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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Amritsar massacre</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amritsar_massacre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Amritsar massacre subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amritsar_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_of_13_April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_of_13_April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Events of 13 April</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_of_13_April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subsequent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_in_Britain_and_British_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_in_Britain_and_British_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reaction in Britain and British India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_in_Britain_and_British_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyer's_response_and_motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyer's_response_and_motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Dyer's response and motivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyer's_response_and_motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="رجینالد دایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رجینالد دایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="रेजिनाल्ड एडवर्ड डायर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेजिनाल्ड एडवर्ड डायर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="רג'ינלד דייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רג'ינלד דייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೆಜಿನಾಲ್ಡ್ ಡೈಯರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆಜಿನಾಲ್ಡ್ ಡೈಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="റെജിനാൾഡ് ഡയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെജിനാൾഡ് ഡയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="रेजिनाल्ड डायर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेजिनाल्ड डायर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ريجينالد دير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريجينالد دير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਰੇਜੀਨਾਲਡ ਡਾਇਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਜੀਨਾਲਡ ਡਾਇਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="جنرل ڈائر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنرل ڈائر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Дайер, Реджинальд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дайер, Реджинальд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reginald Dyer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ரெசினால்டு டையர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரெசினால்டு டையர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="ریجینالڈ ایڈورڈ ہیری ڈائر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریجینالڈ ایڈورڈ ہیری ڈائر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%87%91%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%B0%94" title="雷金纳德·戴尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雷金纳德·戴尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q560470#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Indian Army officer (1864–1927)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an officer of the British Indian Army. For the commander of Dyer's Battalion, see <a href="/wiki/Royce_Coleman_Dyer" title="Royce Coleman Dyer">Royce Coleman Dyer</a>. For the English footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Reg_Dyer" title="Reg Dyer">Reg Dyer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Reginald Dyer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General-Reginald-Dyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0d/General-Reginald-Dyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="235" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Dyer <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1919</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1864-10-09</span>)</span>9 October 1864<br /><a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-07-23)</span> (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Long_Ashton" title="Long Ashton">Long Ashton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Presidency of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1885–1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> (Formal Rank)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United Kingdom)">Brigadier General</a> (Temporary Rank)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">Seistan Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/25th_Punjabis" title="25th Punjabis">25th Punjabis</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">Mentioned in Despatches</a> (2)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Frances Anne Trevor Ommaney (m. 1888)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Gladys Mary b. 1889</li><li>Ivon Reginald, b. 1895</li><li>Geoffrey Edward MacLeod, b. 1896</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> <b>Reginald Edward Harry Dyer</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span></span> (9 October 1864 – 23 July 1927) was a British military officer in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a> and later the newly constituted <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>. His military career began in the regular British Army, but he soon transferred to the presidency armies of India. </p><p>As a temporary <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(India)" title="Brigadier (India)">brigadier-general</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-temp-bg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temp-bg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> that took place on 13 April 1919 in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> (in the province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>). He has been called "the Butcher of Amritsar",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of his order to fire on a large gathering of people. The official report stated that this resulted in the killing of at least 379 people and the injuring of over a thousand more.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some submissions to the official inquiry suggested a higher number of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA263_263]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA263_263]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the massacre, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Anglo-Afghan war">Third Anglo-Afghan war</a>, where he lifted the siege at Thal and inflicted heavy casualties on Afghans.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer later resigned. He was widely condemned for spearheading the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, both in Britain and India, but he became a celebrated hero among some with connections to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major-dyer-1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Major-dyer-1903.jpg/135px-Major-dyer-1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Major-dyer-1903.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Major Reginald Dyer at the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durbar#Durbar_of_1903" title="Delhi Durbar">Delhi Durbar of 1903</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dyer was born on 9 October 1864 in <a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab province</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, which is now in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. He was the son of Edward Dyer, a brewer of English heritage who managed the <a href="/wiki/Murree_Brewery" title="Murree Brewery">Murree Brewery</a>, and Mary Passmore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett20063_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett20063-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent his childhood in <a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> and received his early education at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_College_Ghora_Gali" title="Lawrence College Ghora Gali">Lawrence College Ghora Gali</a>, Murree and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Cotton_School_(Shimla)" title="Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)">Bishop Cotton School</a> in Shimla.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From eleven he attended <a href="/wiki/Midleton_College" title="Midleton College">Midleton College</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen23mode2up_9]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen23mode2up_9]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before briefly studying medicine, at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyer then decided to pursue a military career, and enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College of Sandhurst</a>, from where he graduated in August 1885. He was also fluent in a number of Indian languages as well as <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his graduation, Dyer was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)" title="Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)">Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)</a> as a lieutenant,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and performed <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a> duties in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> (<a href="/wiki/1886_Belfast_riots" title="1886 Belfast riots">1886</a>) and served in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Burmese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Burmese War">Third Burmese War</a> (1886–87). He transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, initially joining the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Staff_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Staff Corps">Bengal Staff Corps</a> as a lieutenant in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was attached to the 39th Bengal Infantry, later transferring to the <a href="/wiki/29th_Punjabis" title="29th Punjabis">29th Punjabis</a>. Dyer served in the latter in the Black Mountain campaign (1888), the <a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral</a> <a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Relief</a> (1895) (promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">captain</a> in November 1896)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, after attending the <a href="/wiki/Staff_College,_Camberley" title="Staff College, Camberley">Staff College, Camberley</a> from 1896 to 1897,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen47mode2up_33]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen47mode2up_33]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mahsud" title="Mahsud">Mahsud</a> blockade (1901–02).