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Galaksi - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Galaksi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Galaksi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Galaksi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Galaksi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_pengamatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_pengamatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah pengamatan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah_pengamatan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah pengamatan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_pengamatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bima_Sakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bima_Sakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bima Sakti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bima_Sakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembedaan_dari_nebula_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembedaan_dari_nebula_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pembedaan dari nebula lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembedaan_dari_nebula_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penelitian_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penelitian_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Penelitian modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penelitian_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis_dan_bentuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_dan_bentuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jenis dan bentuk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis_dan_bentuk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Jenis dan bentuk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis_dan_bentuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eliptis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eliptis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eliptis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eliptis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spiral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bentuk lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Katai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinamika_dan_aktivitas_luar_biasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinamika_dan_aktivitas_luar_biasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dinamika dan aktivitas luar biasa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dinamika_dan_aktivitas_luar_biasa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Dinamika dan aktivitas luar biasa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dinamika_dan_aktivitas_luar_biasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interaksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Interaksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starburst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starburst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Starburst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starburst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inti_aktif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inti_aktif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Inti aktif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inti_aktif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_dan_evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_dan_evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pembentukan dan evolusi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pembentukan_dan_evolusi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pembentukan dan evolusi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_dan_evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembentukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pembentukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Evolusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kecenderungan_pada_masa_depan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kecenderungan_pada_masa_depan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kecenderungan pada masa depan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kecenderungan_pada_masa_depan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_skala_besar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_skala_besar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Struktur skala besar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_skala_besar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengamatan_dalam_berbagai_panjang_gelombang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengamatan_dalam_berbagai_panjang_gelombang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pengamatan dalam berbagai panjang gelombang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengamatan_dalam_berbagai_panjang_gelombang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galaksi_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galaksi_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Galaksi dalam fiksi ilmiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galaksi_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeri_foto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeri_foto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Galeri foto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeri_foto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Galaksi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 177 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-177" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">177 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterrestelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ረጨት – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረጨት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मंदाकिनी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मंदाकिनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مجرة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مجرة – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مجرة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مجره – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তাৰকাৰাজ্য – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাৰকাৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxa" title="Galaxa – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galaxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Галаксия – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Галаксия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaktika" title="Qalaktika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qalaktika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قالاکسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قالاکسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakt%C4%97ka" title="Galaktėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Galaktėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактыка – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галактыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галяктыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галяктыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jula-juli" title="Jula-juli – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jula-juli" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="गैलेक्सी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गैलेक्सी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="ছায়াপথ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছায়াপথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="སྐར་མའི་མ་ལག་ – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐར་མའི་མ་ལག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksienn" title="Galaksienn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Galaksienn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0xia" title="Galàxia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galàxia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%8F_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%AC" title="ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᎷᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᎷᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="گەلەستێرە – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەلەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaeth" title="Galaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Galaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiye" title="Galaksiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Galaksiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γαλαξίες – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλαξίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A2sia" title="Galâsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Galâsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksio" title="Galaksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galaksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کهکشان – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهکشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirgurada_(t%C3%A4hetiid%C3%BCs)" title="Tsirgurada (tähetiidüs) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsirgurada (tähetiidüs)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoso_kalokalo" title="Isoso kalokalo – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Isoso kalokalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rnubreyt" title="Stjørnubreyt – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørnubreyt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksii" title="Galaksii – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Galaksii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassie" title="Galassie – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Galassie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerrestelsel_(molkewei)" title="Stjerrestelsel (molkewei) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stjerrestelsel (molkewei)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altra" title="Réaltra – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-chrios" title="Reul-chrios – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-chrios" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapyvore" title="Arapyvore – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arapyvore" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-rollageys" title="Co-rollageys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-rollageys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAn-hi" title="Sên-hi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sên-hi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="גלקסיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלקסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मन्दाकिनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मन्दाकिनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_ke_samundar" title="Tara ke samundar – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tara ke samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxis" title="Galaxis – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Galaxis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գալակտիկաներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալակտիկաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxe" title="Galaxe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Galaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A4y%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%8D_kpakpando" title="Ụyọkọ kpakpando – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ụyọkọ kpakpando" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariwanas" title="Ariwanas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ariwanas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxio" title="Galaxio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galaxio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnu%C3%BEoka" title="Stjörnuþoka – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnuþoka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" title="銀河 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銀河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gialaxi" title="Gialaxi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gialaxi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/barda_tarci_bo_girzu" title="barda tarci bo girzu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="barda tarci bo girzu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გალაქტიკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალაქტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazellaw" title="Amazellaw – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amazellaw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%C9%A9m_maya%C9%A3" title="Naalɩm mayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Naalɩm mayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="은하 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Мырыт – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Мырыт" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%82_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%96%D8%B1" title="جادۂ شيٖر – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جادۂ شيٖر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaks%C3%AE" title="Galaksî – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Galaksî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxias" title="Galaxias – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galaxias" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galasia" title="Galasia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Galasia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starest%C3%A8lsel" title="Starestèlsel – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Starestèlsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Галактикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Галактикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondron-kintana" title="Vondron-kintana – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondron-kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галаксија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галаксија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82" title="താരാപഥം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താരാപഥം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Галактик – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галактик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दीर्घिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दीर्घिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia" title="Galáxia – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Galáxia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="ဂယ်လက်ဆီ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂယ်လက်ဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="کهکشون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کهکشون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalpopocac" title="Citlalpopocac – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalpopocac" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="तारापुञ्ज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारापुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrenstelsel" title="Sterrenstelsel – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterrenstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruda" title="Ruda – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ruda" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A5" title="ଛାୟାପଥ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛାୟାପଥ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਕਾਸ਼ਗੰਗਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਕਾਸ਼ਗੰਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galacsie" title="Galacsie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Galacsie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktyka" title="Galaktyka – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galaktyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تارا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کهکشان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کهکشان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia" title="Galáxia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galáxia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1u_warani" title="Ñuñu warani – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñuñu warani" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodor" title="Samodor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Samodor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґалаксія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґалаксія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="आकाशगङ्गा – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आकाशगङ्गा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галаактика – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Галаактика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%87%DA%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪهڪشان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪهڪشان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_n_ignwan" title="Asif n ignwan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Asif n ignwan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92" title="මන්දාකිණි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මන්දාකිණි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzvcazi" title="Muzvcazi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muzvcazi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yllplimja" title="Yllplimja – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yllplimja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галаксија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галаксија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galax" title="Galax – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majarra" title="Majarra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majarra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="விண்மீன் பேரடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன் பேரடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="గేలక్సీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గేలక్సీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ดาราจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาราจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Каптагай – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Каптагай" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%81%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کہکشاں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کہکشاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C5%82asia" title="Gałasia – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gałasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktik" title="Galaktik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Galaktik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_h%C3%A0" title="Thiên hà – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="星系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გალაქტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გალაქტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A2" title="גאלאקסיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאלאקסיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="星系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="天河 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天河" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li 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accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Galaksi" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Galaksi (disambiguasi)">Galaksi (disambiguasi)</a>.</div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NGC_4535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/NGC_4535.jpg/257px-NGC_4535.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/NGC_4535.jpg/386px-NGC_4535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/NGC_4535.jpg/514px-NGC_4535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>Galaksi berbentuk spiral, <a href="/wiki/NGC_4535" title="NGC 4535">NGC 4535</a>. Letaknya berada di konstelasi <a href="/wiki/Virgo_(rasi_bintang)" title="Virgo (rasi bintang)">Virgo</a> dan jaraknya sekitar 54 juta <a href="/wiki/Tahun_cahaya" title="Tahun cahaya">tahun cahaya</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Galaksi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kata_serapan_dalam_bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata serapan dalam bahasa Indonesia">serapan</a> dari bahasa Yunani <i> γαλαξίας</i>, artinya "semacam susu", merujuk kepada <a href="/wiki/Bimasakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimasakti">Bimasakti</a>) adalah sebuah sistem masif yang terikat gaya <a href="/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi">gravitasi</a> yang terdiri atas <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a> (dengan segala bentuk manifestasinya, antara lain <a href="/wiki/Bintang_neutron" title="Bintang neutron">bintang neutron</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam" title="Lubang hitam">lubang hitam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Debu_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Debu kosmis">debu</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">medium antarbintang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a>–komponen yang penting namun belum begitu dimengerti.<sup id="cite_ref-sparkegallagher2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparkegallagher2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galaksi yang ada berkisar dari <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_katai" title="Galaksi katai">galaksi katai</a> dengan hanya sepuluh juta (10<sup>7</sup>) bintang<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hingga galaksi raksasa dengan seratus triliun (10<sup>14</sup>) bintang,<sup id="cite_ref-science250_4980_539_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science250_4980_539-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang semuanya mengorbit pada <a href="/wiki/Pusat_massa" title="Pusat massa">pusat massa</a> galaksi masing-masing. <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> adalah salah satu bintang dalam galaksi <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tata_surya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata surya">tata surya</a> termasuk bumi dan semua benda yang mengorbit Matahari. </p><p>Tiap galaksi memiliki jumlah <a href="/wiki/Sistem_bintang" title="Sistem bintang">sistem bintang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gugus_bintang" title="Gugus bintang">gugus bintang</a> yang beragam, demikian juga jenis <a href="/wiki/Awan_antarbintang" title="Awan antarbintang">awan antarbintangnya</a>. Di antara galaksi-galaksi ini tersebar <a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">medium antarbintang</a> berupa gas, debu, dan <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinar kosmis">sinar kosmis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam_supermasif" title="Lubang hitam supermasif">Lubang hitam supermasif</a> terdapat di pusat sebagian besar galaksi. Diperkirakan lubang hitam supermasif inilah penyebab utama <a href="/wiki/Inti_galaksi_aktif" title="Inti galaksi aktif">inti galaksi aktif</a> yang ditemukan pada sebagian galaksi. Galaksi Bima Sakti diketahui memiliki setidaknya satu lubang hitam supermasif.