non-vertueux</i>, qu'à la morale sociale grâce au respect des <i>16 règles civiques</i> édictées à l'époque de l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Songtsen Gampo">Song Tsèn Gam Po</a>&nbsp;»</span></li> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Enfin, la bordure jaune au pourtour du drapeau symbolise la diffusion, en toutes directions et à toutes les époques, de la parole du Bouddha dont l'éclat est en tous points semblable à celui de l'or le plus pur&nbsp;!&nbsp;»</span></li> <li><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Le côté dépourvu de bordure jaune représente l'ouverture du Tibet à la pensée non bouddhiste<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>78<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;»</span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Les_divinités_protectrices"><span id="Les_divinit.C3.A9s_protectrices"></span>Les divinités protectrices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les divinités protectrices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Jones_Tung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rosemary Jones Tung (page inexistante)">Rosemary Jones Tung</a>, citée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amy_Heller?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amy Heller">Amy Heller</a>, les douze raies rouges et bleues représentent les douze tribus nomades dont sont censés descendre les Tibétains. Elles représentent aussi le dieu rouge <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Begts%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Begtsé">Chamsing</a> et le dieu bleu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palden_Lhamo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palden Lhamo">Maksorma</a> (R. Tung tient ces informations de l'ancien ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsepon_W.D._Shakabpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa">Shakabpa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>79<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_joyau_tourbillonnant_bicolore">Le joyau tourbillonnant bicolore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le joyau tourbillonnant bicolore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sur le site <i>Lotus au cœur du symbolisme</i>, le joyau tourbillonnant bicolore est représenté par deux spirales, bleue et jaune, enroulées l’une sur l'autre, évoquant un double mouvement. Il représente un mouvement descendant (bleu) du pôle céleste à la manifestation terrestre (ou de l'esprit au corps), et un mouvement ascendant (jaune) d'un pôle terrestre, du monde de manifestation, au non-manifesté (ou du corps à l'esprit). Le site reproduit le joyau tourbillonnant tel qu'on le trouve sur le drapeau tibétain de 1920 et 1925 et certains anciens drapeaux tibétains<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>80<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_symbole_taoïste_du_yin_yang"><span id="Le_symbole_tao.C3.AFste_du_yin_yang"></span>Le symbole taoïste du yin yang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le symbole taoïste du yin yang" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Certains auteurs voient, à la place du «&nbsp;joyau tourbillonnant bicolore&nbsp;» entre les deux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_des_neiges?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lion des neiges">lions des neiges</a>, le symbole du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yin_et_yang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yin et yang">yin et yang</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taoïsme">taoïsme</a> (ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taijitu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taijitu">tai chi</a>). L'écrivain américain Bernie Quigley décrit ce symbole dans son blogue<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les premières représentations connues du yin et du yang (parmi celles qui nous sont parvenues) remontent en Chine au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, même s'il est question des deux principes associés dès les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ve siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&nbsp;– <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IVe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&nbsp;siècles <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> Ce symbole serait cependant représenté dans la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Notitia_dignitatum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Notitia dignitatum">Notitia dignitatum</a></i> aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ve siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècles</a>, soit 700 ans avant les données iconographiques provenant de la Chine<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>82<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_lion_des_neiges">Le lion des neiges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le lion des neiges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet,_Paris.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/440px-Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Thangka représentant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vai%C5%9Bravana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaiśravana">Vaiśravana</a> chevauchant un lion des neiges, <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> moitié du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, musée Guimet </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le lion des neiges blanc est représenté sur le drapeau tibétain, symbolisant la nation du Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>83<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_des_neiges?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lion des neiges">lion des neiges</a></i> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibétain">tibétain</a>&nbsp;: <i>gang seng</i>) est un animal fabuleux du bestiaire tibétain. Le corps de l'animal est blanc tandis que sa crinière, sa queue et ses boucles sur les pattes sont bleues ou vertes. Normalement, le lion des neiges est asexué, mais lorsqu'il est représenté avec un autre lion qui lui est symétriquement opposé, celui à gauche est mâle, celui à droite femelle. Deux grands lions des neiges en pierre gardent l'entrée du palais du Potala. L'intellectuel tibétain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendün Chöphel</a> (1903 - 1951) voyait dans le lion des neiges probablement une version tibétaine du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_gardien_chinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lion gardien chinois">lion chinois</a>, lui-même inspiré de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_perse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire perse">Perse</a> ou de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>84<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Il n’y avait en effet pas de lions en Chine et leur représentation dans la religion et l’art vient d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asie_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a>. Florence Ayscough (1878-1942) décrit les lions de pierre de Chine comme des lions lamaïques ou chiens de Fo. Selon le livre <i>Chiens de la Chine et du Japon dans l'art et la religion</i> de V. W. F. Collier, les attributs des lions proviennent d’incidents de la vie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gautama_Bouddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Bouddha">Bouddha</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>85<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Des relations directes entre le Tibet, la Perse et l'Inde ont cependant existé. Ainsi, le roi du Tibet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trisong_Detsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a> (704 - 797) développa des échanges commerciaux avec ces deux pays<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tibet_86-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Le_Tibet-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>86<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milar%C3%A9pa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milarépa">Milarépa</a> (1040 - 1123) célébra le <i>lion des neiges</i> dans ses chants, et l'animal mythologique est mentionné dans des textes prébouddhiques tibétains<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tibet_86-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Le_Tibet-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>86<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le lion des neiges est figuré sur des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thangka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thangka">thangkas</a> aussi anciennes que celle représentant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vai%C5%9Bravana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaiśravana">Vaiśravana</a> datée de la seconde moitié du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, se trouvant au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_arts_asiatiques_-_Guimet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée national des arts asiatiques - Guimet">musée Guimet</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>87<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans sa description de la voie de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lign%C3%A9e_Shambhala?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignée Shambhala">Shambhala</a></i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> (1939 - 1987) décrit le lion des neiges comme le symbole de la vivacité, l'une des quatre dignités<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>88<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Be%C3%A9r&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Robert Beér (page inexistante)">Robert Beér</a>, le lion des neiges est le symbole national du Tibet et, entre 1912 et 1950, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ganden Phodrang">gouvernement tibétain</a> l'a représenté non seulement sur le drapeau, mais aussi sur l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embl%C3%A8me_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emblème du Tibet">emblème du Tibet</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Billets_de_banque_tib%C3%A9tains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Billets de banque tibétains">billets de banque tibétains</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ces_de_monnaie_tib%C3%A9taines?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pièces de monnaie tibétaines">pièces de monnaie tibétaines</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timbre_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbre du Tibet">timbres tibétains</a>, ainsi que sur le sceau du dalaï-lama<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tibet_86-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Le_Tibet-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>86<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>89<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="«_Le_répertoire_royaliste_de_la_prêtrise_lamaïste_»"><span id=".C2.AB_Le_r.C3.A9pertoire_royaliste_de_la_pr.C3.AAtrise_lama.C3.AFste_.C2.BB"></span>«&nbsp;Le répertoire royaliste de la prêtrise lamaïste&nbsp;»</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : «&nbsp;Le répertoire royaliste de la prêtrise lamaïste&nbsp;»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Trimondi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Trimondi">Victor et Victoria Trimondi</a>, une grande partie du symbolisme du drapeau national tibétain (à l'exception des deux lions des neiges et du symbole du yin yang) renvoie à l'ancien régime&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Tous les autres attributs (les couleurs, les joyaux flamboyants, les douze rayons, etc.) sont issus de répertoire royaliste de la prêtrise lamaïste&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>90<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Perception_du_drapeau_tibétain"><span id="Perception_du_drapeau_tib.C3.A9tain"></span>Perception du drapeau tibétain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Perception du drapeau tibétain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Symbole_d'une_revendication_séparatiste_ou_d'une_liberté_d'expression_?"