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen51mode2up_37]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen51mode2up_37]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901 he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_general" title="Adjutant general">deputy assistant adjutant general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1903, Dyer was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a>, and served with the <a href="/wiki/Landi_Kotal" title="Landi Kotal">Landi Kotal</a> Expedition (1908). He commanded the 25th Punjabis in India and Hong Kong and was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">lieutenant colonel</a> in May 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–18), he commanded the <a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">Seistan Force</a>, for which he was <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches" title="Mentioned in dispatches">mentioned in dispatches</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a> (CB). He was promoted <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">colonel</a> in March 1915,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was promoted to temporary <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(India)" title="Brigadier (India)">brigadier general</a> in February 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-temp-bg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temp-bg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he took command of a brigade,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in March 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, about a month after the Jallianwala Bagh killing, Dyer served in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a>. His brigade relieved the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a>, and inflicted heavy casualties on Afghans,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which he was again mentioned in dispatches.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a few months in 1919 he was posted to the 5th Brigade at <a href="/wiki/Jamrud" title="Jamrud">Jamrud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen253mode2up_231]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen253mode2up_231]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired on 17 July 1920, retaining the rank of colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888 Dyer married Frances Anne Trevor Ommaney, the daughter of Edmund Piper Ommaney, on 4 April 1888, in St Martin's Church, <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen31mode2up_17]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen31mode2up_17]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of their three children, Gladys, was born in Shimla, India, in 1889. They also had two sons, Ivon Reginald, born 1895 and Geoffrey Edward MacLeod, born 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen49mode2up_35]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen49mode2up_35]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amritsar_massacre">Amritsar massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amritsar massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, the European population in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> feared the locals would overthrow British rule. A nationwide <a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">hartal</a> (strike action), which was called on 30 March (later changed to 6 April) by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, had turned violent in some areas. Authorities were also becoming concerned by displays of <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Muslim unity">Hindu-Muslim unity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadha-1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a>, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, decided to deport major <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">agitators</a> from the province. One of those targeted was Dr. <a href="/wiki/Satyapal" title="Satyapal">Satyapal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadha-1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> a Hindu who had served with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">Royal Army Medical Corps</a> during the First World War. He advocated non-violent <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and was forbidden by the authorities to speak publicly. Another agitator was Dr. <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew" title="Saifuddin Kitchlew">Saifuddin Kitchlew</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadha-1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> a Muslim barrister who wanted political change and also preached <a href="/wiki/Non-violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violence">non-violence</a>. The district magistrate, acting on orders from the Punjab government, had the two leaders arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadha-1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> </p><p>In protest at this action, demonstrators headed for the residence of Miles Irving, the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar. The deputy commissioner had given orders that protestors were not to be allowed to pass into the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Lines" title="Civil Lines">civil lines</a> (the civilian administrative area, effectively the "British area" of town). <a href="/wiki/Picquet_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picquet (military)">Army pickets</a> fired on the crowd, killing at least eight protesters and wounding others. As a result, angry mobs formed, returning to Amritsar's city centre, setting fire to government buildings and attacking Europeans in the city. Three British bank employees were beaten to death, and Miss Marcella Sherwood, who supervised the Mission Day School for Girls, was cycling around the city to close her schools when she was assaulted by a mob in a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan. Sherwood was rescued from the mob by (Indian) locals.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadha-1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237–239">: 237–239 </span></sup> They hid the teacher, who was injured in the beating, before moving her to the fort. Dyer, who was the commandant of the infantry brigade in <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, was incensed that a European woman had been attacked and decided to take action. He arrived on 11 April to assume command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen181mode2up_162]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen181mode2up_162]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_of_13_April">Events of 13 April</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events of 13 April"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></div> <p>The event known historically as the Amritsar massacre occurred on 13 April 1919 in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>. The date coincided with that of the annual <a href="/wiki/Baisakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisakhi">Baisakhi</a> celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis, and would have attracted visitors from outside the city. On the morning of 13 April, Dyer issued a proclamation in English, Urdu and Punjabi at 19 locations around the city, and had handbills distributed, to the effect that a curfew was imposed, no processions were to take place, and that meetings of more than four individuals could be fired upon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen187mode2up_168–169]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen187mode2up_168–169]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 12:30 that day, Dyer was informed that in defiance of his orders, a meeting was to be held in the Jallianwala Bagh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_169]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_169]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer was determined to suppress disobedience in Amritsar. The proposed meeting was to take place in the Jallianwala Bagh, in defiance of the proclamation; Dyer saw this as an opportunity to, in his view, suppress rebels, and, as he claimed, do so in isolation from the general populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_170–172]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_170–172]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled space of 6 to 7 acres (2 to 3 ha) with five entrances, four of which were narrow, admitting only a few people at a time. The fifth entrance was that used by Dyer and his troops. The organiser of the meeting was Dr Mohammed Bashir, who was later found guilty of inciting the attack on the National Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven people had addressed the meeting before Dyer arrived, including Brij Gopi Nath who read a poem inciting people to war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175–176]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175–176]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer had at his command 50 troops, including 25 <a href="/wiki/Gurkhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkhas">Gurkhas</a> of 1/<a href="/wiki/9th_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Gurkha Rifles">9 Gurkha Rifles</a> (1st battalion, 9th Gurkha Rifles), 25 <a href="/wiki/Pathans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathans">Pathans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baluch_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluch people">Baluch</a> and <a href="/wiki/59th_Scinde_Rifles_(Frontier_Force)" title="59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)">59th Sindh Rifles</a>, armed with <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">.303 Lee–Enfield</a> rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen197mode2up_178]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen197mode2up_178]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had two <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a> with machine guns, which were unable to pass through the entrance. Upon entering the Bagh, the general ordered the troops to shoot directly into the gathering. The shooting continued unabated for about 10 minutes,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the soldiers' supply of 1,650 rounds of ammunition was almost exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-CommissionersI_II_56_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommissionersI_II_56-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer is reported to have, from time to time, "checked his fire and directed it upon places where the crowd was thickest",<sup id="cite_ref-CommissionersI_II_56_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommissionersI_II_56-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not because the crowd was slow to disperse, but because he "had made up his mind to punish them for having assembled there."<sup id="cite_ref-CommissionersI_II_56_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommissionersI_II_56-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the soldiers initially shot into the air, at which Dyer shouted: "Fire low. What have you been brought here for?"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Dyer's own testimony revealed that the crowd was not given any warning to disperse and he was not remorseful for having ordered his troops to shoot.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The worst part of the whole thing was that the firing was directed towards the exit gates through which the people were running out. There were 3 or 4 small outlets in all and bullets were actually rained over the people at all these gates<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and many got trampled under the feet of the rushing crowds and thus lost their lives<span class="nowrap"> </span>... even those who lay flat on the ground were fired upon.