<sup id="cite_ref-smbh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smbh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara historis galaksi dikelompokkan berdasarkan bentuk terlihatnya atau biasa disebut morfologi visualnya. Bentuk yang umum adalah <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_eliptis" title="Galaksi eliptis">galaksi eliptis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-uf030616_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uf030616-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang memiliki profil cahaya berbentuk elips. <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral" title="Galaksi spiral">Galaksi spiral</a> adalah galaksi berbentuk cakram dengan lengan galaksi yang melengkunng dan berisi debu. Galaksi dengan bentuk yang tak beraturan atau tidak biasa disebut <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_tak_beraturan" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi tak beraturan">galaksi tak beraturan</a> dan biasanya disebabkan karena gangguan oleh tarikan gravitasi galaksi tetangga. Interaksi yang demikian antara galaksi-galaksi yang berdekatan dapat menyebabkan penggabungan, yang terkadang meningkatkan jumlah pembentukan bintang hingga menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_starburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi starburst">galaksi dengan pembentukan bintang yang cepat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRatlas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRatlas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kemungkinan terdapat lebih dari 170 miliar (<span class="nowrap">1,7 × 10<sup>11</sup></span>) galaksi dalam <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati" title="Alam semesta teramati">alam semesta teramati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar berdiameter 1000 hingga 100.000 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsec">parsec</a><sup id="cite_ref-M101_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan biasanya dipisahkan oleh jarak beberapa juta parsec (atau megaparsec).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruang_antargalaksi" title="Ruang antargalaksi">Ruang antargalaksi</a> diisi oleh gas tipis dengan kerapatan massa kurang dari satu <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> per <a href="/wiki/Meter_kubik" title="Meter kubik">meter kubik</a>. Sebagian besar galaksi diorganisasikan ke dalam sebuah hierarki himpunan yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_dan_gugus_galaksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelompok dan gugus galaksi">kelompok dan gugus</a>, yang pada gilirannya membentuk himpunan yang lebih besar yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Gugus_raksasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugus raksasa">gugus raksasa</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati#Struktur_skala_besar" title="Alam semesta teramati">skala terbesar</a> himpunan-himpunan ini umumnya tersusun dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Untaian_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Untaian galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">lapisan dan untaian</a> yang dikelilingi oleh kehampaan yang sangat luas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun belum dipahami secara menyeluruh, <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a> kemungkinan menyusun sekitar 90% dari <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> sebagian besar galaksi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Data pengamatan menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam_supermasif" title="Lubang hitam supermasif">lubang hitam supermasif</a> kemungkinan ada di pusat dari banyak (kalau tidak semua) galaksi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kata <i>galaksi</i> berasal dari istilah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> untuk menyebut <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">galaksi kita</a>, <i>galaxias</i> (γαλαξίας) atau <i>kyklos galaktikos</i> (κύκλος γαλακτικός). Masing-masing berarti "sesuatu yang menyerupai susu" dan "lingkaran susu",<sup id="cite_ref-oed_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sesuai dengan penampakannya di angkasa berupa pita putih samar. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Yunani" title="Mitologi Yunani">mitologi Yunani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> menempatkan anak laki-lakinya yang dilahirkan oleh manusia biasa, bayi <a href="/wiki/Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, pada payudara <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> ketika Hera sedang tidur sehingga bayi tersebut meminum susunya dan karena itu menjadi manusia abadi. Hera terbangun ketika sedang menyusui dan kemudian menyadari ia sedang menyusui bayi yang tak dikenalnya: ia mendorong bayi tersebut dan air susunya menyembur mewarnai langit malam, menghasilkan pita cahaya tipis yang dikenal dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai <i>Milky Way</i> (jalan susu).<sup id="cite_ref-waller_hodge2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waller_hodge2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-konean2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konean2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketika <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> menyusun "katalog <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a>" miliknya pada tahun 1786, dia menggunakan istilah "<a href="/wiki/Nebula_spiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebula spiral">nebula spiral</a>" untuk objek-objek tertentu seperti objek <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda">M31</a>. Di kemudian waktu akan disadari bahwa objek tersebut sebenarnya merupakan kumpulan dari banyak bintang, dan dipakailah istilah "<i>island universe</i>" ("alam semesta pulau") untuk merujuk pada objek yang demikian. Namun, kemudian disadari bahwa kata "<i>universe</i>" (alam semesta) berarti keseluruhan jagad raya, sehingga istilah ini tidak dipakai lagi dan objek yang demikian kemudian dikenal sebagai galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-rao2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rao2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_pengamatan">Sejarah pengamatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah pengamatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah pengamatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pengetahuan bahwa kita hidup di dalam sebuah galaksi dan bahwa terdapat banyak galaksi lainnya, diperoleh seiring dengan penemuan-penemuan kita tentang Bima Sakti dan <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula-nebula</a> lainnya di langit malam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bima_Sakti">Bima Sakti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Bima Sakti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bima Sakti"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg/220px-Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg/330px-Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg/440px-Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pusat_galaksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusat galaksi">Pusat galaksi</a> Bima Sakti</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filsafat_yunani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filsafat yunani (halaman belum tersedia)">Filsuf Yunani</a> <a href="/wiki/Democritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> (450–370 SM) mengemukakan bahwa pita kabut putih di langit malam hari yang dikenal sebagai Bima Sakti kemungkinan terdiri dari bintang-bintang yang sangat jauh jaraknya.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> (384–322 SM), memercayai bahwa pita tersebut disebabkan oleh "kobaran hembusan napas yang menyala-nyala dari banyak bintang besar yang berjarak dekat satu sama lain" dan bahwa "kobaran ini terjadi di bagian atas atmosfer, yaitu di wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sublunar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sublunar (halaman belum tersedia)">dunia yang selalu diisi dengan gerakan surgawi</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Montada_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montada-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filsuf <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonisme" title="Neoplatonisme">neoplatonis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympiodorus_Junior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympiodorus Junior (halaman belum tersedia)">Olympiodorus Junior</a> (± 495–570) kritis terhadap pandangan ini secara ilmiah, beralasan bahwa jika memang benar Bima Sakti berada di wilayah <i>sublunar</i> (terletak antara bumi dan bulan), maka harusnya ia terlihat berbeda pada waktu dan tempat yang berbeda di bumi, dan ia seharusnya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Paralaks" title="Paralaks">paralaks</a>, yang ternyata tidak. Dalam pandangannya, Bima Sakti terletak jauh di angkasa. Pendapat ini akan sangat berpengaruh nantinya di dalam <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunia Muslim">dunia Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heidarzadeh23_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heidarzadeh23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut Mohani Muhammad, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi Islam (halaman belum tersedia)">astronom Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Haitham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnu Haitham">Ibnu Haitham</a> (965–1037) adalah orang yang melakukan usaha-usaha pertama dalam mengamati dan mengukur paralaks Bima Sakti,<sup id="cite_ref-mohamed_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohamed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia menjadi "berkeyakinan kuat bahwa karena Bima Sakti tidak memiliki paralaks, pastilah jaraknya sangat jauh dari bumi dan bukannya berada dalam atmosfer."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronom <a href="/wiki/Orang_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Persia">Persia</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (973–1048) mengemukakan bahwa Bima Sakti merupakan "kumpulan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya dari bagian-bagian yang bersifat seperti bintang nebula."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-al_biruni_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_biruni-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronom <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Bajjah" title="Ibnu Bajjah">Ibnu Bajjah</a> (dikenal di barat dengan nama latin "<i>Avempace</i>", meninggal 1138) mengemukakan bahwa Bima Sakti dibentuk oleh banyak bintang yang saling hampir bersentuhan satu dengan yang lain sehingga tampak menjadi seperti gambar sinambung akibat pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan">pembiasan</a> dari material <i>sublunar</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Montada_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montada-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heidarzadeh25_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heidarzadeh25-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengutip hasil pengamatannya terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konjungsi_(astronomi_dan_astrologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konjungsi (astronomi dan astrologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">konjungsi</a> antara Jupiter dan Mars sebagai bukti bahwa hal tersebut dapat terjadi jika dua objek saling berdekatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Montada_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montada-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad ke-14, ilmuwan kelahiran Suriah <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnu Qayyim">Ibnu Qayyim</a>, mengemukakan bahwa Bima Sakti merupakan "bintang-bintang kecil yang tak terhitung jumlahnya saling berdesakan dalam alam bintang-bintang tetap".<sup id="cite_ref-Livingston_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingston-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bukti nyata bahwa Bima Sakti terdiri atas banyak bintang, datang pada tahun 1610 ketika astronom Italia <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> menggunakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_optik" title="Teleskop optik">teleskop</a> untuk mempelajari Bima Sakti dan menemukan bahwa Bima Sakti tersusun atas bintang-bintang redup dalam jumlah yang luar biasa banyaknya.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1750 astronom Inggris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wright_(astronom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wright (astronom) (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Wright</a>, dalam bukunya <i>An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe</i> (Teori asli atau hipotesis baru tentang Alam Semesta), berspekulasi (namun benar) bahwa Bima Sakti kemungkinan adalah sebuah badan berputar dari bintang-bintang dalam jumlah besar yang diikat oleh <a href="/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi">gaya gravitasi</a>, serupa dengan tata surya namun dalam skala yang jauh lebih besar. Piringan bintang yang dihasilkan dapat terlihat sebagai pita di langit dari sudut pandang kita dalam piringan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-our_galaxy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-our_galaxy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam risalah pada tahun 1755, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> mengembangkan ide Wright tentang struktur Bima Sakti. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Herschel-Galaxy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/220px-Herschel-Galaxy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/330px-Herschel-Galaxy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/440px-Herschel-Galaxy.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Bentuk Bima Sakti yang disimpulkan dari hitungan bintang oleh William Herscel pada tahun 1785; tata surya dianggap berada di dekat pusat galaksi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Usaha pertama untuk menggambarkan bentuk Bima Sakti dan letak <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">matahari</a> di dalamnya dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> pada tahun 1785 dengan cara menghitung secara hati-hati jumlah bintang yang ada di berbagai wilayah langit yang beda. Dia menghasilkan sebuah diagram bentuk Bima Sakti dengan tata surya terletak dekat dengan pusatnya.<sup id="cite_ref-paul1993_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul1993-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menggunakan pendekatan yang lebih baik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Kapteyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobus Kapteyn (halaman belum tersedia)">Jacobus Kapteyn</a> pada tahun 1920 sampai pada kesimpulan berupa sebuah gambar galaksi elipsoid kecil (dengan garis tengah kira-kira 15 kiloparsec) dengan matahari terletak dekat dengan pusat galaksi. Metode yang berbeda oleh <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> berdasarkan pengatalogan <a href="/wiki/Gugus_bola" title="Gugus bola">gugus bola</a> menghasilkan gambar yang sangat jauh berbeda: sebuah piringan pipih dengan garis tengah kira-kira 70 kiloparsec dan matahari terletak jauh dari pusat galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-our_galaxy_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-our_galaxy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kedua analisis tersebut gagal memperhitungkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepunahan_(astronomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepunahan (astronomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">penyerapan cahaya</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Debu_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Debu kosmis">debu antarbintang</a> yang ada di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidang_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidang galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">bidang galaksi</a>, namun setelah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Julius_Trumpler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Julius Trumpler (halaman belum tersedia)">Robert Julius Trumpler</a> menghitung efek ini pada tahun 1930 dengan mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Gugus_terbuka" title="Gugus terbuka">gugus terbuka</a>, gambaran terkini galaksi tuan rumah kita, Bima Sakti, terlahir.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembedaan_dari_nebula_lainnya">Pembedaan dari nebula lainnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pembedaan dari nebula lainnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembedaan dari nebula lainnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:M51Sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/M51Sketch.jpg/220px-M51Sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/M51Sketch.jpg/330px-M51Sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/M51Sketch.jpg/440px-M51Sketch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Sketsa <a href="/wiki/Messier_51" class="mw-redirect" title="Messier 51">Messier 51</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse (halaman belum tersedia)">Lord Rosse</a> pada tahun 1845, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Galaksi Pusaran</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada abad ke-10, astronom Persia <a href="/w/index.php?title=As-Sufi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="As-Sufi (halaman belum tersedia)">As-Sufi</a> membuat pengamatan yang tercatat paling awal terhadap <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda">galaksi Andromeda</a>, menggambarkannya sebagai "awan kecil".<sup id="cite_ref-NSOG_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSOG-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As-Sufi yang menerbitkan temuannya dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_Bintang-Bintang_Tetap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab Bintang-Bintang Tetap (halaman belum tersedia)">Kitab Bintang-Bintang Tetap</a></i> pada tahun 964, juga mengenali <a href="/wiki/Awan_Magellan_Besar" title="Awan Magellan Besar">Awan Magellan Besar</a> yang dapat dilihat dari <a href="/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman">Yaman</a>, walau bukan dari <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>; dan galaksi ini tidak akan dilihat oleh orang Eropa hingga perjalanan <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a> pada abad ke-16.<sup id="cite_ref-obspm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obspm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obspm2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obspm2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galaksi Andromeda ditemukan kembali secara terpisah oleh <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> pada tahun 1612.<sup id="cite_ref-NSOG_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSOG-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanya kedua galaksi inilah galaksi di luar Bima Sakti yang mudah dilihat dengan mata telanjang, menjadikan keduanya sebagai galaksi-galaksi pertama yang diamati dari bumi. Pada tahun 1750 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wright_(astronom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wright (astronom) (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Wright</a> dalam bukunya <i>An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe</i> (Teori asli atau hipotesis baru tentang Alam Semesta), berspekulasi (namun benar) bahwa Bima Sakti adalah sebuah badan berputar dari bintang-bintang, dan bahwa beberapa nebula yang tampak di malam hari bisa jadi merupakan Bima Sakti yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-our_galaxy_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-our_galaxy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menuju akhir abad ke-18, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier">Charles Messier</a> menghimpun sebuah <a href="/wiki/Objek_Messier" title="Objek Messier">katalog</a> yang berisi 109 nebula (objek angkasa dengan tampilan berkabut) yang paling terang, yang kemudian diikuti dengan sebuah katalog yang lebih besar yang berisi 5.000 nebula disusun oleh William Herschel.<sup id="cite_ref-our_galaxy_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-our_galaxy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1845, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse (halaman belum tersedia)">Lord Rosse</a> membangun sebuah teleskop baru yang mampu membedakan nebula elips dan spiral. Dia juga berhasil membedakan titik-titik sumber cahaya tunggal di beberapa nebula ini.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1912 <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Slipher" title="Vesto Slipher">Vesto Slipher</a> membuat penelitian dengan spektrografi terhadap nebula-nebula spiral paling terang untuk menentukan apakah mereka terbuat dari bahan-bahan kimia yang diharapkan ada dalam sebuah sistem planet. Namun Slipher menemukan bahwa nebula spiral memiliki geseran merah yang tinggi, menunjukkan bahwa mereka sedang bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan yang lebih tinggi dari <a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_lepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan lepas">kecepatan lepas</a> Bima Sakti. Karena itu disimpulkan bahwa galaksi-galaksi tersebut tidak terikat secara gravitasi pada Bima Sakti dan kecil kemungkinannya merupakan bagian dari Bima Sakti.