><span id="Symbole_d.27une_revendication_s.C3.A9paratiste_ou_d.27une_libert.C3.A9_d.27expression_.3F"></span>Symbole d'une revendication séparatiste ou d'une liberté d'expression&nbsp;?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Symbole d'une revendication séparatiste ou d'une liberté d'expression&nbsp;?" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet_(1912-1951)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet (1912-1951)">Tibet (1912-1951)</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9bat_sur_la_souverainet%C3%A9_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Débat sur la souveraineté du Tibet">Débat sur la souveraineté du Tibet</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg/220px-Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg/220px-Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg/330px-Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg/440px-Hsiao_Bi-khim.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hsiao_Bi-khim?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hsiao Bi-khim">Hsiao Bi-khim</a>, députée taïwanaise, au moment des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troubles_au_Tibet_en_mars_2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Troubles au Tibet en mars 2008">troubles au Tibet en mars 2008</a>, lors d'une manifestation lumineuse en soutien à la cause <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet">tibétaine</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taipei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taipei">Taipei</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>91<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg/220px-Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg/220px-Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg/330px-Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg/440px-Potala_with_Tibetan_flag.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Drapeau du Tibet devant le Potala (photo truquée) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Depuis 1959, le drapeau tibétain est interdit en république populaire de Chine, laquelle le considère comme le symbole d'une revendication séparatiste ou indépendantiste<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>92<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>93<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>À <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, qui possède son propre système judiciaire, différent de celui de la république populaire de Chine, les autorités locales ont considéré l'usage public du drapeau tibétain comme une liberté d'expression<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>94<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>De même, le drapeau tibétain n'est pas interdit à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>96<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Symbole_de_l'«_identité_nationale_tibétaine_»"><span id="Symbole_de_l.27.C2.AB_identit.C3.A9_nationale_tib.C3.A9taine_.C2.BB"></span>Symbole de l'«&nbsp;identité nationale tibétaine&nbsp;»</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Symbole de l'«&nbsp;identité nationale tibétaine&nbsp;»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg/220px-Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg/220px-Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg/330px-Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg/440px-Crowd_shots_before_Dalai_Lama_Speech_-_Berlin_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Drapeaux tibétains brandis à l'occasion d'un discours du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenzin Gyatso">dalaï-lama</a> en 2008 à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Tenzin_Tsundue.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tenzin_Tsundue.jpg/220px-Tenzin_Tsundue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="410"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 342px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tenzin_Tsundue.jpg/220px-Tenzin_Tsundue.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="342" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Tenzin_Tsundue.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenzin_Tsundue?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenzin Tsundue">Tenzin Tsundue</a> manifestant devant la chambre d'hôtel du premier ministre chinois Wen Jiabao à Bangalore en 2005. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En 1960, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commission_internationale_des_juristes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission internationale des juristes">Commission internationale des juristes</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>97<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> estime que «&nbsp;de 1913 à 1950, le Tibet a démontré son existence en tant qu'État, tel que le conçoit le droit international&nbsp;» (<span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">Tibet demonstrated from 1913 to 1950 the conditions of statehood as generally accepted under international law</span>&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>98<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>99<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>100<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pourtant, selon le professeur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dawa_Norbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dawa Norbu">Dawa Norbu</a>, les Tibétains n'ont pas été un peuple unifié dans leur histoire et le concept d'un État souverain au sens moderne n'a jamais existé dans leur esprit avant que la Chine n'envahisse le Tibet dans les années 1950<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>101<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_tib%C3%A9tain_de_1959?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soulèvement tibétain de 1959">soulèvement tibétain de 1959</a> et la fuite du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenzin Gyatso"><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">14<sup>e</sup></abbr> dalaï-lama</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a>, le drapeau est utilisé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernement_tib%C3%A9tain_en_exil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement tibétain en exil">Gouvernement tibétain en exil</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_associations_des_Tib%C3%A9tains_en_exil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des associations des Tibétains en exil">associations luttant pour l'autonomie ou l'indépendance du Tibet</a>, qui le présentent comme le «&nbsp;symbole de l'identité nationale tibétaine<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>102<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;». Il est déployé lors des manifestations comme celle commémorant le soulèvement de 1959, tous les <time class="nowrap" datetime="03-10" data-sort-value="03-10">10 mars</time><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>103<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou est arboré au front de plus de 1500 mairies européennes<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>104<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans de nombreux monastères du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouddhisme_tib%C3%A9tain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bouddhisme tibétain">bouddhisme tibétain</a> construits en exil, le drapeau du Tibet est souvent visible. Il y est présenté comme le symbole de l’identité et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_tib%C3%A9taine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture tibétaine">culture tibétaines</a><sup id="cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CTA's_Response-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_W._Smith_Jr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren W. Smith Jr">Warren W. Smith Jr</a>, historien du droit et animateur au service tibétain de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>105<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la politique de la Chine a pour objectif de faire disparaître le concept d’une identité nationale tibétaine par l’assimilation culturelle<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>106<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Symbole de cette identité, le drapeau du Tibet a été brandi par des Tibétains au cours de manifestations depuis plusieurs dizaines d’années dans différentes régions à population tibétaine, aussi bien dans la région autonome du Tibet que dans le Kham et l’Amdo, en dépit des lourdes peines de prison qu'ils subissent<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>107<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Lors des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troubles_au_Tibet_en_2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubles au Tibet en 2008">troubles au Tibet en 2008</a>, les manifestants tibétains ont brandi le drapeau du Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>108<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Fin <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03" data-sort-value="2009-03">mars 2009</time>, Tashi Sangpo, un moine du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re_de_Ragya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastère de Ragya">monastère de Ragya</a>, où le drapeau tibétain avait été hissé sur le toit de la salle principale de prière, fut arrêté par la police avec d'autres moines. Il aurait été en possession d'un drapeau et de tracts politiques. Il a échappé à ses gardes et s'est noyé dans le Fleuve Jaune<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>109<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 2008, un éditeur tibétain âgé de 80 ans, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paljor_Norbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paljor Norbu">Paljor Norbu</a>, a été accusé d'avoir imprimé des «&nbsp;documents interdits&nbsp;» par le gouvernement, dont le drapeau du Tibet. Il a été condamné à 7 ans de prison<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>110<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><span class="need_ref" title="La pertinence de cette information dans cet article est remise en cause." style="cursor:help;">À contre-courant du discours sur l'«&nbsp;identité nationale tibétaine&nbsp;», l'idéologie et l'attitude nationalistes des exilés sont vues par l'historien tibétain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsering_Shakya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsering Shakya">Tsering Shakya</a> comme des facteurs qui éloignent les émigrés des Tibétains de l'intérieur, alors que la communauté monastique demeure, selon le chercheur, plus soudée<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>111<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;: </span></p> <blockquote> <p>«&nbsp;Les réfugiés en Inde ont élaboré une idéologie et se sont forgé un sentiment nationaliste tels qu'ils en viennent à se voir comme les défenseurs du Tibet et du peuple tibétain. Dans certains cas, ils ne sont pas loin de se voir comme les représentants “authentiques” des Tibétains, considérant les Tibétains de l'intérieur comme étant simplement des victimes passives, opprimées. Cela entraîne souvent une attitude condescendante à l'égard des Tibétains du Tibet. Résultat&nbsp;: le fossé culturel et social entre les Tibétains de l'intérieur et ceux de l'extérieur est profond<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>112<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.&nbsp;»</p> </blockquote> <p><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Wikip%C3%A9dia_est_une_encyclop%C3%A9die?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Wikipédia est une encyclopédie">[pertinence contestée]</a></sup></p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-03-16" data-sort-value="2012-03-16">16 mars 2012</time>, dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xian_de_Tongde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xian de Tongde">Xian de Tongde</a>, près d'un millier de Tibétains ont manifesté afin de demander la libération de moines arrêtés pour avoir hissé un drapeau tibétain<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>113<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Lors du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counter-Strike:_Global_Offensive_Major_Championships?