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre#Hunter_Commission" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Hunter Commission</a> report on the incident, published the following year by the Government of India, criticised both Dyer, and the Government of the Punjab for failing to compile a casualty count, so quoted a figure offered by the Sewa Samati (A Social Services Society) of 379 identified dead, comprising 337 men, 41 boys and a six-week-old baby,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA263_263]_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA263_263]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with approximately 1,100 wounded, of which 192 were seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-HumterMins_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HumterMins-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However other estimates,<sup id="cite_ref-HP23_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP23-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from government civil servants in the city (commissioned by the Punjab Sub-committee of Indian National Congress),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as counts from the Home Political,<sup id="cite_ref-HP23_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP23-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cite numbers of well over a thousand dead. According to a Home Political Deposit report, the number was more than 1,000, with more than 1,200 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-HP23_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP23-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr Smith, a British <a href="/wiki/Civil_surgeon#British_use" title="Civil surgeon">civil surgeon</a> at Amritsar, estimated that there were over 1,800 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infliction of these casualties earned Dyer the epithet of the "Butcher of Amritsar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_events">Subsequent events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day after the massacre Dyer continued along confrontational lines, even though the city was quiet. He met with a delegation of Amritsar citizens to whom he directed the following speech, without having received their petitions or heard from them. Made to the delegation in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, the English translation of a segment of Dyer's statement is shown below, as given in Collett's <i>The Butcher of Amritsar</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006270_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006270-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You people know well that I am a soldier and a military man. Do you want war or peace? If you wish for a war, the Government is prepared for it, and if you want peace, then obey my orders and open all your shops; else I will shoot. For me the battlefield of France or Amritsar is the same.</p></blockquote><p> Dyer devised what even one of his generally supportive superiors, O'Dwyer, described as an "irregular and improper" retaliation for the attack on Marcella Sherwood, designed, it seemed, to fall indiscriminately and humiliatingly on the local population. On the street where the assault occurred, Kucha Kurrichhan, Dyer ordered daytime pickets placed at either end. Anyone wishing to proceed into the street between 6 am and 8 pm was made to crawl the 200 yards (180 m) on all fours, lying flat on their bellies.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When questioned at the Hunter inquiry about this, Dyer explained his motivation:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods. I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore, they have to crawl in front of her too.</p></blockquote><p> There was a curfew in effect from 8 pm, so the order effectively closed the street for the full 24 hours. The houses and shops had no back doors, so the inhabitants could not go out without climbing down from their roofs. No deliveries or services were available to those effectively locked in, so no food or other supplies could be replenished, any sick or injured had no medical attendance, and normal rubbish and latrine sanitary services were absent. The trapped inhabitants included some of the individuals responsible for rescuing and attending to Sherwood, the assault victim. This order was in effect from 19 April until 25, or possibly, 26 April 1919. In addition, Dyer had flogging triangles erected in the street; on these, youths arrested for the assault, some of whom were not subsequently convicted, were publicly flogged in view of the residents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen217mode2up_197]_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen217mode2up_197]-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006282–284_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006282–284-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_in_Britain_and_British_India">Reaction in Britain and British India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reaction in Britain and British India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre#Hunter_Commission" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">committee of inquiry</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/William_Hunter,_Lord_Hunter" title="William Hunter, Lord Hunter">Lord Hunter</a>, was established to investigate the massacre. The committee's report criticised Dyer, arguing that in "continuing firing as long as he did, it appears to us that Colonel Dyer committed a grave error."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime's use of force was wholly unjustified. "Colonel Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> was of the same view," they wrote, "(but) there was no rebellion which required to be crushed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen295mode2up_273]_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen295mode2up_273]-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Post" title="The Morning Post">The Morning Post</a></i> claimed Dyer was "the man who saved India" and started a benefit fund which raised over £26,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources differ on how much, if anything <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> contributed to this fund and some sources claim that 'the man who saved India' line came from Kipling.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael O'Dwyer, Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab from 1913 to 1919, endorsed Dyer and called the massacre a "correct" action.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians now believe he premeditated the massacre and set Dyer to work.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Indians blamed O'Dwyer, and while Dyer was never assaulted, O'Dwyer was <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated">assassinated</a> in London in 1940 by an Indian revolutionary, Sardar <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a> in retaliation for his role in the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-video_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-video-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer was met by the Adjutant-General of India, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Hudson" title="Havelock Hudson">Havelock Hudson</a>, who told him that he was relieved of his command. He was told later by the Commander-in-Chief in India, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Monro,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet">General Charles Monro</a>, to resign his post and that he would not be reemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was heavily criticised both in Britain and India. Several senior and influential British government officials and Indians spoke against him, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Motilal_Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Motilal Nehru">Pandit Motilal Nehru</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, who called the massacre the "saddest and most revealing of all".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, the first Asian Nobel Laureate and distinguished Indian educator, who renounced his knighthood in protest against the massacre and said, "a great crime has been done in the name of law in the Punjab".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">Shankaran Nair</a>, who resigned his membership of the Viceroy's Executive Council in the Legislative Council of Punjab in protest at the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-PunjabLC_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PunjabLC-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Punjab Legislative Council members Nawab Din Murad and Kartar Singh, who described the massacre as "neither just nor humane."<sup id="cite_ref-PunjabLC_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PunjabLC-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">Charles Freer Andrews</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> priest and friend of Gandhi, who termed the Jallianwala Bagh massacre as a "cold-blooded massacre and inhumane."<sup id="cite_ref-HP126-194_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP126-194-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brigadier-General Herbert <a href="/wiki/Conyers_Surtees" title="Conyers Surtees">Conyers Surtees</a>, who stated in the Dyer debate that "we hold India by force – undoubtedly by force".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Samuel_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Samuel Montagu">Edwin Samuel Montagu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, who called it "a grave error in judgement". In a debate in the House of Commons, he asked, "Are you going to keep your hold on India by terrorism, racial humiliation, subordination and frightfulness, or are you going to rest it upon the goodwill and the growing goodwill of the people of your Indian Empire?"<sup id="cite_ref-HP126-194_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP126-194-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006380_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006380-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, at the time Britain's Secretary of State for War, who called the massacre "an episode without precedent or parallel in the modern history of the British Empire<span class="nowrap"> </span>... an extraordinary event, a monstrous event, an event which stands in singular and sinister isolation<span class="nowrap"> </span>... the crowd was neither armed nor attacking" during a debate in the House of Commons. In a letter to the leader of the Liberals and former Secretary of State for India, the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Marquess of Crewe">Marquess of Crewe</a>, he wrote, "My own opinion is that the offence amounted to murder, or alternatively manslaughter."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006382–383_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006382–383-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Leader of the Liberal Party and former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, who observed: "There has never been such an incident in the whole annals of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> history, nor, I believe, in the history of our empire since its very inception down to present day. It is one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Horniman" title="B. G. Horniman">B. G. Horniman</a>, who observed: "No event within living memory, probably, has made so deep and painful impression on the mind of the public in this country [Britain] as what came to be known as the Amritsar massacre."