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1917, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heber_Curtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heber Curtis (halaman belum tersedia)">Heber Curtis</a> mengamati bahwa terdapat sebuah bintang baru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S_Andromedae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S Andromedae (halaman belum tersedia)">S Andromedae</a>, dalam "Nebula <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(rasi_bintang)" title="Andromeda (rasi bintang)">Andromeda</a> Besar" (sebagaimana Galaksi Andromeda, <a href="/wiki/Objek_Messier" title="Objek Messier">Objek Messier</a> <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda">M31</a> dikenal saat itu). Dengan mencari rekaman foto, dia menemukan 11 bintang baru lainnya. Curtis memperhatikan bahwa bintang-bintang baru ini rata-rata 10 <a href="/wiki/Magnitudo" title="Magnitudo">magnitudo</a> lebih redup dibandingkan dengan bintang-bintang baru yang muncul di galaksi kita. Sebagai hasilnya dia dapat menghitung perkiraan jaraknya adalah 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsec">parsec</a>. Dia menjadi pendukung hipotesis yang disebut "<i>island universes</i>" yang beranggapan bahwa nebula spiral sebenarnya adalah galaksi tersendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pic_iroberts1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pic_iroberts1.jpg/220px-Pic_iroberts1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pic_iroberts1.jpg/330px-Pic_iroberts1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pic_iroberts1.jpg/440px-Pic_iroberts1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Foto "Nebula Andromeda Besar" dari tahun 1899, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda">Galaksi Andromeda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1920, apa yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debat_Shapley%E2%80%93Curtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debat Shapley–Curtis (halaman belum tersedia)">"Debat Besar"</a> terjadi antara <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heber_Curtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heber Curtis (halaman belum tersedia)">Heber Curtis</a> mengenai sifat Bima Sakti, nebula spiral dan dimensi alam semesta. Untuk mendukung klaimnya yang menyatakan Nebula Andromeda Besar merupakan sebuah galaksi luar, Curtis menunjukkan bukti berupa munculnya jalur-jalur gelap menyerupai awan debu yang terdapat pada Bima Sakti dan juga <a href="/wiki/Efek_Doppler" title="Efek Doppler">pergeseran Doppler</a> yang cukup besar.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permasalahan tersebut terselesaikan dengan pasti pada tahun 1922 ketika astronom <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Öpik (halaman belum tersedia)">Ernst Öpik</a> memberikan penentuan jarak yang mendukung teori bahwa Nebula Andromeda adalah benar merupakan sebuah objek luar galaksi yang jauh.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan menggunakan teleskop 100 inci baru milik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Observatorium_Gunung_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observatorium Gunung Wilson (halaman belum tersedia)">Observatorium Gunung Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> berhasil menentukan bahwa bagian luar sebagian nebula spiral merupakan kumpulan dari bintang-bintang tunggal dan mengidentifikasi beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_variabel_Chepeid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang variabel Chepeid (halaman belum tersedia)">Bintang variabel Chepeid</a>, yang memungkinkannya memperkirakan jarak nebula-nebula tersebut: mereka terlalu sangat jauh untuk dapat menjadi bagian dari Bima Sakti.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1936 Hubble menciptakan sebuah sistem klasifikasi untuk galaksi yang masih dipergunakan hingga saat ini yakni <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_bentuk_galaksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klasifikasi bentuk galaksi">urutan Hubble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penelitian_modern">Penelitian modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Penelitian modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penelitian modern"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GalacticRotation2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GalacticRotation2.svg/220px-GalacticRotation2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GalacticRotation2.svg/330px-GalacticRotation2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GalacticRotation2.svg/440px-GalacticRotation2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurva_rotasi_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurva rotasi galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kurva rotasi</a> galaksi spiral biasa: perkirakan berdasarkan materi terlihat (A) dan kecepatan teramati (B). Sumbu vertikal mewakili kecepatan rotasi dan sumbu horizontal mewakili jarak objek dari pusat galaksi.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/350px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/525px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/700px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption>Galaksi terjauh saat ini: <a href="/wiki/GN-z11" title="GN-z11">GN-z11</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1944, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_C._van_de_Hulst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik C. van de Hulst (halaman belum tersedia)">Hendrik van de Hulst</a> memperkirakan akan adanya radiasi <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_mikro" title="Gelombang mikro">gelombang mikro</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_hidrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">panjang gelombang 21 cm</a> yang berasal dari gas antarbintang yang berisi atom hidrogen;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> radiasi ini diamati pada tahun 1951. Radiasi ini memungkinkan penelitian yang jauh lebih baik terhadap galaksi Bima Sakti, karena radiasi tersebut tidak terpengaruh penyerapan oleh debu antarbintang, dan pergeseran Doppler-nya dapat digunakan untuk memetakan pergerakan gas tersebut di dalam galaksi. Pengamatan ini mendorong terciptanya postulat tentang <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral_berbatang" title="Galaksi spiral berbatang">struktur batang</a> yang berputar pada pusat galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_radio" title="Teleskop radio">teleskop radio</a> yang ditingkatkan, gas hidrogen dapat juga dilacak pada galaksi-galaksi lain. </p><p>Pada tahun 1970, berdasarkan penelitian <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a> terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurva_rotasi_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurva rotasi galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">kecepatan rotasi</a> gas dalam galaksi, ditemukan bahwa total massa terlihat (bintang dan gas) tidak sesuai dengan kecepatan berputar gas tersebut. Masalah perputaran galaksi ini dikira dapat dijelaskan dengan adanya sejumlah besar <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a> yang tak terlihat.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejak tahun 1990-an, <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_Angkasa_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleskop Angkasa Hubble">Teleskop Angkasa Hubble</a> menghasilkan pengamatan yang lebih baik. Di antaranya, hasil pengamatan dengan Teleskop Hubble membuktikan bahwa materi gelap yang hilang dalam galaksi kita tidak mungkin pada dasarnya hanya terdiri dari bintang-bintang redup atau kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Deep_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Deep Field (halaman belum tersedia)">Hubble Deep Field</a></i>, sebuah foto dengan eksposur yang sangat panjang wilayah langit yang relatif kosong, memberikan bukti bahwa terdapat kira-kira 125 miliar (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011125000000000000♠"></span>1,25<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>11</sup></span>) galaksi di alam semesta.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peningkatan dalam teknologi pendeteksian <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_elektromagnetik" title="Spektrum elektromagnetik">spektrum-spektrum</a> tak kasatmata (teleskop radio, kamera inframerah, dan <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_sinar_x" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomi sinar x">teleskop sinar x</a>) memungkinkan pendeteksian galaksi-galaksi lain yang tidak terdeteksi sebelumnya oleh teleskop Hubble. Secara khusus, survei galaksi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_langka_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona langka galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">zona langka galaksi</a> (wilayah langit yang terhalang oleh Bima Sakti) berhasil menunjukkan sejumlah galaksi baru.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis_dan_bentuk">Jenis dan bentuk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis dan bentuk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis dan bentuk"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_bentuk_galaksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klasifikasi bentuk galaksi">Klasifikasi bentuk galaksi</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hubble_sequence_photo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hubble_sequence_photo.png/360px-Hubble_sequence_photo.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hubble_sequence_photo.png/540px-Hubble_sequence_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hubble_sequence_photo.png/720px-Hubble_sequence_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Jenis-jenis galaksi berdasarkan sistem klasifikasi Hubble. <i>E</i> merupakan tipe galaksi eliptis, <i>S</i> merupakan galaksi spiral, dan <i>SB</i> merupakan galaksi spiral berbatang.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Galaksi dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga jenis utama: eliptis, spiral dan tak beraturan. Gambaran yang lebih lengkap mengenai jenis galaksi berdasarkan bentuknya bisa didapatkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Sistem_klasifikasi_Hubble" title="Sistem klasifikasi Hubble">sistem klasifikasi Hubble</a>. Karena sistem klasifikasi Hubble hanya berdasarkan pada pengamatan visual, klasifikasi ini mungkin melewatkan beberapa karakteristik penting dari galaksi, seperti laju pembentukan bintang (di galaksi starburst) dan aktivitas inti galaksi (di galaksi aktif).<sup id="cite_ref-IRatlas_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRatlas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eliptis">Eliptis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Eliptis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Eliptis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_eliptis" title="Galaksi eliptis">Galaksi eliptis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Messier_87_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Messier_87_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/300px-Messier_87_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Messier_87_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/450px-Messier_87_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Messier_87_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/600px-Messier_87_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Galaksi eliptis raksasa <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sistem klasifikasi Hubble membedakan galaksi eliptis berdasarkan tingkat keelipsannya, dari E0 yang hampir berupa lingkaran, hingga E7 yang sangat lonjong. Galaksi dalam kategori ini memiliki bentuk dasar <a href="/wiki/Elipsoid" title="Elipsoid">elipsoid</a>, sehingga tampak <a href="/wiki/Elips" title="Elips">elips</a> dari berbagai sudut pandang. Galaksi tipe ini tampak memiliki sedikit struktur dan sedikit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materi_antarbintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materi antarbintang (halaman belum tersedia)">materi antarbintang</a>, sehingga galaksi demikian memiliki sedikit <a href="/wiki/Gugus_terbuka" title="Gugus terbuka">gugus terbuka</a> dan laju pembentukan bintang yang lambat. Galaksi tipe ini didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Evolusi_bintang" title="Evolusi bintang">bintang tua</a> yang beredar mengelilingi pusat gravitasi dengan arah yang acak. Bintang-bintang dalam galaksi ini memiliki sedikit unsur-unsur berat karena pembentukan bintang sudah berhenti setelah lonjakan awalnya. Dalam hal tersebut, galaksi tipe ini mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Gugus_bola" title="Gugus bola">gugus bola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elliptical_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliptical-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galaksi-galaksi terbesar di alam semesta berbentuk galaksi eliptis raksasa. Kebanyakan galaksi eliptis dipercayai terbentuk akibat interaksi antar galaksi yang menyebabkan tabrakan atau penggabungan.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_starburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi starburst">Galaksi starburst</a> merupakan akibat dari tabrakan yang demikian dan dapat menyebabkan pembentukan galaksi eliptis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiral">Spiral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Spiral" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Spiral"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral" title="Galaksi spiral">Galaksi spiral</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral_berbatang" title="Galaksi spiral berbatang">Galaksi spiral berbatang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Messier51_sRGB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Messier51_sRGB.jpg/220px-Messier51_sRGB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Messier51_sRGB.jpg/330px-Messier51_sRGB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Messier51_sRGB.jpg/440px-Messier51_sRGB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11477" data-file-height="7965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Pusaran" title="Galaksi Pusaran">Galaksi Pusaran</a> (kiri), sebuah galaksi spiral tanpa batang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galaksi spiral terdiri dari sebuah piringan bintang-bintang yang berotasi, materi antarbintang, serta sebuah <a href="/wiki/Tonjolan_galaksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonjolan galaksi">tonjolan</a> pusat yang terdiri dari bintang-bintang tua. Selain itu, terdapat lengan-lengan spiral terang yang menjulur dari tonjolan pusat. Dalam sistem klasifikasi Hubble, galaksi spiral digolongkan sebagai tipe <i>S</i>, diikuti sebuah huruf (<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, atau <i>c</i>) yang menunjukkan tingkat kerapatan dari lengan spiral dan ukuran dari tonjolan pusat. Galaksi <i>Sa</i> memiliki lengan spiral yang samar dan bergulung rapat, serta tonjolan pusat yang relatif besar. Sedangkan galaksi <i>Sc</i> memiliki lengan spiral yang jelas dan melebar serta tonjolan pusat yang relatif kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galaksi spiral dengan lengan yang tidak jelas terkadang disebut galaksi spiral <i>flocculent</i>. Sedang galaksi dengan lengan yang jelas dan menonjol disebut galaksi spiral <i>grand design</i>. </p><p>Dalam galaksi spiral, lengannya membentuk pola seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_logaritmis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiral logaritmis (halaman belum tersedia)">spiral logaritmis</a>, pola yang secara teoretis terbentuk karena adanya gangguan terhadap massa bintang yang berputar seragam. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_gelombang_kepadatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori gelombang kepadatan (halaman belum tersedia)">teori gelombang kepadatan</a> lengan spiral ini diperkirakan berisi materi berkepadatan tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-bertin_lin1996_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bertin_lin1996-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saat bintang melewati salah satu lengan galaksi kecepatannya dipengaruhi oleh gaya gravitasi daerah yang kepadatan materinya lebih tinggi, dan kembali normal saat bintang sudah melewatinya. Efek ini mirip dengan "gelombang" pelambatan mobil di jalan raya yang penuh mobil. Lengan galaksi terlihat jelas karena kepadatan materi yang tinggi memungkinkan pembentukan bintang sehingga terdapat banyak bintang muda dan terang di sana.<sup id="cite_ref-belkora355_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belkora355-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/300px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/450px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/600px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6637" data-file-height="3787" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_1300" title="NGC 1300">NGC 1300</a>, contoh galaksi spiral berbatang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sebagian besar galaksi spiral memiliki kumpulan bintang berbentuk batang lurus yang memanjang keluar dari sisi daerah inti dan kemudian bergabung dengan struktur lengan spiral.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sistem klasifikasi Hubble, galaksi ini dikategorikan sebagai <i>SB</i>, dan diikuti huruf (<i>a</i>, <i>b</i> atau <i>c</i>) yang mengindikasikan bentuk lengan spiralnya (serupa dengan penggolongan galaksi spiral biasa). Batang galaksi diperkirakan merupakan struktur sementara yang disebabkan oleh gelombang materi berkepadatan tinggi dari inti galaksi, atau karena interaksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasang_surut_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasang surut galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">pasang surut</a> dengan galaksi lain.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak galaksi spiral berbatang yang berinti aktif, kemungkinan karena adanya gas yang menuju ke inti melalui lengan spiral.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galaksi <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a> merupakan galaksi spiral berbatang ukuran besar<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan diameter sekitar 30 kiloparsec dan ketebalan sekitar satu kiloparsec. Bima Sakti memiliki sekitar 200 miliar (2×10<sup>11</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bintang dengan massa total sekitar 600 miliar (6×10<sup>11</sup>) kali massa Matahari.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk_lain">Bentuk lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hoag%27s_object.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoag%27s_object.jpg/220px-Hoag%27s_object.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoag%27s_object.jpg/330px-Hoag%27s_object.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoag%27s_object.jpg/440px-Hoag%27s_object.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Objek_Hoag" title="Objek Hoag">Objek Hoag</a>, merupakan <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_cincin" title="Galaksi cincin">galaksi cincin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_ganjil" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi ganjil">Galaksi ganjil</a> (<i>peculiar galaxy</i>) merupakan galaksi yang memiliki sifat-sifat yang tidak biasa karena interaksi pasang surut dengan galaksi lain. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_cincin" title="Galaksi cincin">galaksi cincin</a>, yang memiliki struktur mirip cincin berisi bintang dan materi antarbintang yang mengelilingi inti kosong. Galaksi cincin diperkirakan terbentuk saat galaksi kecil melewati inti galaksi yang lebih besar.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kejadian tersebut mungkin pernah dialami galaksi Andromeda yang memiliki beberapa struktur mirip cincin jika diamati pada spektrum inframerah.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ngc5866_hst_big.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngc5866_hst_big.png/220px-Ngc5866_hst_big.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngc5866_hst_big.png/330px-Ngc5866_hst_big.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngc5866_hst_big.png/440px-Ngc5866_hst_big.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="3756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_5866" title="NGC 5866">NGC 5866</a>, merupakan <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_lentikular" title="Galaksi lentikular">galaksi lentikular</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_lentikular" title="Galaksi lentikular">Galaksi lentikular</a> merupakan bentuk pertengahan yang memiliki sifat baik dari galaksi eliptis maupun galaksi spiral, dan dikategorikan sebagai tipe <i>S0</i> dan memiliki lengan spiral yang samar-samar serta halo berisi bintang yang berbentuk eliptis.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_lentikular_berbatang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi lentikular berbatang (halaman belum tersedia)">Galaksi lentikular berbatang</a> masuk dalam klasifikasi Hubble SB0). </p><p>Selain yang disebutkan dalam klasifikasi di atas, terdapat beberapa galaksi yang tidak dapat langsung digolongkan ke dalam bentuk eliptis atau spiral. Kelompok ini digolongkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_tak_beraturan" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi tak beraturan">galaksi tak beraturan</a>. Galaksi tak beraturan tipe Irr-I memiliki semacam struktur, namun tidak jelas masuk dalam salah satu klasifikasi Hubble. Galaksi tak beraturan tipe Irr-II tidak memiliki struktur apapun yang mirip klasifikasi Hubble, dan kemungkinan pernah terganggu oleh galaksi lain.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh terdekat galaksi (katai) iregular adalah <a href="/wiki/Awan_Magellan" title="Awan Magellan">Awan Magellan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katai">Katai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Katai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Katai"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_katai" title="Galaksi katai">Galaksi katai</a></div> <p>Meski galaksi eliptis dan spiral terlihat sangat menonjol, namun sepertinya sebagian besar galaksi di alam semesta merupakan galaksi katai. Galaksi katai tampak relatif kecil jika dibandingkan dengan galaksi lain, kira-kira hanya seperseratus dari ukuran Bima Sakti dan hanya berisi beberapa miliar bintang. Bahkan beberapa galaksi katai ultra-kompak baru-baru ini ditemukan yang hanya berukuran 100 parsec panjangnya.