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Major Championships">Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Major Championships</a> à Paris le 21 mai, deux jeunes tibétains sont harcelés et malmenés pour avoir arboré le drapeau tibétain par huit jeunes chinois et leurs appels au personnel de sécurité restèrent sans réponse<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>114<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JN2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JN2009_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JN2009_1-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JN2009_1-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jamyang Norbu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2009/02/25/a-losar-gift-for-rangzen-activists/"><i>A Losar Gift for Rangzen Activists</i></a>, 25 février 2009&nbsp;: «&nbsp;The flag was probably too new and unknown to appear in the very first flag issue (1917)&nbsp;».</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Melvyn C. Goldstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId%3Dft2199n7f4%26chunk.id%3Dd0e534%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e534%26brand%3Deschol">The Snow Lion and the Dragon - China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama</a>, University of California Press, 1997, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">35-36</span>&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">China was deeply absorbed in internal issues and conflicts and too weak to challenge the Dalai Lama</span>&nbsp;»</span> («&nbsp;La Chine était trop accaparée par des problèmes et des conflits internes et trop faible pour s'opposer au dalaï-lama&nbsp;»).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Wang Jiawei et Nyima Gyaincain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DV3G4MKf5DU4C%26pg%3DPA192%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse"><i>Le statut du Tibet de Chine dans l'histoire</i></a>, China Intercontinental Press, 2003, 367 p., p. 192&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Chaque pays du monde hisse son drapeau national à l'endroit le plus proéminent de la capitale. Si le pays avait été un vrai pays, le drapeau avec le lion des neiges aurait pu se voir souvent au Palais du Potala où en d'autres endroits très proéminents. Touefois, le Tibet ne l'avait jamais fait.&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Goldstein1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Melvyn_C._Goldstein1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melvyn_Goldstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melvyn Goldstein">Melvyn C. Goldstein</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Snow Lion and the Dragon&nbsp;: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama</cite>, University of California Press, <time>1997</time>, 152&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-21951-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-21951-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-520-21951-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId%3Dft2199n7f4">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;19<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Snow+Lion+and+the+Dragon&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.stitle=China%2C+Tibet%2C+and+the+Dalai+Lama&amp;rft.aulast=Goldstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.tpages=152&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-21951-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Melvyn_Goldstein-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-2">c</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-3">d</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-4">e</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-5">f</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-6">g</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melvyn_Goldstein_5-7">h</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melvyn_Goldstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melvyn Goldstein">Melvyn C. Goldstein</a> et Dawei Sherap, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Tibetan revolutionary the political life and times of Bapa Phüntso Wangye</cite>, University of California Press, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4175-4514-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4175-4514-8"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4175-4514-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books/ucpress?id%3D9TPqqH453BcC%26pg%3DPA174%26lpg%3DPA175%26sig%3DeM3e4jFiernckVIG9dnZpus7Wtk%23PPA174,M1">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, pp. 174-175, 194-195.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Tibetan+revolutionary+the+political+life+and+times+of+Bapa+Ph%C3%BCntso+Wangye&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=pp.+174-175%2C+194-195.&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4175-4514-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.tibet.com%252FWhitePaper%252Fwhite1.html">The Status of Tibet</a>, sur le site <i>tibet.com</i>&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">After returning to Lhasa, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama issued a proclamation reaffirming the independence of Tibet on 14 February 1913</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thubten_Gyatso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thubten Gyatso"><abbr class="abbr" title="Treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> dalaï-lama</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/tibet/tibet1.html">Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)</a>, sur le site du <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet_Justice_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet Justice Center">Tibet Justice Center</a></i>&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">This letter must be posted and proclaimed in every district of Tibet, and a copy kept in the records of the offices in every district.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Barry Sautman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materials/conference/inout60/Paper/SAUTMAN_B.pdf">“All that Glitters is Not Gold”: Tibet as a Pseudo-State</a>, in <i>Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies</i>, No 3-2009&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">A US international law scholar who studied Tibet’s “declarations of independence” found they were not political-legal declarations at all, but merely the 13th Dalai Lama’s affirmations that the mchod-yon (priest-patron) relationship between Dalai Lamas and Chinese emperors had been extinguished due to the end of the empire (note&nbsp;: Alfred P. Rubin, “Tibet’s Declarations of Independence,” <i>AJIL</i> 60 (1966):812-814 and Rubin, “A Matter of Fact,” <i>AJIL</i> 60 (1966):586</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dundul_Namgyal_Tsarong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dundul Namgyal Tsarong">Dundul Namgyal Tsarong</a>, Ani K. Trinlay Chödron, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DtVGgEbhi5JAC%26pg%3DPA51"><i>In the Service of his Country. The Biography of Dasang Damdul Tsarong. Commander General of Tibet</i></a>, Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New York, 2000, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1559391510?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1559391510"><span class="nowrap">1559391510</span></a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781559391511?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781559391511"><span class="nowrap">9781559391511</span></a>)</small>, p. 51&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">1916. All through the winter, preparations were underway: new uniforms and Tibetan military flags, which had been designed and approved by His Holiness, were made. His Holiness had also given a detailed description of the Tibetan national flag, written in his own hand.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Lux-Wurm1973"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Charles_Lux-Wurm1973"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Pierre Charles Lux-Wurm (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr>&nbsp;de l'anglais), <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Story of the Flag of Tibet. Flag Bulletin&nbsp;: Vol. XII - No. 1.</cite>, Paris, Fayard, <time>1973</time>, 352&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-213-00338-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-213-00338-6"><span class="nowrap">2-213-00338-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Flag+of+Tibet.+Flag+Bulletin&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.stitle=Vol.+XII+-+No.+1.&amp;rft.au=Pierre+Charles+Lux-Wurm&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.tpages=352&amp;rft.isbn=2-213-00338-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Smith1976"><span class="ouvrage" id="Whitney_Smith1976"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitney_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitney Smith">Whitney Smith</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr>&nbsp;de l'anglais), <cite class="italique" lang="en">Les drapeaux à travers les âges et dans le monde entier</cite>, Paris, Fayard, <time>1976</time>, 352&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-213-00338-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-213-00338-6"><span class="nowrap">2-213-00338-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+drapeaux+%C3%A0+travers+les+%C3%A2ges+et+dans+le+monde+entier&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Whitney&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.tpages=352&amp;rft.isbn=2-213-00338-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-CTA's_Response-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-2">c</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CTA's_Response_12-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibet.net/en/prelease/2008/260708.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">CTA's Response to Chinese Government Allegations: Part Four</cite></a>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tibet.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tibet.com_13-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tibet.com_13-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://tibet.com/flag.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Tibetan national flag</cite></a>&nbsp;»</span>, site <i>tibet.com</i>, Office of Tibet, 19 avril 1997.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Sharpa Rinpoché, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.phayul.com/2024/03/09/49913/">Opinion: The Tibetan flag and its Brief History</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phayul.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phayul.com">Phayul.com</a>, 9 mars 2024</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Yeshi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kim Yeshi">Kim Yeshi</a>, <i>Gyeten Namgyal, le tailleur des hommes et des dieux</i> in, <i>Tibet. Histoire d'une tragédie</i>, Éditions La Martinière, février 2009, pp. 226-285, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7324-3700-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7324-3700-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7324-3700-2</span></a>)</small>. <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Gyalwa Rinpoche fit un dessin et jeta ses idées sur le papier. Les symboles étaient les lions des neiges, l'épée de la sagesse et les bannières de la victoire. Des notes expliquaient le symbolisme. Le plan fut remis au Namsa Chenmo qui fit plusieurs prototypes. L'un d'eux fut approuvé et j'exécutai le travail, entièrement à partir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brocart?