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Indian independence leader <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> had condemned the massacre, and launched the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">non-cooperation movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m428_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m428-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi later forgave Dyer for the massacre. In 1938, Gandhi wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>"General Dyer himself surely believed that English men and women were in danger of losing their lives if he did not take the measures he did. We, who know better, call it an act of cruelty and vengeance. But from General Dyer’s own standpoint, he is justified. Many Hindus sincerely believe that it is a proper thing to kill a man who wants to kill a cow and he will quote scripture for his defence and many other Hindus will be found to justify his action. But strangers who do not accept the sacredness of the cow will hold it to be preposterous to kill a human being for the sake of slaying an animal (sic)."<sup id="cite_ref-o647_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o647-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the Dyer debates in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there was both praise and condemnation of Dyer.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> Conference at Scarborough unanimously passed a resolution denouncing the Amritsar massacre as a "cruel and barbarous action" of British officers in Punjab, and called for their trial, the recall of Michael O'Dwyer and the Viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a>, and the repealing of repressive legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyer's_response_and_motivation"><span id="Dyer.27s_response_and_motivation"></span>Dyer's response and motivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dyer's response and motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyer wrote an article in the <i>Globe</i> of 21 January 1921, entitled, "The Peril to the Empire". It commenced with "India does not want self-government. She does not understand it." Dyer wrote later that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006406–407_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006406–407-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"There should be an eleventh commandment in India - "Thou shalt not agitate'. All that the cultivator and the factory worker want is just and clear laws applicable to all alike. He does not always know why his passions have been roused and whether he is being misled, who is there to tell him but the Sahib? And now it seems that the Sahib is not allowed to tell him. He does not want an exchange of rulers."</li> <li>"India will not be desirous or capable of self-government for generations, and when self-government does come, it will not be the leaders of revolt who will rule. The very names of most of the extremists smell in the nostrils of Indian manhood."</li> <li>"Self-government for India is a horrible pretence which would set the people of the country at each other's throats long before the beginnings of constructive work were made possible. Under self-government, India would commit suicide; but our politicians would be guilty of murder as associates in the crime."</li> <li>"Gandhi will not lead India to capable self-government. The British Raj must continue, firm and unshaken in its administration of justice to all men, to carry out the job it has taken in hand."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA407_407]_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA407_407]-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In his official response to <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre#Hunter_Commission" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">the Hunter commission</a> that inquired into the shooting, Dyer was unremorseful and stated: "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in his account of the massacre <a href="/wiki/Nick_Lloyd_(historian)" title="Nick Lloyd (historian)">Nick Lloyd</a> comments that although Dyer later claimed to have undertaken the massacre to "save" British India, he had had no such idea in his mind that fateful afternoon. As well as being "dazed and shaken up" – hardly the response of a soldier who had had murder in his mind – all the witnesses recall how Dyer "was unnerved and deeply upset about what had happened".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Collett" title="Nigel Collett">Nigel Collett</a> – author of the biography <i><a href="/wiki/The_Butcher_of_Amritsar" title="The Butcher of Amritsar">The Butcher of Amritsar</a></i> – is convinced that the Amritsar massacre preyed on Dyer's mind from the very day he opened fire. "He spent the rest of his life trying to justify himself. He persuaded himself it had been his duty to act as he did, but he could not persuade his soul that he had done right. It rotted his mind and, I am guessing here, added to his sickness."<sup id="cite_ref-NigelCollet_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NigelCollet-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ButcherofAmritsar_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ButcherofAmritsar-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collett quotes Dyer on the motivations that drove him to act as he did:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006328_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006328-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It was no longer a question of merely dispersing the crowd but one of producing a sufficient moral effect, from a military point of view, not only on those who were present but more specially throughout the Punjab. There could be no question of undue severity. The mutineers had thrown out the challenge and the punishment, if administered at all, must be complete, unhesitating and immediate."<sup id="cite_ref-colletreviewlloyd_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colletreviewlloyd-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Johnson_(historian)" title="Gordon Johnson (historian)">Gordon Johnson</a> comments that "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>Dyer's actions ran counter to Army regulations. These required that force should be constrained by what was reasonable to achieve an immediate objective; minimum, not maximum, force should be deployed. Moreover, proper warning had to be given. On 13 April 1919, as demonstrated by Collett, Dyer ignored this. While he may have believed the Raj was threatened, and may have thought the mob was out to attack him and his soldiers, this does not justify his cavalier abuse of procedure and his indifference to Indian suffering. In so behaving, he brought not only death to the innocent but also destroyed himself and undermined the empire in which he took so much pride."<sup id="cite_ref-ButcherofAmritsar_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ButcherofAmritsar-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Churchill, the then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, wanted Dyer to be disciplined, but the <a href="/wiki/Army_Council_(1904)" title="Army Council (1904)">Army Council</a> superseded by him decided to allow Dyer to resign with no plan for further punishment. Following Churchill's speech defending the council's decision and a debate in Parliament, on 8 July 1920 MPs voted for the government by a majority of 247 to 37; a motion calling for approval of Dyer's actions was defeated by a majority of 230 to 129.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been born in India and educated in Ireland, Dyer then settled in Britain. He was presented with a gift of £26,000 sterling, (equivalent to £1,319,142 in 2023), which emerged from the fund raised on his behalf by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Post" title="The Morning Post">The Morning Post</a></i>, a conservative, pro-imperialist newspaper which later merged with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. A "Thirteen Women Committee" was constituted to present "the Saviour of the Punjab with the sword of honour and a purse". Large contributions to the fund were made by civil servants and by British Army and Indian Army officers, although serving members of the military were not allowed to donate to political funds under the King's Regulations (para. 443).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006390_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006390-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Morning Post</i> had supported Dyer's action on the grounds that the massacre was necessary to "Protect the honour of European Women".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Indians, including <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, were outraged by the fund for Dyer, particularly due to the families of the victims killed at the Jallianwala Bagh, who were still fighting for government compensation. In the end, they received Rs 500 (then equal to £37.10s.0d; equivalent to £1,877 in 2023) for each victim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006392_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006392-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer acquired a farm at Ashton Fields, <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Keynes" title="Ashton Keynes">Ashton Keynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, which was still given as his address when he died,<sup id="cite_ref-probate_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-probate-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in 1925 he had bought a small cottage at <a href="/wiki/Long_Ashton" title="Long Ashton">Long Ashton</a> on the outskirts of Bristol and spent his last two years there, while one of his sons lived at the farm.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Dyer suffered a series of strokes during the last years of his life and he became increasingly isolated due to the paralysis and speechlessness inflicted by his strokes. He died of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral haemorrhage">cerebral haemorrhage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006420–424_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006420–424-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 23 July 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen337mode2up_316]_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen337mode2up_316]-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his deathbed, Dyer reportedly said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So many people who knew the condition of Amritsar say I did right<span class="nowrap"> </span>... but so many others say I did wrong. I only want to die and know from my Maker whether I did right or wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative-leaning</a> <i>Morning Post</i> defended him in an article titled "The Man Who Saved India", where they wrote that Dyer "did his duty, regardless of consequences".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal-supporting</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Gazette">Westminster Gazette</a></i> wrote a contrary opinion: "No British action, during the whole course of our history in India, has struck a severer blow to Indian faith in British justice than the massacre at Amritsar."