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa galaksi katai dapat mengitari sebuah galaksi tunggal yang lebih besar; Bima Sakti sendiri memiliki sedikitnya selusin satelit yang demikian, dengan perkiran 300–500 lagi belum ditemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galaksi katai dapat juga diklasifikasikan lagi menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_eliptis_katai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi eliptis katai (halaman belum tersedia)">eliptis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_spiral_katai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi spiral katai (halaman belum tersedia)">spiral</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_tak_beraturan" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi tak beraturan">tak beraturan</a>. Karena galaksi katai eliptis kecil hanya memiliki sedikit kemiripan dengan galaksi eliptis besar, maka mereka lebih sering disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_sferoid_katai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi sferoid katai (halaman belum tersedia)">galaksi sferoid katai</a>. </p><p>Sebuah penelitian terhadap 27 galaksi tetangga Bima Sakti, menemukan bahwa setiap galaksi katai memiliki massa pusat kurang lebih 10 juta <a href="/wiki/Massa_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Massa matahari">massa matahari</a> terlepas dari apakah galaksi tersebut memiliki seribu atau sejuta bintang. Hal ini mendorong pada kesimpulan bahwa galaksi sebagian besarnya terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a>, dan bahwa ukuran minimumnya mungkin menunjukkan keberadaan semacam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materi_gelap_hangat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materi gelap hangat (halaman belum tersedia)">materi gelap hangat</a>, yang tak mampu melakukan peleburan gravitasi dalam skala kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dinamika_dan_aktivitas_luar_biasa">Dinamika dan aktivitas luar biasa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Dinamika dan aktivitas luar biasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dinamika dan aktivitas luar biasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaksi">Interaksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Interaksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Interaksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_yang_berinteraksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi yang berinteraksi">Galaksi yang berinteraksi</a></div> <p>Jarak antar galaksi jika dibandingkan dengan ukurannya, tidaklah terlalu besar. Jarak rata-rata antar galaksi dalam sebuah gugus hanyalah beberapa puluh kali diameternya; bandingkan dengan jarak antar bintang dalam galaksi yang bisa mencapai ratusan ribu hingga jutaan kali ukurannya.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena itu interaksi antar galaksi cukup sering terjadi dan memainkan peranan penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_dan_evolusi_galaksi" title="Pembentukan dan evolusi galaksi">evolusinya</a>. Galaksi-galaksi yang berpapasan namun tidak benar-benar bersinggungan, akan menyebabkan terganggunya bentuk galaksi yang terlibat akibat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasang_surut_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasang surut galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">tarik menarik gravitasinya</a>, dan dapat menyebabkan pertukaran gas dan debu.<sup id="cite_ref-umda_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umda-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suia_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suia-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg/220px-Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg/330px-Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg/440px-Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="3885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Antena" title="Galaksi Antena">Galaksi Antena</a> sedang mengalami tabrakan yang akhirnya akan menyebabkan penggabungan kedua galaksi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tabrakan terjadi jika dua galaksi saling menembus tubuh masing-masing, namun masih memiliki momentum relatif yang cukup untuk tidak menyebabkan keduanya menyatu. Bintang-bintang dalam kedua galaksi ini biasanya bergerak lolos tanpa bertabrakan. Namun gas dan debu dari kedua galaksi akan berinteraksi. Hal ini dapat memicu lonjakan pembentukan bintang-bintang baru ketika medium antarbintang terganggu dan terpampatkan. Tabrakan dapat mengubah secara radikal bentuk salah satu atau kedua galaksi, dan menciptakan struktur-struktur baru seperti batang, cincin atau ekor galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-umda_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umda-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suia_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suia-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interaksi antar galaksi yang paling ekstrem adalah penggabungan galaksi. Dalam kasus ini, momentum relatif kedua galaksi tidak cukup untuk kedua galaksi dapat saling menembus. Yang terjadi malah, kedua galaksi tersebut perlahan bergabung membentuk galaksi tunggal yang lebih besar. Penggabungan dapat menyebabkan perubahan luar biasa terhadap bentuk galaksi jika dibandingkan dengan bentuk kedua galaksi asal. Namun, jika salah satu galaksi jauh lebih besar dari yang lainnya, penggabungan demikian disebut <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_yang_berinteraksi#kanibalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi yang berinteraksi">kanibalisme</a>. Dalam kasus ini, galaksi yang lebih besar akan tetap relatif tak terganggu akibat penggabungan tersebut, sementara galaksi yang lebih kecil tercabik-cabik. Galaksi Bima Sakti saat ini sedang dalam proses penganibalan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_Eliptis_Katai_Sagitarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi Eliptis Katai Sagitarius (halaman belum tersedia)">Galaksi Eliptis Katai Sagitarius</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Katai_Canis_Major" title="Galaksi Katai Canis Major">Galaksi Katai Canis Major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-umda_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umda-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suia_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suia-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starburst">Starburst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Starburst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Starburst"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_starburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi starburst">Galaksi starburst</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg/220px-M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg/330px-M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg/440px-M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9500" data-file-height="7400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messier_82" title="Messier 82">M82</a>, contoh utama galaksi starburst, mengalami peningkatan 10 kali lipat<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dalam laju pembentukan bintang dibandingkan dengan galaksi yang "normal".</figcaption></figure> <p>Bintang diciptakan dalam galaksi dari cadangan gas dingin yang berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Awan_molekul" title="Awan molekul">awan molekul</a> raksasa. Galaksi-galaksi yang membentuk bintang dengan laju yang luar biasa dikenal sebagai galaksi starburst. Namun galaksi-galaksi yang demikian akan memakan habis cadangan gasnya dalam rentang waktu yang jauh lebih pendek dari umur galaksi itu sendiri. Karena itu, aktivitas pembentukan bintang biasanya hanya berlangsung selama sekitar 10 juta tahun; sebuah jangka waktu yang relatif pendek dalam sejarah hidup sebuah galaksi. Galaksi starburst lebih sering dijumpai dalam masa-masa awal alam semesta,<sup id="cite_ref-chandra_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandra-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan saat ini masih menyumbang sebesar sekitar 15% dari total laju pembentukan bintang.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galaksi starburst ditandai oleh adanya konsentrasi gas penuh debu dan kemunculan bintang-bintang yang baru dibentuk, termasuk bintang-bintang masif yang mengionisasi awan-awan molekul di sekitarnya dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_H_II" title="Wilayah H II">wilayah-wilayah H II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bintang-bintang masif ini menghasilkan ledakan <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, yang mengakibatkan menyebarnya <a href="/wiki/Sisa-sisa_supernova" title="Sisa-sisa supernova">sisa-sisa supernova</a> dan berinteraksi dengan kuat dengan gas-gas di sekitarnya. Hal ini memicu reaksi berantai pembentukan bintang yang menyebar ke seluruh wilayah galaksi yang berisi gas. Hanya ketika gas yang tersedia sudah hampir habis atau menyebar, maka aktivitas pembentukan bintang berhenti.<sup id="cite_ref-chandra_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandra-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galaksi starburst sering diasosiasikan dengan galaksi-galaksi yang sedang bergabung atau berinteraksi. Contoh dasar dari interaksi yang menghasilkan galaksi starburst adalah <a href="/wiki/Messier_82" title="Messier 82">M82</a>, yang tadinya berpapasan dengan galaksi <a href="/wiki/Messier_81" title="Messier 81">M81</a> yang lebih besar. Galaksi tak beraturan sering kali memiliki titik-titik aktivitas pembentukan bintang yang tersebar.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inti_aktif">Inti aktif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Inti aktif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Inti aktif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inti_aktif_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inti aktif galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Inti aktif galaksi</a></div> <p>Sebagian dari galaksi yang dapat kita amati tergolong aktif. Maksudnya, di dalam galaksi tersebut terdapat sebuah sumber tunggal selain bintang, debu atau <a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">medium antarbintang</a> yang memancarkan energi dalam jumlah yang signifikan dari keseluruhan energi keluarannya. </p><p>Model standar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inti_aktif_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inti aktif galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">inti aktif galaksi</a> terdiri atas sebuah <a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam_supermasif" title="Lubang hitam supermasif">lubang hitam supermasif</a> pada wilayah inti galaksi, dan <a href="/wiki/Piringan_akresi" title="Piringan akresi">piringan akresi</a> yang mengelilingi lubang hitam tersebut. Radiasi dari inti aktif galaksi diakibatkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_gravitasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi gravitasi (halaman belum tersedia)">energi gravitasi</a> materi yang terjatuh dari piringan akresi ke dalam lubang hitam.<sup id="cite_ref-keel_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keel-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kira-kira 10% inti aktif galaksi menghasilkan sepasang semburan berenergi tinggi dengan arah yang berlawanan, yang melontarkan partikel-partikel dengan kecepatan mendekati <a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_cahaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan cahaya">kecepatan cahaya</a>. Mekanisme penghasilan semburan ini masih belum dimengerti dengan baik.<sup id="cite_ref-monster_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monster-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:M87_jet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/220px-M87_jet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/330px-M87_jet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/440px-M87_jet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah semburan partikel-partikel sedang dipancarkan dari inti sebuah galaksi radio eliptis <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">M87</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galaksi-galaksi aktif yang memancarkan radiasi tinggi energi dalam bentuk sinar x diklasifikasikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Seyfert" title="Galaksi Seyfert">Galaksi Seyfert</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kuasar" title="Kuasar">kuasar</a>, tergantung kecemerlangannya. Dapat juga berupa <a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a> yang dipercaya merupakan galaksi aktif yang salah satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semburan_relativistis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semburan relativistis (halaman belum tersedia)">semburan relativistis</a>-nya mengarah ke bumi. Ada juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi radio (halaman belum tersedia)">galaksi radio</a> yang memancarkan frekuensi radio dari semburan relativistis. Sebuah model terpadu dari jenis-jenis galaksi aktif ini menjelaskan bahwa perbedaan tiap jenis didasarkan pada sudut pandang pengamat.<sup id="cite_ref-monster_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monster-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LINER (halaman belum tersedia)">Daerah garis-emisi inti rendah-ionisasi</a> (LINER) kemungkinan ada hubungannya dengan inti aktif galaksi (dan juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daerah_starburst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daerah starburst (halaman belum tersedia)">daerah starburst</a>). Emisi dari galaksi tipe LINER didominasi oleh unsur-unsur yang ter<a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionisasi</a> dengan lemah.<sup id="cite_ref-heckman1980_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heckman1980-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar sepertiga dari galaksi yang ada di sekitar kita tergolong memiliki inti LINER.<sup id="cite_ref-keel_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keel-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heckman1980_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heckman1980-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hoetal1997b_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoetal1997b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan_dan_evolusi">Pembentukan dan evolusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pembentukan dan evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembentukan dan evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_dan_evolusi_galaksi" title="Pembentukan dan evolusi galaksi">Pembentukan dan evolusi galaksi</a></div> <p>Studi tentang pembentukan dan evolusi galaksi berusaha untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana galaksi terbentuk dan jalur evolusi yang ditempuhnya sepanjang sejarah alam semesta. Beberapa teori di bidang ini telah dapat diterima secara luas, tetapi bidang ini masih merupakan bidang yang aktif berkembang dalam <a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">astrofisika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembentukan">Pembentukan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Pembentukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembentukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Young_Galaxy_Accreting_Material.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Young_Galaxy_Accreting_Material.jpg/220px-Young_Galaxy_Accreting_Material.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Young_Galaxy_Accreting_Material.jpg/330px-Young_Galaxy_Accreting_Material.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Young_Galaxy_Accreting_Material.jpg/440px-Young_Galaxy_Accreting_Material.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Gambaran seniman tentang sebuah galaksi muda sedang menarik bahan pembentuknya. Kredit <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>/L. Calçada</figcaption></figure> <p>Model kosmologi yang ada saat ini mengenai alam semesta awal didasarkan pada teori <a href="/wiki/Dentuman_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentuman Besar">Dentuman Besar</a>. Sekitar 300.000 tahun setelah peristiwa Dentuman Besar, atom-atom <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> mulai terbentuk, dalam sebuah peristiwa yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekombinasi_(kosmologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekombinasi (kosmologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">rekombinasi</a>. Hampir semua hidrogen adalah netral (tidak terionisasi) dan dengan mudah menyerap cahaya, serta belum ada bintang yang terbentuk. Akibatnya periode ini disebut "<a href="/wiki/Kronologi_alam_semesta#Zaman_kegelapan" title="Kronologi alam semesta">Zaman Kegelapan</a>". Dari fluktuasi kepadatan (atau ketidakseragaman <a href="/wiki/Anisotropi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisotropi">anisotropi</a>) dalam materi purba inilah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembentukan_struktur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembentukan struktur (halaman belum tersedia)">struktur-struktur yang lebih besar</a> mulai muncul. Hasilnya, massa materi <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barionik</a> mulai memadat dalam cincin cahaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materi_gelap_dingin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materi gelap dingin (halaman belum tersedia)">materi gelap dingin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hqrdvj_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hqrdvj-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rmaa17_107_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmaa17_107-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur-struktur primordial inilah yang akhirnya menjadi galaksi yang kita lihat hari ini. </p><p>Bukti tentang kemunculan awal galaksi ditemukan pada tahun 2006, ketika diketahui bahwa galaksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=IOK-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IOK-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">IOK-1</a> memiliki <a href="/wiki/Geseran_merah" class="mw-redirect" title="Geseran merah">geseran merah</a> yang luar biasa tinggi sebesar 6,96, setara dengan jangka waktu hanya 750 juta tahun setelah Dentuman Besar. Hal ini menjadikannya sebagai galaksi terjauh dan paling purba yang pernah dilihat.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun beberapa ilmuwan mengklaim objek lainlah (misalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_Abell_1835_IR1916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi Abell 1835 IR1916 (halaman belum tersedia)">galaksi Abell 1835 IR1916</a>) yang memiliki geseran merah lebih tinggi (dan karena itu sudah ada pada tahap yang lebih awal dalam evolusi alam semesta), namun usia dan komposisi IOK-1 ditentukan dengan cara yang lebih dapat diandalkan. Adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protogalaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protogalaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">protogalaksi</a> yang seawal itu kemunculannya menunjukkan bahwa protogalaksi tersebut pastilah berkembang dalam apa yang disebut "Zaman Kegelapan".<sup id="cite_ref-hqrdvj_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hqrdvj-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, pada bulan Desember 2012 para astronom melaporkan bahwa galaksi <a href="/wiki/UDFj-39546284" title="UDFj-39546284">UDFj-39546284</a> adalah galaksi terjauh yang diketahui dengan nilai geseran merah 11,9. Galaksi tersebut diperkirakan sudah ada sejak sekitar "380 juta tahun"<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20121212_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20121212-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> setelah <a href="/wiki/Dentuman_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentuman Besar">Dentuman Besar</a> (setara dengan sekitar 13,8 miliar tahun yang lalu),<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmic_Detectives_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmic_Detectives-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan berjarak kira-kira 13,42 miliar tahun cahaya. </p><p>Bagaimana proses rinci terbentuknya galaksi seawal itu berlangsung masih merupakan sebuah pertanyaan pokok yang belum terjawab dalam astronomi. Teori yang ada dapat dibagi dalam dua kategori: dari atas ke bawah (<i>top down</i>) atau dari bawah ke atas (<i>bottom-up</i>). Dalam teori <i>top-down</i> (seperti model Eggen-Lynden-Bell-Sandage [ELS]), protogalaksi terbentuk dalam sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Runtuhan_gravitasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Runtuhan gravitasi (halaman belum tersedia)">runtuhan</a> serentak berskala besar yang berlangsung selama kira-kira seratus juta tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam teori <i>bottom-up</i> (seperti model Searle-Zinn [SZ]), struktur kecil seperti <a href="/wiki/Gugus_bola" title="Gugus bola">gugus bola</a> terbentuk dahulu, lalu kemudian sejumlah struktur tersebut bergabung untuk membentuk galaksi yang lebih besar.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Begitu protogalaksi mulai terbentuk dan mengerut, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_halo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang halo (halaman belum tersedia)">bintang-bintang halo</a> pertama pun (disebut bintang <a href="/wiki/Metalisitas#Bintang_Populasi_III" title="Metalisitas">Populasi III</a>) muncul di dalamnya. Bintang-bintang ini tersusun hampir seluruhnya oleh hidrogen dan helium dan kemungkinan berukuran masif. Jika memang benar demikian, maka bintang-bintang yang sangat besar ini akan menghabiskan pasokan bahan bakarnya dengan cepat dan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, melepaskan unsur-unsur berat ke <a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">medium antarbintang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bintang-bintang generasi pertama ini mengionisasi ulang hidrogen netral sekitarnya, menciptakan gelembung ruang yang mengembang yang bisa dengan mudah dilalui cahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolusi">Evolusi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam masa satu miliar tahun pembentukan galaksi, struktur-struktur kunci mulai muncul: <a href="/wiki/Gugus_bola" title="Gugus bola">gugus-gugus bola</a>, lubang hitam supermasif pusat, dan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Tonjolan_(astronomi)" title="Tonjolan (astronomi)">tonjolan galaksi</a> yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Metalisitas#Bintang_Populasi_II" title="Metalisitas">bintang Populasi II</a> yang miskin logam sudah terbentuk. Terciptanya sebuah lubang hitam supermasif tampaknya memainkan peranan penting dalam mengatur pertumbuhan galaksi secara aktif, dengan membatasi jumlah materi tambahan yang ditambahkan.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sepanjang epos awal ini, galaksi mengalami lonjakan besar pembentukan bintang.