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brocart">brocarts</a>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_Berry-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Scott_Berry_16-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Scott_Berry_16-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="Berry,_(Alex_McKay,_editor)2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Scott_Berry,_(Alex_McKay,_editor)2003">Scott Berry, (Alex McKay, editor), <cite class="italique">The Japanese in Tibet, in <i>The History of Tibet - The Medieval Period: c.850-1895</i></cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, <time>2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-415-30843-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-415-30843-7"><span class="nowrap">0-415-30843-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Japanese+in+Tibet%2C+in+%27%27The+History+of+Tibet+-+The+Medieval+Period%3A+c.850-1895%27%27&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.au=Scott+Berry%2C+%28Alex+McKay%2C+editor%29&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-30843-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3D3BPsOQe654IC%26pg%3DPA311">aperçu limité en ligne</a>), (p 311)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alexander Berzin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/advanced/kalachakra/shambhala/russian_japanese_shambhala.html">Russian and Japanese involvement with Pre-Communist Tibet. The Role of the Shambhala Legend</a>, <i>The Berzin Archives</i>, avril 2003&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">Aoki Bunkyo, a Japanese Buddhist priest, translated Japanese army manuals into Tibetan. He also helped design the Tibetan National Flag by adding to traditional Tibetan symbols a rising sun surrounded by rays. This motif comprised the Japanese cavalry and infantry flags of the day and later became the design for the Japanese Navy and Army Flag during World War II.</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hisao_Kimura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hisao Kimura">Hisao Kimura</a>, Scott Berry, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DwDqlbKQhFIQC%26pg%3DPA105">Japanese agent in Tibet: My Ten Years of Travel in Disguise</a></i>, Serindia Publications Inc, 1990, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-906026-24-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-906026-24-5"><span class="nowrap">0-906026-24-5</span></a>)</small>, p. 105&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">Aoki (Bunkyo), who was in Tibet from 1912 to 1916, (...) is reputed to have had a hand in the design of the Tibetan flag</span>&nbsp;»</span> («&nbsp;(Aoki (Bunkyo), qui séjourna au Tibet de 1912 à 1916, est réputé avoir participé à l'élaboration du drapeau tibétain&nbsp;»).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Scott Berry, <i>Monks, spies and a soldier of fortune: the Japanese in Tibet</i>, Athlone, 1995, 352 p., p. 4&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">This promising decade for Japanese-Tibetan relations was to come to nothing after Count Otani was disgraced in 1914.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Alexandra David-Néel, <i>Une Parisienne à Lhassa</i>, Ed. Le Club de la Femme, 1971, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp; 26.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Roberto_Breschi-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Roberto_Breschi_21-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Roberto_Breschi_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : italien">(it)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="Breschi"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roberto_Breschi">Roberto Breschi, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rbvex.it/asiapag/tibet.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Bandiere Passato e Present</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-09" data-sort-value="2009-01-09">9 janvier 2009</time>)</small></span></span>; citation&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="it">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">sembra che da circa il 1912 al 1920 fosse sporadicamente alzata la vecchia bandiera imperiale cinese</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.guichetdusavoir.org/viewtopic.php?t%3D14812%26hl">Le Guichet du Savoir&gt; Questions / Réponses&gt; Les drapeaux tibétains</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/xt-1920.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Flag of Tibet 1920-c. 1925</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flags_of_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flags of the World">Flags of the World</a></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Laurent Deshayes, <i>Histoire du Tibet</i>, Fayard, 1997, p. 268&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Les troupes vont parader derrière le premier drapeau national (1) dont le symbolisme clame haut et fort la puissance du lion des neiges, le Dalaï Lama&nbsp;: il rugit sous le soleil, la lune et les étoiles qui, seuls, le dominent, devant de puissantes montagnes qui sont autant de remparts protégeant le Tibet de toute agression étrangère. Note 1&nbsp;: Il ne s'agit pas de l'actuel drapeau utilisé par les Tibétains en exil. Une photographie du nouvel étendard se trouve en annexe à la dépêche No 78 du 28-8-1920 de Chengdu à Paris (Archives diplomatiques de Nantes, carton Pékin 238)&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Admiralty1923"><span class="ouvrage" id="Authority_Admiralty1923">Authority <span class="nom_auteur">Admiralty</span>, <cite class="italique">Drawings of the Flags in Use at the Present Time by Various Nations</cite>, London, His Majesty’s Stationery Office, <time>1923</time>, 66&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Drawings+of+the+Flags+in+Use+at+the+Present+Time+by+Various+Nations&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=His+Majesty%E2%80%99s+Stationery+Office&amp;rft.aulast=Admiralty&amp;rft.aufirst=Authority&amp;rft.date=1923&amp;rft.tpages=66&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jamyang Norbu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2015/02/28/early-international-awareness-of-the-tibetan-national-flag/">Early International Awareness of the Tibetan National Flag</a>, 28 février 2015</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1934"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Flags of Many Nations</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;LXVI, The <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> Magazine, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1934-09" data-sort-value="1934-09">septembre 1934</time><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, «&nbsp;3&nbsp;»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Flags+of+Many+Nations&amp;rft.atitle=3&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic&amp;rft.date=1934-09&amp;rft.volume=LXVI&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamyang_Norbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamyang Norbu">Jamyang Norbu</a>}, <span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111234242/http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y%3D2004%26m%3D3%26p%3D9-2_3">Tibetan Flag in 1934 National Geographic</a>&nbsp;»</span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Tibet_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Tibet News">World Tibet News</a> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-01-11" data-sort-value="2014-01-11">11 janvier 2014</time> sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dundul_Namgyal_Tsarong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dundul Namgyal Tsarong">Dundul Namgyal Tsarong</a>, <i>In the Service of His Country: The Biography of Dasang Damdul Tsarong Commander General of Tibet</i>, Ithaca, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, p. 51.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.harrerportfolio.com/HarrerBio.html">Heinrich Harrer Biography</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : français">(fr)</abbr> <i>Lhassa&nbsp;: Le Tibet disparu</i>, texte et photographie de Henrich Harrer, Édition française de La Martinière, octobre 1997, page 206 (publié pour la première fois en 1992 par Harry N. Abrams, sous le titre de <i>Lost Lhasa</i>.)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7131375/Harrer-Heinrich-Seven-Years-in-Tibet">Heinrich Harrer, <i>Seven Years in Tibet</i></a>, édition Putnam de 1997&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">The dalai Lama had an escort of forty nobles and a guard of some two hundred picked soldiers with machine guns and howitzers. (...) The flags denoted the presence of the ruler.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/xt-dalai.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Dalai Lama's Personal Flag (Tibet)</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flags_of_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flags of the World">Flags of the World</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Brauen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Brauen">Martin Brauen</a>, <i>Les dalaï-lamas&nbsp;: les 14 réincarnations du bodhisattva Avalokitesvara</i>, traduction Jean-Daniel Pellet, Favre, 2005, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2828908402?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2828908402"><span class="nowrap">2828908402</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7131375/Harrer-Heinrich-Seven-Years-in-Tibet">Heinrich Harrer, <i>Seven Years in Tibet</i></a>, édition Putnam de 1997, chap. Tibet is invaded&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">(...) new troops were raised, parades and military exercises were carried out, the Dalai Lama himslf consecrated the army's new colors.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Heinrich Harrer, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sept_ans_d%27aventures_au_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet">Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet</a></i>, Arthaud, 1953, p. 184.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">«&nbsp;<i>His position was this was not a national flag at all, but rather the flag of the Tibetan military. As evidence for this, he stated that this flag had never been flown on any Tibetan government buildings, and technically he was correct</i>&nbsp;».</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arpi2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Claude_Arpi2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Arpi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Arpi">Claude Arpi</a>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/080430Flying_the_flag_of_Tibet.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Flying the flag of Tibet</cite></a>&nbsp;» <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">claudearpi.net</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-04-30" data-sort-value="2008-04-30">30 avril 2008</time></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Roman vC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibet.ca/cms/en/library/wtn/2226">Dalai Lama visited pro Tibet event in Berlin</a>, Berlinista (Germany), 22 mai 2008 </span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://audio-video.shanti.virginia.edu/video/williamson-reel-no08"><i>Tibetan soldiers wearing British-style uniforms</i></a>. Ce film fait partie du fonds de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/williamson/williamsonfilms.php">Digital Himalaya</a> (titre&nbsp;: Williamson Reel, No 08).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Shakya2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tsering_Shakya2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsering_Shakya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsering Shakya">Tsering Shakya</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Dragon_in_the_Land_of_Snows:_A_History_of_Modern_Tibet_Since_1947?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947">Dragon In The Land Of Snows&nbsp;: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947</a></cite>, <time>2012</time>, 624&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781448114290?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781448114290"><span class="nowrap">9781448114290</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DWWjMMS7dHc0C%26pg%3DPT118">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;118<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dragon+In+The+Land+Of+Snows&amp;rft.stitle=The+History+of+Modern+Tibet+since+1947&amp;rft.aulast=Shakya&amp;rft.aufirst=Tsering&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.pages=118&amp;rft.tpages=624&amp;rft.isbn=9781448114290&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Chushi Gangdruk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.angelfire.com/dragon2/4river6ranges/oppressionandopposition.html">Chap. Oppression and Opposition, dans Four Rivers, Six Ranges</a> («&nbsp;quatre fleuves, six chaînes&nbsp;», nom désignant les régions du Kham et de l'Amdo)&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">In another verbal battle, he refused to have the Tibetan flag replaced by the Chinese one on the Tibetan army barracks</span>&nbsp;»</span> («&nbsp;lors d'une autre joute verbale, il refusa que le drapeau tibétain soit remplacé par son homologue chinois dans les casernes de l'armée tibétaine&nbsp;»).