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006431_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006431-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although still owning property in Wiltshire, Dyer died at his cottage in Somerset, St Martin's, <a href="/wiki/Long_Ashton" title="Long Ashton">Long Ashton</a>, near Bristol.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left an estate valued at £11,941, equivalent to £900,300 in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-probate_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-probate-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1977, Dyer was depicted in the Indian movie <i><a href="/wiki/Jallian_Wala_Bagh" title="Jallian Wala Bagh">Jallian Wala Bagh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer was portrayed by actor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fox_(actor)" title="Edward Fox (actor)">Edward Fox</a> in the 1982 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>R. E. Dyer is a character in Salman Rushdie’s 1981 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight’s Children</a></i>, which dramatises the Amritsar massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer was also depicted in Indian movies such as <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Bhagat_Singh" title="The Legend of Bhagat Singh">The Legend of Bhagat Singh</a> (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Udham" title="Sardar Udham">Sardar Udham</a> (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-temp-bg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temp-bg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temp-bg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette29509" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29509/supplement/2902">"No. 29509"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 14 March 1916. p. 2902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29509&rft.pages=2902&rft.date=1916-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29509%2Fsupplement%2F2902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Mount" title="Ferdinand Mount">Ferdinand Mount</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n07/ferdinand-mount/they-would-have-laughed">"They would have laughed"</a>, in <i>London Review of Books</i> dated 4 April 2019, Vol. 41, No.7, pp. 9–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA263_263]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA263_263]_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA263_263]_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA263">263</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford2017" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom, ed. (16 February 2017). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A" - "Anglo-Afghan War: Third (1919)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Afghanistan_at_War.html?id=RgCejwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Afghanistan at War: From the 18th Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-759-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-759-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-759-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22A%22+-+%22Anglo-Afghan+War%3A+Third+%281919%29%22&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+at+War%3A+From+the+18th+Century+Durrani+Dynasty+to+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-759-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FAfghanistan_at_War.html%3Fid%3DRgCejwEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920," <i>Past & Present,</i> May 1991, Issue 131, pp. 130–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1963" class="citation magazine cs1">Bond, Brian (October 1963). "Amritsar 1919". <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 13, no. 10. pp. <span class="nowrap">666–</span>676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Amritsar+1919&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E666-%3C%2Fspan%3E676&rft.date=1963-10&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett20063-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett20063_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series Ireland and the British Empire Kenny, Kevin 2004 Oxford University Press page 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauhan" class="citation news cs1">Chauhan, Pratibha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/the-evil-cottonian-who-let-the-school-down-753414">"The 'Evil Cottonian' who let the school down"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. Tribune News service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+%27Evil+Cottonian%27+who+let+the+school+down&rft.aulast=Chauhan&rft.aufirst=Pratibha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fhimachal%2Fthe-evil-cottonian-who-let-the-school-down-753414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imt.ie/news/amritsar-and-the-irish-connections-29-09-2009/">"Amritsar and the Irish connections"</a>. Irish Medical Times. 29 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amritsar+and+the+Irish+connections&rft.pub=Irish+Medical+Times&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imt.ie%2Fnews%2Famritsar-and-the-irish-connections-29-09-2009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen23mode2up_9]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen23mode2up_9]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n23/mode/2up">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.ie/article/news-archives-recent-accession/">"News from the archives: a recent accession"</a>. <i>The National Archives of Ireland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=News+from+the+archives%3A+a+recent+accession&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.ie%2Farticle%2Fnews-archives-recent-accession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIII2011" class="citation book cs1">III, H. W. Crocker (24 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4_mAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Politically Incorrect Guide to the British Empire</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-629-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-629-9"><bdi>978-1-59698-629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politically+Incorrect+Guide+to+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-629-9&rft.aulast=III&rft.aufirst=H.+W.+Crocker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4_mAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette25506" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25506/page/4082">"No. 25506"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 August 1885. p. 4082.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25506&rft.pages=4082&rft.date=1885-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25506%2Fpage%2F4082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette25766" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25766/page/6940">"No. 25766"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 13 December 1887. p. 6940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25766&rft.pages=6940&rft.date=1887-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25766%2Fpage%2F6940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette25883" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25883/page/7141">"No. 25883"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 14 December 1888. p. 7141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25883&rft.pages=7141&rft.date=1888-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25883%2Fpage%2F7141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette26795" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26795/page/6276">"No. 26795"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 17 November 1896. p. 6276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26795&rft.pages=6276&rft.date=1896-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26795%2Fpage%2F6276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen47mode2up_33]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen47mode2up_33]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n47/mode/2up">33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen51mode2up_37]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen51mode2up_37]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n51/mode/2up">37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27362" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27362/page/6489">"No. 27362"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 4 October 1901. p. 6489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27362&rft.pages=6489&rft.date=1901-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27362%2Fpage%2F6489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28362" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28362/page/3072">"No. 28362"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 3 May 1910. p. 3072.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+28362&rft.pages=3072&rft.date=1910-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28362%2Fpage%2F3072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30360" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30360/supplement/11270">"No. 30360"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 30 October 1917. p. 11270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30360&rft.pages=11270&rft.date=1917-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30360%2Fsupplement%2F11270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29924" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29924/supplement/1058">"No. 29924"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 30 January 1917. p. 1058.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29924&rft.pages=1058&rft.date=1917-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29924%2Fsupplement%2F1058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31787" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31787/supplement/2046">"No. 31787"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 17 February 1920. p. 2046.