CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gothic language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8c88010b-b22a-4de3-a1be-ecf02cf159ff","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gothic_language","wgTitle":"Gothic language","wgCurRevisionId":1258088400,"wgRevisionId":1258088400,"wgArticleId":18789453,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Language articles with Linguasphere code","Languages with ISO 639-2 code","Language articles with unreferenced extinction date","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint","Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2022", "Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Gothic-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Old Norse-language text","Articles containing Danish-language text","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles containing Proto-Slavic-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Gothic language","East Germanic languages","Extinct languages of Europe","Extinct languages of Spain","Gothic writing", "Languages attested from the 4th century","Languages of France","Languages of Italy","Languages of Poland","Languages of Portugal","Languages of Romania","Languages of Russia","Languages of Slovakia","Languages of the Czech Republic","Languages of Ukraine","Medieval languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gothic_language","wgRelevantArticleId":18789453,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35722","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="840"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="560"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="448"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gothic language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gothic_language rootpage-Gothic_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gothic+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gothic+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gothic+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gothic+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History and evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_and_transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_and_transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Alphabet and transliteration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_and_transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Stops </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fricatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fricatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Fricatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fricatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Sonorants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accentuation_and_intonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accentuation_and_intonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Accentuation and intonation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accentuation_and_intonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Nouns and adjectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Word order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Clitics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Comparison to other Germanic languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_other_Germanic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison to other Germanic languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinctive_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctive_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Distinctive features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctive_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_umlaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_umlaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Lack of umlaut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_umlaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_rhotacism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_rhotacism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Lack of rhotacism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_rhotacism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Passive voice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Dual number </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Reduplication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_Romanticism_and_the_Modern_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Romanticism_and_the_Modern_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Use in Romanticism and the Modern Age </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_Romanticism_and_the_Modern_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use in Romanticism and the Modern Age subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Romanticism_and_the_Modern_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-J._R._R._Tolkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J._R._R._Tolkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 J. R. R. Tolkien </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J._R._R._Tolkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gothic language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goties" title="Goties – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Goties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Gotisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gotisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Агот бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агот бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة القوطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة القوطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gotico" title="Idioma gotico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma gotico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_g%C3%B3ticu" title="Idioma góticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma góticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qot_dili" title="Qot dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qot dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="গথিক ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গথিক ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гоцкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гоцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гоцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гоцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Готски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Готски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotische_Sproch" title="Gotische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gotische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goteg" title="Goteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B2tic_(llengua)" title="Gòtic (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gòtic (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3t%C5%A1tina" title="Gótština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gótština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotheg" title="Gotheg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gotheg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_(sprog)" title="Gotisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gotisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotische_Sprache" title="Gotische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gotische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooti_keel" title="Gooti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gooti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γοτθική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γοτθική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_g%C3%B3tico" title="Idioma gótico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma gótico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gota_lingvo" title="Gota lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gota lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiko_(hizkuntza)" title="Gotiko (hizkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gotiko (hizkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان گوتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان گوتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Gotiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gotiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotique" title="Gotique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gotique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatysk" title="Goatysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Goatysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_g%C3%B3tica" title="Lingua gótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua gótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="گؤتیک – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گؤتیک" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="고트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գոթերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոթերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गोथिक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोथिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotski_jezik" title="Gotski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gotski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika_linguo" title="Gotika linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gotika linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Goth" title="Bahasa Goth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Goth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_gotic" title="Lingue gotic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingue gotic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotneska" title="Gotneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gotneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gotica" title="Lingua gotica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua gotica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Gotiku" title="Amanung Gotiku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Gotiku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გოთური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოთური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothek" title="Gothek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gothek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Гот кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гот кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Gothica" title="Lingua Gothica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Gothica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotu_valoda" title="Gotu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gotu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C5%B3_kalba" title="Gotų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gotų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisch_(taol)" title="Gotisch (taol) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gotisch (taol)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goto_(lingua)" title="Goto (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Goto (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3t_nyelv" title="Gót nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gót nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Готски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Готски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_g%C3%B4tika" title="Fiteny gôtika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny gôtika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഗോഥിക് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോഥിക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გოთური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გოთური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%89" title="قوطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قوطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="گوتیک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوتیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisch_(taal)" title="Gotisch (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gotisch (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisch" title="Gotisch – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Gotisch" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="ゴート語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴート語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gootisk_(Spriik)" title="Gootisk (Spriik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gootisk (Spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Gotisk (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gotisk (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk" title="Gotisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gotisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotum" title="Gotum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gotum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_tili" title="Got tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Got tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotico_(lenga)" title="Gotico (lenga) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gotico (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_gotike" title="Lingue gotike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lingue gotike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_g%C3%B2tica" title="Lenga gòtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga gòtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gootsche_Spraak" title="Gootsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gootsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gocki" title="Język gocki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język gocki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_g%C3%B3tica" title="Língua gótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua gótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gotic%C4%83" title="Limba gotică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba gotică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Готский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Готский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱜᱳᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱳᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_leid" title="Gothic leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gothic leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk" title="Gotisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gotisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gothic language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3t%C4%8Dina" title="Gótčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gótčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Gotščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gotščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Готски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Готски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotski_jezik" title="Gotski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gotski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gootin_kieli" title="Gootin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gootin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiska" title="Gotiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gotiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கோதிக் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோதிக் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C3%A7a" title="Gotça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gotça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Готська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Готська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گوتھی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوتھی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Goth" title="Tiếng Goth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Goth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="哥特语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥特语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="哥德文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guotu_kalba" title="Guotu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Guotu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥德語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Gothik" title="Bahasa Gothik – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Gothik" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goti_zyvon" title="Goti zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Goti zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35722#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gothic_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gothic_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gothic_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&oldid=1258088400" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gothic_language&id=1258088400&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGothic_language">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGothic_language">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gothic_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gothic_language" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Gothic" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Gothic" hreflang="en">Wiktionary</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35722" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct East Germanic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Gothic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Oium" title="Oium">Oium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">attested 3rd–10th century; <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">related dialects</a> survived until 18th century in Crimea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gothic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids#Language" title="Gepids">Gepid</a>? †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths#Gothic_language" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a><a href="#cite_note-Multitree-1">[1]</a> †</li> <li>Visigoth<a href="#cite_note-Multitree-1">[1]</a> †</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=171">got</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/got" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:got">got</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/goth1244">goth1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ADA">52-ADA</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> characters. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Gothic" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of letters.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/250px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/375px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/500px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption> Expansion of <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">early Germanic tribes</a> into previously mostly <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>:<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">   Settlements before 750 BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   New settlements by 500 BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   New settlements by 250 BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   New settlements by AD 1</div> Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-EB-3">[3]</a></figcaption></figure> Gothic is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic language</a> that was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. It is known primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Argenteus" title="Codex Argenteus">Codex Argenteus</a>, a 6th-century copy of a <a href="/wiki/4th-century" class="mw-redirect" title="4th-century">4th-century</a> Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">text corpus</a>. All others, including <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian language (Germanic)">Burgundian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a>, are known, if at all, only from proper names that survived in historical accounts, and from <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in other, mainly <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>, languages. As a Germanic language, Gothic is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> family. It is the earliest Germanic language that is attested in any sizable texts, but it lacks any modern descendants. The oldest documents in Gothic date back to the fourth century. The language was in decline by the mid-sixth century, partly because of the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, and geographic isolation (in Spain, the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language when the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> converted from <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> in 589).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The language survived as a domestic language in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (modern-day Spain and Portugal) as late as the eighth century. Gothic-seeming terms are found in manuscripts subsequent to this date, but these may or may not belong to the same language. A language known as <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a> survived in the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> area and in isolated mountain regions in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> as late as the second half of the 18th century. Lacking certain sound changes characteristic of Gothic, however, Crimean Gothic cannot be a lineal descendant of the language attested in the Codex Argenteus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns1978118-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-Dialektzugehörigkeit-6">[6]</a> The existence of such early attested texts makes Gothic a language of considerable interest in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_evidence">History and evidence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and evidence">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrosianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ambrosianus.jpg/240px-Ambrosianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ambrosianus.jpg/360px-Ambrosianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ambrosianus.jpg/480px-Ambrosianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>A leaf of the Codex Ambrosianus B</figcaption></figure> Only a few documents in Gothic have survived – not enough for a complete reconstruction of the language. Most Gothic-language sources are translations or glosses of other languages (namely, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>), so foreign linguistic elements most certainly influenced the texts. These are the primary sources: <ul><li>The largest body of surviving documentation consists of various <a href="/wiki/Codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Codices">codices</a>, mostly from the sixth century, copying the <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> that was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a> (Wulfila, 311–382), leader of a community of <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> Christians in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>). He commissioned a translation into the Gothic language of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Vulgate" title="Greek Vulgate">Greek Bible</a>, of which translation roughly three-quarters of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and some fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> have survived. The extant translated texts, produced by several scholars, are collected in the following codices and in one inscription:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Argenteus" title="Codex Argenteus">Codex Argenteus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>), including the Speyer fragment: 188 leaves</li></ul> <dl><dd>The best-preserved Gothic manuscript, dating from the sixth century, it was preserved and transmitted by northern <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> in modern-day Italy. It contains a large portion of the four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a>. Since it is a translation from Greek, the language of the Codex Argenteus is replete with borrowed Greek words and Greek usages. The syntax in particular is often copied directly from the Greek.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codices_Ambrosiani" title="Codices Ambrosiani">Codex Ambrosianus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) and the Codex Taurinensis (<a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>): Five parts, totaling 193 leaves</li></ul> <dl><dd>It contains scattered passages from the New Testament (including parts of the gospels and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a>), from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>), and some commentaries known as <a href="/wiki/Skeireins" title="Skeireins">Skeireins</a>. The text likely had been somewhat modified by copyists.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Gissensis" title="Codex Gissensis">Codex Gissensis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gießen">Gießen</a>): One leaf with fragments of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 23–24 (apparently a Gothic-Latin <a href="/wiki/Diglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diglot">diglot</a>) was found in an excavation in <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Arsinoë</a> in Egypt in 1907 and was destroyed by water damage in 1945, after copies had already been made by researchers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Carolinus" title="Codex Carolinus">Codex Carolinus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a>): Four leaves, fragments of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> 11–15 (a Gothic-Latin <a href="/wiki/Diglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diglot">diglot</a>).</li> <li>Codex Vaticanus Latinus 5750 (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>): Three leaves, pages 57–58, 59–60, and 61–62 of the Skeireins. This is a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Codices_Ambrosiani" title="Codices Ambrosiani">Codex Ambrosianus E</a>.</li> <li>Gothica Bononiensia (also known as the Codex Bononiensis or "Bologna fragment"), a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> fragment, discovered in 2009, of two folios with what appears to be a sermon, containing besides non-biblical text a number of direct Bible quotes and allusions, both from previously attested parts of the Gothic Bible (the text is clearly taken from Ulfilas's translation) and from previously unattested ones (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Fragmenta Pannonica (also known as the Hács-Béndekpuszta fragments or Tabella Hungarica), which consist of fragments of a 1 mm thick lead plate with remnants of verses from the Gospels.</li> <li>The Mangup Graffiti: five inscriptions written in the Gothic Alphabet discovered in 2015 from the basilica church of <a href="/wiki/Mangup" title="Mangup">Mangup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. The graffiti all date from the mid-9th century, making this the latest attestation of the Gothic Alphabet and the only one from outside Italy or <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. The five texts include a quotation from the otherwise unattested Psalm 76 and some prayers; the language is not noticeably different from Wulfila's and only contains words known from other parts of the Gothic Bible.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>A scattering of old documents: two deeds (the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a> deeds, on papyri), alphabets (in the Gothica Vindobonensia and the Gothica Parisina), a calendar (in the Codex Ambrosianus A), glosses found in a number of manuscripts and a few <a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">runic inscriptions</a> (between three and 13) that are known or suspected to be Gothic: some scholars believe that these inscriptions are not at all Gothic.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Krause" title="Wolfgang Krause">Krause</a> thought that several names in an Indian inscription were possibly Gothic.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> Reports of the discovery of other parts of Ulfilas's Bible have not been substantiated. Heinrich May in 1968 claimed to have found in England twelve leaves of a palimpsest containing parts of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>. Only fragments of the Gothic translation of the Bible have been preserved. The translation was apparently done in the Balkans region by people in close contact with Greek Christian culture. The Gothic Bible apparently was used by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in southern France until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vouill%C3%A9" title="Battle of Vouillé">loss of Visigothic France</a> at the start of the 6th century,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> in Visigothic <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a> until about 700, and perhaps for a time in Italy, the Balkans, and Ukraine until at least the mid-9th century. During the extermination of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, Trinitarian Christians probably overwrote many texts in Gothic as palimpsests, or alternatively collected and burned Gothic documents. Apart from biblical texts, the only substantial Gothic document that still exists – and the only lengthy text known to have been composed originally in the Gothic language – is the Skeireins, a few pages of commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Very few medieval secondary sources make reference to the Gothic language after about 800. In De incrementis ecclesiae Christianae (840–842), <a href="/wiki/Walafrid_Strabo" title="Walafrid Strabo">Walafrid Strabo</a>, a Frankish monk who lived in <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, writes of a group of monks who reported that even then certain peoples in <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>), especially around <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, spoke a sermo Theotiscus ('Germanic language'), the language of the Gothic translation of the Bible, and that they used such a liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Many writers of the medieval texts that mention the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> used the word Goths to mean any Germanic people in eastern Europe (such as the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>), many of whom certainly did not use the Gothic language as known from the Gothic Bible. Some writers even referred to <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>-speaking people as "Goths". However, it is clear from Ulfilas's translation that – despite some puzzles – the Gothic language belongs with the Germanic language-group, not with Slavic. Generally, the term "Gothic language" refers to the language of <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a>, but the attestations themselves date largely from the 6th century, long after Ulfilas had died.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet_and_transliteration">Alphabet and transliteration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alphabet and transliteration">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (June 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A few <a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic runic inscriptions</a> were found across Europe, but due to early Christianization of the Goths, the Runic writing was quickly replaced by the newly invented Gothic alphabet. Ulfilas's Gothic, as well as that of the Skeireins and various other manuscripts, was written using an alphabet that was most likely invented by Ulfilas himself for his translation. Some scholars (such as Braune) claim that it was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> only while others maintain that there are some Gothic letters of <a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> origin. A standardized system is used for transliterating Gothic words into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. The system mirrors the conventions of the native alphabet, such as writing long /iː/ as ei. The Goths used their equivalents of e and o alone only for long higher vowels, using the digraphs ai and au (much as in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>) for the corresponding short or lower vowels. There are two variant spelling systems: a "raw" one that directly transliterates the original Gothic script and a "normalized" one that adds <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accents</a>) to certain vowels to clarify the pronunciation or, in certain cases, to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> origin of the vowel in question. The latter system is usually used in the academic literature. The following table shows the correspondence between spelling and sound for vowels: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gothic letter or <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> </th> <th>Roman equivalent </th> <th>"Normalised" transliteration </th> <th>Sound </th> <th>Normal environment of occurrence (in native words) </th> <th>Paradigmatically alternating sound in other environments </th> <th>Proto-Germanic origin </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">𐌰 </td> <td rowspan="2">a </td> <td>a </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td>Everywhere </td> <td>— </td> <td>/ɑ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ā </td> <td>/aː/ </td> <td>Before /h/, /hʷ/ </td> <td>Does not occur </td> <td>/ãː/ (before /h/) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">𐌰𐌹 </td> <td rowspan="3">ai </td> <td>aí </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>Before /h/, /hʷ/, /r/ </td> <td>i /i/ </td> <td>/e/, /i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai </td> <td>/ɛː/ </td> <td>Before vowels </td> <td>ē /eː/ </td> <td>/ɛː/, /eː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ái </td> <td>/ɛː/ </td> <td>Not before vowels </td> <td>aj /aj/ </td> <td>/ɑi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">𐌰𐌿 </td> <td rowspan="3">au </td> <td>aú </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>Before /h/, /hʷ/, /r/ </td> <td>u /u/ </td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>au </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td> <td>Before vowels </td> <td>ō /oː/ </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>áu </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td> <td>Not before vowels </td> <td>aw /aw/ </td> <td>/ɑu/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌴 </td> <td>e </td> <td>ē </td> <td>/eː/ </td> <td>Not before vowels </td> <td>ai /ɛː/ </td> <td>/ɛː/, /eː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌴𐌹 </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td>/iː/ </td> <td>Everywhere </td> <td>— </td> <td>/iː/; /ĩː/ (before /h/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌹 </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>Everywhere except before /h/, /hʷ/, /r/ </td> <td>aí /ɛ/ </td> <td>/e/, /i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌹𐌿 </td> <td>iu </td> <td>iu </td> <td>/iu/ </td> <td>Not before vowels </td> <td>iw /iw/ </td> <td>/eu/ (and its allophone [iu]) </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍉 </td> <td>o </td> <td>ō </td> <td>/oː/ </td> <td>Not before vowels </td> <td>au /ɔː/ </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">𐌿 </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td>u </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>Everywhere except before /h/, /hʷ/, /r/ </td> <td>aú /ɔ/ </td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ū </td> <td>/uː/ </td> <td>Everywhere </td> <td>— </td> <td>/uː/; /ũː/ (before /h/) </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>This "normalised transliteration" system devised by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> is used in some modern editions of Gothic texts and in studies of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Common Germanic</a>. It signals distinctions not made by Ulfilas in his alphabet. Rather, they reflect various origins in Proto-Germanic. Thus, <ul><li><big>aí</big> is used for the sound derived from the Proto-Germanic short vowels e and i before /h/ and /r/.