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="von_Contzen"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roman_von_Contzen"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Roman von Contzen, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.berlinista.com/en/article/dalai-lama-visited-pro-tibet-event-in-berlin/6015"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Dalai Lama visited pro Tibet event in Berlin</cite></a>&nbsp;», Berlinista <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-09" data-sort-value="2009-01-09">9 janvier 2009</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/09/16/asia-pacific/secret-tibetan-force-india-china/">Secret Tibetan military force raises stakes in India-China clash</a> <i>TheJapanTimes</i>, 15 septembre 2020</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamyang_Norbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamyang Norbu">Jamyang Norbu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2010/03/04/independent-tibet-%25E2%2580%2593-the-facts/">Independent Tibet – The Facts</a>, 4 mars 2010&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">a circular flag emblem placed before the Tibetan delegation on the podium.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tibet Album, British photography in Central Tibet 1920-1950, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk/biography_292.html">une brève description physique et des photographies</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jamyang Norbu, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l'ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Wang Jiawei et Nyima Gyaincain, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DV3G4MKf5DU4C%26pg%3DPA192%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse">Le statut du Tibet de Chine dans l'histoire</a></i>, China Intercontinental Press, 2003, 367 p., p. 192&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Comment un drapeau de l'armée peut-il servir de drapeau national à la suggestion d'un étranger&nbsp;?.&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Claude_Arpi-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-2">c</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-3">d</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Claude_Arpi_49-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arpi2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Claude_Arpi2000"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Arpi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Arpi">Claude Arpi</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr>&nbsp;de l'anglais par Claude B. Levenson), <cite class="italique">Tibet, le pays sacrifié</cite>, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-09" data-sort-value="2000-09">septembre 2000</time>, 325&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7021-3132-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7021-3132-8"><span class="nowrap">2-7021-3132-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.jaia-bharati.org/livres/tibet/quatre-couv.htm">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, «&nbsp;11&nbsp;», <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;126<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tibet%2C+le+pays+sacrifi%C3%A9&amp;rft.atitle=11&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Calmann-L%C3%A9vy&amp;rft.aulast=Arpi&amp;rft.aufirst=Claude&amp;rft.date=2000-09&amp;rft.pages=126&amp;rft.tpages=325&amp;rft.isbn=2-7021-3132-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Claude Arpi, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l'ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr>, p 175&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Les chefs de chacune des trente-deux délégations étaient assis sous un dais, avec une plaque portant le nom de son pays, et un drapeau national.&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. Tom Grunfeld, <i>The Making of Modern Tibet</i>, M.E. Sharpe, 1996, 352 p., p. 78.&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">An example that is prominently featured in the literature espousing Tibetan independence is the nonofficial Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi in March/April 1947. Tibet was invited to send a delegation; their flag was flown along with those of other nations; and the maps used indicated that Tibet was separate from China. Since the conference was not government-sponsored, these actions had no diplomatic significance.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Quotidien_du_Peuple-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Le_Quotidien_du_Peuple_52-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/16/content_7987719.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Tell you a true Tibet - "Origins of so-called Tibetan independence"</cite></a>&nbsp;»</span>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Quotidien_du_Peuple?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Quotidien du Peuple">Le Quotidien du Peuple</a></i>&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">At the "Asian Relations Conference" held in New Delhi in March 1947, the British imperialists plotted behind the curtains to invite Tibetan representatives and even identified Tibet as an independent country on the map of Asia in the conference hall and in the array of national flags. The organizers were forced to rectify this after the Chinese delegation made serious protests.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Wang Jiawei et Nyima Gyaincain, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DV3G4MKf5DU4C%26pg%3DPA192%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse">Le statut du Tibet de Chine dans l'histoire</a></i>, China Intercontinental Press, 2003, 367 p., pp. 192-193&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Cette condamnation força la partie indienne à dire&nbsp;: "Nehru invite en son nom les délégués concernés à participer à la conférence&nbsp;: il n'y a aucun délégué officiel". Elle révisa toutefois la carte de l'Asie.&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">A. Tom Grunfeld, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l'ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr>, p. 78&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">nevertheless, the Chinese ambassador in New Delhi protested. The maps were altered, the flag was lowered, but the delegates remained until the end.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">John Garver, <i>Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century</i>, University of Washington Press, 2001, 447 p., p. 14.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Wang Jiawei et Nyima Gyaincain, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l'ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Patricia Cronin Marcello, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DwLzA8YKI-coC%26pg%3DPA47%26source%3Dgbs_toc_r%26cad%3D0_0%23PPA49,M1"><i>The Dalai Lama. A Biography</i></a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, London, 2003, 173 p., p. 49, Tibetans and the World.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le gouvernement chinois publie régulièrement des livres blancs sur le Tibet. Ils sont considérés par le sinologue <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Danjou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Danjou">François Danjou</a> comme des documents de propagande, et non une source d’information objective. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Danjou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Danjou">François Danjou</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.questionchine.net/article.php3?id_article%3D2496">«&nbsp;Livre blanc sur le Tibet&nbsp;»</a>, 9 octobre 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.npc.cn/englishnpc/Special_NPC_Delegation/2009-03/16/content_1493427.htm"><i>Tibet – Its Ownership and Human Rights Situation</i></a>, site de l'Assemblée nationale populaire de la République populaire de Chine, mis en ligne le 16 mars 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.freetibet.org/about/china-tibet-china-white-paper-1992"><i>China White Paper, Tibet:its Ownership and Human Rights Situation</i></a>, Texte du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conseil_des_affaires_de_l%27%C3%89tat_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil des affaires de l'État de la République populaire de Chine">Conseil des affaires de l'État de la République populaire de Chine</a> septembre 1992, reproduit sur le site de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Tibet_Campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Tibet Campaign">Free Tibet Campaign</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Laird-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Thomas_Laird_61-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Une histoire du Tibet&nbsp;: Conversations avec le Dalaï Lama</i>, de Thomas Laird, Dalaï-Lama, Christophe Mercier, Plon, 2007, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-259-19891-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-259-19891-0"><span class="nowrap">2-259-19891-0</span></a>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Melvyn C. Goldstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId%3Dft2199n7f4%26chunk.id%3Dd0e537%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e534%26brand%3Deschol"><i>The Snow Lion and the Dragon - China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama</i></a>, University of California Press, 1997 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-21951-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-21951-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-520-21951-9</span></a>)</small>, p. 31&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">on April 12, 1912, the new Chinese republic headed by Yuan Shikai issued an edict that declared Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang on equal footing with the provinces of China proper and as integral parts of the republic. Seats were set aside for Tibetans in the National Assembly and a five-colored flag was created, the black band representing Tibet.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118776205/abstract">Abstract</a>&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">The Kuomintang solemnly declares that the right of self-determination is recognised for all the nationalities inhabiting China; following the victory of the revolution over the imperialists and militarists there will be established a free and united (formed on the basis of a voluntary union of all nationalities) Chinese republic</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Baogang_He&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Baogang He (page inexistante)">Baogang He</a>, «&nbsp;The Chinese Commitment to the Autonomy of Tibet: Theory and Reality&nbsp;», in <i>Tibetan Autonomy and Self-Government: Myth or Reality?</i>, Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre, New Delhi, Inde, 2000.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-nqta.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">China Republic national flag, 1912-1929</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flags_of_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flags of the World">Flags of the World</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wandesforde_Woodhead1912"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henry_G._Wandesforde_Woodhead1912"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Henry G. Wandesforde Woodhead, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The China year book</cite>, Shanghai, North-China Daily News &amp; Herald, <time>1912</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://worldcat.org/fr/title/14806411">14806411</a></span>)</small>, p. 149<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+China+year+book&amp;rft.place=Shanghai&amp;rft.pub=North-China+Daily+News+%26+Herald&amp;rft.aulast=Wandesforde+Woodhead&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+G.