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selama dua miliar tahun berikutnya, akumulasi materi mengendap menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piringan_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piringan galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">piringan galaksi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sepanjang hidupnya sebuah galaksi akan terus menyerap materi yang tertarik dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awan_kecepatan_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awan kecepatan tinggi (halaman belum tersedia)">awan kecepatan tinggi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_katai" title="Galaksi katai">galaksi katai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Materi tersebut kebanyakan adalah hidrogen dan helium. Siklus kelahiran dan kematian bintang perlahan-lahan meningkatkan kelimpahan unsur-unsur berat yang akhirnya memungkinkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembentukan_planet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembentukan planet (halaman belum tersedia)">pembentukan planet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evolusi galaksi dapat secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh interaksi dan tabrakan. Penggabungan galaksi merupakan hal yang biasa terjadi selama epos awal, dan kebanyakan galaksi dalam masa ini memiliki bentuk yang aneh.<sup id="cite_ref-sa296_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa296-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mengingat jarak antara bintang-bintang yang berjauhan, sebagian besar sistem bintang pada galaksi yang bertabrakan tidak akan terpengaruh. Namun, pelucutan gravitasional yang dialami gas dan debu antarbintang pada lengan spiral galaksi akan menghasilkan deretan panjang bintang-bintang yang dikenal sebagai ekor tidal. Contoh formasi ini dapat dilihat pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_4676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 4676 (halaman belum tersedia)">NGC 4676</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Antena" title="Galaksi Antena">Galaksi Antena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai contoh untuk interaksi yang demikian adalah galaksi Bima Sakti dan galaksi Andromeda di dekatnya. Keduanya saling bergerak menuju satu sama lain dengan kecepatan kira-kira 130 km/s, dan tergantung pada pergerakan menyisinya, keduanya dapat bertabrakan dalam waktu sekitar lima sampai enam juta tahun. Meskipun Bima Sakti tidak pernah bertabrakan dengan galaksi sebesar Andromeda sebelumnya, bukti akan tabrakan Bima Sakti dengan galaksi katai yang lebih kecil pada masa lalu semakin banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interaksi skala besar semacam itu jarang terjadi. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, penggabungan dari dua sistem yang berukuran sama menjadi semakin jarang terjadi. Kebanyakan galaksi terang secara fundamental tetap tidak berubah selama beberapa miliar tahun terakhir, dan laju bersih pembentukan bintang mungkin mencapai puncaknya juga pada kira-kira sepuluh miliar tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kecenderungan_pada_masa_depan">Kecenderungan pada masa depan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Kecenderungan pada masa depan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kecenderungan pada masa depan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saat ini kebanyakan pembentukan bintang terjadi pada galaksi yang lebih kecil, di mana gas dingin belum begitu terkuras.<sup id="cite_ref-sa296_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa296-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galaksi spiral seperti Bima Sakti, hanya memproduksi bintang-bintang generasi baru selama mereka masih memiliki <a href="/wiki/Awan_molekul" title="Awan molekul">awan molekul</a> padat, berisi hidrogen antarbintang, di lengan spiralnya.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galaksi-galaksi eliptis hampir tidak memiliki gas ini lagi, sehingga tidak membentuk bintang baru lagi.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persediaan bahan pembentuk bintang di alam semesta terbatas. Begitu bintang-bintang selesai mengubah persediaan yang ada dari hidrogen menjadi unsur yang lebih berat, pembentukan bintang baru akan berakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-cosmic_battle_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmic_battle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Era pembentukan bintang yang sedang berlangsung saat ini diperkirakan akan terus berlanjut sampai 100 miliar tahun ke depan. Kemudian "zaman bintang" akan berangsur-angsur memudar setelah sekitar 10–100 triliun tahun (10<sup>13</sup>–10<sup>14</sup> tahun), saat bintang terkecil dan terlama hidup, <a href="/wiki/Katai_merah" title="Katai merah">katai merah</a> kecil, mulai meredup. Pada akhir zaman bintang, galaksi hanya akan terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Bintang_kompak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bintang kompak">objek-objek kompak</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katai_coklat" class="mw-redirect" title="Katai coklat">katai coklat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katai_putih" title="Katai putih">katai putih</a> yang sedang mendingin atau yang sudah dingin ("<a href="/wiki/Katai_hitam" title="Katai hitam">katai hitam</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Bintang_neutron" title="Bintang neutron">bintang neutron</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam" title="Lubang hitam">lubang hitam</a>. Akhirnya, sebagai hasil dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relaksasi_(fisika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relaksasi (fisika) (halaman belum tersedia)">relaksasi gravitasi</a>, semua bintang akan terjatuh ke pusat lubang hitam supermasif atau dapat terlempar ke ruang antargalaksi sebagai akibat dari tabrakan.<sup id="cite_ref-cosmic_battle_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmic_battle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur_skala_besar">Struktur skala besar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur skala besar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur skala besar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati#Struktur_skala_besar" title="Alam semesta teramati">Alam semesta teramati § Struktur skala besar</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_dan_gugus_galaksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelompok dan gugus galaksi">Kelompok dan gugus galaksi</a></div> <p>Survei terhadap langit jauh menunjukkan bahwa galaksi sering kali ditemukan relatif berdekatan dengan galaksi lain. Galaksi terasing yang selama satu miliar tahun terakhir tidak berinteraksi secara signifikan dengan galaksi lain yang bermassa sebanding, relatif langka. Hanya sekitar 5% dari galaksi yang disurvei ditemukan benar-benar terpencil. Namun, formasi terpencil ini mungkin pernah berinteraksi atau bahkan bergabung dengan galaksi lain pada masa lalu, dan mungkin masih diedari oleh beberapa galaksi satelit yang lebih kecil. Galaksi terpencil<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bisa menghasilkan bintang dengan laju yang jauh di atas normal, karena gas dalam galaksi yang demikian tidak terlucuti oleh gravitasi galaksi lain.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Seyfert_Sextet_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seyfert_Sextet_full.jpg/230px-Seyfert_Sextet_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seyfert_Sextet_full.jpg/345px-Seyfert_Sextet_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seyfert_Sextet_full.jpg/460px-Seyfert_Sextet_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekstet_Seyfert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekstet Seyfert (halaman belum tersedia)">Sekstet Seyfert</a> contoh dari kelompok kompak galaksi</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Dalam skala terbesar, alam semesta ini terus mengembang, mengakibatkan jarak antara tiap galaksi rata-rata bertambah (lihat <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Hubble" title="Hukum Hubble">hukum Hubble</a>). Hubungan antar galaksi dapat menghambat pengembangan ini dalam skala lokal melalui tarikan gravitasi timbal balik mereka. Hubungan ini terbentuk di awal alam semesta, saat gumpalan materi gelap tiap galaksi menarik galaksinya masing-masing untuk saling mendekat. Kelompok-kelompok galaksi yang berdekatan kemudian bergabung untuk membentuk gugus-gugus berskala lebih besar. Proses penggabungan yang berlangsung (serta aliran gas yang tertarik) memanaskan gas antar galaksi dalam gugus galaksi ke suhu yang sangat tinggi, mencapai 30–100 juta derajat celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 70–80% massa sebuah gugus galaksi berada dalam bentuk materi gelap, sedang 10–30% terdiri dari gas panas ini dan beberapa persen sisanya dalam bentuk galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebanyakan galaksi di alam semesta terikat secara gravitasi ke sejumlah galaksi lain. Hal ini menciptakan sebuah hierarki yang berbentuk seperti <a href="/wiki/Fraktal" title="Fraktal">fraktal</a> dari struktur-struktur alam semesta, dengan gabungan terkecil dinamakan kelompok galaksi. Kelompok galaksi adalah jenis kumpulan galaksi yang paling umum, serta kelompok-kelompok tersebut mengandung sebagian besar galaksi (serta sebagian besar massa <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barionik</a>) di Alam Semesta.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk tetap terikat secara gravitasi dalam kelompok yang seperti itu, masing-masing galaksi anggota harus memiliki kecepatan yang cukup rendah untuk mencegahnya terlepas (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorema_Virial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema Virial (halaman belum tersedia)">teorema Virial</a>). Namun, jika <a href="/wiki/Energi_kinetik" title="Energi kinetik">energi kinetik</a> tidak mencukupi, sebuah kelompok galaksi dapat berubah menjadi kelompok dengan jumlah galaksi lebih sedikit dengan penggabungan galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Struktur yang lebih besar, berisi ribuan galaksi yang berkumpul dalam suatu daerah yang panjangnya beberapa megaparsec, disebut gugus galaksi. Gugus galaksi sering kali didominasi oleh sebuah galaksi eliptis berukuran raksasa, yang dapat dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brightest_cluster_galaxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brightest cluster galaxy (halaman belum tersedia)">galaksi paling terang dalam gugus tersebut</a>. Galaksi ini dari waktu ke waktu dengan <a href="/wiki/Gaya_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya pasang surut">gaya pasang surut gravitasi</a> akan menghancurkan galaksi-galaksi satelitnya dan menyerap mereka ke dalam dirinya sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gugus_raksasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugus raksasa">Gugus raksasa</a> (<i>supercluster</i>) berisi puluhan ribu galaksi, yang dapat berupa gugus galaksi, kelompok galaksi atau kadang-kadang galaksi tersendiri. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati#Struktur_skala_besar" title="Alam semesta teramati">skala gugus raksasa</a>, galaksi tersusun dalam lapisan-lapisan dan untaian-untaian yang mengelilingi sebuah kehampaan yang luas.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di atas skala ini, alam semesta tampak sama di semua arah (<a href="/wiki/Isotropi" title="Isotropi">isotropis</a> dan homogen).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galaksi Bimasakti sendiri merupakan anggota kelompok galaksi yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_Lokal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelompok Lokal">Kelompok Lokal</a> (<i>Local Group</i>); sebuah kelompok galaksi yang relatif kecil dan memiliki diameter sekitar satu megaparsec. Galaksi Bima Sakti dan Andromeda adalah dua galaksi paling terang dalam kelompok ini; kebanyakan galaksi anggota lainnya merupakan galaksi katai satelit dari kedua galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelompok Lokal sendiri merupakan bagian dari sebuah struktur seperti awan yang berada dalam <a href="/wiki/Gugus_raksasa_Virgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugus raksasa Virgo">gugus raksasa Virgo</a> (<i>Virgo supercluster</i>), sebuah struktur luas berukuran besar dari kelompok-kelompok dan gugus-gugus galaksi yang terpusat pada <a href="/wiki/Gugus_Virgo" title="Gugus Virgo">gugus Virgo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tully1982_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tully1982-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengamatan_dalam_berbagai_panjang_gelombang">Pengamatan dalam berbagai panjang gelombang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Pengamatan dalam berbagai panjang gelombang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengamatan dalam berbagai panjang gelombang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_pengamatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi pengamatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Astronomi pengamatan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/220px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/330px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/440px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6200" data-file-height="6200" /></a><figcaption>Gambar ultraungu Galaksi Andromeda ini menunjukkan wilayah berwarna biru yang memuat bintang-bintang masif muda.</figcaption></figure> <p>Setelah diketahui bahwa terdapat galaksi-galaksi di luar Bima Sakti, pengamatan-pengamatan awal yang dilakukan kebanyakan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_kasatmata" title="Spektrum kasatmata">cahaya kasatmata</a>. Radiasi puncak kebanyakan bintang memang berada dalam spektrum ini, sehingga pengetahuan yang berhubungan dengan pengamatan terhadap bintang-bintang pembentuk galaksi merupakan bagian penting dari bidang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_optik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi optik (halaman belum tersedia)">astronomi optik</a>. Spektrum ini juga cocok digunakan untuk mengamati <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_H_II" title="Wilayah H II">wilayah-wilayah H II</a> yang terionisasi, dan untuk memeriksa distribusi lengan debu galaksi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Debu_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Debu kosmis">Debu</a> yang ada dalam medium antarbintang sulit ditembus oleh cahaya kasatmata, namun lebih transparan terhadap cahaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_inframerah-jauh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi inframerah-jauh (halaman belum tersedia)">inframerah-jauh</a>. Sebab itu cahaya inframerah-jauh dapat digunakan untuk mengamati dengan rinci daerah dalam awan molekul raksasa dan daerah inti galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">Inframerah</a> juga digunakan untuk mengamati galaksi jauh yang mengalami <a href="/wiki/Geseran_merah" class="mw-redirect" title="Geseran merah">geseran merah</a>, yang terbentuk pada masa awal alam semesta. Uap air dan karbon dioksida menyerap sebagian dari spektrum inframerah yang dapat dimanfaatkan, sehingga teleskop yang terletak di dataran tinggi atau di ruang angkasa digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_inframerah" title="Astronomi inframerah">astronomi inframerah</a>. </p><p>Penelitian pertama terhadap galaksi dalam spektrum cahaya tak kasatmata, khususnya galaksi aktif, dilakukan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_radio" title="Astronomi radio">frekuensi radio</a>. Atmosfer bumi hampir transparan terhadap gelombang antara 5 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a> sampai 30 GHz. (<a href="/wiki/Ionosfer" title="Ionosfer">Ionosfer</a> menghalangi sinyal di bawah rentang ini).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Interferometri" title="Interferometri">Interferometer</a> radio berukuran besar digunakan untuk memetakan semburan-semburan aktif yang dipancarkan dari inti galaksi aktif. <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_radio" title="Teleskop radio">Teleskop radio</a> dapat juga digunakan untuk mengamati atom-atom hidrogen netral di luar angkasa (lewat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_hidrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">radiasi gelombang 21 cm</a>), kemungkinan termasuk materi tak terionisasi di alam semesta awal, yang kemudian runtuh membentuk galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_Ultraungu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi Ultraungu (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinar ultraungu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_sinar_x" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomi sinar x">teleskop sinar x</a> dapat digunakan untuk mengamati fenomena tinggi energi galaksi. Sebuah suar ultraungu teramati ketika sebuah bintang di galaksi yang jauh tercabik-cabik akibat gaya pasang surut gravitasi sebuah lubang hitam.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distribusi gas panas dalam gugus galaksi dapat dipetakan dengan menggunakan sinar x. Keberadaan lubang hitam supermasif pada inti galaksi juga dibuktikan dengan astronomi sinar x.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galaksi_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah">Galaksi dalam fiksi ilmiah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Galaksi dalam fiksi ilmiah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Galaksi dalam fiksi ilmiah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Galaxymap_p1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Galaxymap_p1.jpg/250px-Galaxymap_p1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Galaxymap_p1.jpg/375px-Galaxymap_p1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Galaxymap_p1.jpg/500px-Galaxymap_p1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1695" /></a><figcaption>Peta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_(Star_Wars)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi (Star Wars) (halaman belum tersedia)">galaksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a>, seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu astronomi dan pengetahuan bahwa alam semesta sebenarnya berisi jutaan galaksi,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bidang <a href="/wiki/Fiksi_ilmiah" title="Fiksi ilmiah">fiksi ilmiah</a> juga mengalami semacam perkembangan paralel. Penemuan-penemuan baru merangsang khayalan para penulis dan sutradara, yang kemudian menciptakan galaksi-galaksi fiktif tempat berlangsungnya berbagai cerita kepahlawanan, perang galaksi dan peradaban makhluk asing.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galaksi fiktif yang paling terkenal adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_(Star_Wars)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi (Star Wars) (halaman belum tersedia)">galaksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a>. Galaksi Star Wars kira-kira berbentuk spiral, atau paling tidak berbentuk antara spiral dan eliptis;<sup id="cite_ref-starwars_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starwars-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diisi oleh banyak peradaban dengan bahasanya masing-masing dan juga suatu <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua franca">bahasa pemersatu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Galactic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Galactic (halaman belum tersedia)">Basic Galactic</a>. Beberapa daerah dalam galaksi ini belum tereksplorasi, baik karena sulit dijangkau atau karena anomali magnetis yang kuat, sementara lengan luar galaksi dan daerah berjarak menengah dari inti galaksi sudah dikenal dengan baik dan berpenduduk.<sup id="cite_ref-starwars_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starwars-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam film <a href="/wiki/Stargate_(film)" title="Stargate (film)">Stargate</a>, sebuah galaksi yang terletak di daerah terpencil alam semesta, bernama Galaksi Kalium, memiliki sebuah planet yang dapat dicapai melalui sebuah alat spesial berbentuk seperti cincin raksasa, bernama <i>Stargate</i> (gerbang bintang). Di planet ini terdapat sebuah peradaban manusia yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Mesir_kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesir kuno">Mesir kuno</a>, dan memuja dewa yang merupakan seorang makhluk asing bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra_(Stargate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ra (Stargate) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stargate1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stargate1-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam serial televisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stargate_(serial_televisi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stargate (serial televisi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Stargate</a> setelah itu, ditemukan beberapa sistem koordinat lainnya untuk <i>Stargate</i>, yang menuju ke dunia-dunia lain berjarak jauh.<sup id="cite_ref-Stargate_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stargate-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam serial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stargate_Atlantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stargate Atlantis (halaman belum tersedia)">Stargate Atlantis</a>, terdapat koordinat spesial kedelapan (bukannya tujuh seperti dalam serial sebelumnya) yang memungkinkan penggunanya mencapai sebuah galaksi jauh yang terletak di rasi bintang <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rasi_bintang)" title="Pegasus (rasi bintang)">Pegasus</a>. Di situ terdapat kota hilang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis_(Stargate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantis (Stargate) (halaman belum tersedia)">Atlantis</a>, sebuah kota besar berteknologi ultra tinggi yang ditinggalkan sebuah peradaban kuno yang disebut "<i>The Ancients</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Stargate_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stargate-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watergate_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watergate-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat perbedaan dalam cerita latar belakang antara film dan serial televisinya. Dalam serial televisinya, Planet Ra "berada" dalam galaksi kita, dan untuk mendapat akses ke galaksi luar, kepada penonton dinyatakan bahwa stargate memiliki delapan simbol, bukannya tujuh.