</li> <li><big>ái</big> is used for the sound derived from the Proto-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> ai. Some scholars have considered this sound to have remained as a diphthong in Gothic. However, Ulfilas was highly consistent in other spelling inventions, which makes it unlikely that he assigned two different sounds to the same digraph. Furthermore, he consistently used the digraph to represent Greek αι, which was then certainly a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a>. A monophthongal value is accepted by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Prokosch" title="Eduard Prokosch">Eduard Prokosch</a> in his influential A Common Germanic Grammar.<a href="#cite_note-Prokosch-13">[13]</a> It had earlier been accepted by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Joseph Wright</a> but only in an appendix to his Grammar of the Gothic Language.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-14">[14]</a></li> <li><big>ai</big> is used for the sound derived from the Common Germanic long vowel ē before a vowel.</li> <li><big>áu</big> is used for the sound derived from Common Germanic diphthong au. It cannot be related to a Greek digraph, since αυ then represented a sequence of a vowel and a spirant (<a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a>) consonant, which Ulfilas transcribed as aw in representing Greek words. Nevertheless, the argument based on simplicity is accepted by some influential scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Prokosch-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright-14">[14]</a></li></ul></li> <li>The "normal environment of occurrence" refers to native words. In foreign words, these environments are often greatly disturbed. For example, the short sounds /ɛ/ and /i/ alternate in native words in a nearly <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a> way, with /ɛ/ occurring in native words only before the consonants /h/, /hʷ/, /r/ while /i/ occurs everywhere else (nevertheless, there are a few exceptions such as /i/ before /r/ in hiri, /ɛ/ consistently in the <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicating</a> syllable of certain past-tense verbs regardless of the following consonant, which indicate that these sounds had become phonemicized). In foreign borrowings, however, /ɛ/ and /i/ occur freely in all environments, reflecting the corresponding vowel quality in the source language.</li> <li>Paradigmatic alterations can occur either intra-paradigm (between two different forms within a specific <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic paradigm">paradigm</a>) or cross-paradigm (between the same form in two different paradigms of the same class). Examples of intra-paradigm alternation are gawi /ɡa.wi/ "district (<abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr>)" vs. gáujis /ɡɔː.jis/ "district (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr>)"; mawi /ma.wi/ "maiden (<abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr>)" vs. máujōs /mɔː.joːs/ "maiden (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr>)"; þiwi /θi.wi/ "maiden (<abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr>)" vs. þiujōs /θiu.joːs/ "maiden (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr>)"; taui /tɔː.i/ "deed (<abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr>)" vs. tōjis /toː.jis/ "deed (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr>)"; náus /nɔːs/ "corpse (<abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr>)" vs. naweis /na.wiːs/ "corpses (<abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr>)"; triu /triu/?? "tree (<abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr>)" vs. triwis /tri.wis/ "tree (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr>)"; táujan /tɔː.jan/ "to do" vs. tawida /ta.wi.ða/ "I/he did"; stōjan /stoː.jan/ "to judge" vs. stauida /stɔː.i.ða/ "I/he judged". Examples of cross-paradigm alternation are Class IV verbs qiman /kʷiman/ "to come" vs. baíran /bɛran/ "to carry, to bear", qumans /kʷumans/ "(having) come" vs. baúrans /bɔrans/ "(having) carried"; Class VIIb verbs lētan /leː.tan/ "to let" vs. saian /sɛː.an/ "to sow" (note similar preterites laílōt /lɛ.loːt/ "I/he let", saísō /sɛ.soː/ "I/he sowed"). A combination of intra- and cross-paradigm alternation occurs in Class V sniwan /sni.wan/ "to hasten" vs. snáu /snɔː/ "I/he hastened" (expected *snaw, compare qiman "to come", qam "I/he came").</li> <li>The carefully maintained alternations between iu and iw suggest that iu may have been something other than /iu/. Various possibilities have been suggested (for example, high central or high back unrounded vowels, such as [ɨ] [ʉ] [ɯ]); under these theories, the spelling of iu is derived from the fact that the sound alternates with iw before a vowel, based on the similar alternations au and aw. The most common theory, however, simply posits /iu/ as the pronunciation of iu.</li> <li>Macrons represent long ā and ū (however, long i appears as ei, following the representation used in the native alphabet). Macrons are often also used in the case of ē and ō; however, they are sometimes omitted since these vowels are always long. Long ā occurs only before the consonants /h/, /hʷ/ and represents <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> nasalized /ãː(h)/ < earlier /aŋ(h)/; non-nasal /aː/ did not occur in Proto-Germanic. It is possible that the Gothic vowel still preserved the nasalization, or else that the nasalization was lost but the length distinction kept, as has happened with <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> ą. Non-nasal /iː/ and /uː/ occurred in Proto-Germanic, however, and so long ei and ū occur in all contexts. Before /h/ and /hʷ/, long ei and ū could stem from either non-nasal or nasal long vowels in Proto-Germanic; it is possible that the nasalization was still preserved in Gothic but not written.</li></ul> The following table shows the correspondence between spelling and sound for consonants: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gothic Letter</th> <th>Roman</th> <th>Sound (phoneme)</th> <th>Sound (allophone)</th> <th>Environment of occurrence</th> <th>Paradigmatically alternating sound, in other environments</th> <th>Proto-Germanic origin </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">𐌱</td> <td rowspan="2">b</td> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</td> <td>Word-initially; after a consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td rowspan="2">/b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</td> <td>After a vowel, before a voiced sound</td> <td>/ɸ/ (after a vowel, before an unvoiced sound) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">𐌳</td> <td rowspan="2">d</td> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</td> <td>Word-initially; after a consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td rowspan="2">/d/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</td> <td>After a vowel, before a voiced sound</td> <td>/θ/ (after a vowel, before an unvoiced sound) </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍆</td> <td>f</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>/b/ [β]</td> <td>/ɸ/; /b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">𐌲</td> <td rowspan="4">g</td> <td rowspan="3">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</td> <td>Word-initially; after a consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td rowspan="3">/ɡ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</td> <td>After a vowel, before a voiced sound</td> <td>/ɡ/ [x] (after a vowel, not before a voiced sound) </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</td> <td>After a vowel, not before a voiced sound</td> <td>/ɡ/ [ɣ] (after a vowel, before a voiced sound) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</td> <td>Before k /k/, g /ɡ/ [ɡ], gw /ɡʷ/ (such usage influenced by <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, compare <a href="/wiki/Gamma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma (letter)">gamma</a>)</td> <td>–</td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gw</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>]</td> <td>After g /n/ [ŋ]</td> <td>–</td> <td>/ɡʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌷</td> <td>h</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>/ɡ/ [ɣ]</td> <td>/x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍈</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hwair" title="Hwair">ƕ</a></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">hʷ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">hʷ</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td>/xʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌾</td> <td>j</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere</td> <td>–</td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌺</td> <td>k</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌻</td> <td>l</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere</td> <td>–</td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌼</td> <td>m</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere</td> <td>–</td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌽</td> <td>n</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere</td> <td>–</td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍀</td> <td>p</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td>/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌵</td> <td>q</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td>/kʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍂</td> <td>r</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere</td> <td>–</td> <td>/r/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍃</td> <td>s</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>/z/</td> <td>/s/; /z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍄</td> <td>t</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>–</td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌸</td> <td>þ</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere except before a voiced consonant</td> <td>/d/ [ð]</td> <td>/θ/; /d/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐍅</td> <td>w</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</td> <td>Everywhere</td> <td>–</td> <td>/w/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐌶</td> <td>z</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</td> <td>After a vowel, before a voiced sound</td> <td>/s/</td> <td>/z/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/hʷ/, which is written with a single character in the native alphabet, is transliterated using the symbol <a href="/wiki/Hwair" title="Hwair">ƕ</a>, which is used only in transliterating Gothic.</li> <li>/kʷ/ is similarly written with a single character in the native alphabet and is transliterated q (with no following u).</li> <li>/ɡʷ/, however, is written with two letters in the native alphabet and hence 𐌲𐍅 (gw). The lack of a single letter to represent this sound may result from its restricted distribution (only after /n/) and its rarity.</li> <li>/θ/ is written þ, similarly to other Germanic languages.</li> <li>Although [ŋ] is the <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /n/ occurring before /ɡ/ and /k/, it is written g, following the native alphabet convention (which, in turn, follows Greek usage), which leads to occasional ambiguities, e.g. saggws [saŋɡʷs] "song" but triggws [triɡɡʷs] "faithful" (compare English "true").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> It is possible to determine more or less exactly how the Gothic of Ulfilas was pronounced, primarily through comparative phonetic reconstruction. Furthermore, because Ulfilas tried to follow the original Greek text as much as possible in his translation, it is known that he used the same writing conventions as those of contemporary Greek. Since the Greek of that period is well documented, it is possible to reconstruct much of Gothic pronunciation from translated texts. In addition, the way in which non-Greek names are transcribed in the Greek Bible and in Ulfilas's Bible is very informative. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Short vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>i (y) </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2">a </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Long vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>iː </td> <td>uː </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td>eː </td> <td>oː </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td>ɛː </td> <td>ɔː </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2">aː </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/a/, /i/ and /u/ can be either long or short.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Gothic writing distinguishes between long and short vowels only for /i/ by writing i for the short form and ei for the long (a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> or false diphthong), in an imitation of Greek usage (ει = /iː/). Single vowels are sometimes long where a historically present <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a> has been dropped in front of an /h/ (a case of <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a>). Thus, the preterite of the verb briggan [briŋɡan] "to bring" (English bring, Dutch brengen, German bringen) becomes brahta [braːxta] (English brought, Dutch bracht, German brachte), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *branhtē. In detailed <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, when the intent is more <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcription</a>, length is noted by a macron (or failing that, often a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>): brāhta, brâhta. This is the only context in which /aː/ appears natively whereas /uː/, like /iː/, is found often enough in other contexts: brūks "useful" (Dutch gebruik, German Gebrauch, Icelandic brúk "use").</li> <li>/eː/ and /oː/ are long <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close-mid vowels</a>. They are written as e and o: neƕ [neːʍ] "near" (English nigh, Dutch nader, German nah); fodjan [foːdjan] "to feed".</li> <li>/ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are short <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open-mid vowels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> They are noted using the digraphs ai and au: taihun [tɛhun] "ten" (Dutch tien, German zehn, Icelandic tíu), dauhtar [dɔxtar] "daughter" (Dutch dochter, German Tochter, Icelandic dóttir). In transliterating Gothic, accents are placed on the second vowel of these digraphs aí and aú to distinguish them from the original diphthongs ái and áu: taíhun, daúhtar. In most cases short [ɛ] and [ɔ] are allophones of /i, u/ before /r, h, ʍ/.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Furthermore, the reduplication syllable of the reduplicating preterites has ai as well, which was probably pronounced as a short [ɛ].<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Finally, short [ɛ] and [ɔ] occur in loan words from Greek and Latin (aípiskaúpus [ɛpiskɔpus] = ἐπίσκοπος "bishop", laíktjo [lɛktjoː] = lectio "lection", Paúntius [pɔntius] = Pontius).</li> <li>The Germanic diphthongs /ai/ and /au/ appear as digraphs written ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩ in Gothic. Researchers have disagreed over whether they were still pronounced as diphthongs /ai̯/ and /au̯/ in Ulfilas's time (4th century) or had become long open-mid vowels: /ɛː/ and /ɔː/: ains [ains] / [ɛːns] "one" (German eins, Icelandic einn), augo [auɣoː] / [ɔːɣoː] "eye" (German Auge, Icelandic auga). It is most likely that the latter view is correct, as it is indisputable that the digraphs ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩ represent the sounds /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ in some circumstances (see below), and ⟨aj⟩ and ⟨aw⟩ were available to unambiguously represent the sounds /ai̯/ and /au̯/. The digraph ⟨aw⟩ is in fact used to represent /au/ in foreign words (such as Pawlus "Paul"), and alternations between ⟨ai⟩/⟨aj⟩ and ⟨au⟩/⟨aw⟩ are scrupulously maintained in paradigms where both variants occur (e.g. taujan "to do" vs. past tense tawida "did"). Evidence from transcriptions of Gothic names into Latin suggests that the sound change had occurred very recently when Gothic spelling was standardized: Gothic names with Germanic au are rendered with au in Latin until the 4th century and o later on (Austrogoti > Ostrogoti). The digraphs ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are normally written with an accent on the first vowel (ái, áu) when they correspond to Proto-Germanic /ai̯/ and /au̯/.</li> <li>Long [ɛː] and [ɔː] also occur as allophones of /eː/ and /uː, oː/ respectively before a following vowel: waian [wɛːan] "to blow" (Dutch waaien, German wehen), bauan [bɔːan] "to build" (Dutch bouwen, German bauen, Icelandic búa "to live, reside"), also in Greek words Trauada "Troad" (Gk. Τρῳάς). In detailed transcription these are notated ai, au.</li> <li>The existence of a vowel /y/ in Gothic is unclear. It is derived from the use of w to transcribe Greek υ (y) or the diphthong οι (oi), both of which were pronounced [y] in the Greek of the time. W is otherwise used to denote the consonant /w/). It may have been pronounced [i].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201933-19">[19]</a></li> <li>/iu/ is usually reconstructed as a falling diphthong ([iu̯]: diups [diu̯ps] "deep" (Dutch diep, German tief, Icelandic djúpur), though this has been disputed (see <a href="#Alphabet_and_transliteration">alphabet and transliteration</a> section above).