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31787&rft.pages=2046&rft.date=1920-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31787%2Fsupplement%2F2046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30145" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30145/page/6185">"No. 30145"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 22 June 1917. p. 6185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30145&rft.pages=6185&rft.date=1917-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30145%2Fpage%2F6185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30617" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30617/supplement/4273">"No. 30617"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 5 April 1918. p. 4273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30617&rft.pages=4273&rft.date=1918-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30617%2Fsupplement%2F4273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31823" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31823/supplement/3278">"No. 31823"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 12 March 1920. p. 3278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31823&rft.pages=3278&rft.date=1920-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31823%2Fsupplement%2F3278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen253mode2up_231]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen253mode2up_231]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n253/mode/2up">231</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32047" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32047/page/9148">"No. 32047"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 10 September 1920. p. 9148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32047&rft.pages=9148&rft.date=1920-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32047%2Fpage%2F9148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen31mode2up_17]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen31mode2up_17]_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n31/mode/2up">17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen49mode2up_35]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen49mode2up_35]_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n49/mode/2up">35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadha-1997-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadha-1997_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadha, Yogesh (1997). <i>Gandhi: A Life</i> John Wiley & Sons Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-35062-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-35062-1">0-471-35062-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen181mode2up_162]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen181mode2up_162]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n181/mode/2up">162</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen187mode2up_168–169]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen187mode2up_168–169]_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n187/mode/2up">168–169</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_169]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_169]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n189/mode/2up">169</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_170–172]-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen189mode2up_170–172]_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n189/mode/2up">170–172</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n195/mode/2up">175</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175–176]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen195mode2up_175–176]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n195/mode/2up">175–176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen197mode2up_178]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen197mode2up_178]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n197/mode/2up">178</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Disorder Inquiry Committee Report,</i> Vol II, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommissionersI_II_56-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CommissionersI_II_56_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CommissionersI_II_56_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CommissionersI_II_56_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Report of Commissioners,</i> Vol I, II, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, A Premeditated Plan</i>, Punjab University Chandigarh, 1969, p 89, Raja Ram; <i>A Saga of Freedom Movement and Jallianwala Bagh</i>, Udham Singh, 2002, p 141, Prof (Dr) Sikander Singh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i>Report of Commissioners, Vol I, II</i>, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statement of Eyewitness Mr Girdhari Lal, who happened to watch the scene from the window of his house overlooking the Jallianwala Bagh: Ref: Report of Commissioners, Vol I, II, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, p 1011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HumterMins-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HumterMins_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/amritsar-hunter-commission/amritsar-hunter-commission/">"Amritsar: Minutes of Evidence taken before the Hunter Committee"</a>. <i>Parliament.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament.UK&rft.atitle=Amritsar%3A+Minutes+of+Evidence+taken+before+the+Hunter+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny%2Fparliament-and-empire%2Fcollections1%2Fcollections2%2Famritsar-hunter-commission%2Famritsar-hunter-commission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP23-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP23_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP23_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP23_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2719279?searchWord=&backquery=%5Blocation=&query=&filter_field_1=subjectCollection&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=Home+Political&filter_field_2=department&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=Home+Political::Deposit&rpp=20&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=asc%5D">"Abhilekh Patal"</a>. <i>www.abhilekh-patal.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abhilekh-patal.in&rft.atitle=Abhilekh+Patal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abhilekh-patal.in%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2719279%3FsearchWord%3D%26backquery%3D%255Blocation%3D%26query%3D%26filter_field_1%3DsubjectCollection%26filter_type_1%3Dequals%26filter_value_1%3DHome%2BPolitical%26filter_field_2%3Ddepartment%26filter_type_2%3Dequals%26filter_value_2%3DHome%2BPolitical%3A%3ADeposit%26rpp%3D20%26sort_by%3Ddc.date.accessioned_dt%26order%3Dasc%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of Commissioners, appointed by the Punjab Sub-committee of Indian National Congress, Vol I, New Delhi, p 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of Commissioners, Vol I, New Delhi, p 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006270-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006270_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2009" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Susan Kingsley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7eypXVnabIC&pg=PT49"><i>Aftershocks: politics and trauma in Britain, 1918–1931</i></a>. University of California. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9333-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-9333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aftershocks%3A+politics+and+trauma+in+Britain%2C+1918%E2%80%931931&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9333-5&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Susan+Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7eypXVnabIC%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbott2004" class="citation book cs1">Talbott, Strobe (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb"><i>Engaging India: Diplomacy, Democracy, and the Bomb</i></a></span>. Brookings Institution Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb/page/245">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-8300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-8300-8"><bdi>978-0-8157-8300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+India%3A+Diplomacy%2C+Democracy%2C+and+the+Bomb&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-8300-8&rft.aulast=Talbott&rft.aufirst=Strobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengagingindiadip00talb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2022" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Mayank (16 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/crawling-order-sign-imperial-british-atrocities">"The Crawling Order: A sign of imperial British atrocities"</a>. <i>The Sunday Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Crawling+Order%3A+A+sign+of+imperial+British+atrocities&rft.date=2022-04-16&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Mayank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsundayguardianlive.com%2Fnews%2Fcrawling-order-sign-imperial-british-atrocities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen217mode2up_197]-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen217mode2up_197]_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n217/mode/2up">197</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006282–284-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006282–284_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, pp. 282–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1974" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith M. (26 September 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&q=hunter+report+bagh&pg=PA241"><i>Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521098731" title="Special:BookSources/9780521098731"><bdi>9780521098731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Rise+to+Power%3A+Indian+Politics+1915%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1974-09-26&rft.isbn=9780521098731&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUo4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhunter%2Breport%2Bbagh%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen295mode2up_273]-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen295mode2up_273]_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n295/mode/2up">273</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-when-a-british-newspaper-collected-rs-26000-pounds-for-general-dyer/articleshow/68866316.cms?from=mdr">"Jallianwala Bagh massacre: When a British newspaper collected 26,000 pounds for General Dyer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Jallianwala+Bagh+massacre%3A+When+a+British+newspaper+collected+26%2C000+pounds+for+General+Dyer&rft.date=2019-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fjallianwala-bagh-massacre-when-a-british-newspaper-collected-rs-26000-pounds-for-general-dyer%2Farticleshow%2F68866316.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakur2013" class="citation news cs1">Thakur, Sankarshan (21 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225191140/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130221/jsp/frontpage/story_16587696.jsp#.Ugh5LRZXTGA">"History repeats itself, in stopping short"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Calcutta, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130221/jsp/frontpage/story_16587696.jsp#.Ugh5LRZXTGA">the original</a> on 25 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=History+repeats+itself%2C+in+stopping+short&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Sankarshan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1130221%2Fjsp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_16587696.jsp%23.Ugh5LRZXTGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra2016" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Subhash (2016). <i>Kipling Sahib: The Raj Patriot</i>. New Millennium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1858454405" title="Special:BookSources/978-1858454405"><bdi>978-1858454405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kipling+Sahib%3A+The+Raj+Patriot&rft.pub=New+Millennium&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1858454405&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Subhash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Disorder Inquiry Committee Report</i>, Vol II, p 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Massacre that Ended the Raj</i>, London, 1981, p 78, Alfred Draper</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajit K. Mazumder, <i>The Indian army and the making of Punjab</i> (2003) pp. 239–240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Keay, <i>India: a history</i> (2001) p. 475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence James, <i>The Rise and fall of the British Empire</i> (1997) p. 417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-video-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-video_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/31/indian-pop-video-honours-activists-udham-singh-1940-killing-british-official">"Indian pop video honours activist's 1940 killing of British official"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Indian+pop+video+honours+activist%27s+1940+killing+of+British+official&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjul%2F31%2Findian-pop-video-honours-activists-udham-singh-1940-killing-british-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Phillip E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yehassAM-t0C&dq=General+Sir+Havelock+Hudson+Amritsar+massacre&pg=PT105"><i>Mariners, Merchants and the Military Too</i></a>. P. J. Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956554949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956554949"><bdi>978-0956554949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariners%2C+Merchants+and+the+Military+Too&rft.pub=P.+J.+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0956554949&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Phillip+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyehassAM-t0C%26dq%3DGeneral%2BSir%2BHavelock%2BHudson%2BAmritsar%2Bmassacre%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valentine Chitol, <i>India Old and New,</i> London, 1921, p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tribune</i>, Lahore, 16 April 1919, see Government of India, Home Department, Political Deposit, August 1919, No 52, National Archives of India, New Delhi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PunjabLC-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabLC_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabLC_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjab Legislative Council Proceedings, 23 February 1921, Vol I I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP126-194-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP126-194_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP126-194_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Home Political, K. W., A</i>, 20 June 1920, Nos 126–194, National Archives of India, New Delhi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Swinson, <i>Six Minutes of Sunset</i>, London, 1964, p. 210; cited in <i>Psycho-Political compulsions of Jallinawala Bagh</i> by Gurcaharan Singh, op cit, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006380-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006380_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006382–383-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006382–383_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMr._Churchill1920" class="citation book cs1">Mr. Churchill, The Secretary of State for War (8 July 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jul/08/army-council-and-general-dyer#column_1725">"Were we right in accepting, as we have done, the conclusion of the Army Council as terminating the matter so far as Colonel Dyer was concerned, or ought we to have taken further action of a disciplinary or quasi-disciplinary character against him?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. col. 1725–1726.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Were+we+right+in+accepting%2C+as+we+have+done%2C+the+conclusion+of+the+Army+Council+as+terminating+the+matter+so+far+as+Colonel+Dyer+was+concerned%2C+or+ought+we+to+have+taken+further+action+of+a+disciplinary+or+quasi-disciplinary+character+against+him%3F&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-1725-1726&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1920-07-08&rft.au=Mr.+Churchill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1920%2Fjul%2F08%2Farmy-council-and-general-dyer%23column_1725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hansard</i>, 5th sec. Commons, quoted by Derek Sayer, British Commemoration of Amritsar Volume, Patiala, 1997, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Amritsar and Our Duty to India</i>, London, 1920, B. G. Horniman, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m428-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m428_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Dr. Sanjeev (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyjournal.net/archives/2021.v3.i1.B.112">"Gandhiji launched non cooperation movement aftermath of Jallianwala Bagh massacre"</a>. <i>International Journal of History</i>. <b>3</b> (1). AkiNik Publications: <span class="nowrap">72–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2706-9117">2706-9117</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Gandhiji+launched+non+cooperation+movement+aftermath+of+Jallianwala+Bagh+massacre&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2706-9117&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyjournal.net%2Farchives%2F2021.v3.i1.B.112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o647-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o647_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mail.satyaagrah.com/shorts/shorts-history/1343-the-perpetrator-of-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-general-reginald-dyer-was-forgiven-by-mohandas-gandhi-as-an-exercise-of-forgiveness-or-love-to-nurse-dyer-back-to-life-if-he-was-suffering-from-a-physical-malady">"The perpetrator of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre General Reginald Dyer"</a>. <i>Satyaagrah</i>. 13 April 1919<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Satyaagrah&rft.atitle=The+perpetrator+of+the+Jallianwala+Bagh+massacre+General+Reginald+Dyer&rft.date=1919-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmail.satyaagrah.com%2Fshorts%2Fshorts-history%2F1343-the-perpetrator-of-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-general-reginald-dyer-was-forgiven-by-mohandas-gandhi-as-an-exercise-of-forgiveness-or-love-to-nurse-dyer-back-to-life-if-he-was-suffering-from-a-physical-malady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jul/08/army-council-and-general-dyer">Army Council and Colonel Dyer</a> Hansard, 8 July 1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, London, 25 June 1920, cited in Sayer, <i>British Reaction of Amritsar massacre</i>, 1919–20, Reprint in <i>Jallianwala Bagh Commemoration Volume</i>, Patiala, 1997, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006406–407-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006406–407_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, pp. 406–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA407_407]-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXuQC5pgzCw4CpgPA407_407]_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA407">407</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/20jal.htm">"Rediff On The NeT: General Dyer hardly remorseful for Jallianwala massacre"</a>. <i>www.rediff.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rediff.com&rft.atitle=Rediff+On+The+NeT%3A+General+Dyer+hardly+remorseful+for+Jallianwala+massacre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Fsep%2F20jal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2011" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Nick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6X3AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day</i></a> (Rev ed.). I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857730770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857730770"><bdi>978-0857730770</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amritsar+Massacre%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+One+Fateful+Day&rft.edition=Rev&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0857730770&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6X3AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NigelCollet-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NigelCollet_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060315082735/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050605/asp/look/story_4823931.asp">"Dyer consequences – interview with Nigel Collett"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050605/asp/look/story_4823931.asp">the original</a> on 15 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dyer+consequences+%E2%80%93+interview+with+Nigel+Collett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1050605%2Fasp%2Flook%2Fstory_4823931.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ButcherofAmritsar-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ButcherofAmritsar_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ButcherofAmritsar_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/a-family-man-whose-bloody-disposition-sent-the-british-into-a-spin/201603.article">"A family man whose bloody disposition sent the British into a spin: The Butcher of Amritsar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a></i>. 24 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=A+family+man+whose+bloody+disposition+sent+the+British+into+a+spin%3A+The+Butcher+of+Amritsar&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fbooks%2Fa-family-man-whose-bloody-disposition-sent-the-british-into-a-spin%2F201603.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006328-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006328_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colletreviewlloyd-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colletreviewlloyd_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourtribes.wordpress.com/2012/07/17/my-review-of-nick-lloyds-book-on-the-amritsar-massacre/">"Nigel Collet's Review of Nick Lloyd's Book on the Amritsar Massacre"</a>. 17 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigel+Collet%27s+Review+of+Nick+Lloyd%27s+Book+on+the+Amritsar+Massacre&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourtribes.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2F17%2Fmy-review-of-nick-lloyds-book-on-the-amritsar-massacre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/am-man.htm">"Background and Commentary of Winston Churchill's 1920 British House of Commons Amritsar Massacre Speech"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+and+Commentary+of+Winston+Churchill%27s+1920+British+House+of+Commons+Amritsar+Massacre+Speech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flachlan.bluehaze.com.au%2Fchurchill%2Fam-man.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm">"Winston Churchill – Amritsar Massacre Speech – July 8th 1920, House of Commons"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill+%E2%80%93+Amritsar+Massacre+Speech+%E2%80%93+July+8th+1920%2C+House+of+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flachlan.bluehaze.com.au%2Fchurchill%2Famritsar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006390-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006390_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morning Post, cited in Derek Sayer, <i>British Reaction of Amritsar massacre</i>, 1919–20, reprinted in <i>Jallianwala Bagh Commemoration Volume</i>, Patiala, 1997, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006392-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006392_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-probate-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-probate_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-probate_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/">"Probate Index for 1927: DYER C. B. Reginald Edward Harry of Ashton Fields Ashton Keynes Wiltshire died 23 July 1927 at St Martin's Long Ashton near Bristol"</a>. <i>Probate Search Gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Probate+Search+Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Probate+Index+for+1927%3A+DYER+C.