<sup id="cite_ref-gwfaq_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwfaq-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam permainan video <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spore_(video_game)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spore (video game) (halaman belum tersedia)">Spore</a>, menu utamanya berupa sebuah galaksi spiral dengan lima lengan, dan permainan yang tersimpan diindikasikan dengan lingkaran, yang mana bila lingkarannya berwarna kuning berarti tidak terdapat permainan yang tersimpan dan biru berisi permainan yang tersimpan. Lingkaran tersebut juga menunjukkan posisi bintang di dalam galaksi tersebut di mana terdapat planet awal yang bisa dipilih pemain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeri_foto">Galeri foto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Galeri foto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Galeri foto"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:M33.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galaksi Triangulum"><img alt="Galaksi Triangulum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M33.jpg/120px-M33.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M33.jpg/180px-M33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M33.jpg/240px-M33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="2904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Triangulum" title="Galaksi Triangulum">Galaksi Triangulum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ngc253_2mass_barred_spiral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 253"><img alt="NGC 253" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ngc253_2mass_barred_spiral.jpg/120px-Ngc253_2mass_barred_spiral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ngc253_2mass_barred_spiral.jpg/180px-Ngc253_2mass_barred_spiral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ngc253_2mass_barred_spiral.jpg/240px-Ngc253_2mass_barred_spiral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_253" title="NGC 253">NGC 253</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NGC_4414_(NASA-med).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 4414"><img alt="NGC 4414" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/120px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/180px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/240px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_4414" title="NGC 4414">NGC 4414</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Warped_galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ESO 510-G13"><img alt="ESO 510-G13" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Warped_galaxy.jpg/120px-Warped_galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Warped_galaxy.jpg/180px-Warped_galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Warped_galaxy.jpg/240px-Warped_galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/ESO_510-G13" title="ESO 510-G13">ESO 510-G13</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 1300"><img alt="NGC 1300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/120px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/180px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/240px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6637" data-file-height="3787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_1300" title="NGC 1300">NGC 1300</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galaksi Andromeda dalam inframerah"><img alt="Galaksi Andromeda dalam inframerah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/120px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/180px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/240px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8193" data-file-height="2410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda">Galaksi Andromeda</a> dalam inframerah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy_hi-res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galaksi Sombrero"><img alt="Galaksi Sombrero" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy_hi-res.jpg/120px-M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy_hi-res.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy_hi-res.jpg/180px-M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy_hi-res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy_hi-res.jpg/240px-M104_ngc4594_sombrero_galaxy_hi-res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11472" data-file-height="6429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Sombrero" title="Galaksi Sombrero">Galaksi Sombrero</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hubble_Interacting_Galaxy_NGC_6050_(2008-04-24).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 6050"><img alt="NGC 6050" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hubble_Interacting_Galaxy_NGC_6050_%282008-04-24%29.jpg/120px-Hubble_Interacting_Galaxy_NGC_6050_%282008-04-24%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hubble_Interacting_Galaxy_NGC_6050_%282008-04-24%29.jpg/180px-Hubble_Interacting_Galaxy_NGC_6050_%282008-04-24%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hubble_Interacting_Galaxy_NGC_6050_%282008-04-24%29.jpg/240px-Hubble_Interacting_Galaxy_NGC_6050_%282008-04-24%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_6050" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 6050">NGC 6050</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Messier_74_by_HST.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="M74"><img alt="M74" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Messier_74_by_HST.jpg/120px-Messier_74_by_HST.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Messier_74_by_HST.jpg/180px-Messier_74_by_HST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Messier_74_by_HST.jpg/240px-Messier_74_by_HST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4014" data-file-height="3865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M74" class="mw-redirect" title="M74">M74</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NGC2207%2BIC2163.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galaksi Pusaran"><img alt="Galaksi Pusaran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NGC2207%2BIC2163.jpg/120px-NGC2207%2BIC2163.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NGC2207%2BIC2163.jpg/180px-NGC2207%2BIC2163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NGC2207%2BIC2163.jpg/240px-NGC2207%2BIC2163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Pusaran" title="Galaksi Pusaran">Galaksi Pusaran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NGC_1672_HST.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 1672"><img alt="NGC 1672" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NGC_1672_HST.jpg/120px-NGC_1672_HST.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NGC_1672_HST.jpg/180px-NGC_1672_HST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NGC_1672_HST.jpg/240px-NGC_1672_HST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5302" data-file-height="3805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_1672&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 1672 (halaman belum tersedia)">NGC 1672</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ngc1316_hst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 1316"><img alt="NGC 1316" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ngc1316_hst.jpg/118px-Ngc1316_hst.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ngc1316_hst.jpg/177px-Ngc1316_hst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ngc1316_hst.jpg/236px-Ngc1316_hst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_1316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 1316 (halaman belum tersedia)">NGC 1316</a></div> </li> </ul></center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_gelap" title="Galaksi gelap">Galaksi gelap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orientasi_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orientasi galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Orientasi galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_dan_evolusi_galaksi" title="Pembentukan dan evolusi galaksi">Pembentukan dan evolusi galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_galaksi" title="Daftar galaksi">Daftar galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_galaksi_terdekat" title="Daftar galaksi terdekat">Daftar galaksi terdekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_inframerah_terang" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi inframerah terang">Galaksi inframerah terang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_Hoag" title="Objek Hoag">Objek Hoag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam_supermasif" title="Lubang hitam supermasif">Lubang hitam supermasif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_pengetahuan_tentang_galaksi,_gugus_galaksi,_dan_struktur_skala_besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu pengetahuan tentang galaksi, gugus galaksi, dan struktur skala besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu pengetahuan tentang galaksi, gugus galaksi, dan struktur skala besar</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomi" title="Portal:Astronomi">Portal Astronomi </a></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galaksi pada sisi kiri skema klasifikasi Hubble sering disebut sebagai <i>tipe awal</i>, sedangkan pada sisi kanan sebagai <i> tipe akhir</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Istilah "galaksi medan" (<i>field galaxy</i>) terkadang digunakan untuk merujuk pada galaksi terpencil, meskipun istilah tersebut juga digunakan untuk menggambarkan galaksi yang tidak termasuk dalam gugus galaksi tapi merupakan anggota dari sebuah kelompok galaksi.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sparkegallagher2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sparkegallagher2000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparkeGallagher_III2000">Sparke & Gallagher III 2000</a>, hlm. i</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hupp, E.; Roy, S.; Watzke, M. (12 Agustus 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html">"NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328193824/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 April </span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Finds+Direct+Proof+of+Dark+Matter&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-08-12&rft.au=Hupp%2C+E.%3B+Roy%2C+S.%3B+Watzke%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2006%2Faug%2FHQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109032310/http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html">"Unveiling the Secret of a Virgo Dwarf Galaxy"</a>. ESO. 3 Mei 2000. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unveiling+the+Secret+of+a+Virgo+Dwarf+Galaxy&rft.pub=ESO&rft.date=2000-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Foutreach%2Fpress-rel%2Fpr-2000%2Fpr-12-00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science250_4980_539-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science250_4980_539_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Uson, J. M.; Boughn, S. P.; Kuhn, J. R. (1990). "The central galaxy in Abell 2029 – An old supergiant". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>250</b> (4980): 539–540. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...250..539U">1990Sci...250..539U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.250.4980.539">10.1126/science.250.4980.539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+central+galaxy+in+Abell+2029+%E2%80%93+An+old+supergiant&rft.volume=250&rft.issue=4980&rft.pages=539-540&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.250.4980.539&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...250..539U&rft.aulast=Uson&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Boughn%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smbh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smbh_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Finley, D.; Aguilar, D. (2 Nopember 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2005/sagastar/">"Astronomers Get Closest Look Yet At Milky Way's Mysterious Core"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220192410/http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2005/sagastar/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Agustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronomers+Get+Closest+Look+Yet+At+Milky+Way%27s+Mysterious+Core&rft.pub=National+Radio+Astronomy+Observatory&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrao.edu%2Fpr%2F2005%2Fsagastar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uf030616-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uf030616_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hoover, A. (16 Juni 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720083835/http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/">"UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected"</a>. Hubble News Desk. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 Maret</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UF+Astronomers%3A+Universe+Slightly+Simpler+Than+Expected&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ufl.edu%2F2003%2F06%2F16%2Fgalaxies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Didasarkan pada: <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Graham, A. W.; Guzmán, R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2003-06_125_6/page/2936">"HST Photometry of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in Coma, and an Explanation for the Alleged Structural Dichotomy between Dwarf and Bright Elliptical Galaxies"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomical Journal (halaman belum tersedia)">Astronomical Journal</a></i>. <b>125</b> (6): 2936–2950. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0303391">astro-ph/0303391</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....125.2936G">2003AJ....125.2936G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F374992">10.1086/374992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=HST+Photometry+of+Dwarf+Elliptical+Galaxies+in+Coma%2C+and+an+Explanation+for+the+Alleged+Structural+Dichotomy+between+Dwarf+and+Bright+Elliptical+Galaxies&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2936-2950&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0303391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F374992&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AJ....125.2936G&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astronomical-journal_2003-06_125_6%2Fpage%2F2936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-IRatlas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRatlas_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRatlas_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jarrett, T. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/">"Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802/http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Near-Infrared+Galaxy+Morphology+Atlas&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Jarrett&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipac.caltech.edu%2F2mass%2Fgallery%2Fgalmorph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Deutsch, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Z7uFxViR19oC&pg=PT234"><i>The Fabric of Reality</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. hlm. 234–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-14-196961-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-14-196961-9">978-0-14-196961-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728054330/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7uFxViR19oC&pg=PT234&hl=en">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fabric+of+Reality&rft.pages=234-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196961-9&rft.au=Deutsch%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7uFxViR19oC%26pg%3DPT234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M101-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M101_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_spiral_m10.html">"Hubble's Largest Galaxy Portrait Offers a New High-Definition View"</a>. NASA. 28 Februari 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_spiral_m10.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hubble%27s+Largest+Galaxy+Portrait+Offers+a+New+High-Definition+View&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fhubble%2Fscience%2Fhst_spiral_m10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gilman, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html">"The Galaxies: Islands of Stars"</a>. NASA WMAP. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Agustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Galaxies%3A+Islands+of+Stars&rft.pub=NASA+WMAP&rft.au=Gilman%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FEP-177%2Fch4-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_lss.html">"Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galaxy+Clusters+and+Large-Scale+Structure&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damtp.cam.ac.uk%2Fuser%2Fgr%2Fpublic%2Fgal_lss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harper, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy">"galaxy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Nopember</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=galaxy&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dgalaxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waller_hodge2003-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waller_hodge2003_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallerHodge2003">Waller & Hodge 2003</a>, hlm. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-konean2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-konean2006_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Koneãn˘, Lubomír. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720204104/http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf">"Emblematics, Agriculture, and Mythography in The Origin of the Milky Way"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (halaman belum tersedia)">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.vilspa.esa.es%2Foutreach%2Fesa_pr%2Fandromed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/press/pr0419.html">"Spitzer Reveals What Edwin Hubble Missed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a>. 31 Mei 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907042809/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/press/pr0419.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Desember</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spitzer+Reveals+What+Edwin+Hubble+Missed&rft.pub=Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&rft.date=2004-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2Fpress%2Fpr0419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Barstow, M. A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227172628/http://www.star.le.ac.uk/edu/Irregular.shtml">"Irregular Galaxies"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Leicester (halaman belum tersedia)">University of Leicester</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star.le.ac.uk/edu/Irregular.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irregular+Galaxies&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Barstow&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.star.le.ac.uk%2Fedu%2FIrregular.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Phillipps, S.; Drinkwater, M. J.; Gregg, M. D.; Jones, J. B. (2001). 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Strange+satellite+galaxies+revealed+around+Milky+Way&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft.aulast=Groshong&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn9043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Schirber, M. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 Agustus</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Slimming+Down+for+Dwarf+Galaxies&rft.pub=ScienceNOW&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.aulast=Schirber&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencenow.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F2008%2F827%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Strobel, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomynotes.com/galaxy/s10.htm#A2.9.1">"Galaxy Collisions and Mergers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220911122303/https://www.astronomynotes.com/galaxy/s10.htm#A2.9.1">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galaxy+Collisions+and+Mergers&rft.aulast=Strobel&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomynotes.com%2Fgalaxy%2Fs10.htm%23A2.9.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umda-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umda_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-umda_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-umda_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509074300/http://www.astro.umd.edu/education/astro/gal/interact.html">"Galaxy Interactions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> Department of Astronomy. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.umd.edu/education/astro/gal/interact.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galaxy+Interactions&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland+Department+of+Astronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.umd.edu%2Feducation%2Fastro%2Fgal%2Finteract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suia-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suia_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suia_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suia_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmos.swin.edu.au/entries/interactinggalaxies/interactinggalaxies.html?e=1">"Interacting Galaxies"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swinburne_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swinburne University (halaman belum tersedia)">Swinburne University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707/http://cosmos.swin.edu.au/entries/interactinggalaxies/interactinggalaxies.html?e=1">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interacting+Galaxies&rft.pub=Swinburne+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmos.swin.edu.au%2Fentries%2Finteractinggalaxies%2Finteractinggalaxies.html%3Fe%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/14/image/a">"Happy Sweet Sixteen, Hubble Telescope!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 24 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Agustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Sweet+Sixteen%2C+Hubble+Telescope%21&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2006%2F14%2Fimage%2Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chandra-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chandra_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chandra_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/starburst.html">"Starburst Galaxies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a>. 