&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.pages=p.+149&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14806411&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Hervé Beaumont, <i>Asie centrale&nbsp;: le guide des civilisations de la route de la soie</i>, Éditions Mareus, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;62&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Le drapeau du Tibet est celui de la République populaire de Chine&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : chinois">(zh)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="1997">«&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%25AE%25E5%258A%259E%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%258E%2585%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%258A%25A1%25E9%2599%25A2%25E5%258A%259E%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%258E%2585%25E5%2585%25B3%25E4%25BA%258E%25E7%25A6%2581%25E6%25AD%25A2%25E8%2587%25AA%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%2588%25B6%25E4%25BD%259C%25E5%2592%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%2597%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%25BD%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2580%259A%25E7%259F%25A5"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Annonce du Comité central du PCC et du Conseil d'État sur l'interdiction de la création et de l'utilisation de drapeaux civiques</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Wikisource</span>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-11-18" data-sort-value="1997-11-18">18 novembre 1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-03-15" data-sort-value="2010-03-15">15 mars 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The national flag of The People's Republic of China</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flags_of_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flags of the World">Flags of the World</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Shambaugh-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Shambaugh_70-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Shambaugh_70-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="Shambaugh1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Shambaugh1994">David <span class="nom_auteur">Shambaugh</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">American Studies of Contemporary China</cite>&nbsp;», <i>The China Quarterly</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a> pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_%C3%A9tudes_orientales_et_africaines?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École des études orientales et africaines">SOAS</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;138,‎ <time>1994</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">517-520</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=American+Studies+of+Contemporary+China&amp;rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&amp;rft.issue=138&amp;rft.aulast=Shambaugh&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.pages=517-520&amp;rft.issn=0305-7410&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrow-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Zarrow_71-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zarrow2005">Zarrow, 2005</a>, Chapitre «&nbsp;Révolution et guerre civile&nbsp;», p. 363</span></li> <li id="cite_note-govprcflag-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-govprcflag_72-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : chinois">(zh)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="2005">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-05/24/content_18247.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">中华人民共和国国旗 (Drapeau national de la République populaire de Chine)</cite></a>&nbsp;», Gov.cn,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-05-24" data-sort-value="2005-05-24">24 mai 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-03-12" data-sort-value="2010-03-12">12 mars 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Henri Panhuys, <i>La fin de l'occidentalisation du monde&nbsp;?</i>, L'Harmattan, 2004, 536 p., p. 290&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Pour la Chine communiste (maoïste), elles représentent les quatre classes sociales fondamentales de la société chinoise gravitant autour du Parti communiste Chinois [...].&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://tibet.dharmakara.net/tibtflag.html">The Tibetan National Flag</a>, Site Tibet - Awareness</span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibet.fr/old/le_drapeau_du_tibet.htm">Le Drapeau du Tibet</a>, sur le site France-Tibet</span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samten_G._Karmay?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samten G. Karmay">Samten G. Karmay</a>, <i>Mountain Cults and National Identity in Tibet</i>, in <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Barnett?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Barnett">Robert Barnett</a>, Shirin Akiner (eds.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dpw6fnBW96qcC%26pg%3DPA113"><i>Resistance and reform in Tibet</i></a>, p. 113.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Sur la foi d'un document émanant de la Bibliothèque des ouvrages et archives tibétains à Dharamsala et expliquant le symbolisme du drapeau, Amy Heller (<abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.scribd.com/doc/34484794/Amy-Heller-Reader">Historic and Iconographic Aspects of the Protective Deities Srung-ma dmar-nag</a>, in <i>Amy Heller reader</i>, p. 491, note 81) parle, pour sa part, de deux divinités protectrices, l'une rouge et l'autre noire&nbsp;:<br><span class="citation">«&nbsp;<i>Tibetan National Flag. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, 1980 (no author, no pagination). In the section 'grel-bshad: rigs kyi kha-dog dmar-po dang / nam-mkha'i kha dog sngo-nag spel-bas ring-nas 'go-ba'i lha-srung dmar-nag gnyis kyis bstan srid srung skyong gi 'phrin las g.yel med du sgrub pa mtshon. Translation in the section 'Explanation of the symbolism of the Tibetan National Flag, no. 3': "The alternating red colour of the peoples and the dark blue color of the sky symbolise the unrelentless accomplishments of the virtuous conduct to guard and protect the spiritual and secular rule enacted by the two protector-deities, one red and one black, who have safeguarded from old." Although no author is named, on the frontespiece of the brochure one reads "Authorized and approved by the Kashag of H. H. the XIV Dalai Lama." It is interesting to note the translation "two protector deities, one red and one black, who have safeguarded from old" for 'go-ba'i lha-srung dmar-nag gnyis, which we understand to refer to the srung-ma dmar-nag as the 'go-ba'i lha, i.e. inherent protective deities, body gods (presumably of H. H. the Dalai Lama). On the role of the 'go-ba'i lha, cf. R. A. Stein</i>, La Civilisation tibétaine.<i> Paris, 1981, pp. 195-198.</i>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Extrait de <span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.savetibet.org/resource-center/all-about-tibet/tibetan-flag"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Symbolism of the Tibetan National Flag</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Campaign for Tibet">International Campaign for Tibet</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Amy Heller, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 491, note 82&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">A photograph of the flag taken ca. 1940 is found in R. Tung, <i>A Portrait of Lost Tibet</i>, New York, 1980, pI. 33 with the following caption: "The Tibetan flag is symbolically significant. The twelve stripes of red and blue represent the twelve nomadic tribes from which the Tibetans are said to have descended. They also represent the red god Chamsing and the blue god Maksorma." In personal communication, Ms. Tung has explained that Tse-pon Shakabpa was the source of this information.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://users.skynet.be/lotus/flag/tibet0-en.htm">The Tibetan flag</a>, Site Lotus au cœur du symbolisme.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<i>the Taoism's tai chi (yin yang symbol) sits in the center of the Tibetan flag</i>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;le <i>tai chi</i> (le symbole <i>yin yang</i>) du taoïsme trône au centre du drapeau tibétain&nbsp;»), Bernie Quigley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://quigleyinexile.blogspot.com/2005/12/particles-and-waves-countries-divide.html">«&nbsp;Particles and Waves - Countries divide into binary chakra orientations &amp; so does the individual &amp; so does the family &amp; so does the world&nbsp;»</a>, <i>Quigley in Exile</i>, 27 décembre 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Giovanni Monastra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.estovest.net/tradizione/yinyang_fr.html">«&nbsp;Le symbole du “Yin-yang” sur les enseignes de l'Empire romain&nbsp;?&nbsp;»</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i>, 50, 1998 [ed. it. <i>Futuro Presente</i>, a. IV, n. 8, inverno 1996], traduit de l'italien par Philippe Baillet&nbsp;: «&nbsp;En ce qui concerne le point de l'apparition de l'iconographie du “yin-yang” au fil du temps, il faut rappeler que les premières représentations connues de ce symbole en Chine (parmi celles qui nous sont parvenues) remontent au <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle ap. J.-C., même s'il est question de ces deux principes dès les <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;– <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècles&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> Avec la <i>Notitia dignitatum</i> nous sommes aux <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècles, donc, du point de vue iconographique, en avance de près de 700 ans sur les données en provenance de la Chine.&nbsp;»</span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Paul Waldau, Kimberley Patton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3D5k6rAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220">A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics</a>, p. 220</span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Remarque faite par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Dif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Dif">Jean Dif</a> dans la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://jean.dif.free.fr/Images/Amdo/Chompel.html">biographie de Gedun Chöphel</a> publiée sur son site personnel.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Florence Ayscough, <i>Un miroir chinois. À travers la Chine inconnue</i>, Librairie Pierre Roger, Paris, 1926, p. 60.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Tibet-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Le_Tibet_86-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Le_Tibet_86-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Le_Tibet_86-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Marc Moniez, Christian Deweirdt, Monique Masse, <i>Le Tibet</i>, Éditions de l'Adret, Paris, 1999, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-907629-46-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-907629-46-8"><span class="nowrap">2-907629-46-8</span></a>)</small>, p. 300.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">D. &amp; J. Jackson, <i>La peinture tibétaine</i>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-907629-06-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-907629-06-9"><span class="nowrap">2-907629-06-9</span></a>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lign%C3%A9e_Shambhala?