+B.+Reginald+Edward+Harry+of+Ashton+Fields+Ashton+Keynes+Wiltshire+died+23+July+1927+at+St+Martin%27s+Long+Ashton+near+Bristol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprobatesearch.service.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghosh-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2016" class="citation news cs1">Ghosh, Swagata (10 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/cover-story/100416/the-last-days-of-reginald-dyer.html">"The last days of Reginald Dyer"</a>. <i>Deccan Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+last+days+of+Reginald+Dyer&rft.date=2016-04-10&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Swagata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fsunday-chronicle%2Fcover-story%2F100416%2Fthe-last-days-of-reginald-dyer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006420–424-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006420–424_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, pp. 420–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen337mode2up_316]-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015208303pagen337mode2up_316]_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1929">Colvin 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n337/mode/2up">316</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrisha2023" class="citation web cs1">Prisha (13 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-what-happened-to-general-dyer-the-butcher-of-jallianwala-bagh-581900">"Explained | What happened to General Dyer – the butcher of Jallianwala Bagh?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WION" title="WION">WION</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=Explained+%7C+What+happened+to+General+Dyer+%E2%80%93+the+butcher+of+Jallianwala+Bagh%3F&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.au=Prisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Findia-news%2Fexplained-what-happened-to-general-dyer-the-butcher-of-jallianwala-bagh-581900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollett2006431-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett2006431_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollett2006">Collett 2006</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jallianwala-bagh-102-anniversary-looking-for-traces-of-the-massacre-in-bollywood-7271249/">"Jallianwala Bagh's 102nd anniversary: Looking for traces of the massacre in Bollywood"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i>. 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Jallianwala+Bagh%E2%80%99s+102nd+anniversary%3A+Looking+for+traces+of+the+massacre+in+Bollywood&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood%2Fjallianwala-bagh-102-anniversary-looking-for-traces-of-the-massacre-in-bollywood-7271249%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gandhi-(1982)#tab=cast-and-crew">"Gandhi (1982) - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information"</a>. <i>The Numbers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Numbers&rft.atitle=Gandhi+%281982%29+-+Box+Office+Data%2C+DVD+and+Blu-ray+Sales%2C+Movie+News%2C+Cast+and+Crew+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Fmovie%2FGandhi-%281982%29%23tab%3Dcast-and-crew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushdie1995" class="citation book cs1">Rushdie, Salman (1995). <i>Midnight's Children</i>. Everyman. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857152173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857152173"><bdi>978-1857152173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight%27s+Children&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Everyman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1857152173&rft.aulast=Rushdie&rft.aufirst=Salman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://somindram.com/actors/richard-as-reginald-dyer-who-ordered-gurkha-soldiers-to-open-fire-on-an-unarmed-gathering-of-people-at-jallianwala-bagh">"Richard as Reginald Dyer, who ordered Gurkha soldiers to open fire on an unarmed gathering of people at Jallianwala Bagh"</a>. somindram<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+as+Reginald+Dyer%2C+who+ordered+Gurkha+soldiers+to+open+fire+on+an+unarmed+gathering+of+people+at+Jallianwala+Bagh&rft.pub=somindram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsomindram.com%2Factors%2Frichard-as-reginald-dyer-who-ordered-gurkha-soldiers-to-open-fire-on-an-unarmed-gathering-of-people-at-jallianwala-bagh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.imdb.com/title/tt10280296/characters/nm0369854/?ref_=tt_cl_c_7">"Andrew Havill: General Reginald Dyer"</a>. IMDB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Havill%3A+General+Reginald+Dyer&rft.pub=IMDB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt10280296%2Fcharacters%2Fnm0369854%2F%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_c_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Colvin" title="Ian Colvin">Colvin, Ian</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n5"><i>The Life Of General Dyer</i></a>. London: William Blackwood And Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+Of+General+Dyer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+And+Sons&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.208303%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollett2006" class="citation book cs1">Collett, Nigel (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C"><i>The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer</i></a></span>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-575-8"><bdi>978-1-85285-575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butcher+of+Amritsar%3A+General+Reginald+Dyer&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-575-8&rft.aulast=Collett&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuQC5pgzCw4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1981" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Alfred (1981). <i>Amritsar: The Massacre That Ended the Raj</i>. London: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-30481-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-30481-3"><bdi>978-0-304-30481-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amritsar%3A+The+Massacre+That+Ended+the+Raj&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-304-30481-3&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moreman, T. R. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32947">"Dyer, Reginald Edward Harry (1864–1927)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32947">10.1093/ref:odnb/32947</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyer%2C+Reginald+Edward+Harry+%281864%E2%80%931927%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32947&rft.aulast=Moreman&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F32947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter_Committee"Disorders_Inquiry"_Committee1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hunter Committee; "Disorders Inquiry" Committee (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/report-disturbances-punjab/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Report of the Committee Appointed by the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab 1919–1920</i></a>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">I–</span>III. (Cmd. 681) [1920].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Committee+Appointed+by+the+Government+of+India+to+Investigate+the+Disturbances+in+the+Punjab+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Hunter+Committee&rft.au=%22Disorders+Inquiry%22+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freport-disturbances-punjab%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Dyer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jul/08/army-council-and-general-dyer">Army Council and General Dyer</a> 8 July 1920, UK House of Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm">Winston Churchill's Amritsar Speech</a>, 8 July 1920, UK House of Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/mar/14/sir-michael-odwyer-assassination#S5CV0358P0_19400314_HOC_315,14">Michael O'Dwyer (Assassination)</a> 14 March 1940, UK House of Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Template talk:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Afghan_War3748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Anglo-Afghan War">Anglo-Afghan War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hay_Macnaghten" title="William Hay Macnaghten">William Hay Macnaghten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keane,_1st_Baron_Keane" title="John Keane, 1st Baron Keane">John Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Cotton" title="Willoughby Cotton">Willoughby Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Pollock,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet">George Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_Keith_Elphinstone" title="William George Keith Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Browne" title="Sam Browne">Sam Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Stewart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet">Donald Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barrett_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)">Arthur Barrett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reginald Dyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Amir Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Amir Sher Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ghazi Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Mohammed Nadir Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni" title="Battle of Ghazni">Battle of Ghazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kahun" title="Siege of Kahun">Siege of Kahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jellalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jellalabad">Battle of Jellalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul" title="1842 retreat from Kabul">Retreat from Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_Expedition_(1842)" title="Kabul Expedition (1842)">Battle of Kabul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ali_Masjid" title="Battle of Ali Masjid">Battle of Ali Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peiwar_Kotal" title="Battle of Peiwar Kotal">Battle of Peiwar Kotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_British_Residency_in_Kabul" title="Siege of the British Residency in Kabul">Siege of the British Residency in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Battle of Charasiab">Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Sherpur_Cantonment" title="Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment">Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ahmed_Khel" title="Battle of Ahmed Khel">Battle of Ahmed Khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Second Battle of Charasiab">Second Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">Battle of Kandahar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game:_Afghanistan" title="The Great Game: Afghanistan">The Great Game: Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)">Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)</a></li></ul> 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