29 Agustus 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316081832/http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/starburst.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Agustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starburst+Galaxies&rft.pub=Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchandra.harvard.edu%2Fxray_sources%2Fstarburst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation conference">Kennicutt Jr., R. C. (2005). "Demographics and Host Galaxies of Starbursts". <i>Starbursts: From 30 Doradus to Lyman Break Galaxies</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer (publisher) (halaman belum tersedia)">Springer</a>. hlm. 187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005sdlb.proc..187K">2005sdlb.proc..187K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Demographics+and+Host+Galaxies+of+Starbursts&rft.btitle=Starbursts%3A+From+30+Doradus+to+Lyman+Break+Galaxies&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005sdlb.proc..187K&rft.aulast=Kennicutt+Jr.&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smith, G. (13 Juli 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Starbursts.html">"Starbursts & Colliding Galaxies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California">University of California</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Center_for_Astrophysics_%26_Space_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Diego Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences (halaman belum tersedia)">San Diego Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707/http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Starbursts.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Agustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starbursts+%26+Colliding+Galaxies&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+San+Diego+Center+for+Astrophysics+%26+Space+Sciences&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcasswww.ucsd.edu%2Fpublic%2Ftutorial%2FStarbursts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Keel, B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/starburst.html">"Starburst Galaxies"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Alabama (halaman belum tersedia)">University of Alabama</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604/http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/starburst.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Desember</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starburst+Galaxies&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Keel&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astr.ua.edu%2Fkeel%2Fgalaxies%2Fstarburst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keel-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keel_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keel_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Keel, W. C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/agnintro.html">"Introducing Active Galactic Nuclei"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Alabama (halaman belum tersedia)">University of Alabama</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120727/http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/agnintro.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 Desember</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+Active+Galactic+Nuclei&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Keel&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astr.ua.edu%2Fkeel%2Fgalaxies%2Fagnintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monster-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monster_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monster_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lochner, J.; Gibb, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/active_galaxies.html">"A Monster in the Middle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/active_galaxies.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 Desember</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Monster+in+the+Middle&rft.pub=NASA&rft.aulast=Lochner&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Gibb%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fscience%2Fknow_l2%2Factive_galaxies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heckman1980-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heckman1980_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heckman1980_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Heckman, T. M. (1980). "An optical and radio survey of the nuclei of bright galaxies — Activity in normal galactic nuclei". <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>87</b>: 152–164. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980A&A....87..152H">1980A&A....87..152H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=An+optical+and+radio+survey+of+the+nuclei+of+bright+galaxies+%E2%80%94+Activity+in+normal+galactic+nuclei&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=152-164&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980A%26A....87..152H&rft.aulast=Heckman&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoetal1997b-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoetal1997b_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Ho, L. C.; Filippenko, A. V.; Sargent, W. L. W. (1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. V. Demographics of Nuclear Activity in Nearby Galaxies". <i><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>487</b> (2): 568–578. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9704108">astro-ph/9704108</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...487..568H">1997ApJ...487..568H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F304638">10.1086/304638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Search+for+%22Dwarf%22+Seyfert+Nuclei.+V.+Demographics+of+Nuclear+Activity+in+Nearby+Galaxies&rft.volume=487&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=568-578&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9704108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F304638&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApJ...487..568H&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rft.au=Filippenko%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Sargent%2C+W.+L.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hqrdvj-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hqrdvj_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hqrdvj_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~aas/tenmeter/proto.htm">"Search for Submillimeter Protogalaxies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a>. 18 Nopember 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325183740/http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~aas/tenmeter/proto.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+Submillimeter+Protogalaxies&rft.pub=Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcfa-www.harvard.edu%2F~aas%2Ftenmeter%2Fproto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rmaa17_107-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rmaa17_107_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Firmani, C.; Avila-Reese, V. (2003). 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Desember</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Galaxy+May+Be+Most+Distant+Ever+Seen&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18879-hubble-most-distant-galaxy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cosmic_Detectives-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cosmic_Detectives_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cosmic_detectives">"Cosmic Detectives"</a>. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2007-02_296_2/page/35">"The Universe's Invisible Hand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>296</b> (2): 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0207-34">10.1038/scientificamerican0207-34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Universe%27s+Invisible+Hand&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0207-34&rft.aulast=Conselice&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_scientific-american_2007-02_296_2%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ford, H. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781886733848"><i>Star Formation in Early Type Galaxies</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomical Society of the Pacific (halaman belum tersedia)">Astronomical Society of the Pacific</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998astro.ph..8266K">1998astro.ph..8266K</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-886733-84-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-886733-84-8">1-886733-84-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41302839">41302839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Formation+in+Early+Type+Galaxies&rft.pub=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41302839&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998astro.ph..8266K&rft.isbn=1-886733-84-8&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781886733848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cosmic_battle-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cosmic_battle_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cosmic_battle_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Adams, Fred; Laughlin, Greg (13 Juli 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731/http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/0001/cosmic.html">"The Great Cosmic Battle"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomical Society of the Pacific (halaman belum tersedia)">Astronomical Society of the Pacific</a>. 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(21 Januari 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Jan21_97/artcl17.htm">"Physics offers glimpse into the dark side of the Universe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Jan21_97/artcl17.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physics+offers+glimpse+into+the+dark+side+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1997-01-21&rft.aulast=Pobojewski&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2F~urecord%2F9697%2FJan21_97%2Fartcl17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McKee, M. (7 Juni 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7478">"Galactic loners produce more stars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7478">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galactic+loners+produce+more+stars&rft.pub=New+Scientist&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle.ns%3Fid%3Ddn7478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/galaxy_clusters.html">"Groups & Clusters of Galaxies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra">Chandra</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707/http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/galaxy_clusters.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groups+%26+Clusters+of+Galaxies&rft.pub=NASA%2FChandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchandra.harvard.edu%2Fxray_sources%2Fgalaxy_clusters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ricker, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805/http://www.sdsc.edu/pub/envision/v15.2/ricker.html">"When Galaxy Clusters Collide"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center (halaman belum tersedia)">San Diego Supercomputer Center</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdsc.edu/pub/envision/v15.2/ricker.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 Agustus</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Galaxy+Clusters+Collide&rft.pub=San+Diego+Supercomputer+Center&rft.aulast=Ricker&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdsc.edu%2Fpub%2Fenvision%2Fv15.2%2Fricker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dahlem, M. (24 Nopember 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613151936/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/mdahlem/sci/SCGs.html">"Optical and radio survey of Southern Compact Groups of galaxies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> Astrophysics and Space Research Group. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/mdahlem/sci/SCGs.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Optical+and+radio+survey+of+Southern+Compact+Groups+of+galaxies&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham+Astrophysics+and+Space+Research+Group&rft.aulast=Dahlem&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atnf.csiro.au%2Fpeople%2Fmdahlem%2Fsci%2FSCGs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ponman, T. (25 Februari 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215023446/http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/research/groups.html">"Galaxy Systems: Groups"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> Astrophysics and Space Research Group. Archived from the original on 2009-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galaxy+Systems%3A+Groups&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham+Astrophysics+and+Space+Research+Group&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft.aulast=Ponman&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sr.bham.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fgroups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Girardi, M.; Giuricin, G. (2000). "The Observational Mass Function of Loose Galaxy Groups". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>540</b> (1): 45–56. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0004149">astro-ph/0004149</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...540...45G">2000ApJ...540...45G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F309314">10.1086/309314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Observational+Mass+Function+of+Loose+Galaxy+Groups&rft.volume=540&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-56&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0004149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F309314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ApJ...540...45G&rft.aulast=Girardi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Giuricin%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dubinski, J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514155953/http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~dubinski/bcg/">"The Origin of the Brightest Cluster Galaxies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>502</b> (2): 141–149. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9709102">astro-ph/9709102</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...502..141D">1998ApJ...502..141D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305901">10.1086/305901</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~dubinski/bcg/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Brightest+Cluster+Galaxies&rft.volume=502&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-149&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9709102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F305901&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApJ...502..141D&rft.aulast=Dubinski&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cita.utoronto.ca%2F~dubinski%2Fbcg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Bahcall, N. A. (1988). 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(1986). "Large-scale homogeneity of the Universe measured by the microwave background". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letters_to_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letters to Nature (halaman belum tersedia)">Letters to Nature</a></i>. <b>319</b> (6056): 751–753. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.319..751M">1986Natur.319..751M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F319751a0">10.1038/319751a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Letters+to+Nature&rft.atitle=Large-scale+homogeneity+of+the+Universe+measured+by+the+microwave+background&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=6056&rft.pages=751-753&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F319751a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Natur.319..751M&rft.aulast=Mandolesi&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">van den Bergh, S. (2000). "Updated Information on the Local Group". <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. <b>112</b> (770): 529–536. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0001040">astro-ph/0001040</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PASP..112..529V">2000PASP..112..529V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F316548">10.1086/316548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Updated+Information+on+the+Local+Group&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=770&rft.pages=529-536&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0001040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F316548&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PASP..112..529V&rft.aulast=van+den+Bergh&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tully1982-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tully1982_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Tully, R. B. (1982). "The Local Supercluster". <i><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>257</b>: 389–422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ApJ...257..389T">1982ApJ...257..389T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F159999">10.1086/159999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Local+Supercluster&rft.volume=257&rft.pages=389-422&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F159999&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982ApJ...257..389T&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230203454/http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Regions/irregions.html">"Near, Mid & Far Infrared"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Processing_and_Analysis_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (halaman belum tersedia)">IPAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Regions/irregions.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Near%2C+Mid+%26+Far+Infrared&rft.pub=IPAC%2FNASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipac.caltech.edu%2FOutreach%2FEdu%2FRegions%2Firregions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529/http://radiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/educ/radio/tran-rec/exerc/iono.htm">"The Effects of Earth's Upper Atmosphere on Radio Signals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/educ/radio/tran-rec/exerc/iono.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Agustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Earth%27s+Upper+Atmosphere+on+Radio+Signals&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feducation%2Feduc%2Fradio%2Ftran-rec%2Fexerc%2Fiono.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061214135537.htm">"Giant Radio Telescope Imaging Could Make Dark Matter Visible"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ScienceDaily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ScienceDaily (halaman belum tersedia)">ScienceDaily</a>. 14 Desember 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061214135537.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Giant+Radio+Telescope+Imaging+Could+Make+Dark+Matter+Visible&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F12%2F061214135537.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/galex/galex-20061205.html">"NASA Telescope Sees Black Hole Munch on a Star"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 5 Desember 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/galex/galex-20061205.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+Telescope+Sees+Black+Hole+Munch+on+a+Star&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fgalex%2Fgalex-20061205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dunn, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-xray.ast.cam.ac.uk/xray_introduction/">"An Introduction to X-ray Astronomy"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Astronomy (halaman belum tersedia)">Institute of Astronomy</a> X-Ray Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717/http://www-xray.ast.cam.ac.uk/xray_introduction/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 Januari</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+X-ray+Astronomy&rft.pub=Institute+of+Astronomy+X-Ray+Group&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-xray.ast.cam.ac.uk%2Fxray_introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Glen, Mackie (1 Februari <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html">"To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand"</a>. Swinburne University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 Desember</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+see+the+Universe+in+a+Grain+of+Taranaki+Sand&rft.pub=Swinburne+University&rft.aulast=Glen&rft.aufirst=Mackie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastronomy.swin.edu.au%2F~gmackie%2Fbillions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Sterling, Bruce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=66289&fullArticle=true&tocId=235716">"Science fiction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 Juni</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+fiction&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Foscar%2Fprint%3FarticleId%3D66289%26fullArticle%3Dtrue%26tocId%3D235716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starwars-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-starwars_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-starwars_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412061649/http://www.lowlight.com/swmap/">"The Star Wars Nav Computer"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowlight.com/swmap/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 Juni</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Star+Wars+Nav+Computer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowlight.com%2Fswmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stargate1-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stargate1_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915150453/http://www.gateworld.net/omnipedia/races/a/abydonians.shtml">"THE STARGATE OMNIPEDIA"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gateworld.net/omnipedia/races/a/abydonians.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 Juni</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+STARGATE+OMNIPEDIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gateworld.net%2Fomnipedia%2Fraces%2Fa%2Fabydonians.