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignée Shambhala">Shambhala</a>, la voie sacrée du guerrier</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robert Beér, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DXlqeS3WjSWIC%26pg%3DPA78"><i>The encyclopedia of Tibetan symbols and motifs</i></a>, p. 78&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">Hence the snow-lion is the national animal symbol of Tibet: it adorns Tibet's national flag, its government seals of office, its coins, banknotes, and stamps, and forms the insignia of His Holiness the Dalai Lama</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/dalai_lama/Part-2-03.htm"><i>The Shadow of the Dalai Lama</i></a> - 3. The foundations of the Tibetan Buddhocracy&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">All the other heraldic features of the flag (the colors, the flaming jewels, the twelve rays, etc.), (...) are drawn from the royalist repertoire of the Lamaist priesthood</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://blog.taiwan-guide.org/2008/03/candlelight-vigil-for-tibet/">Candlelight vigil for Tibet</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jennie Daley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.phayul.com/News/article.aspx?id%3D18188%26t%3D1%26c%3D1">Tibetan flag brings together several symbols</a>, <i>The Ithaca Journal</i>, 11 octobre 2007, reproduit sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phayul.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phayul.com">Phayul.com</a>, <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Today in Tibet, owning the Tibetan flag is a criminal offence&nbsp;»</span> («&nbsp;Aujourd'hui, au Tibet, la possession du drapeau tibétain est un délit&nbsp;»).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/other/austria.html">Report of Austrian Delegation of Legal Experts to China and Tibet (1992)</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet_Justice_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet Justice Center">Tibet Justice Center</a>&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">(...) <i>the showing of a Tibetan flag, is considered a counter-revolutionary offence. Such persons, (...), are dealt with as separatists</i>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;(...) parader un drapeau tibétain est considéré comme un délit contre-révolutionnaire. Les contrevenants (...) sont jugés comme séparatistes</span>&nbsp;»</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200804/24/P200804240241.htm">Secretary for Security talks about crime situation</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200804/24/P200804240242.htm">[1]</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://blog.taiwan-guide.org/2008/03/free-tibet-march-taipei/">Free Tibet march in Taipei</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dans un livre publié en 1994, <i>The International Commission of Jurists, Global Advocates for Human Rights</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Howard_B._Tolley_Jr.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Howard B. Tolley Jr. (page inexistante)">Howard B. Tolley Jr.</a> explique comment la CIJ a été financée par la CIA comme instrument de la guerre froide — et ce à l'insu de la majorité de ses responsables et membres —, du moins jusqu'en 1967.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibet.ca/en/about_tibet/government_in_exile/dialogue"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Dialogue</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Tibet_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Tibet News">World Tibet News</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-09" data-sort-value="2009-01-09">9 janvier 2009</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.dd-rd.ca/site/publications/index.php?subsection%3Dcatalogue%26lang%3Dfr%26id%3D1551"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les négociations entre le Tibet et la Chine&nbsp;: un rôle de premier plan pour le Canada</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droits_et_D%C3%A9mocratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droits et Démocratie">Droits et Démocratie</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/govngo/govngo2.html">ICJ Report on Tibet and China (excerpt) (1960)</a>, Commission internationale de juristes</span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Loa Iok-sin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/07/26/2003449589">Tibet representative plays down comments</a>, Taipei Times, July 31, 2009&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">Tibetans were not a unified people throughout history and the concept of a sovereign state in the modern sense never existed in the minds of Tibetans before the Chinese invaded Tibet in the 1950s.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">«&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Tibetan national flag is not an exile Tibetan invention. It has, in its various incarnations down the centuries, become a part of the Tibetan identity</span></i>&nbsp;» («&nbsp;Le drapeau national tibétain n'est pas une invention des Tibétains en exil. Il est devenu, sous ses diverses incarnations dans les siècles passés, partie intégrante de l'identité tibétaine&nbsp;»), dans <span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibet.net/en/prelease/2008/260708.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CTA's Response to Chinese Government Allegations: Part Four</cite></a>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-monde/le-dalai-lama-cauchemar-des-chinois/924/0/265625"><cite style="font-style:normal;">«&nbsp;Le dalaï-lama, cauchemar des Chinois&nbsp;»</cite></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Point?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Point">Le Point</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-07" data-sort-value="2008-08-07">7 août 2008</time></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://verts-regionidf.net/spip.php?article358">«&nbsp;Un drapeau pour le Tibet. Coopération avec la Chine&nbsp;: vers la démocratie et la paix&nbsp;»</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Les_Verts_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Les Verts (France)">Les Verts (France)</a>, décembre 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/warren_w_smith/profile.html">Warren W. Smith, a broadcaster with the Tibetan Service of Radio Free Asia</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BarnettAkiner1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_BarnettShirin_Akiner1994"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robert Barnett et Shirin Akiner, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Resistance and Reform in Tibet</cite>, Londres, C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers, <time>1994</time>, 320&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-85065-161-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-85065-161-2"><span class="nowrap">1-85065-161-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?lr%3D%26id%3Dpw6fnBW96qcC%26pg%3DPA51">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Resistance+and+Reform+in+Tibet&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.au=Shirin+Akiner&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.tpages=320&amp;rft.isbn=1-85065-161-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Watch_Committee1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="Asia_Watch_Committee1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Asia Watch Committee, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Political Prisoners in Tibet</cite>, Human Rights Watch, <time>1992</time>, 71&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-56432-055-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-56432-055-3"><span class="nowrap">1-56432-055-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3D8ymVeC7PX1wC%26pg%3DPA5">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;5<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Political+Prisoners+in+Tibet&amp;rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&amp;rft.au=Asia+Watch+Committee&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.tpages=71&amp;rft.isbn=1-56432-055-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.20minutes.fr/article/219318/Monde-Les-emeutes-au-Tibet-un-mauvais-coup-pour-Pekin.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les émeutes au Tibet, un mauvais coup pour Pékin</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">20minutes.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-03" data-sort-value="2008-03">mars 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-04-16" data-sort-value="2009-04-16">16 avril 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalsang_Rinchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalsang Rinchen">Kalsang Rinchen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id%3D24251">Monk kills self in Ragya, residents protest</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phayul.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phayul.com">Phayul.com</a>, 21 mars 2009&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">The monastery has remained sealed and been under constant patrol of Chinese forces since March 10 this year when leaflets containing political messages were circulated and a huge Tibetan national flag hoisted atop the main prayer hall of the monastery. Several monks of the monastery were detained in the monastery which has since been completely locked down. Security forces claimed to have found a Tibetan national flag and political leaflets from Tashi’s room, the source said. [...] Tashi Sangpo, a monk of Ragya monastery threw himself in Machu river today after banned Tibetan national flag and leaflets were allegedly found in his room.</span>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/12/05/china-free-prominent-tibetan-cultural-figure">Sur Human Rights Watch</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dans le même essai, écrit au moment des troubles au Tibet en 2008, le chercheur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsering_Shakya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsering Shakya">Tsering Shakya</a> ajoute&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Il y a une bien plus forte affinité au sein de la communauté monastique entre ceux de l'Inde et ceux du Tibet (en comparaison de la jeunesse laïque)&nbsp;».</span></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tsering Shakya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id%3D220%26articletype%3Dflash%26rmenuid%3Dmorenews">Tibet and Tibetan exiles</a>, 19 juin 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le Monde, Brice Pedroletti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2012/03/20/la-crise-continue-dans-les-regions-tibetaines_1672568_3216.html">Les immolations et les manifestations continuent dans les régions tibétaines</a>, 20 mars 2012</span></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.phayul.com/2023/05/23/48419/">Tibetan flag burned, youths harassed at gaming event in Paris by a Chinese group</a>, Phayul.com, 23 mai 2023</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet_(1912-1951)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet (1912-1951)">Tibet (1912-1951)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embl%C3%A8me_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emblème du Tibet">Emblème du Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_tib%C3%A9tain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement d'indépendance tibétain">Mouvement d'indépendance tibétain</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intervention_militaire_chinoise_au_Tibet_(1950-1951)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervention militaire chinoise au Tibet (1950-1951)">Intervention militaire chinoise au Tibet (1950-1951)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_tib%C3%A9tain_de_1959?