</li> <li>Greek diphthongs: In Ulfilas's era, all the diphthongs of Classical Greek had become simple vowels in speech (<a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongization</a>), except for αυ (au) and ευ (eu), which were probably pronounced [aβ] and [ɛβ] (they evolved into [av~af] and [ev~ef] in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>.) Ulfilas notes them, in words borrowed from Greek, as aw and aiw, probably pronounced [au̯, ɛu̯]: Pawlus [pau̯lus] "Paul" (Gk. Παῦλος), aíwaggelista [ɛwaŋɡeːlista] "evangelist" (Gk. εὐαγγελιστής, via the Latin evangelista).</li> <li>All vowels (including diphthongs) can be followed by a [w], which was likely pronounced as the second element of a diphthong with roughly the sound of [u̯]. It seems likely that this is more of an instance of phonetic juxtaposition than of true diphthongs (such as, for example, the sound /aj/ in the French word paille ("straw"), which is not the diphthong /ai̯/ but rather a vowel followed by an <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a>): alew [aleːw] "olive oil" ( < Latin oleum), snáiws [snɛːws] ("snow"), lasiws [lasiws] "tired" (English lazy).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2">m <a href="/wiki//m/" class="mw-redirect" title="/m/">/m/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">n <a href="/wiki//n/" class="mw-redirect" title="/n/">/n/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">g, n <a href="/wiki//%C5%8B/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ŋ/">/ŋ/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td>p <a href="/wiki//p/" class="mw-redirect" title="/p/">/p/</a> </td> <td>b <a href="/wiki//b/" title="/b/">/b/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>t <a href="/wiki//t/" class="mw-redirect" title="/t/">/t/</a> </td> <td>d <a href="/wiki//d/" class="mw-redirect" title="/d/">/d/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ddj /ɟː/?[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>k <a href="/wiki//k/" class="mw-redirect" title="/k/">/k/</a> </td> <td>g <a href="/wiki//%C9%A1/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ɡ/">/ɡ/</a> </td> <td>q <a href="/wiki/K%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Kʷ">/kʷ/</a> </td> <td>gw <a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%AC%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɡʷ">/ɡʷ/</a> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>f <a href="/wiki//%C9%B8/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ɸ/">/ɸ/</a> </td> <td>b <a href="/wiki//%CE%B2/" class="mw-redirect" title="/β/">/β/</a> </td> <td>þ <a href="/wiki//%CE%B8/" class="mw-redirect" title="/θ/">/θ/</a> </td> <td>d <a href="/wiki//%C3%B0/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ð/">/ð/</a> </td> <td>s <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">/s/</a> </td> <td>z <a href="/wiki//z/" class="mw-redirect" title="/z/">/z/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>g, h <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">/x/</a> </td> <td>g <a href="/wiki//%C9%A3/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ɣ/">/ɣ/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>h <a href="/wiki//h/" class="mw-redirect" title="/h/">/h/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">l <a href="/wiki//l/" class="mw-redirect" title="/l/">/l/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">j <a href="/wiki//j/" class="mw-redirect" title="/j/">/j/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>ƕ <a href="/wiki//%CA%8D/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ʍ/">/ʍ/</a> </td> <td>w <a href="/wiki//w/" class="mw-redirect" title="/w/">/w/</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">r <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">/r/</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> In general, Gothic consonants are <a href="/wiki/Final_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final devoicing">devoiced</a> at the ends of words. Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a>; it is hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a> and characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. Gothic is unusual among Germanic languages in having a /z/ phoneme, which has not become /r/ through rhotacization. Furthermore, the doubling of written consonants between vowels suggests that Gothic made distinctions between long and short, or <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> consonants: atta [atːa] "dad", kunnan [kunːan] "to know" (Dutch kennen, German kennen "to know", Icelandic kunna). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stops">Stops</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stops">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The voiceless stops /p/, /t/ and /k/ are regularly noted by p, t and k respectively: paska [paska] "Easter" (from the Greek πάσχα), tuggo [tuŋɡoː] "tongue", kalbo [kalboː] "calf".</li> <li>The letter q is probably a <a href="/wiki/Labialized_voiceless_velar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialized voiceless velar plosive">voiceless labiovelar stop</a>, /kʷ/, comparable to the Latin qu: qiman [kʷiman] "to come". In later Germanic languages, this phoneme has become either a <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> /kw/ of a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless velar stop">voiceless velar stop</a> + a <a href="/wiki/Labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labio-velar approximant">labio-velar approximant</a> (English qu) or a simple voiceless velar stop /k/ (English c, k)</li> <li>The voiced stops /b/, /d/ and /ɡ/ are noted by the letters b, d and g. Like the other Germanic languages, they occurred in word-initial position, when doubled and after a nasal. In addition, they apparently occurred after other consonants,: arbi [arbi] "inheritance", huzd [huzd] "treasure". (This conclusion is based on their behavior at the end of a word, in which they do not change into voiceless fricatives, unlike when they occur after a vowel.)</li> <li>There was probably also a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced labiovelar stop</a>, /ɡʷ/, which was written with the digraph gw. It occurred after a nasal, e.g. saggws [saŋɡʷs] "song", or long as a regular outcome of Germanic *ww: triggws [triɡʷːs] "faithful" (English true, German treu, Icelandic tryggur). The existence of a long [ɡʷː] separate from [ŋɡʷ], however, is not universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Similarly, the letters ddj, which is the regular outcome of Germanic *jj, may represent a voiced palatal stop, /ɟː/:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] waddjus [waɟːus] "wall" (Icelandic veggur), twaddje [twaɟːeː] "two (genitive)" (Icelandic tveggja).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fricatives">Fricatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fricatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/s/ and /z/ are usually written s and z. The latter corresponds to Germanic *z (which has become r or silent in the other Germanic languages); at the end of a word, it is regularly devoiced to s. E.g. saíhs [sɛhs] "six", máiza [mɛːza] "greater" (English more, Dutch meer, German mehr, Icelandic meira) versus máis [mɛːs] "more, rather".</li> <li>/ɸ/ and /θ/, written f and þ, are voiceless bilabial and voiceless dental fricatives respectively. It is likely that the relatively unstable sound /ɸ/ became /f/. f and þ are also derived from b and d at the ends of words and then are devoiced and become fricatives: gif [ɡiɸ] "give (imperative)" (infinitive giban: German geben), miþ [miθ] "with" (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> mid, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> með, Dutch met, German mit). The cluster /ɸl/ became /θl/ in some words but not others: þlauhs "flight" from Germanic *flugiz; þliuhan "flee" from Germanic *fleuhaną (but see flōdus "river", flahta "braid"). This sound change is unique among Germanic languages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>/h/ is written as h: haban "to have". It was probably pronounced [h] in word-final position and before a consonant as well (not [x], since /ɡ/ > [x] is written g, not h): jah [jah] "and" (Dutch, German, Scandinavian ja "yes").</li> <li>[x] is an allophone of /ɡ/ at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant; it is always written g: dags [daxs] "day" (German Tag). In some borrowed Greek words is the special letter x, which represents the Greek letter χ (ch): Xristus [xristus] "Christ" (Gk. Χριστός).</li> <li>[β], [ð] and [ɣ] are voiced fricative found only in between vowels. They are <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> of /b/, /d/ and /ɡ/ and are not distinguished from them in writing. [β] may have become /v/, a more stable labiodental form. In the study of Germanic languages, these phonemes are usually transcribed as ƀ, đ and ǥ respectively: haban [haβan] "to have", þiuda [θiu̯ða] "people" (Dutch Diets, German Deutsch, Icelandic þjóð > English Dutch), áugo [ɔːɣoː] "eye" (English eye, Dutch oog, German Auge, Icelandic auga). When occurring after a vowel at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant, these sounds become unvoiced [ɸ], [θ] and [x], e.g. hláifs [hlɛːɸs] "loaf" but genitive hláibis [hlɛːβis] "of a loaf", plural hláibōs [hlɛːβoːs] "loaves".</li> <li>ƕ (also transcribed hw) is the labiovelar equivalent of /x/, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷ. It was probably pronounced [ʍ] (a voiceless [w]), as wh is pronounced in certain dialects of English and in Scots: ƕan /ʍan/ "when", ƕar /ʍar/ "where", ƕeits [ʍiːts] "white".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sonorants">Sonorants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sonorants">edit</a>]</div> Gothic has three nasal consonants, one of which is an allophone of the others, all found only in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> with them. Nasals in Gothic, like most other languages, are pronounced at the same <a href="/wiki/Point_of_articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of articulation">point of articulation</a> as the consonant that follows them (<a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a>). Therefore, clusters like [md] and [nb] are not possible. <ul><li>/n/ and /m/ are freely distributed and so can be found in any position in a syllable and form <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> except in certain contexts where they are neutralized: /n/ before a <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial consonant</a> becomes [m], while /m/ preceding a <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental stop</a> becomes [n], as per the principle of assimilation described in the previous paragraph. In front of a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar stop</a>, they both become [ŋ]. /n/ and /m/ are transcribed as n and m, and, in writing, neutralisation is marked: sniumundo /sniu̯mundoː/ ("quickly").</li> <li>[ŋ] is not a phoneme and cannot appear freely in Gothic. It is present where a nasal consonant is neutralised before a velar stop and is in a complementary distribution with /n/ and /m/. Following Greek conventions, it is normally written as g (sometimes n): þagkjan [θaŋkjan] "to think", sigqan [siŋkʷan] "to sink" ~ þankeiþ [θaŋkiːθ] "thinks". The cluster ggw sometimes denotes [ŋɡʷ], but sometimes [ɡʷː] (see above).</li> <li>/w/ is transliterated as w before a vowel: weis [wiːs] ("we"), twái [twai] "two" (German zwei).</li> <li>/j/ is written as j: jer [jeːr] "year", sakjo [sakjoː] "strife".</li> <li>/l/ and /r/ occur as in other European languages: laggs (possibly [laŋɡs], [laŋks] or [laŋɡz]) "long", mel [meːl] "hour" (English meal, Dutch maal, German Mahl, Icelandic mál). The exact pronunciation of /r/ is unknown, but it is usually assumed to be a <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a> [r] or a <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a> [ɾ]): raíhts [rɛxts] "right", afar [afar] "after".</li> <li>/l/, /m/, /n/ and /r/ may occur either between two other consonants of lower sonority or word-finally after a consonant of lower sonority. It is probable that the sounds are pronounced partly or completely as <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonants</a> in such circumstances (as in English "bottle" or "bottom"): tagl [taɣl̩] or [taɣl] "hair" (English tail, Icelandic tagl), máiþms [mɛːθm̩s] or [mɛːθms] "gift", táikns [tɛːkn̩s] or [tɛːkns] "sign" (English token, Dutch teken, German Zeichen, Icelandic tákn) and tagr [taɣr̩] or [taɣr] "tear (as in crying)".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accentuation_and_intonation">Accentuation and intonation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accentuation and intonation">edit</a>]</div> Accentuation in Gothic can be reconstructed through phonetic comparison, <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a>. Gothic used a <a href="/wiki/Stress_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress accent">stress accent</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. This is indicated by the shortening of long vowels [eː] and [oː] and the loss of short vowels [a] and [i] in unstressed final syllables. Just as in other Germanic languages, the free moving <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Proto-Indo-European accent</a> was replaced with one fixed on the first syllable of simple words. Accents do not shift when words are inflected. In most compound words, the location of the stress depends on the type of compound: <ul><li>In compounds in which the second word is a noun, the accent is on the first syllable of the first word of the compound.</li> <li>In compounds in which the second word is a verb, the accent falls on the first syllable of the verbal component. Elements prefixed to verbs are otherwise unstressed except in the context of separable words (words that can be broken in two parts and separated in regular usage such as <a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">separable verbs</a> in German and Dutch). In those cases, the prefix is stressed.</li></ul> For example, with comparable words from modern Germanic languages: <ul><li>Non-compound words: marka [ˈmarka] "border, borderlands" (English march, Dutch mark); aftra [ˈaɸtra] "after"; bidjan [ˈbiðjan] "pray" (Dutch, bidden, German bitten, Icelandic biðja, English bid).</li> <li>Compound words: <ul><li>Noun first element: guda-láus [ˈɡuðalɔːs] "godless".</li> <li>Verb second element: ga-láubjan [ɡaˈlɔːβjan] "believe" (Dutch geloven, German glauben < <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> g(i)louben by <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a> of the unaccented i).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns_and_adjectives">Nouns and adjectives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns and adjectives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic declension</a></div> Gothic preserves many archaic Indo-European features that are not always present in modern Germanic languages, in particular the rich Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> system. Gothic had <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative cases</a>, as well as vestiges of a <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a> that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative. The three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> of Indo-European were all present. Nouns and adjectives were inflected according to one of two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>: the singular and the plural. Nouns can be divided into numerous declensions according to the form of the stem: a, ō, i, u, an, ōn, ein, r, etc. Adjectives have two variants, indefinite and definite (sometimes indeterminate and determinate), with definite adjectives normally used in combination with the definite <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> sa/þata/sō) while indefinite adjectives are used in other circumstances.,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Indefinite adjectives generally use a combination of a-stem and ō-stem endings, and definite adjectives use a combination of an-stem and ōn-stem endings. The concept of "strong" and "weak" declensions that is prevalent in the grammar of many other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> is less significant in Gothic because of its conservative nature: the so-called "weak" declensions (those ending in n) are, in fact, no weaker in Gothic (in terms of having fewer endings) than the "strong" declensions (those ending in a vowel), and the "strong" declensions do not form a coherent class that can be clearly distinguished from the "weak" declensions. Although descriptive adjectives in Gothic (as well as superlatives ending in -ist and -ost) and the <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> may take both definite and indefinite forms, some adjectival words are restricted to one variant. Some pronouns take only definite forms: for example, sama (English "same"), adjectives like unƕeila ("constantly", from the root ƕeila, "time"; compare to the English "while"), comparative adjective and <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participles</a>. Others, such as áins ("some"), take only the indefinite forms. The table below displays the declension of the Gothic adjective blind (English: "blind"), compared with the an-stem noun guma "man, human" and the a-stem noun dags "day": <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Number </th> <th rowspan="3">Case </th> <th colspan="5">Definite/an-stem </th> <th colspan="5">Indefinite/a-stem </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Noun </th> <th colspan="4">Adjective </th> <th rowspan="2">Noun </th> <th colspan="4">Adjective </th></tr> <tr> <th style="height:58px;">root </th> <th><abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="neuter">neut.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="feminine">fem.</abbr> </th> <th>root </th> <th><abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="neuter">neut.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="feminine">fem.