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stargate-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stargate_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stargate_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213454/http://stargate.mgm.com/seasons.php">"Stargate Seasons"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stargate.mgm.com/seasons.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 Juni</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stargate+Seasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstargate.mgm.com%2Fseasons.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watergate-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watergate_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Sharon Gosling (2005). Titan Books, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stargateatlantis00shar"><i>Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 1</i></a>. London. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stargateatlantis00shar/page/10">10</a>-19. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1845761162" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84576-116-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stargate+Atlantis%3A+The+Official+Companion+Season+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10-19&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Sharon+Gosling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstargateatlantis00shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwfaq-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gwfaq_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720205227/http://www.gateworld.net/the_stargate_faq.shtml#movie.1">"GateWorld - THE STARGATE FAQ: What differences are there between the movie and the TV series?], FAQ at <i>GateWorld</i>"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gateworld.net/the_stargate_faq.shtml#movie.1">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GateWorld+-+THE+STARGATE+FAQ%3A+What+differences+are+there+between+the+movie+and+the+TV+series%3F%5D%2C+FAQ+at+GateWorld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gateworld.net%2Fthe_stargate_faq.shtml%23movie.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAl-Biruni2004" class="citation book">Al-Biruni (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VbPna7GOoIEC&pg=PA87"><i>The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology</i></a>. R. Ramsay Wright (transl.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessinger_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kessinger Publishing (halaman belum tersedia)">Kessinger Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7661-9307-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7661-9307-1">0-7661-9307-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728054250/https://books.google.com/books?id=VbPna7GOoIEC&pg=PA87&hl=en">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Instruction+in+the+Elements+of+the+Art+of+Astrology&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7661-9307-1&rft.au=Al-Biruni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbPna7GOoIEC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBelkora2003" class="citation book">Belkora, L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindingheavensst0000belk"><i>Minding the Heavens: the Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7503-0730-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7503-0730-7">0-7503-0730-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minding+the+Heavens%3A+the+Story+of+our+Discovery+of+the+Milky+Way&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7503-0730-7&rft.aulast=Belkora&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindingheavensst0000belk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBertinLin1996" class="citation book">Bertin, G.; Lin, C.-C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiralstructurei0000bert"><i>Spiral Structure in Galaxies: a Density Wave Theory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-262-02396-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-262-02396-2">0-262-02396-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiral+Structure+in+Galaxies%3A+a+Density+Wave+Theory&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-262-02396-2&rft.aulast=Bertin&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Lin%2C+C.-C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiralstructurei0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHeidarzadeh2008" class="citation book">Heidarzadeh, T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofphysica0000heid"><i>A History of Physical Theories of Comets, from Aristotle to Whipple</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer (publisher) (halaman belum tersedia)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4020-8322-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4020-8322-X">1-4020-8322-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Physical+Theories+of+Comets%2C+from+Aristotle+to+Whipple&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1-4020-8322-X&rft.aulast=Heidarzadeh&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofphysica0000heid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKeppleSanner1998" class="citation book">Kepple, G. R.; Sanner, G. W. (1998). <i>The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willmann-Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willmann-Bell (halaman belum tersedia)">Willmann-Bell</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-943396-58-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-943396-58-1">0-943396-58-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Night+Sky+Observer%27s+Guide%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Willmann-Bell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-943396-58-1&rft.aulast=Kepple&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft.au=Sanner%2C+G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2000" class="citation book">Mohamed, M. (2000). <i>Great Muslim Mathematicians</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penerbit_UTM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penerbit UTM (halaman belum tersedia)">Penerbit UTM</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/983-52-0157-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/983-52-0157-9">983-52-0157-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/48759017">48759017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Muslim+Mathematicians&rft.pub=Penerbit+UTM&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48759017&rft.isbn=983-52-0157-9&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPaul1993" class="citation book">Paul, E. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milkywaygalaxyst0000paul"><i>The Milky Way Galaxy and Statistical Cosmology, 1890–1924</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-35363-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-35363-7">0-521-35363-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Milky+Way+Galaxy+and+Statistical+Cosmology%2C+1890%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-35363-7&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilkywaygalaxyst0000paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSparkeGallagher_III2000" class="citation book">Sparke, L. S.; Gallagher III, J. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galaxiesinuniver0000spar"><i>Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-59740-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-59740-4">0-521-59740-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galaxies+in+the+Universe%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-59740-4&rft.aulast=Sparke&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft.au=Gallagher+III%2C+J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalaxiesinuniver0000spar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWallerHodge2003" class="citation book">Waller, W. H.; Hodge, P. W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galaxiescosmicfr0000wall"><i>Galaxies and the Cosmic Frontier</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-674-01079-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-674-01079-5">0-674-01079-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galaxies+and+the+Cosmic+Frontier&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01079-5&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft.au=Hodge%2C+P.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalaxiescosmicfr0000wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGalaksi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/galaksi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/galaksi">galaksi</a></b></i> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" class="extiw" title="commons:Galaxy"><b><i>Galaksi</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langitselatan.com/tag/galaksi/">Artikel-artikel mengenai galaksi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511100559/https://langitselatan.com/tag/galaksi/">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-05-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html">Halaman galaksi pada seds.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812221521/http://seds.org/messier/galaxy.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-08-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/">Atlas alam semesta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718054637/http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-07-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies">Galaksi — Informasi dan pengamatan amatir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-09-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm">Galaksi tertua yang ditemukan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-04-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galaxyzoo.org">Proyek klasifikasi galaksi, mendayagunakan tenaga internet dan otak manusia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309083234/https://www.galaxyzoo.org/">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-03-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp">Ada berapa banyak galaksi di alam semesta?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821071507/http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-08-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronoo.com/en/galaxies.html">Galaksi terindah di Astronoo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715160713/http://www.astronoo.com/en/galaxies.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-07-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08LBltePDZw">3-D Video (01:46) – Over a Million Galaxies of Billions of Stars each – BerkeleyLab/animated.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721093027/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08LBltePDZw">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-07-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Galaksi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Galaksi" title="Templat:Galaksi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Galaksi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Galaksi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galaksi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_morfologi_galaksi" title="Klasifikasi morfologi galaksi">Bentuk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_cakram" title="Galaksi cakram">Galaksi cakram</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_lentikular" title="Galaksi lentikular">Galaksi lentikular</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_lentikular_berpalang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi lentikular berpalang (halaman belum tersedia)">berpalang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_lentikular_tak_berpalang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi lentikular tak berpalang (halaman belum tersedia)">tak berpalang</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral" title="Galaksi spiral">Galaksi spiral</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_pucat" title="Galaksi pucat">Galaksi pucat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_spiral_berpalang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi spiral berpalang (halaman belum tersedia)">berpalang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral_berflokulasi" title="Galaksi spiral berflokulasi">berflokulasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral_berdesain_agung" title="Galaksi spiral berdesain agung">berdesain agung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_spiral_menengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi spiral menengah (halaman belum tersedia)">menengah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spiral_Magellan" title="Spiral Magellan">Magellan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_spiral_tak_berpalang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi spiral tak berpalang (halaman belum tersedia)">tak berpalang</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_katai" title="Galaksi katai">Galaksi katai</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_katai_elips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi katai elips (halaman belum tersedia)">elips</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_katai_tak_beraturan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi katai tak beraturan (halaman belum tersedia)">tak beraturan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_katai_bulat" title="Galaksi katai bulat">bulat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_spiral_katai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi spiral katai (halaman belum tersedia)">spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_eliptis" title="Galaksi eliptis">Galaksi eliptis</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_eliptis_superraksasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi eliptis superraksasa (halaman belum tersedia)">superraksasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_tak_beraturan" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi tak beraturan">Galaksi tak beraturan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_tak_beraturan_berpalang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi tak beraturan berpalang (halaman belum tersedia)">berpalang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_ganjil" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi ganjil">Galaksi ganjil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_cincin" title="Galaksi cincin">Galaksi cincin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_cincin_kutub" title="Galaksi cincin kutub">kutub</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Struktur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inti_galaksi_aktif" title="Inti galaksi aktif">Inti galaksi aktif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonjolan_(astronomi)" title="Tonjolan (astronomi)">Tonjolan galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_materi_gelap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halo materi gelap (halaman belum tersedia)">Halo materi gelap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakram_galaksi" title="Cakram galaksi">Cakram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_galaksi" title="Halo galaksi">Halo galaksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korona_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korona galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">korona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidang_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidang galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Bidang galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">Medium antarbintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protogalaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protogalaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Protogalaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral" title="Galaksi spiral">spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam_supermasif" title="Lubang hitam supermasif">Lubang hitam supermasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inti_galaksi_aktif" title="Inti galaksi aktif">Inti aktif</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daerah_garis_emisi_nuklir_berionisasi_rendah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daerah garis emisi nuklir berionisasi rendah (halaman belum tersedia)">LINER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Markarian" title="Galaksi Markarian">Galaksi Markarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuasar" title="Kuasar">Kuasar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi radio (halaman belum tersedia)">Galaksi radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_radio_bentk-X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi radio bentk-X (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk-X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_astrofisika" title="Jet astrofisika">Jet astrofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Seyfert" title="Galaksi Seyfert">Galaksi Seyfert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Galaksi energik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemancar_Lyman-alpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemancar Lyman-alpha (halaman belum tersedia)">LAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_inframerah_bercahaya" title="Galaksi inframerah bercahaya">LIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_ledakan_bintang" title="Galaksi ledakan bintang">Galaksi ledakan bintang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_katai#Galaksi_katai_kompak_biru" title="Galaksi katai">katai kompak biru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_polong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi polong (halaman belum tersedia)">polong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_biru_meredup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi biru meredup (halaman belum tersedia)">biru meredup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_panas_tertutup_debu" title="Galaksi panas tertutup debu">Galaksi panas tertutup debu</a> (Hot DOGs)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Aktivitas rendah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_berkecerahan-permukaan_rendah" title="Galaksi berkecerahan-permukaan rendah">Kecerahan permukaan yang rendah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaksi_ultra_difus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaksi ultra difus (halaman belum tersedia)">UDG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Interaksi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidang_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidang galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Bidang galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelombang_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelombang galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Gelombang galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grup_dan_gugusan_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grup dan gugusan galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Awan galaksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grup_galaksi" title="Grup galaksi">Grup galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugusan_galaksi" title="Gugusan galaksi">Gugusan galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugusan_galaksi_sangat_terang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugusan galaksi sangat terang (halaman belum tersedia)">sangat terang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_galaksi#Grup_galaksi_fosil" title="Grup galaksi">Fosil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaksi_galaksi" title="Interaksi galaksi">Interaksi galaksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggabungan_galaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggabungan galaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">gabung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_ubur-ubur" title="Galaksi ubur-ubur">Galaksi ubur-ubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_satelit" title="Galaksi satelit">Galaksi satelit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliran_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliran bintang (halaman belum tersedia)">Aliran bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergugus" title="Supergugus">Supergugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filamen_galaksi" title="Filamen galaksi">Filamen galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_void" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksi void">Galaksi void</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Void (astronomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Void dan supervoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_galaksi" title="Daftar galaksi">Daftar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_galaksi" title="Daftar galaksi">Galaksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_galaksi_yang_dinamai_setelah_penemu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar galaksi yang dinamai setelah penemu (halaman belum tersedia)">Nama penemu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_galaksi_terbesar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar galaksi terbesar (halaman belum tersedia)">Terbesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_galaksi_terdekat" title="Daftar galaksi terdekat">Terdekat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_galaksi_cincin_kutub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar galaksi cincin kutub (halaman belum tersedia)">Cincin kutub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_galaksi_cincin" title="Daftar galaksi cincin">Galaksi cincin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_galaksi_spiral" title="Daftar galaksi spiral">Galaksi spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_grup_galaksi_dan_gugusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar grup galaksi dan gugusan (halaman belum tersedia)">Grup dan gugusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_kuasar_besar" title="Grup kuasar besar">Grup kuasar besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kuasar" title="Daftar kuasar">Kuasar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_supergugus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar supergugus (halaman belum tersedia)">Supergugus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_void&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar void (halaman belum tersedia)">Void</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐85fc59d95f‐m2mhw Cached time: 20241114031804 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false 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