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soulèvement tibétain de 1959">Soulèvement tibétain de 1959</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9bat_sur_la_souverainet%C3%A9_du_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Débat sur la souveraineté du Tibet">Débat sur la souveraineté du Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialogue_entre_le_gouvernement_tib%C3%A9tain_en_exil_et_la_r%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine_(2002-2010)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialogue entre le gouvernement tibétain en exil et la république populaire de Chine (2002-2010)">Dialogue entre le gouvernement tibétain en exil et la république populaire de Chine depuis 2002</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de la république de Chine">Drapeau de Taïwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Karmapa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau du Karmapa">Drapeau du Karmapa</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Melvyn C. Goldstein, <i>The Snow Lion and the Dragon - China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama</i>, University of California Press, 1997, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-21951-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-21951-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-520-21951-9</span></a>)</small></li> <li><i>Lhassa&nbsp;: le Tibet disparu</i>, texte et photographie de Heinrich Harrer, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89dition_de_La_Martini%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Édition de La Martinière">Édition de La Martinière</a>, 1997, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7324-2350-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7324-2350-5"><span class="nowrap">2-7324-2350-5</span></a>)</small> (publié pour la première fois en 1992 par Harry N. Abrams sous le titre de <i>Lost Lhasa</i>)</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Zarrow2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peter_Gue_Zarrow2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter Gue <span class="nom_auteur">Zarrow</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">China in war and revolution&nbsp;: 1895-1949</cite>, London/New York, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2005</time>, 411&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-415-36448-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-415-36448-5"><span class="nowrap">0-415-36448-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DucfBFCzX-MMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China+in+war+and+revolution&amp;rft.place=London%2FNew+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.stitle=1895-1949&amp;rft.aulast=Zarrow&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+Gue&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=411&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-36448-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADrapeau+du+Tibet"></span></span></span>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&nbsp;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_Tibet?uselang%3Dfr">Drapeau du Tibet</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="tibétain_en_exil"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gouvernement_tibétain_en_exil"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernement_tib%C3%A9tain_en_exil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement tibétain en exil">Gouvernement tibétain en exil</a>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://tibet.com/flag.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Tibetan national flag</cite></a>&nbsp;»</span></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamyang_Norbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamyang Norbu">Jamyang Norbu</a>, <span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101033/http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y%3D2004%26m%3D5%26p%3D21_3">Freedom Wind, Freedom Song</a>&nbsp;»</span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Tibet_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Tibet News">World Tibet News</a> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-06-10" data-sort-value="2011-06-10">10 juin 2011</time> sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small></li> <li><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/xt.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Description du drapeau</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flags_of_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flags of the World">Flags of the World</a></span></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du Tibet"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="35" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/53px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/71px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Tibet">Portail du Tibet</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Vexillologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des drapeaux et pavillons"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Icon_Flags.svg/24px-Icon_Flags.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Icon_Flags.svg/24px-Icon_Flags.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Icon_Flags.svg/36px-Icon_Flags.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Icon_Flags.svg/48px-Icon_Flags.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Vexillologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Vexillologie">Portail des drapeaux et pavillons</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Monde_indien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du monde indien"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_world_contour.svg/25px-Indian_world_contour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_world_contour.svg/25px-Indian_world_contour.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="25" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_world_contour.svg/37px-Indian_world_contour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_world_contour.svg/50px-Indian_world_contour.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Monde_indien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Monde indien">Portail du monde indien</a></span> </span></li> </ul><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.canary‐6c88bf657b‐mttqd Cached time: 20241128111103 Cache 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.036 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de «&nbsp;<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DDrapeau_du_Tibet%26oldid%3D220645447">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;oldid=220645447</a>&nbsp;». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drapeau_du_Tibet&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="JackBot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732674344"> <span>Dernière modification le 27 novembre 2024, à 03:25</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Tibet" title="Vlag van Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlag van Tibet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_d%2527o_Tibet" title="Bandera d'o Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bandera d'o Tibet" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA" title="علم التبت&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم التبت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA" title="علم التبت&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم التبت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_T%25C3%25ADbet" title="Bandera del Tíbet&nbsp;–&nbsp;asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bandera del Tíbet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BC%258D" title="གངས་སེང་དར་ཆ།&nbsp;–&nbsp;tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གངས་སེང་དར་ཆ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka_Tibetu" title="Vlajka Tibetu&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vlajka Tibetu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baner_Tibet" title="Baner Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baner Tibet" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_Tibets" title="Flagge Tibets&nbsp;–&nbsp;allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flagge Tibets" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1_%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585_%25CE%2598%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B2%25CE%25AD%25CF%2584" title="Σημαία του Θιβέτ&nbsp;–&nbsp;grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημαία του Θιβέτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flag of Tibet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flago_de_Tibeto" title="Flago de Tibeto&nbsp;–&nbsp;espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flago de Tibeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_T%25C3%25ADbet" title="Bandera del Tíbet&nbsp;–&nbsp;espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera del Tíbet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25DA%2586%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA" title="پرچم تبت&nbsp;–&nbsp;persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم تبت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetin_lippu" title="Tiibetin lippu&nbsp;–&nbsp;finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetin lippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_T%25C3%25ADbet" title="Bandeira do Tíbet&nbsp;–&nbsp;galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandeira do Tíbet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25A4%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25AC%25E0%25AB%2587%25E0%25AA%259F%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%258B_%25E0%25AA%25A7%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B5%25E0%25AA%259C" title="તિબેટનો ધ્વજ&nbsp;–&nbsp;goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તિબેટનો ધ્વજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2592%25D7%259C_%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2598" title="דגל טיבט&nbsp;–&nbsp;hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל טיבט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_z%25C3%25A1szlaja" title="Tibet zászlaja&nbsp;–&nbsp;hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tibet zászlaja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Tibet" title="Bendera Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_del_Tibet" title="Bandiera del Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera del Tibet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%2597%2597" title="チベットの旗&nbsp;–&nbsp;japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベットの旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%258B%25B0%25EB%25B2%25A0%25ED%258A%25B8%25EC%259D%2598_%25EA%25B8%25B0" title="티베트의 기&nbsp;–&nbsp;coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티베트의 기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto_v%25C4%2597liava" title="Tibeto vėliava&nbsp;–&nbsp;lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibeto vėliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Tibet" title="Vlag van Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlag van Tibet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_Tybetu" title="Flaga Tybetu&nbsp;–&nbsp;polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga Tybetu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Tibete" title="Bandeira do Tibete&nbsp;–&nbsp;portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira do Tibete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0" title="Флаг Тибета&nbsp;–&nbsp;russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флаг Тибета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%2595" title="ธงชาติทิเบต&nbsp;–&nbsp;thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธงชาติทิเบต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2583" title="Прапор Тибету&nbsp;–&nbsp;ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прапор Тибету" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259B%25AA%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E7%258B%25AE%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%2597%2597" title="雪山狮子旗&nbsp;–&nbsp;wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雪山狮子旗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580s%25C3%25AC%25C3%25A1_il%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580_Tibet" title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Tibet&nbsp;–&nbsp;yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Tibet" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259B%25AA%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E7%258D%2585%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%2597%2597" title="雪山獅子旗&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雪山獅子旗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259B%25AA%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E7%258D%2585%25E6%2597%2597" title="雪山獅旗&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="雪山獅旗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259B%25AA%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E7%258D%2585%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%2597%2597" title="雪山獅子旗&nbsp;–&nbsp;cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雪山獅子旗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 27 novembre 2024 à 03:25.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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