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Singular </th> <td><abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr></td> <td>guma </td> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">blind- </td> <td>-a</td> <td colspan="2">-o</td> <td>dags </td> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">blind- </td> <td>-s</td> <td rowspan="2">— / -ata</td> <td rowspan="2">-a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="accusative">acc.</abbr></td> <td>guman</td> <td>-an</td> <td>-o</td> <td rowspan="2">-on </td> <td>dag</td> <td>-ana </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="dative">dat.</abbr></td> <td>gumin</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-in</td> <td>daga </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-amma</td> <td>-ái </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr></td> <td>gumins</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-ins </td> <td rowspan="3">-ons</td> <td>dagis </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-is</td> <td>áizos </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Plural </th> <td><abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr></td> <td rowspan="2">gumans </td> <td rowspan="2">-ans</td> <td rowspan="2">-ona</td> <td>dagos </td> <td>-ái</td> <td rowspan="2">-a</td> <td rowspan="2">-os </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="accusative">acc.</abbr> </td> <td>dagans</td> <td>-ans </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="dative">dat.</abbr></td> <td>gumam</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-am </td> <td>-om</td> <td>dagam </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">-áim </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr></td> <td>gumane</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-ane </td> <td>-ono</td> <td>dage</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">-áize </td> <td>-áizo </td></tr></tbody></table> This table is, of course, not exhaustive. (There are secondary inflexions of various sorts not described here.) An exhaustive table of only the types of endings that Gothic took is presented below. <ul><li>vowel declensions: <ul><li>roots ending in -a, -ja, -wa (masculine and neuter): equivalent to the Greek and Latin second declension in ‑us / ‑ī and ‑ος / ‑ου;</li> <li>roots ending in -ō, -jō and -wō (feminine): equivalent to the Greek and Latin first declension in ‑a / ‑ae and ‑α / ‑ας (‑η / ‑ης);</li> <li>roots ending in -i (masculine and feminine): equivalent to the Greek and Latin third declension in ‑is / ‑is (<abbr title="ablative">abl.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> ‑ī, <abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr> <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> -ium) and ‑ις / ‑εως;</li> <li>roots ending in -u (all three genders): equivalent to the Latin fourth declension in ‑us / ‑ūs and the Greek third declension in ‑υς / ‑εως;</li></ul></li> <li>n-stem declensions, equivalent to the Greek and Latin third declension in ‑ō / ‑inis/ōnis and ‑ων / ‑ονος or ‑ην / ‑ενος: <ul><li>roots ending in -an, -jan, -wan (masculine);</li> <li>roots ending in -ōn and -ein (feminine);</li> <li>roots ending in -n (neuter): equivalent to the Greek and Latin third declension in ‑men / ‑minis and ‑μα / ‑ματος;</li></ul></li> <li>minor declensions: roots ending in -r, -nd and vestigial endings in other consonants, equivalent to other third declensions in Greek and Latin.</li></ul> Gothic adjectives follow noun declensions closely; they take same types of inflection. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension#Pronouns" title="Gothic declension">Gothic declension: Pronouns</a></div> Gothic inherited the full set of Indo-European pronouns: <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronouns</a> for each of the three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical persons</a>), <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">possessive pronouns</a>, both simple and compound <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstratives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronoun">interrogatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronouns</a>. Each follows a particular pattern of inflection (partially mirroring the noun declension), much like other Indo-European languages. One particularly noteworthy characteristic is the preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Dual_grammatical_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual grammatical number">dual number</a>, referring to two people or things; the plural was used only for quantities greater than two. Thus, "the two of us" and "we" for numbers greater than two were expressed as wit and weis respectively. While proto-Indo-European used the dual for all grammatical categories that took a number (as did Classical Greek and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>), most Old Germanic languages are unusual in that they preserved it only for pronouns. Gothic preserves an older system with dual marking on both pronouns and verbs (but not nouns or adjectives). The simple demonstrative pronoun sa (neuter: þata, feminine: so, from the Indo-European root *so, *seh2, *tod; cognate to the Greek article ὁ, ἡ, τό and the Latin istud) can be used as an article, allowing constructions of the type definite article + weak adjective + noun. The interrogative pronouns begin with ƕ-, which derives from the proto-Indo-European consonant *kʷ that was present at the beginning of all interrogatives in proto-Indo-European, cognate with the wh- at the beginning of many English interrogative, which, as in Gothic, are pronounced with [ʍ] in some dialects. The same etymology is present in the interrogatives of many other Indo-European languages: w- [v] in German, hv- in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, the Latin qu- (which persists in modern <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>), the Greek τ- or π-, the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic</a> k- as well as many others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_verbs" title="Gothic verbs">Gothic verbs</a></div> The bulk of Gothic verbs follow the type of Indo-European conjugation called '<a href="/wiki/Thematic_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thematic stem">thematic</a>' because they insert a vowel derived from the reconstructed proto-Indo-European phonemes *e or *o between roots and inflexional suffixes. The pattern is also present in Greek and Latin: <ul><li>Latin – leg-i-mus ("we read"): root leg- + thematic vowel -i- (from *o) + suffix -mus.</li> <li>Greek – λύ-ο-μεν ("we untie"): root λυ- + thematic vowel -ο- + suffix -μεν.</li> <li>Gothic – nim-a-m ("we take"): root nim- + thematic vowel -a- (from *o) + suffix -m.</li></ul> The other conjugation, called '<a href="/wiki/Athematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Athematic">athematic</a>', in which suffixes are added directly to roots, exists only in unproductive vestigial forms in Gothic, just like in Greek and Latin. The most important such instance is <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_copula" title="Indo-European copula">the verb "to be"</a>, which is athematic in Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and many other Indo-European languages. Gothic verbs are, like nouns and adjectives, divided into strong verbs and weak verbs. Weak verbs are characterised by <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterites</a> formed by appending the suffixes -da or -ta, parallel to past participles formed with -þ / -t. Strong verbs form preterites by <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">ablaut</a> (the alternating of vowels in their root forms) or by <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> (prefixing the root with the first consonant in the root plus aí) but without adding a suffix in either case. This parallels the Greek and Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfects</a>. The dichotomy is still present in modern Germanic languages: <ul><li>weak verbs ("to have"): <ul><li>Gothic: haban, preterite: habáida, past participle: habáiþs;</li> <li>English: (to) have, preterite: had, past participle: had;</li> <li>German: haben, preterite: hatte, past participle: gehabt;</li> <li>Icelandic: hafa, preterite: hafði, past participle: haft;</li> <li>Dutch: hebben, preterite: had, past participle: gehad;</li> <li>Swedish: ha(va), preterite: hade, supine: haft;</li></ul></li> <li>strong verbs ("to give"): <ul><li>Gothic: infinitive: giban, preterite: gaf;</li> <li>English: infinitive: (to) give, preterite: gave;</li> <li>German: infinitive: geben, preterite: gab;</li> <li>Icelandic: infinitive: gefa, preterite: gaf;</li> <li>Dutch: infinitive: geven, preterite: gaf;</li> <li>Swedish: infinitive: giva (ge), preterite: gav.</li></ul></li></ul> Verbal conjugation in Gothic have two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">grammatical voices</a>: the active and the medial; three numbers: singular, dual (except in the third person) and plural; two tenses: present and preterite (derived from a former perfect); three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> (from an old <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a> form) and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> as well as three kinds of nominal forms: a present <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, a present <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>, and a past <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>. Not all tenses and persons are represented in all moods and voices, as some conjugations use <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary forms</a>. Finally, there are forms called 'preterite-present': the old Indo-European perfect was reinterpreted as present tense. The Gothic word wáit, from the proto-Indo-European *woid-h2e ("to see" in the perfect), corresponds exactly to its Sanskrit cognate véda and in Greek to ϝοἶδα. Both etymologically should mean "I have seen" (in the perfect sense) but mean "I know" (in the preterite-present meaning). Latin follows the same rule with nōuī ("I have learned" and "I know"). The preterite-present verbs include áigan ("to possess") and kunnan ("to know") among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Word_order">Word order</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Word order">edit</a>]</div> The word order of Gothic is fairly free as is typical of other inflected languages. The natural word order of Gothic is assumed to have been like that of the other old Germanic languages; however, nearly all extant Gothic texts are translations of Greek originals and have been heavily influenced by Greek syntax. Sometimes what can be expressed in one word in the original Greek will require a verb and a complement in the Gothic translation; for example, διωχθήσονται (diōchthēsontai, "they will be persecuted") is rendered: <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>wrakos</td> <td>winnand</td> <td>(2 Timothy 3:12) </td></tr> <tr> <td>persecution-<abbr title="plural">PL</abbr>-<abbr title="accusative">ACC</abbr></td> <td>suffer-<abbr title="third person plural">3PL</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">"they will suffer persecution" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Likewise Gothic translations of Greek noun phrases may feature a verb and a complement. In both cases, the verb follows the complement, giving weight to the theory that basic word order in Gothic is object–verb. This aligns with what is known of other early Germanic languages.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, this pattern is reversed in imperatives and negations:<a href="#cite_note-Eythórsson_2001_110-24">[24]</a> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>waírþ</td> <td>hráins</td> <td>(Matthew 8:3, Mark 1:42, Luke 5:13) </td></tr> <tr> <td>become-<abbr title="imperative">IMP</abbr></td> <td>clean </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">"become clean!" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>ni</td> <td>nimiþ</td> <td>arbi</td> <td>(Galatians 4:30) </td></tr> <tr> <td>not</td> <td>take-<abbr title="third person single">3SG</abbr></td> <td>inheritance </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">"he shall not become heir" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> And in a wh-question the verb directly follows the question word:<a href="#cite_note-Eythórsson_2001_110-24">[24]</a> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>ƕa</td> <td>skuli</td> <td>þata</td> <td>barn</td> <td>waírþan</td> <td>(Luke 1:66) </td></tr> <tr> <td>what</td> <td>shall-<abbr title="third person single">3SG</abbr>-<abbr title="optative">OPT</abbr></td> <td>the-<abbr title="neuter">NEUT</abbr></td> <td>child</td> <td>become-<abbr title="infinitive">INF</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">"What shall the child become?" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clitics">Clitics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clitics">edit</a>]</div> Gothic has two <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> particles placed in the second position in a sentence, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Wackernagel%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Wackernagel's Law">Wackernagel's Law</a>. One such clitic particle is -u, indicating a yes–no question or an indirect question, like Latin -ne: <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>ni-u</td> <td>taíhun</td> <td>þái</td> <td>gahráinidái</td> <td>waúrþun?</td> <td>(Luke 17:17) </td></tr> <tr> <td>not-<abbr title="question">Q</abbr></td> <td>ten</td> <td>that-<abbr title="masculine">MASC</abbr>-<abbr title="plural">PL</abbr></td> <td>cleanse-<abbr title="past participle">PP</abbr>-<abbr title="masculine">MASC</abbr>-<abbr title="plural">PL</abbr></td> <td>become-<abbr title="third person plural">3PL</abbr>-<abbr title="past">PST</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">"Were there not ten that were cleansed?" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>ei</td> <td>saíƕam</td> <td>qimái-u</td> <td>Helias</td> <td>nasjan</td> <td>ina</td> <td>(Matthew 27:49) </td></tr> <tr> <td>that</td> <td>see-<abbr title="first person plural">1PL</abbr></td> <td>come-<abbr title="third person singular">3SG</abbr>-<abbr title="optative">OPT</abbr>-<abbr title="question">Q</abbr></td> <td>Elias</td> <td>save-<abbr title="infinitive">INF</abbr></td> <td>he-<abbr title="accusative">ACC</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">"that we see whether or not Elias will come to save him" </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> The prepositional phrase without the clitic -u appears as af þus silbin: the clitic causes the reversion of originally voiced fricatives, unvoiced at the end of a word, to their voiced form; another such example is wileid-u "do you (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>) want" from wileiþ "you (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>) want". If the first word has a <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverb</a> attached, the clitic actually splits the preverb from the verb: ga-u-láubjats "do you both believe...?" from galáubjats "you both believe". Another such clitic is -uh "and", appearing as -h after a vowel: ga-h-mēlida "and he wrote" from gamēlida "he wrote", urreis nim-uh "arise and take!" from the imperative form nim "take". After iþ or any indefinite besides sums "some" and anþar "another", -uh cannot be placed; in the latter category, this is only because indefinite determiner phrases cannot move to the front of a clause. Unlike, for example, Latin -que, -uh can only join two or more main clauses. In all other cases, the word jah "and" is used, which can also join main clauses. More than one such clitics can occur in one word: diz-uh-þan-sat ijōs "and then he seized them (<abbr title="feminine">fem.</abbr>)" from dissat "he seized" (notice again the voicing of diz-), ga-u-ƕa-sēƕi "whether he saw anything" from gasēƕi "he saw".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_Germanic_languages">Comparison to other Germanic languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparison to other Germanic languages">edit</a>]</div> For the most part, Gothic is known to be significantly closer to Proto-Germanic than any other Germanic language[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] except for that of the (scantily attested) <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Ancient Nordic</a> runic inscriptions, which has made it invaluable in the reconstruction of Proto-Germanic[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. In fact, Gothic tends to serve as the primary foundation for reconstructing Proto-Germanic[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The reconstructed Proto-Germanic conflicts with Gothic only when there is clearly identifiable evidence from other branches that the Gothic form is a secondary development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinctive_features">Distinctive features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Distinctive features">edit</a>]</div> Gothic fails to display a number of innovations shared by all Germanic languages attested later: <ul><li>lack of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a>,</li> <li>lack of <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a>.</li></ul> The language also preserved many features that were mostly lost in other early Germanic languages: <ul><li>dual inflections on verbs,</li> <li>morphological passive voice for verbs,</li> <li>reduplication in the past tense of Class VII strong verbs,</li> <li>clitic conjunctions that appear in second position of a sentence in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Wackernagel%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Wackernagel's Law">Wackernagel's Law</a>, splitting verbs from pre-verbs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_umlaut">Lack of umlaut</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lack of umlaut">edit</a>]</div> Most conspicuously, Gothic shows no sign of morphological umlaut. Gothic fotus, <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> fotjus, can be contrasted with English foot : feet, German Fuß : Füße, Old Norse fótr : fœtr, Danish fod : fødder. These forms contain the characteristic change /u/ > /iː/ (English), /uː/ > /yː/ (German), /oː/ > /øː/ (ON and Danish) due to i-umlaut; the Gothic form shows no such change. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_rhotacism">Lack of rhotacism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lack of rhotacism">edit</a>]</div> Proto-Germanic *z remains in Gothic as z or is devoiced to s. In North and West Germanic, *z changes to r by <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)#Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a>: <ul><li>Gothic dius, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case"><abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr></a> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> diuzis ≠</li> <li>Old English dēor, <abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> dēores "wild animal" (Modern English deer).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passive_voice">Passive voice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Passive voice">edit</a>]</div> Gothic retains a morphological passive voice inherited from Indo-European but unattested in all other Germanic languages except for the single fossilised form preserved in, for example, Old English hātte or Runic Norse (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400) haitē "am called", derived from Proto-Germanic *haitaną "to call, command". The morphological passive in North Germanic languages (Swedish gör "does", görs "is being done") originates from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology#Suffixes_and_clitics" title="Old Norse morphology">middle voice</a>, which is an innovation not inherited from Indo-European. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual_number">Dual number</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dual number">edit</a>]</div> Unlike other Germanic languages, which retained dual numbering only in some pronoun forms, Gothic has dual forms both in pronouns and in verbs. Dual verb forms exist only in the first and second person and only in the active voice; in all other cases, the corresponding plural forms are used. In pronouns, Gothic has first and second person dual pronouns: Gothic and Old English wit, Old Norse vit "we two" (thought to have been in fact derived from *wi-du literally "we two"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reduplication">edit</a>]</div> Gothic possesses a number of verbs which form their preterite by reduplication, another archaic feature inherited from Indo-European. While traces of this category survived elsewhere in Germanic, the phenomenon is largely obscured in these other languages by later sound changes and analogy. In the following examples the infinitive is compared to the third person singular preterite indicative: <ul><li>Gothic saian "to sow" : saiso</li> <li>Old Norse sá : seri < Proto-Germanic *sezō</li> <li>Gothic laikan "to play" : lailaik</li> <li>Old English lācan : leolc, lēc</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> The standard theory of the origin of the Germanic languages divides the languages into three groups: <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a> (Gothic and a few other very scantily-attested languages), <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> and its derivatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>) and <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> (all others, including <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> and the numerous modern languages derived from these, including English, German, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>). Sometimes, a further grouping, that of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a> languages, is posited as containing the North Germanic and West Germanic languages, reflecting the hypothesis that Gothic was the first attested language to branch off. A minority opinion (the so-called Gotho-Nordic hypothesis) instead groups North Germanic and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a> together. It is based partly on historical claims: for example, <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, writing in the 6th century, ascribes to the Goths a Scandinavian origin. There are a few linguistically significant areas in which Gothic and Old Norse agree against the West Germanic languages. Perhaps the most obvious is the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *-jj- and *-ww- into Gothic ddj (from Pre-Gothic ggj?) and ggw, and Old Norse ggj and ggv ("<a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Holtzmann's Law">Holtzmann's Law</a>"), in contrast to West Germanic where they remained as semivowels. Compare Modern English true, German treu, with Gothic triggws, Old Norse tryggr. However, it has been suggested that these are, in fact, two separate and unrelated changes.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A number of other posited similarities exist (for example, the existence of numerous inchoative verbs ending in -na, such as Gothic ga-waknan, Old Norse vakna; and the absence of gemination before j, or (in the case of old Norse) only g geminated before j, e.g. Proto-Germanic *kunją > Gothic kuni (kin), Old Norse kyn, but Old English cynn, Old High German kunni). However, for the most part these represent <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method#Terminology" title="Comparative method">shared retentions</a>, which are not valid means of grouping languages. That is, if a parent language splits into three daughters A, B and C, and C innovates in a particular area but A and B do not change, A and B will appear to agree against C. That shared retention in A and B is not necessarily indicative of any special relationship between the two. Similar claims of similarities between <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> (Gutniska) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a> are also based on shared retentions rather than shared innovations. Another commonly-given example involves Gothic and Old Norse verbs with the ending -t in the 2nd person singular preterite indicative, and the West Germanic languages have -i. The ending -t can regularly descend from the Proto-Indo-European perfect ending *-th₂e, while the origin of the West Germanic ending -i (which, unlike the -t-ending, unexpectedly combines with the zero-grade of the root as in the plural) is unclear, suggesting that it is an innovation of some kind, possibly an import from the optative. Another possibility is that this is an example of independent choices made from a doublet existing in the proto-language. That is, Proto-Germanic may have allowed either -t or -i to be used as the ending, either in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> or perhaps depending on dialects within Proto-Germanic or the particular verb in question. Each of the three daughters independently standardized on one of the two endings and, by chance, Gothic and Old Norse ended up with the same ending. Other <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> have led scholars to propose an early split between East and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a>. Furthermore, features shared by any two branches of Germanic do not necessarily require the postulation of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> excluding the third, as the early <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> were all part of a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> in the early stages of their development, and <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">contact</a> between the three branches of Germanic was extensive. Polish linguist <a href="/wiki/Witold_Ma%C5%84czak" title="Witold Mańczak">Witold Mańczak</a> argued that Gothic is closer to German (specifically <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a>) than to Scandinavian and suggested that their ancestral homeland was located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories, close to present-day Austria, rather than in Scandinavia. <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a> has agreed with Mańczak's hypothesis, stating: "I think that his argument is correct and that it is time to abandon Iordanes' classic view that the Goths came from Scandinavia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt2001-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> language features several apparent <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_borrowings" title="Proto-Slavic borrowings">borrowed words</a> from East Germanic (presumably Gothic), such as *xlěbъ, "bread", vs. Gothic hlaifs.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> also preserve several loanwords from Gothic, such as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> agasalho (warm clothing), from Gothic *𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (*gasalja, "companion, comrade"); ganso (goose), from Gothic *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*gans, "goose"); luva (glove), from Gothic 𐌻𐍉𐍆𐌰 (lōfa, "palm of the hand"); and trégua (truce), from Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 (triggwa, "treaty; covenant"). Other examples include the French broder (to embroider), from Gothic *𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽 (*bruzdon, "to embroider"); gaffe (gaffe), from Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷 (gafāh, "catch; something which is caught"); and the Italian bega (quarrel, dispute), from Gothic *𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰 (*bēga, "quarrel"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_Romanticism_and_the_Modern_Age">Use in Romanticism and the Modern Age</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Use in Romanticism and the Modern Age">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J._R._R._Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: J. R. R. Tolkien">edit</a>]</div> Several linguists have made use of Gothic as a creative language. The most famous example is "<a href="/wiki/Bagme_Bloma" title="Bagme Bloma">Bagme Bloma</a>" ("Flower of the Trees") by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Songs_for_the_Philologists" title="Songs for the Philologists">Songs for the Philologists</a>. It was published privately in 1936 for Tolkien and his colleague <a href="/wiki/E._V._Gordon" title="E. V. Gordon">E. V. Gordon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Tolkien's use of Gothic is also known from a letter from 1965 to Zillah Sherring. When Sherring bought a copy of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>' <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a> in Salisbury, she found strange inscriptions in it; after she found his name in it, she wrote him a letter and asked him if the inscriptions were his, including the longest one on the back, which was in Gothic. In his reply to her he corrected some of the mistakes in the text; he wrote for example that hundai should be hunda and þizo boko ("of those books"), which he suggested should be þizos bokos ("of this book"). A semantic inaccuracy of the text which he mentioned himself is the use of lisan for read, while this was ussiggwan. Tolkien also made a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of his own name in Gothic in the letter, which according to him should be Ruginwaldus Dwalakoneis.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Gothic is also known to have served as the primary inspiration for Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Invented_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Invented language">invented language</a>, Taliska<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> which, in <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his legendarium</a>, was the language spoken by the race of Men during the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a> before being displaced by another of his invented languages, <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a>. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tolkien's Taliska grammar has not been published. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> On 10 February 1841, the Bayerische Akademie für Wissenschaften published a reconstruction in Gothic of the Creed of <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Thorvaldsen museum also has an alliterative poem, "Thunravalds Sunau", from 1841 by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ferdinand_Massmann" title="Hans Ferdinand Massmann">Massmann</a>, the first publisher of the Skeireins, written in the Gothic language. It was read at a great feast dedicated to Thorvaldsen in the Gesellschaft der Zwanglosen in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> on July 15, 1841. This event is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Schorn" title="Ludwig von Schorn">Ludwig von Schorn</a> in the magazine Kunstblatt from the 19th of July, 1841.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Massmann also translated the academic <a href="/wiki/Commercium_song" title="Commercium song">commercium song</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaudeamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudeamus">Gaudeamus</a> into Gothic in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 2012, professor Bjarne Simmelkjær Hansen of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> published a translation into Gothic of <a href="/wiki/Adeste_Fideles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adeste Fideles">Adeste Fideles</a> for <a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Europe" title="Roots of Europe">Roots of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In Fleurs du Mal, an online magazine for art and literature, the poem Overvloed of Dutch poet Bert Bevers appeared in a Gothic translation.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a> has been translated into Gothic (Balþos Gadedeis Aþalhaidais in Sildaleikalanda) by David Carlton in 2015 and is published by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Gothic: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰atta/ˈatːaFather</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂unsarˈunsarour,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌿þuθuːthou</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌹𐌽ininin</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼himinamˈhiminamheaven,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹weihnaiˈwiːhnɛːbe holy</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉namoˈnamoːname</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽þeinθiːnthy.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌹qimaiˈkʷimɛːCome</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃þiudinassusˈθiu̯ðinasːuskingdom</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃þeinsθiːnsthy,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹wairþaiˈwɛrθɛːhappen</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰wiljaˈwiljawill</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃þeinsθiːnsthy,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍃𐍅𐌴swesweːas</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌹𐌽ininin</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰himinaˈhiminaheaven</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌾𐌰𐌷jahjahalso</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐌽𐌰anaanaon</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹airþaiˈɛrθɛːearth.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆hlaifhlɛːɸLoaf</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰unsaranaˈunsaranaour,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰þanaˈθanathe</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽sinteinanˈsinˌtiːnandaily,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌲𐌹𐍆gifɡiɸgive</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍃unsunsus</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰himmaˈhimːathis</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰dagaˈdaɣaday,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌾𐌰𐌷jahjahand</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌴𐍄afletaɸˈleːtforgive</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍃unsunsus,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹þateiˈθatiːthat</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃skulansˈskulansdebtors</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰sijaimaˈsijɛːmabe,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴swasweˈswasweːjust as</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌾𐌰𐌷jahjahalso</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃weisˈwiːswe</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌼afletamaɸˈleːtamforgive</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼þaimθɛːmthose</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌼skulamˈskulamdebtors</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼unsaraimˈunsarɛːmour.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌾𐌰𐌷jahjahAnd</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌽𐌹nininot</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃briggaisˈbriŋɡɛːsbring</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍃unsunsus</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌹𐌽ininin</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹fraistubnjaiˈɸrɛːstuβnijɛːtemptation,</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐌺akakbut</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹lauseiˈlɔːsiːloose</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍃unsunsus</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐍆afaɸfrom</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰þammaˈθamːathe</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽ubilinˈuβilinevil.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴unteˈunteːFor</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰þeinaˈθiːnathine</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌹𐍃𐍄ististis</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹þiudangardiˈθiu̯ðanˌɡardikingdom</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌾𐌰𐌷jahjahand</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃mahtsmahtsmight</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌾𐌰𐌷jahjahand</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃wulþusˈwulθusglory</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌹𐌽ininin</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃aiwinsˈɛːwins/eternity.</div>𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌹𐍆 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌴𐍄 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌺 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃atta unsar þu in himinam weihnai namo þein qimai þiudinassus þeins wairþai wilja þeins swe in himina jah ana airþai hlaif unsarana þana sinteinan gif uns himma daga jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijaima swaswe jah weis afletam þaim skulam unsaraim jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai ak lausei uns af þamma ubilin unte þeina ist þiudangardi jah mahts jah wulþus in aiwins/ˈatːa ˈunsar θuː in ˈhiminam ˈwiːhnɛː ˈnamoː θiːn ˈkʷimɛː ˈθiu̯ðinasːus θiːns ˈwɛrθɛː ˈwilja θiːns sweː in ˈhimina jah ana ˈɛrθɛː hlɛːɸ ˈunsarana ˈθana ˈsinˌtiːnan ɡiɸ uns ˈhimːa ˈdaɣa jah aɸˈleːt uns ˈθatiː ˈskulans ˈsijɛːma ˈswasweː jah ˈwiːs aɸˈleːtam θɛːm ˈskulam ˈunsarɛːm jah ni ˈbriŋɡɛːs uns in ˈɸrɛːstuβnijɛː ak ˈlɔːsiː uns aɸ ˈθamːa ˈuβilin ˈunteː ˈθiːna ist ˈθiu̯ðanˌɡardi jah mahts jah ˈwulθus in ˈɛːwins/Father our, thou in heaven, {be holy} name thy. Come kingdom thy, happen will thy, as in heaven also on earth. Loaf our, the daily, give us this day, and forgive us, that debtors be, {just as} also we forgive those debtors our. And not bring us in temptation, but loose us from the evil. For thine is kingdom and might and glory in eternity.<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_languages" title="List of Germanic languages">List of Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Gutnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Gutnish">Modern Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Goths" title="Name of the Goths">Name of the Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurneysen%27s_law" title="Thurneysen's law">Thurneysen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Multitree-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Multitree_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Multitree_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810012838/http://multitree.org/codes/got.html">"Gothic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">LINGUIST List</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/got.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gothic&rft.pub=LINGUIST+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitree.org%2Fcodes%2Fgot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinder1988" class="citation cs2">Kinder, Hermann (1988), Penguin Atlas of World History, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0"><bdi>0-14-051054-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Atlas+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-14-051054-0&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency">"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"</a>. The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5"><bdi>0-85229-571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85229-571-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia07ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Strategies of Distinction: Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 (Transformation of the Roman World, vol. 2) by Walter Pohl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10846-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10846-7">90-04-10846-7</a> (pp. 119–121) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns1978118-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearns1978118_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStearns1978">Stearns 1978</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearns-Dialektzugehörigkeit-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Stearns-Dialektzugehörigkeit_6-0">^</a> MacDonald Stearns, Das Krimgotische. In: Heinrich Beck (ed.), Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen, Berlin/New York 1989, p. 175–194, here the chapter Die Dialektzugehörigkeit des Krimgotischen on p. 181–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Carla Falluomini, 'Zum gotischen Fragment aus Bologna II: Berichtigungen und neue Lesungen', Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und Literatur 146.3 (2017) pp. 284–294. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinogradovKorobov2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vinogradov, Andrey; Korobov, Maksim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38082606">"Gothic graffiti from the Mangup basilica"</a>. NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution. 71 (2): 223–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fnowele.00013.vin">10.1075/nowele.00013.vin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOWELE.+North-Western+European+Language+Evolution&rft.atitle=Gothic+graffiti+from+the+Mangup+basilica&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-235&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fnowele.00013.vin&rft.aulast=Vinogradov&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft.au=Korobov%2C+Maksim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38082606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Braune/Ebbinghaus, Gotische Grammatik, Tübingen 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause" class="citation book cs1">Krause, Wolfgang. Handbuch des Gotischen. Niemeyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Gotischen&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Carla Falluomini, "Traces of Wulfila's Bible Translation in Visigothic Gaul", Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 80 (2020) pp. 5–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Alice L. Harting-Correa, "Walahfrid Strabo's libellus de exordiis et incrementis quarundam in observationibus ecclesiasticis rerum. A translation and liturgical commentary", Leiden-New York-Köln: Brill, 1996 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90%2B04%2B09669%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/90+04+09669+8">90 04 09669 8</a>), pp. 72–73. Discussion between W. Haubrichs and S. Barnish in D. H. Green (2007), "Linguistic and Literary Traces of the Ostrogoths", The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, Sam J. Barnish and Federico Marazzi, eds., part of Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology, Volume 7, Giorgio Ausenda, series ed. (Oxford: Boydell Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-074-0">978-1-84383-074-0</a>.), p. 409 and n1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prokosch-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prokosch_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prokosch_13-1">b</a> Prokosch p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_14-1">b</a> Wright (1910 edition) p. 362 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCercignani1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Cercignani, Fausto</a> (1986). "The Development of the Gothic Vocalic System". In Brogyanyi, Bela; Krömmelbein, Thomas (eds.). Germanic Dialects: Linguistic and Philological Investigations. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins. pp. 121–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3526-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3526-0"><bdi>90-272-3526-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Gothic+Vocalic+System&rft.btitle=Germanic+Dialects%3A+Linguistic+and+Philological+Investigations&rft.place=Amsterdam+and+Philadelphia&rft.pages=121-151&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-272-3526-0&rft.aulast=Cercignani&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> For the Gothic short vowels see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCercignani1979" class="citation journal cs1">Cercignani, Fausto (1979). "The Development of the Gothic Short/Lax Subsystem". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 93 (2): 272–278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Gothic+Short%2FLax+Subsystem&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-278&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Cercignani&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> But see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCercignani1984" class="citation journal cs1">Cercignani, Fausto (1984). "The Enfants Terribles of Gothic "Breaking": hiri, aiþþau, etc". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 12 (3–4): 315–344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Enfants+Terribles+of+Gothic+%22Breaking%22%3A+hiri%2C+ai%C3%BE%C3%BEau%2C+etc.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=315-344&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cercignani&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCercignani1979" class="citation journal cs1">Cercignani, Fausto (1979). "The Reduplicating Syllable and Internal Open Juncture in Gothic". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 93 (1): 126–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=The+Reduplicating+Syllable+and+Internal+Open+Juncture+in+Gothic&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-132&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Cercignani&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201933-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201933_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2019">Miller 2019</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnædal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Snædal, Magnús (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/634550.pdf">"Gothic <ggw>"</a> (PDF). Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. 128: 145–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10148-011-0019-z">10.2478/v10148-011-0019-z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Linguistica+Universitatis+Iagellonicae+Cracoviensis&rft.atitle=Gothic+%3Cggw%3E&rft.volume=128&rft.pages=145-154&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10148-011-0019-z&rft.aulast=Sn%C3%A6dal&rft.aufirst=Magn%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekanauki.pl%2Farticles%2F634550.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatkus2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ratkus, Artūras (1 August 2018). "Weak adjectives need not be definite". Indogermanische Forschungen. 123 (1): 27–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fif-2018-0002">10.1515/if-2018-0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:172125588">172125588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Weak+adjectives+need+not+be+definite&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-64&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fif-2018-0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A172125588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ratkus&rft.aufirst=Art%C5%ABras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatkus2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ratkus, Artūras (25 October 2018). "This is not the same: the ambiguity of a Gothic adjective". Folia Linguistica Historica. 39 (2): 475–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fflih-2018-0017">10.1515/flih-2018-0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150114192">150114192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Linguistica+Historica&rft.atitle=This+is+not+the+same%3A+the+ambiguity+of+a+Gothic+adjective&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=475-494&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fflih-2018-0017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150114192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ratkus&rft.aufirst=Art%C5%ABras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEythórsson2001" class="citation book cs1">Eythórsson, Thórhallur (2001). "Functional Categories, Cliticization, and Verb Movement in the Early Germanic Languages". In Thráinsson, Höskuldur; Epstein, Samuel David & Peter, Stever (eds.). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax. Vol. II. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 109–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-402-00294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-402-00294-6"><bdi>978-1-402-00294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functional+Categories%2C+Cliticization%2C+and+Verb+Movement+in+the+Early+Germanic+Languages&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Germanic+Syntax&rft.pages=109-10&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-402-00294-6&rft.aulast=Eyth%C3%B3rsson&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%B3rhallur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eythórsson_2001_110-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eythórsson_2001_110_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eythórsson_2001_110_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEythórsson2001" class="citation book cs1">Eythórsson, Thórhallur (2001). "Functional Categories, Cliticization, and Verb Movement in the Early Germanic Languages". In Thráinsson, Höskuldur; Epstein, Samuel David & Peter, Stever (eds.). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax. Vol. II. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-402-00294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-402-00294-6"><bdi>978-1-402-00294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functional+Categories%2C+Cliticization%2C+and+Verb+Movement+in+the+Early+Germanic+Languages&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Germanic+Syntax&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-402-00294-6&rft.aulast=Eyth%C3%B3rsson&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%B3rhallur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEythórsson2001" class="citation book cs1">Eythórsson, Thórhallur (2001). "Functional Categories, Cliticization, and Verb Movement in the Early Germanic Languages". In Thráinsson, Höskuldur; Epstein, Samuel David & Peter, Stever (eds.). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax. Vol. II. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 117–18, 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-402-00294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-402-00294-6"><bdi>978-1-402-00294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functional+Categories%2C+Cliticization%2C+and+Verb+Movement+in+the+Early+Germanic+Languages&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Germanic+Syntax&rft.pages=117-18%2C+122&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-402-00294-6&rft.aulast=Eyth%C3%B3rsson&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%B3rhallur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoyles1992" class="citation book cs1">Voyles, J. B. (1992). Early Germanic Grammar. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X"><bdi>0-12-728270-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Germanic+Grammar&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-12-728270-X&rft.aulast=Voyles&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt2001-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt2001_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt2001">Kortlandt 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzer1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Holzer" title="Georg Holzer">Holzer, Georg</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNthAAAAMAAJ">"Germanische Lehnwörter im Urslavischen: Methodologisches zu ihrer Identifizierung"</a> [Germanic word-borrowings in proto-slavic: towards a methodology of their identiification]. Croatica, Slavica, Indoeuropaea (in German). 8 (Ergänzungsband). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 59–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783700117742" title="Special:BookSources/9783700117742"><bdi>9783700117742</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Croatica%2C+Slavica%2C+Indoeuropaea&rft.atitle=Germanische+Lehnw%C3%B6rter+im+Urslavischen%3A+Methodologisches+zu+ihrer+Identifizierung&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Erg%C3%A4nzungsband&rft.pages=59-67&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9783700117742&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLNthAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2003" class="citation book cs1">Shippey, Tom (2003). The road to Middle-earth: Revised and Expanded edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-25760-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-25760-8"><bdi>0-618-25760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Middle-earth%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+edition&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-25760-8&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelletBabut" class="citation web cs1">Bellet, Bertrand; Babut, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrrvf.com/~glaemscrafu/english/thucydide.html">"Apostil to Thucydides"</a>. Glæmscrafu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gl%C3%A6mscrafu&rft.atitle=Apostil+to+Thucydides&rft.aulast=Bellet&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft.au=Babut%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrrvf.com%2F~glaemscrafu%2Fenglish%2Fthucydide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> J.R.R. Tolkien, "The Comparative Tables", Parma Eldalamberon 19, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GelehrteAnzeigen12/mode/2up">Gelehrte Anzeigen</a>. Munich: Bayerisch Akademie für Wissenschaften. 1841.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gelehrte+Anzeigen&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Bayerisch+Akademie+f%C3%BCr+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGelehrteAnzeigen12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassmann" class="citation web cs1">Massmann, Hans Ferdinand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkivet.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/dokumenter/m32,nr.97">"Thunravalds Sunau"</a>. Thorvaldsen museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thorvaldsen+museum&rft.atitle=Thunravalds+Sunau&rft.aulast=Massmann&rft.aufirst=Hans+Ferdinand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkivet.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk%2Fdokumenter%2Fm32%2Cnr.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10800718?page=2">"'Das gothische Gaudeamus' – Digitalisat | MDZ"</a>. www.digitale-sammlungen.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digitale-sammlungen.de&rft.atitle=%27Das+gothische+Gaudeamus%27+%E2%80%93+Digitalisat+%26%23124%3B+MDZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Fview%2Fbsb10800718%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmelkjær_Hansen" class="citation web cs1">Simmelkjær Hansen, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141627/http://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/streaming/f2012/gotisk/Gotiske_sange.pdf">"qimandau triggwai"</a> (PDF). Roots of Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/streaming/f2012/gotisk/Gotiske_sange.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2016-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roots+of+Europe&rft.atitle=qimandau+triggwai&rft.aulast=Simmelkj%C3%A6r+Hansen&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frootsofeurope.ku.dk%2Fstreaming%2Ff2012%2Fgotisk%2FGotiske_sange.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fleursdumal.nl/mag/bert-bevers-overvloed-translation-6">"Fleurs du Mal Magazine » BERT BEVERS: OVERVLOED (TRANSLATION 6)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fleurs+du+Mal+Magazine+%C2%BB+BERT+BEVERS%3A+OVERVLOED+%28TRANSLATION+6%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffleursdumal.nl%2Fmag%2Fbert-bevers-overvloed-translation-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/mad-challenge-translating-alices-adventures-wonderland-180956017/">"The Mad Challenge of Translating "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mad+Challenge+of+Translating+%22Alice%27s+Adventures+in+Wonderland%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fmad-challenge-translating-alices-adventures-wonderland-180956017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evertype.com/books/alice-got.html">"Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland – in Gothic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll%27s+Alice%27s+Adventures+in+Wonderland+%E2%80%93+in+Gothic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevertype.com%2Fbooks%2Falice-got.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>G. H. Balg: A Gothic grammar with selections for reading and a glossary. New York: Westermann & Company, 1883 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothicgrammarwi00braugoog/page/n9">archive.org</a>).</li> <li>G. H. Balg: A comparative glossary of the Gothic language with especial reference to English and German. New York: Westermann & Company, 1889 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativegloss00balguoft/page/n1">archive.org</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1980" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, William Holmes (1980). An Introduction to the Gothic Language. New York: Modern Language Association of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Gothic+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=William+Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>W. Braune and E. Ebbinghaus, Gotische Grammatik, 17th edition 1966, Tübingen <ul><li>20th edition, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-10852-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-10852-5">3-484-10852-5</a> (hbk), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-10850-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-10850-9">3-484-10850-9</a> (pbk)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, "The Development of the Gothic Short/Lax Subsystem", in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, 93/2, 1979, pp. 272–278.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, "The Reduplicating Syllable and Internal Open Juncture in Gothic", in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, 93/1, 1979, pp. 126–132.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, "The Enfants Terribles of Gothic 'Breaking': hiri, aiþþau, etc.", in The Journal of Indo-European Studies, 12/3–4, 1984, pp. 315–344.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, "The Development of the Gothic Vocalic System", in Germanic Dialects: Linguistic and Philological Investigations, edited by Bela Brogyanyi and Thomas Krömmelbein, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, Benjamins, 1986, pp. 121–151.</li> <li>N. Everett, "Literacy from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages, c. 300–800 AD", The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy, ed. D. Olson and N. Torrance (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 362–385.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Falluomini" title="Carla Falluomini">Carla Falluomini</a>, "Traces of Wulfila's Bible Translation in Visigothic Gaul", Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 80 (2020) pp. 5–24.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortlandt2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kortlandt.nl/publications/art198e.pdf">"The origin of the Goths"</a> (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55: 21–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18756719-055-01-90000004">10.1163/18756719-055-01-90000004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amsterdamer+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+%C3%A4lteren+Germanistik&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+Goths&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=21-25&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18756719-055-01-90000004&rft.aulast=Kortlandt&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkortlandt.nl%2Fpublications%2Fart198e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>W. Krause, Handbuch des Gotischen, 3rd edition, 1968, Munich.</li> <li>Thomas O. Lambdin, An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, Eugene, Oregon.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2019" class="citation book cs1">Miller, D. Gary (2019). The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198813590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198813590"><bdi>978-0198813590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Gothic+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0198813590&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=D.+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>F. Mossé, Manuel de la langue gotique, Aubier Éditions Montaigne, 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Prokosch" title="Eduard Prokosch">E Prokosch</a>, A Comparative Germanic Grammar, 1939, The Linguistic Society of America for Yale University.</li> <li>Irmengard Rauch, Gothic Language: Grammar, Genetic Provenance and Typology, Readings, Peter Lang Publishing Inc; 2nd Revised edition, 2011</li> <li>C. Rowe, "The problematic Holtzmann’s Law in Germanic", Indogermanische Forschungen, Bd. 108, 2003. 258–266.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeat1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_William_Skeat" title="Walter William Skeat">Skeat, Walter William</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amoesogothicglo00skeagoog">A Moeso-Gothic glossary</a>. London: Asher & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Moeso-Gothic+glossary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Asher+%26+Co.&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Walter+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famoesogothicglo00skeagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1978" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, MacDonald (1978). Crimean Gothic. Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus. Saratoga, California: Anma Libri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915838-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-915838-45-1"><bdi>0-915838-45-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimean+Gothic.+Analysis+and+Etymology+of+the+Corpus&rft.place=Saratoga%2C+California&rft.pub=Anma+Libri&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-915838-45-1&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=MacDonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Streitberg" title="Wilhelm Streitberg">Wilhelm Streitberg</a>, Die gotische Bibel , 4th edition, 1965, Heidelberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Joseph Wright</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/goth_wright_about.html">Grammar of the Gothic language</a>, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1966 <ul><li>2nd edition, 1981 reprint by Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811185-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811185-1">0-19-811185-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="got:"> Gothic edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Gothic language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Gothic_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Gothic language">Gothic language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Gothic">Gothic</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Patrologia_Latina_Vol_18_Ulfilas" class="extiw" title="s:la:Patrologia Latina Vol 18 Ulfilas">Patrologia Latina vol. 18</a> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050324024538/http://reimar.de/gotisch.html">Gotisch im WWW</a> Portal for information on Gothic (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/aa_texts.html">Germanic Lexicon Project</a> – early (Public Domain) editions of several of the references.</li> <li>Texts: <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Die_gotische_Bibel">The Gothic Bible in Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Gothic_Bible_in_Ulfilan_Gothic_Script">The Gothic Bible in Ulfilan script (Unicode text) from Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/texte2.htm#got">Titus</a> has Streitberg's Gotische Bibel and Crimean Gothic material after Busbecq.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wulfila.be/">Wulfila Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotica.de/skeireins/">Skeireins Project</a> A website with the Skeireins including translations in Latin, German, French, Swedish, English, Dutch, Greek, Italian and Icelandic.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/gotol">Gothic Online</a> by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robert-pfeffer.net/gotica/englisch/index.html">Gothic Readings</a> Video clips in Gothic language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\grm&limit=-1">Gothic basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotica.de/bononiensia.html">Gotica Bononiensa</a> A page with information about the discovered Bononiensa fragment from 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-got.html">glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online</a>, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Irish Middle English <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weser <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li>Southern</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <ul><li>Old West Norse</li> <li>Old East Norse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35722#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4123303-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85055993">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939938t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939938t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575702">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120632&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536026105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&oldid=1258088400">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&oldid=1258088400</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_language" title="Category:Gothic language">Gothic language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Germanic_languages" title="Category:East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages_of_Europe" title="Category:Extinct languages of Europe">Extinct languages of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages_of_Spain" title="Category:Extinct languages of Spain">Extinct languages of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_writing" title="Category:Gothic writing">Gothic writing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_4th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 4th century">Languages attested from the 4th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_France" title="Category:Languages of France">Languages of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Italy" title="Category:Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Poland" title="Category:Languages of Poland">Languages of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Portugal" title="Category:Languages of Portugal">Languages of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Romania" title="Category:Languages of Romania">Languages of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Languages of Slovakia">Languages of Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Languages of the Czech Republic">Languages of the Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Languages of Ukraine">Languages of Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_languages" title="Category:Medieval languages">Medieval languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_and_no_ISO_hint" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_from_June_2022" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2022">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Gothic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gothic-language text">Articles containing Gothic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Slavic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Slavic-language text">Articles containing Proto-Slavic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Medieval_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text">Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 02:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-svl76","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.887","walltime":"2.159","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17810,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":500279,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16743,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":157696,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1777.987 1 -total"," 19.12% 340.005 420 Template:IPA"," 15.11% 268.650 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.56% 187.774 96 Template:Lang"," 8.05% 143.211 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 6.86% 121.976 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.64% 118.090 8 Template:Cite_web"," 6.16% 109.548 1 Template:Germanic_languages"," 6.02% 107.079 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 5.41% 96.197 10 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.069","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26089960,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBelletBabut\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCercignani1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCercignani1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCercignani1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEythórsson2001\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHolzer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortlandt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrause\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatkus2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShippey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmelkjær_Hansen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkeat1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnædal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinogradovKorobov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoyles1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 61,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 13,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Cleanup lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gothic Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Fs interlinear\"] = 1,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Germanic peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Germanic tribes (750BC-1AD)\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 420,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 25,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 21,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 96,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 23,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 14,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionarycat\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","23.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","16.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","13.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.6"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.3"],["\u003CModule:Navbox:33\u003E","40","3.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.3"],["[others]","220","18.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fn5x6","timestamp":"20241124053451","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gothic language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gothic_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35722","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35722","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-06T21:59:25Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T02:16:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png","headline":"extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths"}</script> </body> </html>